2

3

4 IP ) (USENET) (BBS) FreeBSD 386 PC RAIDXeon

5 3

3 386BSD Patchkit- Nate Williams Rod Grimes- 386BSD Patchkit bug 386BSD0.5 386BSD Interim -386BSD BillJolitz - Patchkit Bill Patchkit Bill Bill David Greenman FreeBSD FreeBSD Walnut Creek CDROM Walnut Creek CDROM FreeBSD Walnut Creek CDROM FreeBSD FreeBSD 1993 12 FreeBSD1.0 4.3BSD- Lite(Net/2) 386BSD (FSF) 1994 5 -FreeBSD1.1Novell U.C. Berkeley Berkeley Net/2 U.C. BerkeleyNet/2 Novell Novell AT&T Berkeley Novell 4.4BSD- Lite 4.4BSD- Lite Net/2 FreeBSD 1994 7 Net/2 - FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 BerkeleyCSRG4.4 Lite 4.4 Lite 1994 11 12 FreeBSD2.0 CDROM 1995 6 2.0.5 - 1996 8 FreeBSD2.1.5 -ISP 2.1- STABLE 1997 2 2.1.7.1 1996 11 - CURRENT FreeBSD 2.2 RELENG_2_2 1997 4 2.2.1 1997 2.2 1998 11 2.2.8 3.0 1998 10 1999 1 20 4.0- CURRENT 3.X - STABLE 3.X- STABLE 3.1 1999 2 15 3.2 1999 5 15 3.3 19999 16 3.4 1999 12 20 3.5 2000 6 24 6 35 3

2334 current- stable 4.0 2000 3 4.1 2000 7 4.2 2000 11 4.3 2001 4 4.4 2001 9 4.X- STABLE(RELENG_4) 2002 5.0- CURRENT trunk - ftp://current.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/snapshots1.3.2FreeBSDFreeBSD GNU (GPL) LGPL GPL BSD 1.3.3FreeBSD FreeBSD FreeBSD - FreeBSD FreeBSD - FreeBSD 1 CVS FreeBSD CVS( )CVSFreeBSD CVS Santa Clara CVS - CURRENT - STABLE 19.3 FreeBSD CVS 2 CVS-FreeBSD commit CVS send- pr E_mail 3 FreeBSD FreeBSD FreeBSD -FreeBSD 7 22

- FreeBSD 4 FreeBSD FreeBSD FreeBSD www.FreeBSD.org FreeBSD 4 FreeBSD : 1.3.4FreeBSD FreeBSD 4.4BSD- Lite Intel i386 i486 Pentium Pentium Pro Celeron Pentium II Pentium III( )DEC Alpha U.C.BerkeleyCSRG NetBSDOpenBSD 386BSD1994 FreeBSD2.0 FreeBSD VM/file FreeBSD 5MB FreeBSD NIS TCP -PPP DHCPSCSI ISDNATMFDDI Adaptec - FreeBSD - FreeBSD - 5900 http(WWW) - 100MB - make install - CDROMFTP pkg_add 8

The FreeBSD Handbook file://localhost/usr/share/doc/handbook/index.html The FreeBSD FAQ file://localhost/usr/share/doc/faq/index.html FreeBSD http://www.FreeBSD.org/9

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1 4 1 12 2 2114 01010100 3 56 1 222

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2-1 4G -Windows C D 2G C 1GD 0.5G 11

2-24G -Windows Windows C 4G 1.5G FreeBSD2G FreeBSD 1 Windows Windows Windows 2G 2 Partition Magic Windows2 Alpha Alpha Alpha SCSI IDE SHOW DEVICE >>>show device dka0.0.0.4.0 DKA0TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57 3476 dkc0.0.0.1009.0DKC0RZ1BB-BS 0658 dkc100.1.0.1009.0DKC100SEAGATE ST34501W 0015 dva0.0.0.0.1 DVA0 ewa0.0.0.3.0 EWA000-00-F8-75-6D-01 pkc0.7.0.1009.0PKC0 SCSI Bus ID 7 5.27 pqa0.0.0.4.0 PQA0 PCI EIDE pqb0.0.1.4.0 PQB0 PCI EIDE Digital 433au 3 DKA0 CDROM DKC0 DKC100 DKx SCSI DKA100 1 SCSI A SCSI ID 1 SCSI DKC300 3 SCSI C SCSIID 3 SCSI PKx SCSI SCSICDROM SCSI DQx IDE PQ x IDE 2.2.4 FreeBSD FTP NFS 1 Cable/DSL Modem DSL 1 IP 2 IP 3 4 DNS IP ISP DHCP 2 Modem modem ISP FreeBSD 1 ISP 12 2 3 225

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3 E \>tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A .flp flpfoles CDROM FreeBSD FTP fdimage UNIX FreeBSD 13 # dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0 FreeBSD /dev/fd0 A /dev/fd1 B UNIX 2.3 Last ChanceAre you SURE your want continue the installation? If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding! We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents! 2.3.1 1 i386 1 2 BIOS - F2F10 Del Alt+S Esc BIOS 3 CDROM CDROM 4 2.2.6 kern.flp CDROM CDROM a b BIOS 5 FreeBSD CDROM Verifying DMI Pool Data .............. Boot from ATAPI CD-ROM : 1. FD 2.88MBSystem Type-(00) /boot.config: -P Keyboard: yes BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01 Console: internal video/keyboard BIOS drive A: is disk0 BIOS drive B: is disk1 BIOS drive C: is disk2 BIOS drive C: is disk3 BIOS 639kB/64512kB available memory FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loaderRevision 0.8 (jkh@bento.freebsd.orgMon Nov 20 11:41:23 GMT 2000) 14 | Hit [Enter] to boot immediatelyor any other key for command prompt. Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds..._ Verifying DMI Pool Data ........ BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01 Console: internal video/keyboard BIOS drive A: is disk0 BIOS drive C: is disk1 BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loaderRevision 0.8 (jkh@narf.osd.bsdi.comSat Apr 21 08:46:19 GMT 2001) /kernel text=0x24f1bb data=0x307ac+0x2062c | Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter: kern.flp mfsroot.flp Enter6 CDROM Hit [Enter] to boot immediately or any other key for command prompt.Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds...... 10 Enter 2 Alpha 1 2 3 >>>BOOT DVA0 -FLAGS " -FILE " CDROM CDROM CDROM >>>BOOT DKA0 -FLAGS " -FILE " 4 FreeBSD Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter kern.flp mfsroot.flp Enter5 CDROM Hit [Enter] to boot immediately or any other key for command prompt. Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds..._ Enter 10 2.3.2 FreeBSD SCSI sa I/O com sio device probing PC15 PCI ISA IRQ IO DOS IRQ IO PCI - BIOS IRQ IO ISA IRQ IO 2.2.1 - IRQ FreeBSD FreeBSD FreeBSD - FreeBSD FreeBSD 2- 1 Start kernel configuration in full - screen visual mode 2-1 4 2- 21 active storage network IRQ CONF 2 - 16 2 2 3 4

1 2 3 2 317 2

0 00 3allowed conflict IRQ/ IRQ/ IRQ IO Enter Q - - 1 FreeBSD DIP DOS FreeBSD 4 2- 4 2-4 Q Save these parameters before exiting? ([Y]es/[N]o/[C]ancel) Y Sysinstall 2-5 18 2 5 233

2 6 avail memory = 58880000 (57500K bytes) Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc065d000. md1: Malloc disk npx0: on motherboard npx0: INT 16 interface pcib0: on motherboard pci0: on pcib0 pcib1: at device 1.0 on pci0 pci1: on pcib1 pci1: at 0.0 irq 11 isab0: at device 7.0 on pci0 isa0: on isab0 atapci0: port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 uhci0: port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0 usb0: on uhci0 usb0: USB revision 1.0 uhub0: VIA UHCI root hubclass 9/0rev 1.00/1.00addr 1 uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removableself powered chip1: at device 7.3 on pci0 fdc0: at port 0x3f0-0x3f5 0x3f7 irq6 drq2 on isa0 fdc0: FIFO enabled8 bytes threshold fd0: on fdc0 drive 0atkbdc0: at port 0x60-0x6f on isa0atkbd0: flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0kbd0 at atkbd0psm0: irq 12 on atkbdc0psm0: model Generic PS/2 mousedevice ID 0vga0: at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0 sc0: at flags 0x1 on isa0sc0: VGA sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0sio0: type 16550Asio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0sio1: type 16550Appc0: at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE modeppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes thresholdppi0: on ppbus0lpt0: on ppbus0lpt0: Interrupt-driven portplip0: on ppbus0ad0: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33ad2: 8063MB [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33acd0: CDROM at ata0-slave using PIO4Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1aswapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap deviceAutomatic boot in progress... /dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS/dev/ad0s1a: clean70119 free (655 frags8683 blocks0.7% fragmentation)/dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS/dev/ad0s1f: clean6976313 free (51774 frags829297 blocks0.7% fragmentation)/dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS/dev/ad0s1e: clean97952 free (9 frags12381 blocks0.0% fragmentation)63 Doing initial network setup: hostname.lo0: flags=8049 mtu 16384inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000Additional routing options: tcp extensions=NO IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YESrouting daemons:.additional daemons: syslogd.Doing additional network setup: portmap.Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host keyGenerating RSA keys:Key generation complete.Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub.The key fingerprint is:2d:02:37:d2:0e:68:93:8f:9c:46:de:92:f4:be:60:0a root@k6-2.weeble.com creating ssh DSA host keyGenerating DSA parameter and key.Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub.The key fingerprint is:38:af:d2:1f:63:14:00:d8:83:fd:dd:4b:97:1c:43:6d root@k6-2.weeble.com.setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib /usr/local/libsetting a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aoutstarting standard daemons: inetd cron sendmail sshd usbd.Initial rc.i386 initialization: Linux.rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused.Additional ABI support: Linux.Local package initilization:.Additional TCP options:.FreeBSD/i386(k6-2.example.com)(ttyv0) login: rprattPassword: RSA DSA X - startx2 FreeBSD Alpha FreeBSD>>>BOOT DKC0 FreeBSD >>>SET BOOT_OSFLAGS A >>>SET BOOT_FILE " >>>SET BOOTDEF_DEV DKC0 >>>SET AUTO_ACTION BOOT i386 2.9.18 FreeBSD Su Root shutdown-h now The operating system has halted.Please press any key to reboot. 64

210 386x86 Compaq AlphaIDE ESDI SCSIPCMCIA USB FreeBSDIBM MCA FreeBSD HARDWARE.TXTCDROM FTP sysinstall 2.11 FreeBSD MS- DOS2.11.1 PC 100% IRQ IODMA - - FreeBSD - sc0 - 1 2 3 IRQ DRQ IO Q FreeBSD 9 2.11.2 MS- DOS FreeBSD MS- DOS PC FreeBSD FreeBSD 1 MS- DOS FreeBSD FreeBSD FreeBSD FIPS FIPS 65

2

3 05 06 40 40 #mount -t msdos/dev/ad0s5/dos_d2.11.3 Alpha Alpha FreeBSD -1 ARC Alpha BIOS ? FreeBSD Compaq Tru64 VMS SRM 2 ? 3 Compaq Tru64 VMS ? 2.12 FreeBSD FreeBSD headlessinstall FreeBSD 1 I/O VGA floppies kern.flp mfsroot.flp2 kern.flp DOS copy DOS FreeBSD fdimage CDROM66 E:\>tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A .flp .flp CDROM fdimage FreeBSD FTP Unix dd FreeBSD # dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0 FreeBSD /dev/fd0 A /dev/fd1 B UNIX 3 FreeBSD FreeBSD mount FreeBSD kern.flp # mount /dev/fd0 /mnt - # cd /mnt /boot/loader- h boot.config # echo "/boot/loader -h" > boot.config - umount # cd / # umount /mnt 4 modem null modem null modem 5 kern.flp 6 cu # cu -l /dev/cuaa0 - mfsroot.flp FreeBSD 67 213

Laplink- style FreeBSD2.13.1 FreeBSD FTP FreeBSD FTP FTP FreeBSD FTP FreeBSD CDROM /CDROM # mount/cdrom /etc/passwd FTP vipw - /etc/passwd ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent /etc/inetd.conf FTP FTP ftp://your machine Internet FTP 2.13.2 1.44MB 1.2MB DOS MSDOS FORMAT Windows A: FreeBSD disklabel newfs UFS # fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440 # disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3 68 # newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/rfd0 5.25' fd0.1200 floppy5 1.44MB a:\bin\bin.aa a:\bin\bin.ab Floppy 2.13.3 MS- DOS MSDOS C C:\freebsd CDROMFTP DOSxcopy C:\> md c:\FreebSd C:\> xcopy e:\bin c:\FreeBSD\bin\ /s C:\> xcopy e:\manpages c:\FreeBSD\manpages\ /s C E CDROM CDROM ftp.freebsd.org bin 4.4/bin distributions MS - DOS ( ) c:\freebsd BIN 2.13.4 FTP CDROM # cd /freebsd/distdir # tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ...... dist2 - 2.13.5 SLIPPPP PLIP PCMCIA)SLIP support - hard- wired SLIP PPP SLIP MODEMPPP PAP CHAPISP ppp PPP modemAT commands69 162

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Permission Denied 70

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71 -rw-rr-- rw- r-- r-- 644 FreeBSD FreeBSD /dev chmod 3.3 FreeBSD / mount point /usr /var /mnt /cdrom /etc/fstab /etc/fstab /etc/fstab rc noauto fstab /etc/fstab hier / /bin/ /boot/ /boot/defaults/ loader.conf /dev/ intro /etc/ /etc/defaults/ rc /etc/mail/ sendmail /etc/namedb/ named named /etc/periodic/ periodic /etc/ppp/ PPP ppp /mnt/ /proc/ procfs mount procfs /root/ root72

/sbin/ /stand/ /tmp/ /usr/ /usr/bin/ /usr/include/ C include/usr/lib/ /usr/libdata/ /usr/libexec/ /usr/local/ port Port /usr/local/share/doc/port /usr/obj/ /usr/src /usr/ports FreeBSD ports collection /usr/sbin/ /usr/share/ /usr/src/ /usr/X11R6/ X11R6 /var/ spool/var/log/ /var/mail/ /var/spool/ spooling/var/tmp/ /var/yp NIS 3.4 root / /dev /usr /usr/local - /var log/ spool/ / /var - NFS CDROM 3.4.1fstab 7 /etc/fstab /etc/fstab device /mount-point fstype options dumpfreq passno device 73 122 mount-point fstype FreeBSD ufsoptions rw ro noauto mount dumpfreq Passno 3.4.2 mount mount # mount device mountpoint mount-a /etc/fstab noauto- - t -d -v mount -f -r rdonly -o -t fstype -a ufs -u-v-w-o nodev noexec nosuid setuid setgid 3.4.3 umount umount -a - A -f74

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% ps PIDTTSTAT TIME COMMAND 298p0Ss0:01.10 tcsh 7078p0S2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14) 37393p0I0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14) 48630p0S2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi 48730p0IW 0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-) 72210p0R+ 0:00.00 ps 390p1Is 0:01.14 tcsh 7059p2Is+1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y 6688p3IWs0:00.00 tcsh 10735p4IWs0:00.00 tcsh 20256p5IWs0:00.00 tcsh 262v0IWs0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh) 270v0IW+0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16 280v0IW+0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16 284v0IW 0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc 285v0S0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish ps PID ID PID 1 65536 PID TT tty STAT TIME CPU - CPU COMMAND Ps auxww A u X ww Top % top 75 last pid: 72257;load averages:0.13,0.09,0.03up 0+13:38:3322:39:10 47 processes:1 running, 46 sleeping CPU states: 12.6% user,0.0% nice,7.8% system,0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse PIDUSERNAMEPRINICESIZERESSTATETIMEWCPUCPUCOMMAND 72257nik280 1960K1044KRUN0:0014.86%1.42%top 7078nik20 15280K10960Kselect2:540.88%0.88%xemacs-21.1.14 281nik20 18636K7112Kselect5:360.73%0.73%XF86_SVGA 296nik20 3240K1644Kselect0:120.05%0.05%xterm 48630nik20 29816K9148Kselect3:180.00%0.00%navigator-linu 175root20 924K252Kselect1:410.00%0.00%syslogd 7059nik20 7260K4644Kpoll1:380.00%0.00%mutt ... 5 PID - CPU ps PID CPU Top Netscape 30M 9MB Top s 3.6 - web email daemon Daemon web mail BSD - d BINDBerkeleyInternet named Apache web httpd lpd SENDMAIL sendmail maild signal signal signal signal signal Root signal FreeBSD FreeBSD Segmentation Violation signal (SIGSEGV) 76

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web httpd SIGHUP signal kill signal signal inetd Inetd /etc/inetd.conf SIGHUP inetd 1 ID ps grep Grep inetd root ps ax % ps -ax | grep inetd 198?? IWs 0:00.00 inetd wW inetd PID 198 grepinetd ps 2 kill inetd root su root% su Password: # /bin/kill -s HUP 198 Unix kill signal kill: PID: Operation not permitted PID PID kill: PID: No such process /bin/kill shell kill shell /bin/kill shell init ID1 /bin/kill- sKILL1 Return kill 3.7ShellFreeBSD shell {}77

11

%setenv EDITOR/usr/local/bin/emacs Bourne shell %exportEDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs" $ echo $TERM $T ERM shell $TERM echo Shell meta -characters * meta -characters 78

shell chsh - s shell -shell shell bash % chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash chsh - shell shell /etc/shells ports collection shell 4 shell bash /usr/local/bin # echo "/usr/local/bin/bash">>/etc/shells chsh3.8 - FreeBSD - - FreeBSD - ports collection - ee ee eefilename filename - - /etc/rc.conf ee /etc/rc.conf ee - ^ Crtl ^e Crtl e ee escape -FreeBSD - vi emacs vim - - vim emacs - 3.9 FreeBSD /var/run/dmesg.boot acd0 IDECDROM kbd0 Unix /dev 79

# cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV ad1 IDE devfs ( ) devfs Devfs devfs FreeBSD 5.0 3.10 3.10.1 FreeBSD man % man command command ls % man ls 1 2 3 C 4 5 6 7 8 9 chmod chmod man % man 1 chmod chmod chmod chmod chmod man80

% man -k mail mail apropos /usr/bin % cd /usr/bin % man -f * % cd /usr/bin % whatis * 3.10.2 GNU Info FreeBSD info info emacs emacs info info % info h ?81

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ores packages ports 4.3 FreeBSD

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# ftpa ftp2.freebsd.org Connected to ftp2.freebsd.org. 220 ftp2.freebsd.org FTP server (Version 6.00LS) ready. 331 Guest login ok, send your email address as password. 230- 230- This machine is in Vienna, VA, USA, hosted by Verio. 230- Questions? E-mail freebsd@vienna.verio.net. 230- 230- 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/irc 250 CWD command successful. ftp> get lsof-4.56.4.tgz local: lsof-4.56.4.tgz remote: lsof-4.56.4.tgz 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for 'xchat-1.7.1.tgz' (92375 bytes). 100% |**************************************************|92375 00:00 ETA 226 Transfer complete. 92375 bytes received in 5.60 seconds (16.11 KB/s) ftp> exit # pkg_add lsof-4.56.4.tgz # package FreeBSDcdrom pkg_add -r FTP package# pkg_add r lsof-4.56.4

# pkg_delete xchat-1.7.1 84 443

# pkg_info cvsup-16.1A general network file distribution system optimized for CV docbook-1.2 Meta-port for the different versions of the DocBook DTD ... pkg_version package package ports # pkg_version cvsup= docbook = ... ports =portsports ?ports * 4.4.4 package /var/db/pkg package 4.5 Ports Collection ports collection 4.5.1 Ports Ports collection Ports collection Makefi le /usr/ports FreeBSD Sysinstall ports collection ports collectionSysinstall sysinstall ports collection1 root sysinstall# /stand/sysinstall 2 Configure Enter3 Distributions Enter4 Ports 5 Exit Enter85 67

6

CVSup Port Port CVSuP 1 net/cvsup A.6.2 2 root /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports- supfile /root 3 -ports- supfile4 CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org CVSup A.6.7 CVSup 5 cvsup # cvsup - g - L 2 /root/ports- supfile 6 - portscollection4.5. 2 Port Ports collection skeleton port skeleton FreeBSD port skeleton

Removeline10Changeline26tothis diffs diff port

whereis #whereislsof lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof 86

program- name lsof # cd /usr/ports # make search key=lsof Port: lsof-4.56.4 Path: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof Info: Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1)) Maint: obrien@FreeBSD.org Index: sysutils B-deps: R-deps: Path: port : root port 1 CDROM port FreeBSD FreeBSD www.freebsdmall.com - /cdrom port port # cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof lsof port skeleton port make # make >> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/. >> Attempting to fetch from file:/cdrom/ports/distfiles/. ===>Extracting for lsof-4.57 ... [extraction output snipped] ... >> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz. ===> Patching for lsof-4.57 ===> Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57 ===> Configuring for lsof-4.57 ... [configure output snipped] ... ===>Building for lsof-4.57 ... [compilation snipped] ... # port make install # make install ===>Installing for lsof-4.57 ... [install routines snipped] ... ===> Generating temporary packing list ===> Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57 ===> Registering installation for lsof-4.57 ===>SECURITY NOTE: 87 This port has installed the following binaries which execute with increased privileges. # lsof port make install make make install port- cdrom - cdrom port 2 Internet port - Internet CDROM Internet port CDROM Internet CDROM # make install >>lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesnt seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/. >>Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/. Receiving lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz (439860 bytes): 100% 439860 bytes transferred in 18.0 seconds (23.90 kBps) ===> Extracting for lsof-4.57 ... [extraction output snipped] ... >> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz. ===> Patching for lsof-4.57 ===> Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57 ===> Configuring for lsof-4.57 ... [configure output snipped] ... ===> Building for lsof-4.57 ... [compilation snipped] ... ===> Installing for lsof-4.57 ... [install routines snipped] ... ===>Generating temporary packing list ===>compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57 ===>Registering installation for lsof-4.57 ===> SECURITY NOTE: This port has installed the following binaries which execute with increased privileges. # port port88 45 3

# cd /usr/ports/irc/lsof # make deinstall ===> Deinstalling for lsof-4.57 - lsof /usr/ports/irc/lsof make reinstall4.6 pkg_info FooPackage 1.0.0# pkg_info L foopackage-1.0.0 | less man/ etc/ doc/ # pkg_info | grep foopackage foopackage man # pkg_info foopackage-1.0.0 www: 4. 7 portscollection- port4.7.1 1 modem port Unix89 porting 2 patch patch delete line 23 add these two lines after line 468change line 197 to thisdiffs diff 3 tarball .tar .tar.gz .tar.Z .tar.bz2 .tgz - UNIX tar % tar tvzf foobar.tar.gz % tar xzvf foobar.tar.gz % tar tvf foobar.tar % tar xvf foobar.tar 4 checksum checksum -5 port kermit # make install >> cku190.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/. port port Kermit Kermit tarball MASTER_SITES( Makefile) 6 /usr/ports/distfiles Port /usr/ports/distfiles tarball (symlink) # make DISTDIR=/where/you/put/it install 7 Port /usr/ports /u/people/guests/wurzburger PORTSDIR PREFIX port # make PORTSDIR=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports install /u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports port /usr/local # make PREFIX=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/local install /usr/ports port /u/people/guests/wurzburger/local # make PORTSDIR=.../ports PREFIX=.../local install ( ) imake X port P REFIX /usr/X11R6 Perl port PREFIX Perl port PREFIX 90

8

# cd /usr/ports # make fetch port tarball # cd /usr/ports/directory # make fetch - port9 FreeBSD MASTER_SITES port ftp.FreeBSD.org MASTER_ SITES # cd /usr/ports/directory # make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE=\ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch 10 make make make fetch-list port11 port control-C make extract 12 port make extract make patch PATCH_DEBUG 13 - port gcc 2.6.3 FreeBSD 2 .1.0 2.1.5 -02 -fno-strength-reduce port -02 # make CFLAGS=-O2 -fno-strength-reduce install - /etc/make.conf port makeconfigure M akefiles M akefiles FreeBSD 14 port port /usr/ports INDEX portscollection LISP port % cd /usr/ports % make search key=lisp 91 15 foo bar bar foo port 16 port grizzle # pkg_delete grizzle-6.5 # cd /usr/ports/somewhere/grizzle # make deinstall 17 # pkg_info -I grizzle* Information for grizzle-6.5: grizzle-6.5 - the combined piano tutorial, LOGO interpreter and shootem up arcade game. pkg_info ls /var/db/pkg18 port - # cd /usr/ports # make clean port port skeletons makefile # find /usr/ports -depth -name work -exec rm -rf {} \; 19 - tarball distfiles - make distclean 20 : # cd /usr/ports # make install port port /usr/local/bin/plot 21 port port Do you want to print on A4 US letter sized paper? 22 92 # cd /usr/ports # make -DBATCH install port # cd /usr/ports # make -DINTERACTIVE install 23 frobble package # cd /usr/ports/somewhere/frobble # make extract # cd work/frobble-2.8 [Apply your patches] # cd ../.. # make package 24 port /usr/ports/Mk bsd.port.mk bsd.port.subdir.mk shell4.7.2 Port port 1 Porter http://www.FreeBSD.org/porters-handbook/index.html Ports port port2 email port email SHELLmakemaintainer Makefileemail port send- pr 3 ftp ftp.freebsd.org Packages pkg_add 93

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W Window X W XX X Window System X11 XWindows X 94 522 client- server X Xserver Server X xterm Netscape client client Please draw a window at these coordinates The user just clicked on your OK button FreeBSD X server X client FreeBSD X server X X server X client X X server X client X server X client client server Microsoft Windows Apple MacOSX X FreeBSD Xserver XFree86 FreeBSD- FreeBSD X server5.2.3 X Unixtools notpolicy X X AfterStep Blackbox Enlightenment ctwm ftwm sawfish twm WindowMaker start themeable Ports Collectionx11- wm KDE GNOME GUI sawfish lisp click- to- focus Microsoft Windows X 95

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widget buttons check boxes radio buttons icons listsMicrosoft Windows MicrosoftWindows AppleMacOS X X Athena(MIT ) Motif openlook X Qt KDE GTKGNOME UNIX 5.3 XFree86XFree86 XFree86 3.XXFree86 - XFree86 4.X 3.X 4.X FreeBSD XFree863.3.6 2.9.11 XFree864.X FreeBSD XFree86 ports collection XFree86 4.X # cd /usr/ports/x11/XFree86-4 # make all install clean 96 86 4 86 86 8654 86 541 86 4

# XFree86 configure XF86Config.new skeleton XFree86 XFree86 XFree86 # XFree86 -xf86config XF86Config.new X ctrl+alt+backspace XF86Config.new emacs ee - XF86Config.new Monitor Section "Monitor" Identifier "Monitor0" VendorName "Monitor Vendor" ModelName"Monitor Model" Horizsync30-107 VertRefresh48-120 EndSection Horizsync VertRefresh Horizsync VertRefresh - 97 86 Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Card0" Monitor"Monitor0" DefaultColorDepth 24 SubSection "Display" Depth24 Modes"1024x768" EndSubSection EndSection DefaultColorDepth Modes 24 1024 768 24 1024 768 DefaultColorDepth 24 Display VESA XFree86 /etc/X11/XF86Config /usr/X11R6/etc/ X11/XF86Config. # cp XF86Config.new /etc/X11/XF86Config startx XFree86 4.X X11/wrapper port XFree86 4.X xdm 5.4.3 Intel i810 Inteli810 XFree86 AGP kldload agp.ko loader /boot/loader.conf agp_load="YES" AGP /dev MAKEDEV # cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV agpgart 5.5 XFree86 5.5.1 Type1 XFree86 netscape Type1 XFree86 version3.X version4.X URW x11 -fonts/urwfonts type1 (Times Roman Helvetica Palatino ) freefont x11 -fonts/freefonts 98 861 # cd /usr/ports/x11-fonts/urwfonts # make install clean Freefont X XF86Config XFree86 3 /etc/ 4 /etc/X11/ FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW/" % xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW % xset fp rehash 5.5.2 Truetype XFree86 4.x - Truetype freetype freetype /etc/X11/XF86Config Loadfreetype XFree86 3.3.x Truetype Xfstt xfstt port x11-servers/Xfstt Truetype Truetype Macintosh U nix/DOS/Windows ttmkfdir fonts.dir X - ttmkfdir /usr/ports/x11 -fonts/ttmkfdir # cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Truetype # ttmkfdir > fonts.dir Truetype Type1 % xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Truetype % xset fp rehash FontPath XF86Config Netscape Gimp StarOffice X - Truetype Web Staroffice -5.5.3 Anti - Aliased XFree86 4.0.2 anti-aliased QT KDE - XFree864.0.2 Qt2.3 KDE KDE/Qt anti-aliased anti-aliasing /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XftConfig Xserver anti-aliased 99 dir "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/Type1" URW Truetype anti-aliased Anti-aliasing Type1 Truetype bitmap XF86Config Antialiasing 9 13 match any size > 8 any size < 14 edit antialias = false; anti-aliasing KDE 100 match any family == "fixed"edit family =+ "mono"; match any family == "console"edit family =+ "mono"; mono match any family == "mono" edit spacing = 100; Lucidux match any family == "mono"edit family += "LuciduxMono"; match any family == "Lucidux Mono"edit family += "LuciduxMono"; match any family == "LuciduxMono" edit family =+ "Lucidux Mono"; family .xftconfig includeif"~/.xftconfig" LCD xftconfig match edit rgba=rgb; bgr vrgb vbgr anti-aliasing Qt - KDE anti-aliased gtk+ gtk+ GNOME Mozilla anti-aliased x11/gdkxft port anti-aliased 5.7.1 FreeBSD XFree86 Anti-aliasing 100 56 561

X X X X - X XDM XDM getty XDM X XDM - XDM 5.6.2 XDM XDM /usr/X11R6/bin/xdm root X - XDM /etc/ttys 15.3.2.1 XDM /etc/ttys ttyv8"/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"xterm offsecure 5 off on init ttyv8 XDM 9 5.6.3 XDMXDM /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm XDM Xaccess Xresources X Xservers Xsession Xsetup_*xdm-config xdm-errors xdm-pidXDM ID XDM xdm Login 101 Password XDM XaccessXDM - X -XDMCP XDMCP xdm- config Xresources XFree86 Xservers Xsession XDM ~/.xsessionrcXsetup_* Xsetup_ Xsetup_0 xconsolexdm- config xdm- errors XDMX server XDM - ~/.xsession- errors 5.6.4 - XDM xdm- config ! SECURITY:do not listen for XDMCP or Chooser requests ! Comment out this line if you want to manage X terminals with xdm DisplayManager.requestPort0 XDM ! # Xaccess xdm 5.6.5 XDM XDM - KDMKDE KDM 5.7 FreeBSD X desktop environment102

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2 2Desktop Configuration package ports collection GNOME # pkg_add -r gnome GNOME port # cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome # make install clean GNOME X Server GNOME - .xinitrc /usr/X11R6/bin/gnome - session # echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session" > ~/.xinitrc startx GNOME - XDM .xsession - /usr/X11R6/bin/gnome -session # echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession # echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session" >> ~/.xsession # chmod +x ~/.xsession KDE2 KDE kdm GNOME Anti- aliased anti- aliased XFree86 KDE GNOMEgtk libgdkxft x11/gdkxft port port /usr/X11R6/share/doc/gdkxft/README gtk libgdk.so libgdkxft Bourne shell(/bin/sh) shell Gimp % LD_PRELOAD=/usr/X11R6/lib/libgdkxft.so gimp csh shell % setenv LD_PRELOAD /usr/X11R6/lib/libgdkxft.so % gimp 103 LD_PRELOAD=/usr/X11R6/lib/libgdkxft.so export LD_PRELOAD .xinitrc .xsession /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession X linux Gtk 5.7.2 KDE21 KDE2KDE KDE KParts KDEUnix Web Konqeuror KDEwww.kde.org2 KDE2GNOME KDE FreeBSD Desktop Configuration packages ports collection KDE2 # pkg_add -r kde2 KDE port # cd /usr/ports/x11/kde2 # make install clean KDE2 X server - .xinitrc # echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/startkde" > ~/.xinitrc startx X -window KDE2 xdm - .xsession kdm 5.7.3 KDE2 KDE2 - Windows Mac KDE KDE web Konqueror 104 1 2

2 system Login manager KDE sessions New type KDE GNOME startkde gnome- session failsafe Apply KDM(KDE GNOME) -xdm KDE2.2 kdm KDE2.2 root - /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession case $# in 1) case $1 in failsafe) exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0 ;; esac esac KDE2 GNOME case $# in 1) case $1 in KDE2) exec /usr/X11R6/bin/startkde ;; GNOME) exec /usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session ;; failsafe) exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0 ;; esac esac KDE /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0 /usr/X11R6/bin/kdmdesktop kdm /etc/ttys xdm /usr/local/bin/kdm2 Anti -aliased KDE 4.0.2 XFree86 RENDER anti- aliasing 2.3 105 115532 2 Use Anti- Aliasing for Fonts and Icons KDEQt QT_XFTtrue5.7.4XFCE1 XFCEXFCEGNOME GTK toolkit Unix CDE XFCE

# pkg_add -r xfce ports collection: # cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce # make install clean X X XFCE # echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce" > ~/.xinitrc X XFCE xdm /usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce .xsession GNOME kdm 108

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1 23 2 Swap 128 M256MB 256MB VM VM SCSI IDE 4 UNIX 3 /usr /var /var/tmp I/O I/O /var 6.3 /etc/rc.conf rc* rc.conf /etc/defaults/rc.conf /etc rc.conf 110

.rc.conf.site hostname="node15.example.com" network_interfaces="fxp0 lo0" ifconfig_fxp0="inet 10.1.1.1" defaultrouter="10.1.1.254" saver="daemon" blanktime="100" rc.conf.site rsync rc.conf sysinstall make world rc.conf 6.4 package /usr/local/etc port package .default .default /usr/local/etc/apache -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 2184 May 201998 access.conf -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 2184 May 201998 access.conf.default -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 9555 May 201998 httpd.conf -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 9555 May 201998 httpd.conf.default -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel12205 May 201998 magic -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel12205 May 201998 magic.default -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 2700 May 201998 mime.types -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 2700 May 201998 mime.types.default -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 7980 May 201998 srm.conf -rw-r-r--1 rootwheel 7933 May 201998 srm.conf.default srm.conf apacheport 6.5 ports packagescollection /usr/local/etc/rc.d start stop root package package /usr/local/etc/rc.d 111 #!/bin/sh echo -n ' FooBar' case "$1" in start) /usr/local/bin/foobar ;; stop) kill -9 'cat /var/run/foobar.pid' ;; *) echo "Usage: 'basename $0' {start|stop}" >&2 exit 64 ;; esac exit 0 start stop /usr/local/etc/rc.d/FooBar.sh chmod # chmod 755 FooB ar.sh inetd POP IMAP - /etc/inetd.conf inetd - /etc/rc.conf /etc/rc.local FreeBSD3.1 /etc/rc.local rc.local /etc/rc.conf /usr/local/etc/rc.d cron cron cortab root cron @reboot cron 6.6 FreeBSD real alias /etc/rc.conf fxp0 ifconfig_fxp0_alias0="inet xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" alias0 _alias1 _alias2 112 1

0 10110255255255020207516255255255240 10111 101152020751720207520

ifconfig_fxp0="inet 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0" ifconfig_fxp0_alias0="inet 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.255" ifconfig_fxp0_alias1="inet 10.1.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.255" ifconfig_fxp0_alias2="inet 10.1.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.255" ifconfig_fxp0_alias3="inet 10.1.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.255" ifconfig_fxp0_alias4="inet 202.0.75.17 netmask 255.255.255.240" ifconfig_fxp0_alias5="inet 202.0.75.18 netmask 255.255.255.255" ifconfig_fxp0_alias6="inet 202.0.75.19 netmask 255.255.255.255" ifconfig_fxp0_alias7="inet 202.0.75.20 netmask 255.255.255.255" 6.7 6.7.1 /etc /etc /etc/defaults /etc/mail sendmail MTA /etc/ppp ppp /etc/namedb named /var/db/usr/local/etc /usr/local/etc/rc.d //var/db : named 6.7.2 /etc/resolv.conf/etc/resolv.conf FreeBSD internet DNS resolv.confnameserver IP search domain resolv.conf search foobar.com nameserver 147.11.1.11 nameserver 147.11.100.30 DHCP dhclient DHCP resolv.conf/etc/hosts/etc/hosts DNS NIS 113

# $FreeBSD$ # # Host Database # This file should contain the addresses and aliases # for local hosts that share this file. # In the presence of the domain name service or NISthis file may # not be consulted at all; see /etc/nsswitch.conf for the resolution order. # # ::1localhost localhost.my.domain myname.my.domain 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.my.domain myname.my.domain # # Imaginary network. #10.0.0.2 myname.my.domain myname #10.0.0.3 myfriend.my.domain myfriend # # According to RFC 1918you can use the following IP networks for # private nets which will never be connected to the Internet: # #10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 #172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 #192.168.0.0 -192.168.255.255 # # In case you want to be able to connect to the Internetyou need # real official assigned numbers.PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE do not try # to invent your own network numbers but instead get one from your # network provider (if any) or from the Internet Registry (ftp to # rs.internic.netdirectory '/templates'). # /etc/hosts [Internet address] [offical hostname] [alias1] [alias2] ... : 10.0.0.1 myRealHostname.foobar.com myRealHostname foobar1 foobar2 hosts 6.7.3 syslog.confSyslog.conf syslogd syslog # $FreeBSD$ # #Spaces ARE valid field separators in this file. However#other *nix-like systems still insist on using tabs as field #separators. If you are sharing this file between systemsyou #may want to use only tabs as field separators here. #Consult the syslog.conf (5)manual page. *.err;kern.debug;auth.notice;mail.crit/dev/console *.notice;kern.debug;lpr.info;mail.crit;news.err /var/log/messages security.*/var/log/security mail.info/var/log/maillog 114 lpr.info /var/log/lpd-errs cron.* /var/log/cron *.errroot *.notice;news.err root *.alertroot *.emerg* # uncomment this to log all writes to /dev/console to /var/log/console.log #console.info /var/log/console.log # uncomment this to enable logging of all log messages to /var/log/all.log #*.*/var/log/all.log # uncomment this to enable logging to a remote loghost named loghost #*.*@loghost # uncomment these if you're running inn # news.crit /var/log/news/news.crit # news.err /var/log/news/news.err # news.notice /var/log/news/news.notice !startslip *.*/var/log/slip.log !ppp *.* /var/log/ppp.log syslog.confnewsyslog.conf Newsyslog.conf newsyslog cron newsyslog Logfile logfile.0 logfile.0 logfile.1 gzip logfiel.0.gz logfile.1.gz newsyslog.conf # configuration file for newsyslog # $FreeBSD$ # # filename[owner:group] mode count size when [ZB] [/pid_file] [sig_num] /var/log/cron 6003 100*Z /var/log/amd.log 6447 100*Z /var/log/kerberos.log6447 100*Z /var/log/lpd-errs6447 100*Z /var/log/maillog 6447 *@T00Z /var/log/sendmail.st64410 * 168 B /var/log/messages6445 100 *Z /var/log/all.log 6007 * @T00Z /var/log/slip.log6003 100*Z /var/log/ppp.log6003 100*Z /var/log/security60010 100*Z /var/log/wtmp6443 * @01T05B /var/log/daily.log 6407 * @T00Z /var/log/weekly.log6405 1 $W6D0 Z /var/log/monthly.log 64012 * $M1D0 Z /var/log/console.log6405 100*Z newsyslog 6.7.4 sysctl.conf Sysctl.conf rc.conf variable=value sysctl.conf signal linux 115

kern.logsigexit=0 # Do not log fatal signal exits (e.g. sig 11) compat.linux.osname=FreeBSD compat.linux.osrelease=4.3-STABLE 6.8 sysctl sysctl FreeBSD TCP/IP - Sysctl 5 sysctl % sysctl -a kern.maxproc: % sysctl kern.maxproc kern.maxproc: 1044 variable= value # sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000 kern.maxfiles: 2088 -> 5000 Sysctl 1 yes 0 no6.9 6.9.1Sysctl vfs.vmiodirenable vfs.vmiodirenablesysctl 0 off 1 on 0 off 1k 512bytes VM 512 bytes 4K web hw.ata.wc FreeBSD IDE IDE IDE hw.ata.wcsysctl IDE 1 116 692 # tunefs -n enable /filesystem # tunefs -n disable /filesystem tunefs softupdates SoftUpdates SoftUpdates SoftUpdates SoftUpdates 1 SoftUpdates make installworld 6.10 6.10.1 kern.maxfiles kern.maxfiles file: table is full dmesg fifo kern.maxfile MAXUSERS MAXUSERS kern.maxfiles 256 web 6.10.2NMBCLUSTERS mbuf mbuf FreeBSD cluster 2K 1024 cluster 2MB 1000 16K 16K 32MB web 2 NMBCLUSTERS 2 32 MB / 2 KB=64MB/2K =327686.11 117 3 6111

6112 440 6113640 1pseudo-device vn 1 #Vnode driver (turns a file into a device) 2 vn-device # cd /dev # sh MAKEDEV vn0 3 # dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap0 bs=1024k count=64 4 # chmod 0600 /usr/swap0 5 /etc/rc.confswapfile="/usr/swap0"6 # vnconfig e /dev/vn0b /usr/swap0 swap 118

1 bootstrapprocess booting FreeBSD FreeBSD init

bootingx86 BIOS BIOS MBR BIOS MBR MBR MBR MBR slice slice 119

3 1 2 331 0 0 012 110 F1DOS F2FreeBSD F3Linux F4?? F5Drive 1 Default: F2 Windows 95 MBR MBR MBR FreeBSD MBR # fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 device device IDE ad0 IDE ad2 SCSI da0 7.3.2 1 /boot/boot1, 2 /boot/boot 2 1 2 slice /boot FreeBSD Boot1 512 FreeBSD boot2 Boot2 FreeBSD Loader boot2 120 22 >> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT Default: 0:ad(0,a)/kernel boot: boot1 boot2 disklabel # disklabel -B diskslice diskslice slice ad0s1 IDE slice disklabel ad0 slice RETURN disklabel 7.3.3 3 /boot/loader loader /boot/loader Loader 1 Loader loader /boot/loader.rc /boot/defaults/loader.conf /boot/loader.conf Loader.rc 10 loader 2 Loader autoboot seconds 10boot [- options] [kernelname] boot- conf unload kernel help [topic] /boot/loader.help (topic) index include filename ... inlucde load [- t type] filenamekernel kernel 121

3

boot -s unload load kernel.old kernelkernelkernelold kernel-kernel - kernel unload set kernel=" kernel.old" boot-conf

load -t userconfig_script/boot/kernel.conf loaderbootloader

-a 122 -C CDROM -c UserConfig -s-v 7.5 Init init /sbin/init loader init_path7.5.1 fsck init 7.5.2 -s loader boot_single shutdown -h insecure root 7 - 3 /etc/ttys insecure # namegettytype statuscomments # # This entry needed for asking password when init goes to single-user mode # If you want to be asked for password, change " secure" to "insecure" here console noneunknown off insecure insecure insecure root insecure insecure secure 7.5.3 init /etc/defaults/rc.conf /etc/rc.conf /etc/fstab (daemon) script rc 123

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861 dotfiles - adduser- s- config_create root adduser 8- 1adduser # adduser -v Use option "-silent" if you dont want to see all warnings and questions. 127 Check /etc/shells Check /etc/master.passwd Check /etc/group Enter your default shell: csh date no sh tcsh zsh [sh]: zsh Your default shell is: zsh -_ /usr/local/bin/zsh Enter your default HOME partition: [/home]: Copy dotfiles from: /usr/share/skel no [/usr/share/skel]: Send message from file: /etc/adduser.message no [/etc/adduser.message]: no Do not send message Use passwords (y/n) [y]: y Write your changes to /etc/adduser.conf? (y/n) [n]: y Ok, lets go. Dont worry about mistakes. I will give you the chance later to correct any input. Enter username [a-z0-9_-]: jru Enter full name []: J. Random User Enter shell csh date no sh tcsh zsh [zsh]: Enter home directory (full path) [/home/jru]: Uid [1001]: Enter login class: default []: Login group jru [jru]: Login group is "jru". Invite jru into other groups: guest no [no]: wheel Enter password []: Enter password again []: Name: jru Password: **** Fullname: J. Random User Uid: 1001 Gid: 1001 (jru) Class: Groups: jru wheel HOME: /home/jru Shell: /usr/local/bin/zsh OK? (y/n) [y]: y Added user "jru" Copy files from /usr/share/skel to /home/jru Add another user? (y/n) [y]: n Goodbye! # shell zsh ports collection shell- jru jru wheel su root adduser - s 8.6.2 rmuser rmuser rmuser 1 crontab 2 at 3 128 4 5 6 7 8

rmuser 8- 2 # rmuser jru Matching password entry: jru:*:1000:1000::0:0:J. Random User:/home/jru:/usr/local/bin/tcsh Is this the entry you wish to remove? y Remove user's home directory (/home/jru)? y Updating password file updating databases done. Updating group file: trusted (removing group jru--personal group is empty) done. Removing user's incoming mail file /var/mail/jru: done. Removing files belonging to jru from /tmp: done. Removing files belonging to jru from /var/tmp: done. Removing files belonging to jru from /var/tmp/vi.recover: done. # 8.6.3 chpasschpass shells chpass - - 8- 3 chpass #Changing user database information for jru. Login: jru Password: * Uid [#]: 1000 Gid [# or name]: 1000 Change [month day year]: Expire [month day year]: Class: Home directory: /home/jru Shell: /usr/local/bin/tcsh Full Name: J. Random User Office Location: Office Phone: Home Phone: Other information: 8 - 4 chpass #Changing user database information for jru. Shell: /usr/local/bin/tcsh Full Name: J. Random User Office Location: 129 Office Phone: Home Phone: Other information: chfn chsh ypchpass ypchfn ypchsh chpass NIS yp 17 NIS 8.6.4passwdpasswd : - - 8- 5 % passwd Changing local password for jru. Old password: New password: Retype new password: passwd: updating the database... passwd: done 8 - 6 # passwd jru Changing local password for jru. New password: Retype new password: passwd: updating the database... passwd: done chpass yppasswd passwd NIS 8.6.5pw pw - pw 8.7 FreeBSD 12.5 CPU memory 130

coredumpsize core - cputime CPU CPU top ps CPU filesize maxproc kern.maxproc makecc memorylocked amd memoryuse openfiles FreeBSD IPC kern.maxfiles sysctl sbsize stacksize 131

# pw groupadd teamtwo # pw groupshow teamtwo teamtwo:*:1100: 1100 teamtwo ID teamtwo 8 - 8 pw # pw groupmod teamtwo -M jru # pw groupshow teamtwo teamtwo:*:1100:jru 8- 8 -M pw id 8-9 8 - 9 id 132 % id jru uid=1001(jru) gid=1001(jru) groups=1001(jru) 1100(teamtwo) jru jru teamtwo pw /etc/group group133

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monolithic( ) FreeBSD - PCMCIA KLD Unix- FreeBSD GENERIC

134

# cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf # cp GENERIC MYKERNEL FreeBSD MYKERNEL root -- MYKERNEL - vi FreeBSD -ee SunosBSD DOS GENERIC - /usr/src/UPDATING /sur/src/UPDATING FreeBSD - FreeBSD 135

make world 2 1 1 config # /usr/sbin/config MYKERNEL 2 # cd ../../compile/MYKERNEL 3 # make depend # make 4 # make install 2 1 /usr/src # cd /usr/src 2 # make buildkernel KERNCONF= MYKERNEL 3 # make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL FreeBS D4.2 KERNEL= KERNCONF= 2001 2 2 4.2- STABLE KERNCONF= config make depend make make install /kernel /kernel.old /dev 9.4 (keyword) # GENERIC ( ) GENERIC LINT (option) GENERIC LINT 136

386 3 386

64 4

) FreeBSD 4.x GENERIC /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/GENERIC /usr/src/sys/ i386/conf/LINT # # GENERIC -- Generic kernel configuration file for FreeBSD/i386 # # For more information on this file, please read the handbook section on # Kernel Configuration Files: # #http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/kernelconfig-config.html # # The handbook is also available locally in /usr/share/doc/handbook # if you've installed the doc distribution, otherwise always see the # FreeBSD World Wide Web server (http://www.FreeBSD.ORG/) for the # latest information. # # An exhaustive list of options and more detailed explanations of the # device lines is also present in the ./LINT configuration file. If you are # in doubt as to the purpose or necessity of a line, check first in LINT. # # $FreeBSD: src/sys/i386/conf/GENERIC,v 1.246 2000/03/09 16:32:55 jlemon Exp $ machinei386 i386 alpha pc98 cpuI386_CPU cpu I486_CPU cpu I586_CPU cpuI686_CPU CPU CPU I586_CPU I686_CPU CPU CPU dmesg Alpha cpuEV4 cpuEV5 Alpha CPU 137 ident GENERIC GENERIC GENERIC ident maxusers32 system tables 4 XWindow - maxusers (process) 20+16* maxusers maxusers 1 36 18 ( ) X Window 15 man page maxusers=4 84 proc table full ( ftp.FreeBSD.org) maxusers (remote logins) pseudo- device pty 16 # Floating point support - do not disable. device npx0 at nexus? port IO_NPX irq 13 npx0 FreeBSD # Pseudo devices - the number indicates how many units to allocate. pseudo-deviceloop# Network loopback loop TCP/IP telnet ftp localhost( 127.0.0.1) #makeoptions DEBUG=-g#Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols options MATH_EMULATE#Support for x87 emulation (386 486SX) 486DX 386SX 486SX( 387 487 )Pentium Pentium II GPL_MATH_EMULATE GNU GNU optionsINET#InterNETworking optionsINET6#IPv6 communications protocols IPv6 - optionsFFS#Berkeley Fast Filesystem optionsFFS_ROOT#FFS usable as root device [keep this!] 138

optionsMFS#Memory Filesystem optionsMD_ROOT #MD is a potential root device Memory -mapped RAM disk swap /tmp MFS /tmp MFS RAM disk /etc/fstab /dev/ad1s2b/tmp mfs rw 0 0 mount/tmp optionsNFS #Network Filesystem optionsNFS_ROOT #NFS usable as root deviceNFS required (NFS) # optionsMSDOSFS#MSDOS Filesystem MS - DOS DOS DOS mtools ( ports ) DOS ( MSDOSFS ) optionsCD9660#ISO 9660 Filesystem optionsCD9660_ROOT#CD-ROM usable as rootCD9660 required CD -ROM ISO 9660 ( ) CD optionsPROCFS #Process filesystem Processfilesystem /proc ps optionsCOMPAT_43#Compatible with BSD 4.3 [KEEP THIS!] 4.3BSD optionsSCSI_DELAY=15000#Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI 15 SCSI SCSI IDE FreeBSD SCSI optionsUCONSOLE#Allow users to grab the console console X Window xterm -C xterm write talk kernel optionsUSERCONFIG#boot -c editor - optionsVISUAL_USERCONFIG #visual boot -c editor - 139 optionsKTRACE#ktrace(1) support optionsSYSVSHM #SYSV-style shared memory System V (SHM) SHM X Window XSHM ( XAnim Linux DOOM ) SHM X Window optionsSYSVSEM #SYSV-style semaphores System V semaphores kernel optionsSYSVMSG #SYSV-style message queues System V messages System V semaphores kernel ipcs System V options P1003_1B#Posix P1003_1B real-time extensions options _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 1993 POSIX ports collection Star Office optionsICMP_BANDLIM #Rate limit bad replies ICMP # To make an SMP kernelthe next two are needed #optionsSMP # Symmetric MultiProcessor Kernel #optionsAPIC_IO# Symmetric (APIC) I/O SMP deviceisa FreeBSD PC IBMPS/2( ) FreeBSD deviceeisa EISA EISA devicepci PCI PCI PCI ISA # Floppy drives devicefdc0at isa? port IO_FD1 irq 6 drq 2 devicefd0 at fdc0 drive 0 devicefd1 at fdc0 drive 1 fd0 A: fd1 B: ft0 QIC -80 deviceata ATA A TAPI ata 140 deviceatadisk # ATA disk drives ATAPI deviceatapicd # ATAPI CDROM drives ATAPI CDROM deviceatapifd # ATAPI floppy drives ATAPI deviceatapist # ATAPI tape drives ATAPI options ATA_STATIC_ID#Static device numbering # ATA and ATAPI devices deviceata0at isa? port IO_WD1 irq 14 deviceata1at isa? port IO_WD2 irq 15 PCI # SCSI Controllers deviceahb# EISA AHA1742 family deviceahc# AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices deviceamd# AMD 53C974 (Teckram DC-390(T)) devicedpt# DPT Smartcache - See LINT for options! deviceisp# Qlogic family devicencr# NCR/Symbios Logic devicesym# NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets) deviceadv0 at isa? deviceadw devicebt0at isa? deviceaha0 at isa? deviceaic0 at isa? SCSI IDE # SCSI peripherals devicescbus # SCSI bus (required) deviceda # Direct Access (disks) devicesa # Sequential Access (tape etc) devicecd # CD devicepass # Passthrough device (direct SCSI access) SCSI -- # RAID controllers deviceida# Compaq Smart RAID deviceamr# AMI MegaRAID devicemlx# Mylex DAC960 family RAID # atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse deviceatkbdc0at isa? port IO_KBD atkbdc AT PS/2 I/O atkbd 141 2 deviceatkbd0 at atkbdc? irq 1 atkbd atkbdc AT AT84 AT devicepsm0 at atkbdc? irq 12 PS/2 devicevga0at isa? # splash screen/screen saver pseudo-devicesplash - # syscons is the default console driverresembling an SCO console device sc0 at isa? sc0 termcap terminaldatabase library VT220 vt0 sc0 TERM scoansi # Enable this and PCVT_FREEBSD for pcvt vt220 compatible console driver #device vt0at isa? #optionsXSERVER# support for X server on a vt console #optionsFAT_CURSOR# start with block cursor # If you have a ThinkPADuncomment this along with the rest of the PCVT lines #optionsPCVT_SCANSET=2 # IBM keyboards are non-std VT220 VT100/102 sc0 TERM vt100 vt220 termcap terminfo sc0 vt100 # Power management support (see LINT for more options) device apm0 at nexus? disable flags 0x20# Advanced Power Management # PCCARD (PCMCIA) support devicecard devicepcic0at isa? irq 10 port 0x3e0 iomem 0xd0000 devicepcic1at isa? irq 11 port 0x3e2 iomem 0xd4000 disable PCMCIA # Serial (COM) ports device sio0 at isa? port IO_COM1 flags 0x10 irq 4 device sio1 at isa? port IO_COM2 irq 3 device sio2 at isa? disable port IO_COM3 irq 5 device sio3 at isa? disable port IO_COM4 irq 9 4 MS -DOS/W indows COM1 COM4 sio0 sio3 MS - DOS COM1 COM4 COM4 IRQ 2(- IRQ 2 IRQ 9 ) ( S3 142 0281643 4 # Parallel port deviceppc0at isa? irq 7 ISA -bus deviceppbus # Parallel port bus (required) devicelpt # Printer deviceplip# TCP/IP over parallel deviceppi # Parallel port interface device I/O (geek port) + IEEE1284 I/O #device vpo # Requires scbus and da Iomega Zip scbus da EPP 1.9 # PCI Ethernet NICs. devicede# DEC/Intel DC21x4x ("Tulip") devicefxp # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (8255782558) devicetx# SMC 9432TX (83c170 "EPIC") devicevx# 3Com 3c5903c595 ("Vortex") devicewx# Intel Gigabit Ethernet Card ("Wiseman") PCI # PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code. devicemiibus# MII bus support MII PCI 10/100 Ethernet NICs devicedc# DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes devicerl# RealTek 8129/8139 devicesf# Adaptec AIC-6915 ("Starfire") devicesis # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016 deviceste # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX) devicetl# Texas Instruments ThunderLAN devicevr# VIA RhineRhine II devicewb# Winbond W89C840F devicexl# 3Com 3c90x ("Boomerang" "Cyclone") MII # ISA Ethernet NICs. deviceed0at isa? port 0x280 irq 10 iomem 0xd8000 deviceex deviceep # WaveLAN/IEEE 802.11 wireless NICs. Note: the WaveLAN/IEEE really # exists only as a PCMCIA deviceso there is no ISA attachment needed 143 # and resources will always be dynamically assigned by the pccard code. devicewi # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs. Note: the declaration below will # work for PCMCIA and PCI cardsas well as ISA cards set to ISA PnP # mode (the factory default). If you set the switches on your ISA # card for a manually chosen I/O address and IRQyou must specify # those parameters here. devicean # The probe order of these is presently determined by i386/isa/isa_compat.c. deviceie0 at isa? port 0x300 irq 10 iomem 0xd0000 devicefe0 at isa? port 0x300 devicele0 at isa? port 0x300 irq 5 iomem 0xd0000 devicelnc0at isa? port 0x280 irq 10 drq 0 devicecs0 at isa? port 0x300 devicesn0 at isa? port 0x300 irq 10 # requires PCCARD (PCMCIA) support to be activated #device xe0 at isa? ISA /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/LINT pseudo-device ether # Ethernet support ether - pseudo-device sl1 # Kernel SLIP Sl SLIP - PPP - pseudo-device ppp 1 # Kernel PPP ppp (kernel-mode) PPP tun (user-mode) PPP tun PPP PPP sl PPP pseudo-device tun # Packet tunnel. tun PPP (dial-on-demand) tun PPP PPP 16.2 pseudo-device pty # Pseudo-ttys (telnet etc) pty loginport ctelnet rlogin xterm emacs pty number pty 16 256 pseudo-device md# Memory "disks" pseudo-device gif 4 # IPv6 and IPv4 tunneling IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 - pseudo-device faith 1 # IPv6-to-IPv4 relaying (translation) IPv4/IPv6 - # The `bpf' pseudo-device enables the Berkeley Packet Filter. # Be aware of the administrative consequences of enabling this! pseudo-device bpf # Berkeley packet filter 144

# USB support #device uhci# UHCI PCI->USB interface #device ohci# OHCI PCI->USB interface #device usb # USB Bus (required) #device ugen# Generic #device uhid# "Human Interface Devices" #device ukbd# Keyboard #device ulpt# Printer #device umass # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da #device ums # Mouse # USB Ethernetrequires mii #device aue # ADMtek USB ethernet #device cue # CATC USB ethernet #device kue # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet USB FreeBSD /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/LINT9.5 /dev /dev/MAKEDEV IDE CD -ROM device acd0 /dev acd0 c r raw /dev # sh MAKEDEV acd0 /dev acd0c racd0c - # sh MAKEDEV snd0 /etc/fbtab fbtab GENERIC SCSI SLIP/PPP SLIP/PPP 145 96

config:line 17:syntax error vi 17G 17 GENERIC config FreeBSD BSD FreeBSD loader /var/log/messages dmesg GEN ERIC kernel.old kernel.old ps #chflagsnoschg /kernel - /etc/rc.conf kern_securelevel=-1 #chflagsschg /kernel ps 3.x 4.x ps vmstat libkvm 146

1100

101

- Unix schg 147

123 45

1 23 4 567 148 103 1031

5 * /etc/master.passwd/ foobar:R9DT/Fa1/LV9U:1000:1000::0:0:Foo Bar:/home/foobar:/usr/local/bin/tcsh foobar:*:1000:1000::0:0:Foo Bar:/home/foobar:/usr/local/bin/tcsh * / kerberos ssh kerberos kerberos ssh / ssh- keygen * 149

1032

1001998

1033* ssh kerberos crypted 150

1034

1035

1 1

1036

switch NFS hub NFS ssh NFS find md5 md5 suid ssh NFS scp scp 151 5

1037

1038

1 2 3

1

4000152 5000 4915265535 4000 ICMP ping - IP LAN ping ping LAN- - 120MB ICMP ICMP ICMP ICMP FreeBSD ICMP_BANDLIM inetd udpecho A echo B echo UDP chargen inetd - net.inet.ip.rtexpirertminexpire rtmaxcachesysctl IP - netstat - rna | fgrep W3 1600 rtexpire rtminexpire 1 2 rtminexpire T3 Internet sysctl rtexpire rtminexpire 0 2 10.3.9 Kerberos SSH kerberos ssh Kerberos V- telnet rlogin kerberos - x ssh kerberos ssh ssh kerberos ssh key- forwarding authorized_keys from=IP/DOMAIN 10.4DES MD5 CryptUnix one- way hash 153

55

515 64

55 5 5

% ls -l /usr/lib/libcrypt* lrwxr-xr-x1 rootwheel13 Mar 19 06:56 libcrypt.a -> libdescrypt.a lrwxr-xr-x1 rootwheel18 Mar 19 06:56 libcrypt.so.2.0 -> libdescrypt.so.2.0 lrwxr-xr-x1 rootwheel15 Mar 19 06:56 libcrypt_p.a -> libdescrypt_p.a MD5 libscrypt libdescrypt DES crypt libdescrypt /etc/login.conf passwd_format DES MD5 login.conf10.5 S/KeyS/key hash FreeBSD MD4 hash MD5 DES - MAC 1.1.5 S/key - FreeBSD S/key Bell Communications Research Inc Unix Kerberos Unix password S/key OPIE opiekey keyinit opiepasswd one- time password key/opiekey keyinit/opiepasswd secret password password Unix password S/key OPIE Unix 8 6 7 S/key OPIE Unix password S/key OPIE seedkey iterationcount 1 100 S/key 154 4 1

1051

% keyinit Adding unfurl: Reminder - Only use this method if you are directly connected. If you are using telnet or rlogin exit with no password and use keyinit -s. Enter secret password:Again secret password: ID unfurl s/key is 99 to17757 DEFY CLUB PRO NASH LACE SOFT OPIE opiepasswd % opiepasswd -c [grimreaper] ~ $ opiepasswd -f -c Adding unfurl: Only use this method from the console; NEVER from remote. If you are using telnet, xterm, or a dial-in, type ^C now or exit with no password. Then run opiepasswd without the -c parameter. Using MD5 to compute responses. Enter new secret pass phrase: Again new secret pass phrase: ID unfurl OTP key is 499 to4268 MOS MALL GOAT ARM AVID COED Enter new secret pass phrase Enter Secret password ID S/key S/key 10.5.2 S/key - Macintosh 155 100

% keyinit -s Updating unfurl: Old key: to17758 Reminder you need the 6 English words from the key command. Enter sequence count from 1 to 9999: 100 Enter new key [default to17759]:s/key 100 to 17759 s/key access pass word: s/key access password:CURE MIKE BANE HIM RACY GORE OPIE opiepasswd: % opiepasswd Updating unfurl: You need the response from an OTP generator. Old secret pass phrase: otp-md5 498 to4268 ext Response: GAME GAG WELT OUT DOWN CHAT New secret pass phrase: otp-md5 499 to4269 Response: LINE PAP MILK NELL BUOY TROY ID mark OTP key is 499 gr4269 LINE PAP MILK NELL BUOY TROY return S/key % key 100 to17759 Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin. Enter secret password: CURE MIKE BANE HIM RACY GORE OPIE % opiekey 498 to4268 Using the MD5 algorithm to compute response. Reminder: Dont use opiekey from telnet or dial-in sessions. Enter secret pass phrase: GAME GAG WELT OUT DOWN CHAT 10.5.3 S/key % telnet example.com Trying 10.0.0.1... Connected to example.com Escape character is '^]'. FreeBSD/i386 (example.com) (ttypa) login: s/key 97 fw13894 Password: 156 % telnet example.com Trying 10.0.0.1... Connected to example.com Escape character is ^]. FreeBSD/i386 (example.com) (ttypa) login: otp-md5 498 gr4269 ext Password: S/key OPIE return S/key UNIX S/key s/key % key 97 fw13894 Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin. Enter secret password:WELD LIP ACTS ENDS ME HAAG OPIE % opiekey 498 to4268 Using the MD5 algorithm to compute response. Reminder: Dont use opiekey from telnet or dial-in sessions. Enter secret pass phrase: GAME GAG WELT OUT DOWN CHAT - login: s/key 97 fw13894 Password: s/key 97 fw13894 Password [echo on]: WELD LIP ACTS ENDS ME HAAG Last login: Tue Mar 21 11:56:41 from 10.0.0.2 ... 10.5.4 key % key -n 5 30 zz99999 Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin. Enter secret password: 26: SODA RUDE LEA LIND BUDD SILT27: JILT SPY DUTY GLOW COWL ROT 28: THEM OW COLA RUNT BONG SCOT 29: COT MASH BARR BRIM NAN FLAG 30: CAN KNEE CAST NAME FOLK BILK -n 5 5 30 157

1055

permit Internet 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 permit user fnord permit port ttyd0 IP Unix s/key Unix fnord Unix ,ttyd0 10.6 KerberosKerberos /- FreeBSD Kerberos 10.6.1 KerberosKerberos FreeBSD FreeBSD krb4 krb5 FreeBSD Kerberos 4.4BSD -Lite eBones USA/Canada MIT Kerberos ports collection /security/krb510.6.2 Kerberos Kerberos /etc/kerberosIV # cd /etc/kerberosIV # ls READMEkrb.confkrb.realms ( principal.* master_key) kdb_destroy Kerberos Kerberos - krb.conf krb.realms Kerberos GRONDAR.ZA grunt.grondar.za - krb.conf 158 # cat krb.conf EXAMPLE.COM EXAMPLE.COM grunt.example.com admin server CS.BERKELEY.EDU okeeffe.berkeley.edu ATHENA.MIT.EDU kerberos.mit.edu ATHENA.MIT.EDU kerberos-1.mit.edu ATHENA.MIT.EDU kerberos-2.mit.edu ATHENA.MIT.EDU kerberos-3.mit.edu LCS.MIT.EDU kerberos.lcs.mit.edu TELECOM.MIT.EDU bitsy.mit.edu ARC.NASA.GOV trident.arc.nasa.gov / keydistributioncenter adminserver Kerberos grunt.grondar.zaGRONDAR.ZA .grondar.zakrb.realms # cat krb.realms grunt.example.com EXAMPLE.COM .example.com EXAMPLE.COM .berkeley.edu CS.BERKELEY.EDU .MIT.EDU ATHENA.MIT.EDU .mit.edu ATHENA.MIT.EDU - Kerberos kdb_init # kdb_init Realm name [defaultATHENA.MIT.EDU ]: EXAMPLE.COM You will be prompted for the database Master Password. It is important that you NOT FORGET this password. Enter Kerberos master key: kstash # kstash Enter Kerberos master key: Current Kerberos master key version is 1. Master key entered. BEWARE! /etc/kerberosIV/master_key10.6.3 Kerberos kpasswd 159 # kdb_edit Opening database... Enter Kerberos master key: Current Kerberos master key version is 1. Master key entered.BEWARE! Previous or default values are in [brackets] enter return to leave the sameor new value. Principal name: passwd Instance: grunt Create [y] ? y Principal: passwdInstance: gruntkdc_key_ver: 1 New Password: /dev/lptN 0 # cat > /dev/lptN ENTER CONTROL+D # cat file > /dev/lptN file182

12 printer:dv=/dev/port:br#bps-rate:pa=parity port ttyd0 ttyd1 bps-rate parity even odd none zero 19200bps printer:dv=/dev/ttyd2:br#19200:pa=none 3 tip # tip printer - /etc/remote /dev/cuaa/dev/ttyd4 lptest% $lptest Postcript-PostcriptD

%>file file tip 4 :- /etc/printcap - LPD LPD /etc/printcap LPD spooling printcap - /etc/printcap /usr/share/misc/termcap /etc/remote cgetent 1 /etc/printcap 2 sh header pages Header Pages 3 sd Spooling 4 /etc/printcap lp /dev fs fc xs xc 183

56

630 4455 # #/etc/printcap for host rose # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4: rattan line diablo lp Diablo 630 Line Printer lp bamboo ps PS S panasonic Panasonic KX -P4455 PostScript v51.4LPDspooling header page Header page - header pager /etc/printcap sh header pages /etc/printcap sh # #/etc/printcap for host rose - no header pages anywhere # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh: 184

# mkdir /var/spool/printer-name spooling PD rattan bamboo # mkdir /var/spool/lpd # mkdir /var/spool/lpd/rattan # mkdir /var/spool/lpd/bamboo spooling poolingdaemon

# chown daemon.daemon /var/spool/lpd/rattan # chown daemon.daemon /var/spool/lpd/bamboo # chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/rattan # chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/bamboo /etc/printcap sd spooling # #/etc/printcap for host rose - added spooling directories # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo: TAB sd spooling spooling /var/spool/LPD /dev FreeBSD /dev LPD spooling /etc/printcap lp /dev rattan bamboo /etc/printcap # #/etc/printcap for host rose - identified what devices to use # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ 185 :lp=/dev/lpt0: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5: /etc/printcap lp LPD /dev/lp /dev/lp FreeBSD LPD br#bps-rate bps-rate bps-rate 50 75 110 134 150 200 300600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 bit-per-secondfc#clear-bits sgttyb clear-bits fs#set-bits sgttyb set-bitsxc#clear-bits clear-bitsxs#set-bits set-bits fc fs xc xs bit /usr/include/sys/ioctl_compat.h LPD lp sgttyb fc fs local 38400 bps TANDEM ANYP LITOUT FLUSHO PASS8 local LITOUT PASS8 bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000c1:xs#0x820: LPD LPD LPD lp /bin/cat shell FreeBSD lpf lpf lpf shell /usr/local/libexec/if -simple 186

#!/bin/sh # # if-simple - Simple text input filter for lpd # Installed in /usr/local/libexec/if-simple # # Simply copies stdin to stdout.Ignores all filter arguments. /bin/cat && exit 0 exit 2 # chmod 555 /usr/local/libexec/if-simple /etc/printcap if LPD /etc/printcap # #/etc/printcap for host rose - added text filter # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple: LPDLPD /etc/rc LPD_enable NO /etc/rc.conf LPDlpd_enable="YES" to/etc/rc.conf,and then either restart your machine,or just run lpd(8). # lpd - LDP LPD lpr lpr lptest LPD # lptest 20 5 | lpr -Pprinter-name printer-name/etc/printcap lpr -PPostcript Postcriptlptestlpr file Postcript lptest

! "#$%&' *+ -./01234 "#$%&' *+ -./012345 #$%&' *+ -./0123456 $%&' *+ -./01234567 %&' *+ -./012345678 187 8060 6080

114

1141

188 1

filter-name [-c] -wwidth -llength -iindent -n login -h host acct-file -c lpr -l width /etc/printcap pw 132length pl 66indent lpr -i 0loginhostacct-file af

filter-name -xpixel-width -ypixel-height -n login -h host acct-file pixel-width px 0 pixel-height py 0

filter-name w width l length -w -l exit 0189 1

2

2

toner low psif textps lprps PostScript lprps Lprps FreeBSD Ports Collections colle ction lprps psif lprps port lprps /etc/printcap PostScript :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif: rw LPD PostScript lprps shell #!/bin/sh # #psif - Print PostScript or plain text on a PostScript printer #Script version; NOT the version that comes with lprps #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psif # read first_line first_two_chars='expr "$first_line" : '\ ..\ '' if ["$first_two_chars"= "%!" ]; then # #PostScript jobprint it. # 190 echo "$first_line" && cat && printf "\004" && exit 0 exit 2 else # #Plain textconvert itthen print it. # echo "$first_line"; cat | /usr/local/bin/textps && printf "\004" && exit 0 exit 2 fi textps PostScript PostScript FreeBSDPortsCollectionscollection 4 a2ps PostScript 3 postscript postscriptPostScript PostScript FreeBSD Ghostscript PostScript AlladinEnterprises Ghostscript PostScript PostScript Ghostscript PostScript PostScript FreeBSD Ports Collections collection Ghostscript PostScript PostScript Ghostscript Hewlett Packard DeskJet 500 gs Ghostscript - sDEVICE gs -h Ghostscript #!/bin/sh # #ifhp - Print Ghostscript-simulated PostScript on a DeskJet 500 #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpif # #Treat LF as CR+LF: # printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2 # #Read first two characters of the file # read first_line first_two_chars='expr "$first_line" : '\ ..\ '' if["$first_two_chars" = "%!" ]; then # #It is PostScript; use Ghostscript to scan-convert and print it. # #note that PostScript files are actually interpreted programs #and those programs are allowed to write to stdoutwhich will #mess up the printed output.Sowe redirect stdout to stderr #and then make descriptor 3 go to stdoutand have Ghostscript #write its output there.Exercise for the clever reader: #capture the stderr output from Ghostscript and mail it back to #the user originating the print job. # exec 3>&1 1>&2 191 /usr/local/bin/gs -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -q -sDEVICE=djet500 \ -sOutputFile=/dev/fd/3 - && exit 0 # /usr/local/bin/gs -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -q -sDEVICE=djet500 -sOutputFile=- - \ && exit 0 else # #Plain text or HP/PCLso just print it directly; print a form feed #at the end to eject the last page. # echo $first_line && cat && printf "\033&l0H" &&exit 0 fi exit 2 if:if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif: lpr plain. text lpr whatever.ps 4 ASCII TeX PostScript TeX DVI PostScript % dvips seaweed-analysis.dvi % lpr seaweed-analysis.ps DV PDDV % lpr -d seaweed-analysis.dvi PD- dPDDV

/etc/printcap

DV DV trofftroff PD/etc/printcap lpr /etc/printcaplprcifplot cf-c DVdf-d plot gf-g ditroff nf-n A tetrf -f troff rf -f raster vf-v plain tet if none -p -l 192

# #/etc/printcap for host rose - added df filter for bamboo # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\ :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf: DVI shell /usr/local/libexec/psdf #!/bin/sh # #psdf - DVI to PostScript printer filter #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psdf # # Invoked by lpd when user runs lpr -d # exec /usr/local/bin/dvips -f | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@" dvips - f PostScrpt lprps LPD PostScript lprps raster GIF Hewlett Packard LaserJet III-Si #!/bin/sh # #hpvf - Convert GIF files into HP/PCLthen print 193 #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpvf PATH=/usr/X11R6/bin:$PATH; export PATH giftopnm | ppmtopgm | pgmtopbm | pbmtolj -resolution 300 \ && exit 0 \ || exit 2 GIF portableanymap portablegraymap portable bitmap LaserJet/PCL /etc/printcap # #/etc/printcap for host orchid # teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif:\ :vf=/usr/local/libexec/hpvf: grpff troff PostScript bam boo #!/bin/sh # #pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PSthen print. #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf # exec grops | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@" lprps #!/bin/sh # #pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PSthen print. #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf # exec grops /etc/printcap:tf=/usr/local/libexec/pstf: FORTRAN FORTRAN teak #!/bin/sh # # hprf - FORTRAN text filter for LaserJet 3si: # Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hprf # printf "\033&k2G" && fpr && printf "\033&l0H" &&exit 0 exit 2 /etc/printcap teak :rf=/usr/local/libexec/hprf: teak DVI /etc/printcap DVI :df=/usr/local/libexec/hpdf: DVI PCL 194 222000 2 20 0 2

#!/bin/sh # #hpdf - Print DVI data on HP/PCL printer #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpdf PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH; export PATH # #Define a function to clean up our temporary files.These exist #in the current directorywhich will be the spooling directory #for the printer. # cleanup{ rm -f hpdf$$.dvi } # #Define a function to handle fatal errors: print the given message #and exit 2.Exiting with 2 tells LPD to do not try to reprint the #job. # fatal{ echo "$@" 1>&2 cleanup exit 2 } # #If user removes the jobLPD will send SIGINTso trap SIGINT # and a few other signalsto clean up after ourselves. # trap cleanup 1 2 15 # #Make sure we are not colliding with any existing files. # cleanup # #Link the DVI input file to standard inputthe file to print . # ln -s /dev/fd/0 hpdf$$.dvi || fatal "Cannot symlink /dev/fd/0" 195 # #Make LF = CR+LF # printf "\033&k2G" || fatal "Cannot initialize printer" ##Convert and print.Return value from dvilj2p does not seem to be #reliableso we ignore it. # dvilj2p -M1 -q -e- dfhp$$.dvi # #Clean up and exit # cleanup exit 0 lpr file FreeBSD Ports Collection apsfilter PostScript DVI 5 LPD spooling

filter-name w width l length width pw length pl LPD headerpages header page headerpage LPD LPD LPD header pages Header Pages LPD 2 ASCII 001 ASCII 031 196 031 001

6

1142

1 suppressheader headerpages sh Hewlett Packard PCL #!/bin/sh # #hpof - Output filter for Hewlett Packard PCL-compatible printers #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpof printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2 exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf of teak teak header pages 197 # #/etc/printcap for host orchid # teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif:\ :vf=/usr/local/libexec/hpvf:\ :of=/usr/local/libexec/hpof: teak header page lpr -h header pages Header Page lpr LPD header page /etc/printcap ff 2 header pages header pages LPD long header kelly rose outline k ll ll kll kll k k eeeellyy kk e ellyy k keeeeeellyy kk k ellyy k k eelly yy kk eeeellllllyyyy y yy yyyy ll tli tl oooo uutttttl iinnnneeee oouutlinn nee oouutlinneeeeee oouutlinne oouuu tt linnee oooo uuuuttllliii nn eeee rrrroooossss eeee rrr o oss e e r ooss eeeeee r ooss e r ooss e e roooossss eeee Job: outline Date: Sun Sep 17 11:04:58 1995 198

rose:kellyJob: outlineDate: Sun Sep 17 11:07:51 1995 LPD header page /etc/printcaphl header last 3 LPD headerpages headerpages header page header pages lpr - h header page headerpage lpr- h header page LPD - h lpr- h header page header page

header page header page headerpage lpr - h header pages PostScript header page #!/bin/sh # 199 #make-ps-header - make a PostScript header page on stdout #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header # # #These are PostScript units72 to the inch .Modify for A4 or #whatever size paper you are using: # page_width=612 page_height=792 border=72 # #Check arguments # if [ $# -ne 3 ]; then echo "Usage: 'basename $0' " 1>&2 exit 1 fi # #Save thesemostly for readability in the PostScriptbelow. # user=$1 host=$2 job=$3 date='date' # #Send the PostScript code to stdout. # exec cat &2 exit 2 ;; esac done ["$login" ] || fail "No login name" ["$host" ] || fail "No host name" /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header $login $host "DVI File" /usr/local/bin/dvips -f | eval /usr/local/libexec/lprps $orig_args lpr suppressheadpage - h headerpages header page header pager Header Pages LPD header page PostScript 201

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1 LPDspooling LPD LPD LPD- LPD LPD LPD- Hewlett Packard Laserjet text LFCRLD hpif /etc/printcap 1 2 lp :lp=:3 spooling sd LPD 4 rm 5 rp /etc/printcap rose bamboo rattan orchid orchid /etc/printcap 202

# #/etc/printcap for host orchid - addedremoteprinters on rose # # #teak is local; it is connected directly to orchid: # teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:\ :vf=/usr/local/libexec/vfhp:\ :of=/usr/local/libexec/ofhp: # #rattan is connected to rose; send jobs for rattan to rose: # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan: # #bamboo is connected to rose as well: # bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo: orchid spooling # mkdir -p /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo # chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo # chown daemon.daemon /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo orchidrattan bamboo orchid % lpr -P bamboo -d sushi-review.dvi orchidPD/var/spool/PD/bamboo spooling DV rosebamboospooling PD roserose DVPostcriptbambooPostcriptrose 2

/etc/printcap P/P netprintnetprint

reeD203

#!/usr/bin/perl # #netprint - Text filter for printer attached to network #Installed in /usr/local/libexec/netprint # $#ARGV eq 1 || die "Usage: $0 "; $printer_host = $ARGV[0]; $printer_port = $ARGV[1]; require 'sys/socket.ph'; $ignore$ignore$protocol= getprotobyname 'tcp' ; $ignore$ignore$ignore$ignore$address= gethostbyname $printer_host ; $sockaddr = pack 'S n a4 x8'&AF_INET$printer_port$address ; socket PRINTER&PF_INET&SOCK_STREAM$protocol || die "Can't create TCP/IP stream socket: $!"; connect PRINTER$sockaddr|| die "Can't contact $printer_host: $!"; while{ print PRINTER; } exit 0; Diablo 750 -N 5100 scrivener #!/bin/sh # #diablo-if-net - Text filter for Diablo printer 'scrivener' listening #on port 5100. Installed in /usr/local/libexec/diablo-if-net # exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf "$@" | /usr/local/libexec/netprint scrivener 5100 11.4.4 LPD 1 LPD lpr - #5 5 /etc/printcap sc lpr -# -# lpr: multiple copies are not allowed /etc/printcap sc rose /etc/printcap rattan bamboo sc # #/etc/printcap for host rose - restrict multiple copies on bamboo # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ 204 :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\ :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf: orchid /etc/printcap sc teak # #/etc/printcap for host orchid - no multiple copies for local #printer teak or remote printer bamboo teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:sc:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:\ :vf=/usr/local/libexec/vfhp:\ :of=/usr/local/libexec/ofhp: rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc: sc lpr -# lpr % lpr forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign

2 /etc/printcap rg - rg rootlpr:Nota member of the restricted group sc rg rattan artists bamboo rose /etc/printcap # #/etc/printcap for host rose - restricted group for bamboo # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple: bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\ :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf: /etc/printcap orchid orchid bamboo orchid 205

3

1024 01000

5 # #/etc/printcap for host rose # # #No limit on job size: # rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh:mx#0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple: # #Limit of five megabytes: # bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:mx#5000:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\ :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf: /etc/printcap mx 4 LPDspooling /etc/hosts.equiv /etc/hosts. lpd LPD LPD LPD /etc/hosts.equiv ruserok - rsh rcp rose /etc/hosts.LPDorchid violet madrigal.fishbaum.de 206

512

bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:mx#5000:\ :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:mx#5000:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\ :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf: Spooling sd 3MB 6144 # echo 6144 > /var/spool/lpd/bamboo/minfree

/etc/printcap rs rsPDPD

tokenhomeshell/usr/bin/false 11.4.5 LPDspooling

207 LPDspooling 1 FreeBSD lpf lpf pac LPD /etc/printcap af spooling LPD lpf pw pl lpf 2.00 rose:andy 3.00 rose:kelly 3.00 orchid:mary 5.00 orchid:mary 2.00 orchid:zhang lpf lpf /etc/printcap af=acct acct spooling pac spooling pac Login pages/feetruns price orchid:kelly 5.001$0.10 orchid:mary31.003$0.62 orchid:zhang9.001$0.18 rose:andy 2.001$0.04 rose:kelly 177.00104$3.54 rose:mary87.0032$1.74 rose:root 26.0012$0.52 total 337.00154$6.74 pac -Pprinter /etc/printcap af /etc/printcap -c -m alpha smith gamma smith 208 -pprice price /etc/printcap pc 2 price -r-s name ... pac pac -m Loginpages/feet runsprice andy2.00 1$0.04 kelly 182.00105$3.64 mary118.0035$2.36 root 26.0012$0.52 zhang9.001$0.18 total337.00154$6.74 pac /etc/printcap pc 2 pac -p -p # pac -p1.50 15 pac -ssum pac 2

lpflpf lpf

DVaseretDVPostcriptdvil dvips

-

Postcriptmagen

209 115

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% lpr filename ... lpr % lpr /etc/host.conf /etc/hosts.equiv % lpr -P printer-name filename ... rattan% ls -l | lpr -P rattan lpr lprls -l

lpr 11.5.2 lprPD spooling lpq - P % lpq -P bamboo bamboo lpq bamboo is ready and printing Rank OwnerJobFilesTotal Size active kelly9/etc/host.conf/etc/hosts.equiv 88 bytes 210 2ndkelly10standard input 1635 bytes 3rdmary 11 ... 78519 bytes bamboo kelly 9 9 lpr Rankactive lpr mary lpq lpq LPD lpq - l lpq - l waiting for bamboo to become readyoffline ?kelly: 1st[job 009rose] /etc/host.conf73 bytes /etc/hosts.equiv 15 bytes kelly: 2nd[job 010rose] standard input 1635 bytes mary: 3rd[job 011rose] /home/orchid/mary/research/venus/alpha-regio/mapping 78519 bytes 11.5.3 lprm lprm lpq % lprm job-number -P bamboo 10 % lprm -P bamboo 10 lprm lprm - lprm useruser lprm - lprm

-Prattan% lprm -P rattan - lprm

211 % lpr -P rattan myfile % rlogin orchid % lpq -P rattan Rank Owner JobFiles Total Size active seeyan12...49123 bytes 2ndkelly13 myfile 12 bytes % lprm -P rattan 13 rose: Permission denied % logout % lprm -P rattan 13 dfA013rose dequeued cfA013rose dequeued 11.5.4 lpr 1 lpr lpr bamboo DVI TeX fish-report.dvi% lpr -P bamboo -d fish-report.dvi DVditroff - p - - d DV

-c cifplot -d DVI -f FORTRAN -g plot -i number number number 8 - i -l- -n ditroff device independent troff -p pr pr -T title title pr header -p -t212 -v raster ls % zcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz | troff -t -man | lpr -t zcat ls- troff troff lprPDlpr-ttroff 2 lpr PD# copies copies - parser.c parser.h% lpr -#3 parser.c parser.h -mPD - -s spoolings spooling spoolingPDspooling

PD - PD - s -r - spooling -s -

3 eader Page lpr header pages header pageseader Pagesheader pages - tet header pagetet - tet headertetstdin -h header page headerpages eader Pages 213 1155

abort printer-name clean printer-name spooling LPD spooling spooling disable printer-name root root enable down printer-name message disable stop m essage lpq lpc statusenable printer-name -help command-name command -name command -name restart printer-name LPD stop down restart abort startstart printer-name stop printer-name 214

topq printer-name job-or-username printer-name job username all printer-name up printer-name down start enable lpc lpc exit quit11.6 FreeBSD LPDspooling spooling FreeBSD LPRng LPRng LPR LPRng PLP Patrick Powell Justin MasonPLP LPRng LPRnghttp://www.astart.com/lprng/LPRng.html11.7 lptest PRINT REMAINING FORM FEED FORMFEED shell /usr/local/libexec/if- simple #!/bin/sh # # if-simple - Simple text input filter for lpd # Installed in /usr/local/libexec/if-simple # # Simply copies stdin to stdout.Ignores all filter arguments. # Writes a form feed character\fafter printing job. /bin/cat && printf "\f" && exit 0 exit 2 ! "#$%&' *+ -./01234 "#$%&' *+ -./012345 #$%&' *+ -./0123456 215

10 2 1013

#!/bin/sh # # hpif - Simple text input filter for lpd for HP-PCL based printers # Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpif # # Simply copies stdin to stdout.Ignores all filter arguments. # Tells printer to treat LF as CR+LF.Ejects the page when done. printf "\033&k2G" && cat && printf "\033&l0H" && exit 0 exit 2 /etc/printcap orchid teak Hewlett-Packard LaserJet 3Si # #/etc/printcap for host orchid # teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif: FreeBSD LF CR 216

rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\ :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:\ :lf=/var/log/rattan.log /var/log/rattan.log lf LPD /dev/console 217

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1 1 401401

1111112311

1 21 remain cooperative with any future possible operating systems YES W q FDISK- None3 DiskLabel - - Disk label Editor BSD 8 a- h root / a b Sysinstall - e root swap - C FS swapFS /mnt post- install sysinstall /etc/fstab - W - sysinstall4 - /etc/fstab 219 1232 1

# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda1 bs=1k count=1 # fdisk -BI da1 ## disklabel -B -w -r da1s1 auto ## disklabel -e da1s1 #-# mkdir -p /1 # newfs /dev/da1s1e # # mount -t ufs /dev/da1s1e /1 # # vi /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab IDE ad da 4.x wd 2 microsoft # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda1 bs=1k count=1 # disklabel -Brw da1 auto # disklabel -e da1 #'e' # newfs -d0 /dev/rda1e # mkdir -p /1 # vi /etc/fstab # /dev/da1e # mount /1 # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda1 count=2 # disklabel /dev/rda1 | disklabel -BrR da1 /dev/stdin # newfs /dev/rda1e # mkdir -p /1 # vi /etc/fstab # add an entry for /dev/da1e # mount /1 12.4 CD FreeBSD coda md memorydisk vnconfig mdconfig 12.4.1 vnconfig : Vnconfig vnode vnode vnconfig 12- 1 vnconfig # vnconfig