from collocation to colligation jiajin xu beijing foreign studies university 类联接
TRANSCRIPT
From collocation to colligation
Jiajin XUBeijing Foreign Studies University
类联接
2
Key points
• Colligation• From ‘c’ to ‘g’
• Aspects of English colligation• From Firth to Hoey
• Colligator: A colligation query tool
3
Colligation: From ‘c’ to ‘g’
• Both collocation and colligation tell about the co-occurrence or co-selection.
• Firth (1957: 182) sees collocation as ‘actual words in habitual company’, and colligation as ‘the interrelation of grammatical categories in syntactical structure’ (ibid: 183).
L5 L4 L3
decisio
n
L1 make R1
decisio
n
R3 R4 R5L5 L4 L3
NN
1 L1 VV0 R1
NN
1 R3 R4 R5
4
Colligation: From ‘c’ to ‘g’
• E.g. ‘I watched him’ • a [1st person sing. pron.] + [past tense of
a transitive verb] + [3rd person sing. pron. in the objective form] (Firth 1957: 181).
• [Pron.] + [Verb] + [Pron.]
• Colligation is also applied to phrases or words (Baker et al. 2006: 36).
• E.g. the word window tends to colligate with prepositions.
5
• Firth (1957): Interrelation between grammatical categories
↓• Hoey (2005): Textual colligation
• Lexico-grammar categories are colligated with textual positions.
Once upon a time, in conclusion, the paper examines…
6
Colligation research: an overview
• Colligational patterns can be summarised by looking at concordance lines.• Free hand and Naked eye
• More often, colligation can be studied with PoS-tagged texts.
7
Colligation research: an overview
• Relevant studies• 1. Tag sequences/POSgrams & overall
patterning: • (Aarts & Granger, 1998; Tono, 1999; Hunston &
Francis, 2000; 濮建忠 , 2003b);
• 2. Focusing on a particular word class, e.g. verb • (e.g. Francis, Hunston & Manning, 1996,1998; Mindt, 1
995, 2002; 濮建忠, 2003a; 孙海燕 , 2004; 孙海燕、陈永捷 , 2006);
8
Colligation research: an overview
• 3. Focusing on a specialised category, • e.g. Biber & Reppen (1998) on complement clause, • Gabrielatos (2007) on if conditional, • 张军、李文中 (2004) on verb noun colligation, and • 梁茂成 (2008) on modal sequences.
• 4. Hoey (2002): Textual colligation • as a special kind of lexical priming (see also Hoey & O’Donnell
2008. )• He argues that some lexis has a preference for certain textual fu
nctions. • Time nouns (e.g. years, days) tend to appear at the beginning p
art of a text.• “It is reported” structure
9
The case of ‘I think’
I think NP + VP
SO
THAT + NP + VP
10
• This poses a question as to whether we can examine the different layers of colligational pattern of expressions like “I think” all at a time.
• This is the primary motivation of our colligation tool—Colligator.
11
Lexico-grammatical choice & chain
• By doing so, we have actually expanded our observation of syntagmatic patterning to both syntagmatic and paradigmatic patterning.
I think NP + VP
SO
THAT + NP + VP
chain
choice
Syn-
Para-
12
Tasks
• China in the media: A colligation analysis
• It is ADJ that: A CIA design
• Modal colligation of CN EFL learners• A quasi-replication of Liang’s study
13
ReferencesAarts, J. & S. Granger. 1998. Tag sequences in learner corpora: A key to interlanguage grammar
and discourse. In S. Granger (ed.). Learner English on Computer. London: Longman.Baker, P., A. Hardie & A. McEnery. 2006. A Glossary of Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.Biber, D., & R. Reppen. 1998. Comparing native and learner perspectives on English grammar: A
study of complement clauses. In Granger, S. (ed.). Learner English on Computer. London: Longman, 145-158.
Firth, J. 1957/1968. A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930-55. Studies in linguistic analysis (Special Volume of the Philological Society), 1957. Reprinted in F. Palmer. Selected Papers of J. R. Firth 1952-59. London and Harlow: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 168-205.
Francis, G., S. Hunston & E. Manning. 1996. Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs. London: HarperCollins.
Francis, G., S. Hunston & E. Manning. 1998. Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 2: Nouns and Adjectives. London: HarperCollins.
Gabrielatos, C. 2007. If-conditionals as modal colligations: A corpus-based investigation. In M. Davies, P. Rayson, S. Hunston & P. Danielsson (eds.). Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference: Corpus Linguistics 2007. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
Hoey, M. & M. O’Donnell. 2008. Lexicography, grammar, and textual position. International Journal of Lexicography 21: 293-309.
Hoey, M. 2002. Textual colligation: A special kind of lexical priming. In K. Aijmer & B. Altenberg (eds.). Language and Computers, Advances in Corpus Linguistics. Papers from the 23rd International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 23), Göteborg 22-26 May 2002. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 171-194.
Hunston, S. & G. Francis. 2000. Pattern Grammar: A Corpus-driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
14
ReferencesMindt, D. A corpus-based grammar for ELT. In B. Kettleman & G. Marko (eds.).
Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002.Mindt, D. 1995. An Empirical Grammar of the English Verb: Modal Verbs. Berlin:
Cornelsen,.Tono, Y. 1999. A corpus-based analysis of interlanguage development: Analysing part-
of-speech tag sequences of EFL learner corpora. In B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk & P. Melia (eds.). PALC’99: Practical Applications in Language Corpora. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 323-340.
许家金、熊文新, 2009 ,基于学习者英语语料的类联结研究:概念、方法及例析,《外语电化教学》, (3): 18-23 。
孙海燕、陈永捷, 2006 ,中国英语学习者名词类联接的发展特征——基于赋码语料库的研究 . 《外语教学与研究》, (4): 272-278 。
孙海燕, 2004 ,基于语料库的学生英语形容词搭配语义特征探究,《现代外语》, (4): 410-418 。
张军、李文中, 2004 , COLEC 中动名搭配模式及失误分析,《外语教学》, (4): 30-32 。
梁茂成, 2008 ,大学生英语笔语中情态序列的使用特点研究,《外语教学与研究》,(1): 51-58 。
濮建忠, 2003a ,《学习者动词行为:类联接、搭配及词块》。开封:河南大学出版社。濮建忠, 2003b ,英语词汇教学中的类联接、搭配及词块,《外语教学与研究》, (6):
438-445 。
Thank You!
Xu Jiajin