fuel spray attitude control(6) - tianjin...

Possibility of Active Attitude Controlfor Fuel Spray

(Spatiotemporal control of fuel spray)

1

Dr. Masataka Arai

Specially-Appointed ProfessorTokyo Denki University

5 Senju-Asahi-cho Adachi-ku, Tokyo120-8551, Japan

Guest ProfessorShanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai China

AndEmeritus Professor

Gunma University, Gunma Japan

[email protected]

[email protected]

The International Summit on Breakout Technologies of Engines and Fuels (ISEF2018)August 20‐23, 2018

Tianjin University, China

Possibility of Active Attitude Control for Fuel Spray(Spatiotemporal control of fuel spray)

2

1. Introduction2. Passive and active control of fuel spray3. Passive control of fuel spray4. Active control of fuel spray

4.1 Variable geometry nozzle4.2 Injection rate4.3 Nozzle cavitation4.4 Flash boiling4.5 Spray to spray interaction4.6 Spray to wall interaction

5. Summaries

Future Vehicle Engine (LDV in USA)

3

Figure 2 Evolving U.S. new LDV market: percent sales by powertrain type out to 2050.Other major regions likely to have similar evolution: diesel in Europe currently about 50 %Of the ICEs sales, but that fraction is slowly decreasing [1].

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF‐8&gdr=1&p=IEA%2FEPA%2C+transportation%2C+HEV%2C+ICE#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D79%26st%3D2840

New ICE for Hybrid Vehicle

We need morecompact enginedesigned speciallyfor Hybrid vehicle.

Compact engine:high efficiency and simple engine

Future Passenger Vehicle Engine

4

New ICE for Hybrid vehicle(Compact engine)

Conventional engine utilization

Customized Engine for HEVEngine for series HEVEngine for parallel HEV

Breakout Technology for ICE

5

Internal combustion engine (ICE) is an attractive power source for automobile. Our daily life depends greatly on the transportation vehicles of internal combustion engine.

It comes from high performance ICE based on superior storability, transportability, and suppliability of liquid fuel with high energy density.

However problems concerning on energy resource, economic situation, and environment become serious for ICE vehicles.

We need more compact ICE with simple system, with high performance and with low environmental load.

One of the breakout technology of fuel combustion in internal combustion engine is spatiotemporal fuel spray control for suitable combustion.

Active spatiotemporal control of fuel spray during injection period might be needed in future compact ICE. It means the artificial control of spatiotemporal fuel distribution during injection period.

Purpose of this presentation is to explain the possibility of active spatiotemporal control of fuel spray.


6



5. Summaries

Task of Diesel/Gasoline Fuel Injection

7

Diesel spray

Combustionspace

Injector

Fuel transportation to a desired space at a desired timingWhen an alternative and innovative method to supply fuel mixture directly into a desired space is developed, no discussion about fuel injection and atomization processes is needed. “Injector‐less Diesel Engine”

Injector‐less Diesel Engine

Alternative fuel supply system

(1) Fuel mass and combustion timing control(2) Homogeneous/heterogeneous mixture formation(3) Fuel preparation in a combustion chamber space

Masataka ARAI, Physics behind Diesel Sprays, Plenary Lecture III, ICLASS‐2012, 12th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Heidelberg, Germany, Sept. 2‐6, 2012.

Active and Passive Control of Fuel Spray

8

Control items of fuel spray: Spray tip penetration, Spray stagnation, Penetration directionSpray angle, Symmetry of spray plume, Spray dispersionMicroscopic feature of spray (droplet size, turbulence, etc.)

Static control: Nozzle configuration/geometryInjection pressureBack pressure (surrounding press.)Fuel propertiesTemperatureOthers

Dynamic control: Passive: Injection rateNozzle cavitationFlash boilingAir flow (swirl, tumble, squish)Wall impingement (cylinder wall, piston top)Others

Active: Variable geometry nozzleInjection rateNozzle cavitationFlash boilingForced vibration (nozzle vibration)Secondary atomization (obstacle impingement, guide wall) Spray‐to‐spray interactionAir flow (swirl, tumble, squish)Wall guideAdditional actuators (air jet, acoustic pulse) Others

Active Spray Control during Injection Period

9

Diesel Injector

Gasoline Injector

Merit: Active control of fuel distribution in an engine cylinderCan it be possible?


10



5. Summaries

Gasoline Spray subordinately changed by Surrounding Density

11

Figure 6 Liquid spray comparison between lower gas density conditions (left) and higher gas density conditions (right) using raw images and the detected contours [5].

Figure 7 Liquid and vapour spray contours comparison between a lower (left) and a higher (right) gas density level at 700 K of chamber temperature and 20 MPa injection pressure [5].

Raul Payri, Francisco Javier Salvador, Pedro Martí‐Aldaraví, Daniel Vaquerizo, ECN Spray G external spray visualization and spray collapse description through penetration and morphology analysis, Applied Thermal Engineering 112, pp.304–316, 2017

Spray penetration and stagnation are affected by the surrounding pressure (gas density)However, surrounding density cannot be changed for the purpose of spray control.

Passive control of Diesel SpraySpray penetration (Non-evaporated spray)

12

Injection Mass Injection Pressure

Lw = 50mm Lw = 50mm

Spray penetration and spray distribution is affected by the wall.However, impingement wall cannot be changed for the purpose of spray control.

Passive Control of Fuel Spray

13

Optimum designing of fuel injector and combustion chamber Optimum designing of injection timing and injection quantity

No optimum designing of spatial distribution of fuel spray No substantial discussion on the best spray

What is the best spray for new compact engine?How to supply the best spray?


14



5. Summaries

V-type Diesel Injector

15Xianyin Leng, Yu Jin, Zhixia He, Wuqiang Long, Keiya Nishida, Numerical study of the internal flow and initial mixing of diesel injector nozzles with V‐type intersecting holes Fuel 197, pp.31–41, 2017.

Fig. 1. Geometries of: (a) a cylindrical hole nozzle; (b) a V‐type intersecting hole nozzle.Fig. 10. Spatial distribution of the liquid volume fraction, pressure, and velocity for nozzles A0, A20 and A50.

Fig. 11. Spatial distribution of the liquid volume fraction for nozzles A0, A20, A50 at the near‐field: (a) a global view for nozzle A50; (b) at the impact plane; (c) at the dispersion plane.

Fig. 12. Variations of the jet spreading angles with the impact angle.

Effect of Off-axis Valve Motion on Spray Shape of Fuel Injection 1/2

16Kazuki Yoshimura, Tomoyuki Hosaka, Yoshihito Yasukawa, Eiji Ishii, Kiyotaka Ogura, Effect of Off‐axis Valve Motionon Spray Shape of Fuel Injection, 26th Symposium (ILASS‐Japan) on Atomization, Tokyo, Dec.19‐20, 2017.

Need

le va

lve offset

Needle valve offset can be controlled or can not be controlled?

Ideas of Variable Geometry Nozzle

17

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/o_pYNPHzgy8/hqdefault.jpg

Throttling pintle needle

SpringMoving disk

Active needle control

Ideas of Variable Geometry Nozzle

18

https://www.keihin‐corp.co.jp/technology/pdf/ti/tec_vol2_file12.pdf#search=%27%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%8C%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%27

@Micro‐heater Hot choking@Variable aperture orifice

We need a new micro‐actuator.

@ Swing orifice plate


19



5. Summaries

Fuel Injection Timing and Pattern

20

TDC

Post Injection

After Injection

Split Main Injection Pilot Injection

Early Injection Late-early Injection

Pressure Heat Release Rate

Injection Timing

Post Comb.

Low Temp. Main Comb.Pre-mixed Comb. Partial Oxidation

Post Injection

After Injection

Split Main Injection Pilot Injection

Early Injection Late-early Injection

Pressure Heat Release Rate

Injection Timing

Post Comb.

Low Temp. Main Comb.Pre-mixed Comb. Partial Oxidation

Change of Heat Release Rate Profile for Diesel Combustion Improvement

21

Noboru UCHIDA (New ACE Institute Co. Ltd. Japan)How Far Extreme‐high Pressure Fuel Injection have an Effect on Diesel Combustion ImprovementMechanical Engineering Congress, 2014 Japan (MECJ‐14), W071003.

Fuel injection rate control

Active Injection Rate Control of Diesel Injector

22Dat Le, Bradley W. Pietrzak, Gregory M. Shaver, Dynamic surface control of a piezoelectric fuel injector during rate shaping, ControlEngineeringPractice30, pp.12–26 , 2014.

Fig. 4. Injector schematic.

Fig. 30. Experimental normalized injection rate and stack voltage at 600ba line pressure,60% toe height (DSC).

Fig. 13. PID controlblockdiagram.


23



5. Summaries

Diesel Fuel Supply System

24

Solenoid

Control valve

Control chamber

Command piston

Fuel passage

Spring

Injection nozzle Injector nozzle

Spring

Control valve

Amplifier unit

Piezo actuator

Fuel passage

Nozzle flowCavitation

High speed atomizationLiquid core

Needle valve

Common rail injection system

Non-symmetric Nozzle and Cavitation

25M.Arai M.Shimizu, H.Gakumasawa, H,HiroyasuAttitude of High Speed Liquid Jet controlled by Internal Cavitation in a Nozzle, ICLASS‐94, Rouen, France July 1994, 286‐293, 1994.

Cavitation sideNon‐cavitation

side

Cavitation and Spray Angle of Diesel Injector withEccentric Needle

26T.Oda, K.Ohnishi, Y.Gohda, T,Sumi and K.Ohsawa, Internal Flow Visualization a Large‐Scaled VCO Diesel Nozzle with Eccentric Needle, ICLASS‐2012, 1280，Heidelberg, Germany, 2012.

Effect of K-factor on Discharge Coefficient of the Nozzle

27Zhixia HE (Jiangsu Univ., China), Visual Experiment of Cavitating Flow in a Real‐size diesel Injector Nozzle and LES Modeling of Cloud Cavitation Shedding, Sixth Engine Researchers Forum in Shanghai, July 24‐26, 2015)

Pressure ratio cavitation number

𝐾 𝐷 𝜇𝑚 𝐷 𝜇𝑚100 𝜇𝑚K-factor

String Cavitation and Combustion

28中瀬義博（ＹｏｓｈｉｈｉｒｏＮＡＫＡＳＥ）（日本自動車部品総合研究所），先端技術フォーラム，噴霧・燃焼の可視化技術The 25th Internal Combustion Engine Symposium, November 26‐28, 2014, Tsukuba, Japan

String Cavitation Thickness and Spray Cone Angle

Sac and Nozzle Flow, and Combustion

Lift‐off Length and Flame Width

29

String cavitation trap (groove)

Dec. 12, 2017, Masataka Arai (Tokyo Denki Univ.)

Injection Direction Control by String Cavitation Trap Possibility of Active Attitude Control for Fuel Spray(Spatiotemporal control of fuel spray)

30



5. Summaries

Flash Boiling of Gasoline Spray

31Andrew Wood, Graham Wigley, Jerome Helie, Flash Boiling Sprays produced by a 6‐hole GDI Injector, 17th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, 07‐10 July, 2014

Zeng W, Xu M, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Cleary D (2012) Atomization and vaporization for flash‐boiling multi‐hole sprays with alcohol fuels. Fuel 95:287‐297

Mojtabi M, Chadwick N, Wigley G and Helie J (2008) The effect of flash boiling on break‐up and atomization in GDI sprays. 22nd European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Lake Como, September 2008

Daisuke Kawano, Numerical Study on Flash‐Boiling Spray of Multicomponent Fuel , FISITA WORLD AUTOMOTIVE CONGRESS, BARCELONA 2004 http://www.fisita.com/education/congress/scpapers/sc03.pdf#search='Flash+boiling%2C+fuel+injector'

New Concept of Flash Boiling Spray Combustion in DI-SI Engine

32

Conventional gasoline spray combustion

Flash boiling gasoline spray combustion

Heterogeneous mixture distributed whole space owing to strong penetration of spray

Homogeneous with micro heterogeneity mixture distributed only in center space owing to weak penetration of spray

Liquid spray

Flash boiling spray

Stratified premixed mixture combustion

Premixed mixture combustion

Spark plug

Spark plug

Cooled fuel injector

Flash boiling injector(Hot fuel injector)

Heat lossWall quenchingand nano‐PM

formation

Microscale heterogeneous mixture combustion, and NO/PM formation

Lean and ultra‐lean stratified flame with PM and NO free combustion

Flame isolated from wall and less heat loss combustion

Arai, Tokyo Denki Univ. Dec.20. 2015


33



5. Summaries

Spray-to-Spray Collision

34

Jet-to-spray impingement, (θ=90deg, Sz1=15mm, Sz2=45mm)

A B

Takayuki Chiba, Masahiro Saito and Masataka Arai, Behavior of Diesel Sprays in Various Ways of Inter‐Spray Impingement, Proceedings of ILASS‐Asia 2000, Tsukuba Japan, 17‐22, Dec. 2000.

Jet to spray impingement (ting=0.6sec, 15mm x 45mm)A: shadowgraph, B: Tomographic view with laser sheet

Spray‐to ‐spray impingement Jet‐to‐spray impingement

Homogeneous and Stratified Fuel Charge

35

Wall free stagnated spray for HCCI Wall free stratified spray for GDI

Wall free fuel spray by spray‐to‐spray impingement


36



5. Summaries

Physics behind Diesel Spray and Its CombustionDiesel Spray Development

37

Diesel Spray Penetration and Wall Impingement

Spray Impingement on Various Recessed Wall(Roughness of Wall)

38K. Ko, J. Huh and M. Arai: Diesel Spray Behavior and Adhering Fuel on a Recessed Wall, SAE Paper 2003‐01‐1834, 2003 Masataka Arai, Diesel Spray Characteristics and Its Combustion, KSAE 05‐W003, 68‐82. 2005.

Dr=10mm

Dr=3mm

Dr=5mm

Impingement Spray and Fuel FilmNozzle

Glass plate

30 m

m

40 mm

Mirror

High‐speed camera

K.Ko and M.Arai, Diesel Spray and Adhering Fuel on an Impingement Wall, SAE paper No.2002‐01‐1628, 2002.K.Ko and M.Arai, Diesel Spray impinging on a Flat Wall, Part I: Characteristics of Adhered fuel Film in an Impingement Diesel Spray, Atomization and Sprays, Vo.12, 737‐751, 2002.

Impingement spray bottom views through transparent glass plate, modified from ref.

39

There was a possibility that fuel film or dense spray was slipping on the wall.

Vertical Vortex Spray

40Daisuke Shimo, Research on Improvement of Diesel Combustion by Controlling Distributions of Mixture Concentration/Temperature and Ignition‐Heat Release Rate, PhD Thesis, Hiroshima Univ. Japan, 2013.

41

Diesel Spray Combustion Model(Top view in cylinder combustion)

(1) Free diesel flame before wall impingement.(2) Side wall impingement spray flame.(3) Bottom wall impingement spray flame (turn-back spray flame).(4) Spray-to-spray interaction flame.(5) Cylinder head impingement spray (top land spray) flame.

Piston cavity

Piston top land

Swirl

Cylinder head impingement spray (top land spray) flame

Bottom wall impingement spray flame

Side wall impingement spray flame

Fuel rich sooting zoneHigh temperature NO formation zone

Spray‐to‐spray interaction flame

Reverse squish

Flame propagation

Heat loss to cylinder head and piston top land

Heat loss to piston cavity

Air entrainment

Ignition

Diesel spray

Set‐off position and free diesel flame

Diesel Spray with Coanda Effect

42

t = 1.9ms

b

t = 2.1ms

b

Pinj=25MPa (jerk pump), Dn=0.25mm, Mf=13.7mg, τinj=1.8ms, Pa=3MPa, b=1.9mm

Pinj=25MPa (jerk pump), Dn=0.25mm, Mf=13.7mg, τinj=1.8ms, Pa=3MPa, b=2.1mm

M. Arai, K. Amagai and T. Ebara, Attitude Control of a Diesel Spray under the Coanda Effect, SAE paper No.941923, 1994.


43



5. Summaries

Summaries

44

Variable geometry nozzleInjection rateNozzle cavitationFlash boilingForced vibration (nozzle vibration)Secondary atomization (obstacle impingement, guide wall) Spray‐to‐spray interactionAir flow (swirl, tumble, squish)Wall guideAdditional actuators (air jet, acoustic pulse) Others

What is the best spray for new compact engine?How to supply the best spray?

We need to control the spray.

Can we actively control fuel spray ?Yes, we can do it, but we need micro‐actuator.

Key words for Active Attitude Control of Fuel Spray

There are a lot of evidences to show the possibilities of active attitude control of fuel spray.

Suitable Mixture Charge in SI Engine

45

Flame propagation

AirLean mixtureStoichi. mixtureRich mixtureFlameBurned gas

Mixture formation Ignition

Brainstorming: What is the suitable mixture charge?

Active Attitude Control

Suitable Mixture Charge in SI Engine

46

Mixture formation Ignition Flame propagation




Suitable Mixture in CI Engine

47





Suitable Mixture in CI Engine

48





Thank You for Your Kind Attention

Dr. Eng. Masataka ARAISpecially‐Appointed Professor

Department of Mechanical EngineeringGraduate School of Engineering, TOKYO DENKI University

5 Senju‐Asahi‐cho Adachi‐ku Tokyo, 120‐8551 JapanTel/Fax 81‐3‐5284‐5499, E‐mail: [email protected] / arai@gunma‐u.ac.jp

49

Physics behind Diesel Spray and Its Combustion

50

Chapter 1: Diesel EngineChapter 2: Cavitation and Nozzle FlowChapter 3: Liquid Atomization and Diesel SprayChapter 4: Diesel Spray DevelopmentChapter 5: Spray Boundary and Air EntrainmentChapter 6: Diesel Spray EvaporationChapter 7: Auto‐Ignition of Diesel SprayChapter 8: Combustion Physics of Diesel Spray

Fundamentals of Spray Combustion

51

Chapter 1: Spray CombustionChapter 2: Fuel Jet and Air EntrainmentChapter 3: Liquid Atomization and Spray FormationChapter 4: Fuel Spray SimulationChapter 5: Fuel Spray Evaporation and CombustionChapter 6: Spray Jet CombustionChapter 7: Low NOx Spray CombustionChapter 8: Upward Swirl Combustor

A New Compact IC Engine for New Era

DemeritPollutant emissionLow thermal efficiencyCO2 emission

Compact IC Engine with Fitness for bio‐fuel High thermal efficiency Low pollutant emission High power Low cost Simple mechanism High robustness Small size

Hybrid Drive‐Train Vehicle

52Masataka Arai, Tokyo Denki Univ. Nov. 2016.

Compact IC engine with smart drive train vehicle is one of the solutions of future vehicle.

MeritLong distance driveAll weather vehicleEasy and quick refuelingRobustness for wide‐area disaster

MeritNo pollutant emissionEasy driveEasy control

DemeritShort drive distanceHigh costElectricity supplyEnergy storage

fuel spray attitude control(6) - tianjin...

Documents