full report a-1

8/9/2019 full report A-1

1/35

A Survey on Fast Food Consumption

Behaviour among University Students

By:

Tay Tun Khong (MEM120191)

Wan Muhamad Amir bin Wan Md Zin

(MEM120197)

Nor Sh!a bin"i Sayonor (MEM12012#)

Nadhirah bin"i Abdu! A$i$ (MEM12011%)

&n En 'an (MEM120071)

Muhamad ani bin *u"h Wahab (MEM12009+)

Su,r-i.or:

/r o.i *am!a Sha.hia!a /a-id

/,ar"mn" o Ana"omy3 4a5u!"y o Mdi5in3

6ni-r.i"i Ma!aya


2/35

ACKNOWLEDGEEN!

The members of elective group 21 want to use this opportunitywould like to express our

gratitude to everyone who have supported us throughout this period of elective project. We are

thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluabley and constructive criticism and along with a friendy

advice during the project work. We are sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and

illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project.

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to r. !osie "amela #hashikala avid for

her unrelenting guidance and moral support throughout carrying out the project, $ she was willing to

supervise us in this elective, meet with us several times to discuss about the progress of our project

and direct us into successfully completing our report.

%urthermore, we are very thankful to "rof. r Wong &i "ing and 'iss Tong Wen Ting for their

guidance and support in executing this research study.

&astly, thank you to all the members of our team for their co(operation, teamwork spirit,

tolerance and perseverance in completing this research study.


3/35

!ABLE OF CON!EN!S

No. Contents "ages

1 )bjective 1

2 *ntroduction 1(2

+ 'aterials and 'ethods +(

!esults -(2

- iscussions and conclusions 21(22

/ !eferences 2+

OB#EC!$%E


4/35

The purpose of this project was to examine the cross(sectional associations between fast food

consumption with variables such as nutrient intake, food choices, body weight as well as personal,

behavioral and environmental variables, in a community(based sample of university students.

$N!&ODUC!$ON

!apid development coupled with globali0ation has resulted in the emergence of fast food culture. %ast

food is has gainedingpopularity due to a couple of reasons. because p"eople these days are working

longer hours, on shifts, or schooling extended hours. They have less time to cook and fast foods are

uick, easy to get and while some have more money to spend, others find it as a way of sociali0ing

with friends. The clever marketing strategy by fast food restaurant chains has also contributed to their

rapid expansion. Today, many of the biggest merican fast food brands such as 3%4, 'conald5s and

#ubway are available all over the world. %or instance, 'conald6s is located in 12/ countries on /

continents and operates over +1, restaurants worldwide 7884 World service9.

While some fast food restaurant chains5 effort to reinvent them to be more :healthy;, nevertheless, fast

food is still regarded as the driving force behind the epidemic of diet(related health conditions. %ast

food, which is associated with high sugar, high fat and high sodium content, has been shown to

increase caloric intake, promote weight gain, and elevate the risk for diabetes 7"oti et al, 21+9.*n our

country, fast food has become a prominent feature in the diet of both children and adults. s a result,

the freuency of obesity has risen at an alarming rate in all ages and ethnic groups. Today, 'alaysia is

ranked sixth in the sia("acific region for obesity and tops the list in #outh(


5/35

The subject of our interest is the students of Dniversity of 'alaya. 'ost of the students in Dniversity of

'alaya stay in the residential colleges located in the campus. The residential colleges do not provide

any facilities to cook, thus,students opt to eat outside. %ast food is a very renowned choice among

university students as it offers variation in terms of menus as well as provides foods with affordable

prices. 'oreover, fast food restaurants have brilliant marketing strategies such as providing 2 hours

services and fast delivery to their customers. The hectic life of university students together with the

availability and affordability of fast food makes it a popular choice among students.

'ost dietary intake of college students does not meet daily reuirements for most of the food

groups11AAA . The 1>>- Eational 4ollege =ealth !isk 8ehaviour #urvey found that ?@ of college

students did not eat the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables per day and 22@ had eaten +

or higher more fat foods daily12AA . Eutrition professionals are concerned of about these behaviours due

to dietary knowledge$ as belief and behavior practiced during college may last topass on into

adulthood and influence future their health statusin the future.

=ence, Tthe purpose of this project was to examine the cross(sectional associations between fast food

consumption with variables such as nutrient intake, food choices, and body weight as well as personal,

behavioral and environmental variables, in a community(based sample of university students. better

understanding of the nutritional, behavioral and psychosocial factors among adolescents and its

association with the freuency of consumption at fast food restaurants could help identify whether this

widespread sociocultural phenomenon is of concern, with respect to young adults5 nutrition, and could

provide useful descriptive information for potential interventions.


6/35

A!E&$ALS AND E!'ODS

Su()e*ts

Thise study was conducted among the students of DniversitiDniversity 'alaya which consists

consisted of 1+C students, age ranged from 1C to 2+ years old., They were recruited from various

faculties from Fuly to ugust 21. The respondents consistedof -/ males and C1 females. There

were C1 'alays, + 4hinese, / *ndians, - 3ada0andusun and 1 8ajau. 74heck the numbersGGG9

+uestionnaire deve,opment

The +(page, 2- uestions uestionnaire consisted of + pages with 2- uestionswas developed.

The uestionnaire assessed a variety of personal, behavioral, environmental and consumption

behaviour factors associated with dietary intake.

"ersona, varia(,es-

The uestions asked were related to are were self(perception on being overweight 7yes or no9$ self(

description on whether they are currently trying to lose weightHon a diet 7yes or no9$ the extent of going

for any medical check(up in the past 12 months 7yes or no9$ the students reportsedon their overall

health self(description 7poor, fair, good or excellent9$ the extent to which they were concerned about

their health 7not at all concerned, slightly concerned, fairly concerned or very concerned9.

Behavioura, varia(,es-

%reuency of students exercise wasisassessed per week 7 days per week, 1(2 days per week or

more than + days per week9 $ whether students are engaged in any kind of sports 7 yes or no, if yes,


7/35

specify9 $ number of hours per week spent for televisionHvideo gamesHcomputerHtablet and readingH

studyingHdoing homework.

Consumption (ehavior varia(,es-

%reuency of eating fast food is was assessed in a week 7never, 1(2 times or more than + times9 $

type of meal usually ordered at a fast food restaurant 7combo meals, a la carte or others9 $ food

choices 7burger, fried chicken, pi00a, sandwich, ice(cream, %rench fries or others9 $ drink choices

7mineral water, carbonated soda, carbonated diet soda, ice lemon tea, fruit juice, yogurt drink,

chocolate drink, milk shake, no drink or others9 $ preferred meal time preferred to eat fast food

7breakfast, lunch, dinner, or snack in(between meals9 $ reasons for choosing to eat fast food 7 taste,

cost, variety, convenience, nutritional value, addiction, place to sociali0e, stress and anxiety or

others9 $ opinion on fast food healthiness 7 yes or no9 $ awareness of nutritional values and the

ingredient contents of fast food meals 7yes or no 9 $ monitor on nutrient intake from consumption of fast

food 7 yes or no 9 $ awareness on association of fast food consumption with obesity and non(

communicable diseases 7 yes or no 9.

Environmenta, varia(,es-

"arenting style was examined 7authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved or neutral9. !espondents

provided self(reported anthropometric measurements. 8ody mass indices 78'*s9 were calculated as

the weight in kilograms divided by the suare of height in meters. 1The 8'*s of the subjects were

compared with the federals standards for 8'* categori0ation 11Iless than 1C.- J underweight, 1C.-(

22.>Jnormal, 2+. to 2?.Joverweight and 2?.- and greater Jobese.

Statisti*a, ana,yses

ll analyses were conducted using *8' #"## #tatistic 22. %ast %ood 4onsumption %reuency in the

past week 7%%4%9 was examined in relation to demographic, personal, behavioral and fast food

consumption variables. *n a statistical model, %%4% was used as a +(levels indepedent variables.


8/35

4orrelation of categorical variables are found using 4hi(suare test, correlation of normal variable are

found using one way E)K and correlation of ordianal and interval variables are found using

3ruskal(Wallis test. )nly result with pL.- were regarded as statisticalylly significant.

&ESUL!S

"ersona, %aria(,es

M 8'*

M #elf(perception of over(weight

M ttempt to lose weight

M 'edical check(up

M 4oncern of own health

M "erceived =ealth

M "arenting style


9/35

.- B$

#tate what the N E O axis stands for.

NIEumber of #tudentsA OI Eumber of times fast

food consumed. *nsert for all the

graphs.

*mprove Praph title. , "J.-1

%or ease of understanding, the !respondents5 8'* is thenwas regrouped into categoriesI

underweight, average, pre(obese and obese. 4hi(suared test was then conducted. There is no

significant relationship between fast food consumption freuency and 8'* group. RS72, EJ1+?9J+.1>,

pJ.?>

Why was 2 stats doneA ny diffA

%or those who never eat ate fast food, - persons are underweight, persons are average, - persons

are pre(obese and 1 person is obese. 7!eally found those who never ateAAA9%or those with fast food

4lassification 8'* 7kgHmS9

Dnderweight L1C.-

Eormal range 1C.- U 22.>

)verweight V2+

"re()bese 2+. U 2?.

)bese * 2?.- U +.>

)bese ** +-. U +>.>


10/35

consumption freuency 1(2 times, 1C persons are underweight, +C persons are average, 2C persons

are pre(obese and - persons are obese. %or those with fast food consumption freuency more or

eual to + times, C persons are underweight, 1/ persons are average , ? persons are pre(obese and 2

persons are obese.

/- Se,01per*eption o0 over2eight

"erceive not perceived

N axisA O axisA Eumber of times respondent perceived themselves as over(weight.

chi(suare test was performed and no relationship was found between fast food consumption

freuency and self(perception of over(weight. RS 72, EJ1+?9 J.>, pJ.>/

%or those who never eat fast food, 2/.?@ perceived themselves as over(weight while the other ?+.+@

do not perceived themselves as over(weight, %or those with fast food consumption freuency 1(2

times, 2?@ perceived themselves as over(weight while the other ?+@ do not perceived themselves as

over(weight. %or those with fast food consumption freuency more or eual to + times, 2.2@

perceived them as over(weight while the other ?-.C@ do not perceived themselves as over(weight.

"ls have the stats lecturer see the way you have presented your stat analysis report. * am not very

familiar here.


11/35

3- &espondents4 attempt to ,ose 2eight


freuency and the attempt to lose weight. RS 72, EJ1+?9 J./12, pJ.?

%or those who never eat ate fast food, @ are currently in on diet while /@ are not in on the diet.

%or those with fast food consumption freuency of 1(2 times, +?@ are currently in on diet while /+@

are not in on diet. %or those with fast food consumption freuencyof more or eual to + times, +.+@

is currently in on diet while />.?@ are not in on diet.


12/35

5- &espondents4 Attendan*e to edi*a, Che*61up

id not do


freuency and medical checkup. RS72, EJ1+?9J+.+?, pJ.1> * don5t think you want to find about

Brelationship between fast food consumption freuency and medical checkup5. #houldn5t it be whether

they go for medical check up independentlyA Nou can just report your finding below without reporting

the relationshipA

%or those who never eat ate fast food, 2/.? @ undergo any medical check(up in the past 12 months,

?+.+@ do not undergo any medical check(up. %or those with fast food consumption freuency 1(2

times, >. @ undergo any medical check(up in the past 12 months, while the other -./ @ don5t. %or


13/35

those with fast food consumption freuency more or eual to + times, -.- @ undergo any medical

check(up in the past 12 months while the other -.- @ do not.

7- "er*eived 'ea,th S*ore

O axis

3ruskal(Wallis = test showed that there was nostatistically significant difference in perceived health

score between groups of fast food consumption freuency, R2729 J 2.1,pJ .+


14/35

%or those who never eat ate fast food, @noneof the respondents perceived that they are in poor

health, 2@felt that they have a in fair health, /.?@felt that they arein good health and ++.+@ in felt

excellent healthwise. %or those with consumed fast food consumption at a freuencyof1(2 times, @

of the respondents perceived that they are in poor health, 1?@ in fair health, /-@ in good health, 1C@

in excellent. %or those with fast food consumption freuency of more or eual to + times, +@ of the

respondents perceived that they are in poor health, 21@ in fair health, /@in good health and 12@ in

excellent health.

#ometimes you can report as Bnumber of respondent5 instead of @ all the time.

8- Con*ern o0 O2n 'ea,th

re you concernedaboutofyour own healthA

Fast Food Fre9uen*y :a,ay;

Eever 1(2 times V + times

'ean !ank 78-


15/35


16/35

%or those who never eat ate fast food, C@ of the respondents felt that their parents were

neutalparenting style are neutral, ?@ are described their parents as uninvolved, and 1+@ are

permissive. %or those with fast food consumption freuency 1(2 times, >@of theirparentings style are

authoritarian, />@are neutral, @are uninvolved, and1C@ are permissive. %or those with fast food

consumption freuency of morethanor eual to + times, >@ of the parenting style are authoritarian,

-C@are neutral, >@ are uninvolved and 2@are permissive.

Behavioura, %aria(,es

M


17/35

.-E>er*ise Fre9uen*y in one 2ee6


18/35

O axis I Eumber of days respondent exercised


freuency and the number of days exercise freuencywas carried out. RS7, EJ1+?9J1.>, pJ.>

%or those who never eat ate fast food, ++.+@ does did not exercise at all in a week, -+.+@ do did

exercise 1(2 days per week, while the other 1+.+@ exercisedmore than + days per week. %or those

with fast food consumption freuency of 1(2 times, +>@ does did not exercise at all in a week, 2@ do

did exercise 1(2 days per week, while the other 1>@ exercisedmore than + days per week. %or those

with fast food consumption freuency of more or eual to + times, ++@ does did not exercise at all in a

week, C@ do did exercise 1(2 times per week, while the other 1C@ exercisedmore than + days per

week.


19/35

/- Engagement in sports

O axisA N axisA


freuency and involvement in sport. RS72, EJ1+?9J1./, pJ.

%or those who never eat ate fast food, -+@ of the respondents do were not engaged in any sports,

while the other ?@ are were engaged in any somekind of sports. %or those who consumed withfast

food consumption freuencyfor about1(2 timesper week, ?@ of them weredo not engaged in any

kind of sports, while the other +@ are engaged in anydid some sportsactivity. %or those with who

consumed fast food consumption freuency more than or eual to + times, ?@ do did not engaged

with in any sports, while the other +@ are were engaged in any sports.


20/35

3- Usage o0 e,e*troni* gadget :te,evision? *omputer? ta(,ets;

Fast Food Fre9uen*y :a,ay;


'ean 7hours

per weekA

"er dayA9

+1. .@-/. 35-3=

)ne way E)KI

mong 'alay races 7if only one race, then can mention in the 'X' itself9 , there is significant

difference for three groups of different fast food consumption freuency at p L .- level Q% 72, ?>9

J.->, pJ.1+Y * don5t understand.

"ost(hoc comparison using Turkey =# Test indicated that the mean score for the group who that

ateeatfast food for 1(2 times Q'J1C.C1, #J 1-./?1Y was significantly different than when compared

to the group who which ateeatfast food for more than + times Q'J+.+, #J +.?/CY. =owever,

mean score of group who that never eat ate fast food Q'J+1., #J 1>.?+Y was nothas no

significantly differentce from withthe other 2 groups.

5- !ime spent on Studying

Fast Food Fre9uen*y :a,e;


'ean 7hours9 ?.2- ./-= 3=-5/

)ne way E)KI


21/35

mong male, there is significant difference was found present among the respondents from the +

groups in terms of the time spent on studying , for three groups of different fast food consumption

freuency at p L .- level Q% 72, -+9 J-./?, pJ.1Y.

"ost(hoc comparison using Turkey =# Test indicated that the mean score for the group who that eat

ate fast food for 1(2 times Q'J12.>, #J C.2--Y was significantly different than from the group who

that eat ate fast food for more than + times Q'J+.2, #J ++.2?1Y. =owever,the mean score of for

the group who which never eat ate fast food Q'J?.2-, #J +.+Y has had no significant difference

when compared with the other 2 groups.

7- !ime Spent on Sedentary A*tivities

Fast Food Fre9uen*y :a,e;


'ean 7hours9 +.2- 3/-


22/35

Fast Food Consumption Behaviour

M Type of %ood )rdered

M Type of 8everages )rdered

M !eason to


23/35

.- What do you usua,,y order at the 0ast 0ood restaurant :ou may se,e*t more than one o0 the

0o,,o2ing;

N axisI Type of foodA O axisI Eumber of respondentsA

8urger >- 2?@

%ried 4hicken ?> 2+@

"i00a / 1+@

#andwich 1C -@

*ce 4ream - 1+@

%rench %ries // 1>@

)ther @


24/35

The most common type of food ordered at a fast food restaurant is was burger 7/


25/35

The most common type of drink ordered at a fast food restaurant is was carbonated drink 7/79, iced

lemon tea 7//9, mineral water 7.79, fruit juice 7.79, yogurt drink 79, chocolate drink 7 +2@

inner C -@

#nacks in(between meals 1C 12@


26/35

)ur study shows that tThe most common time respondents patronisedhavingfast food restaurantsis

during dinner with 775;, 3/during lunch, ./consumed as snacks in(between meals while the

other 3during breakfast.

5- &easons 0or *hoosing to eat 0ast 0ood- :ou may se,e*t more than one 0rom the 0o,,o2ing;


27/35

8ased on the graph, we can see that the most common reasons for choosing fast food is was because

of the taste with7A9/@, . Twenty(four percent/5said that felt that it is was convenientceto eat

fast food, while .5choose based on the variety of the fast food offered and, ./said thatfound it

is a place where they can sociali0e with other people ? - Seven per*ent ?@

Kariety +C 1@

4onvenience /C 2@

Eutritional value 1@

ddiction 1/ /@

"lace to sociali0e ++ 12@

#tress and nxiety 2 ?@

)ther + 1@


28/35

7- !ype o0 mea, ordered


freuency and type of meal ordered. RS72, EJ1+?9J.>?, pJ./2

8ased on the survey, 11 respondents 7C@9 preferredto order combo meals, while 2C respondents

72@9 preferredto order a la carte. The reason that may influence the respondents to order combo

meals most could probably be due to the fact thatbecause of theprice offeredfor combo meals are

usually much cheaper compared to a la carte.


29/35

8- "er*eption on 0ast 0ood 2hether it is hea,thy or not-

'odify your pie chart


freuency and the opinion on the whetherhealthiness of fast foodwas healthy. RS72, EJ1+?9J+.?C,

pJ.1/.

pproximately >2@ of the respondents think thought that fast food is was healthy while C@ of the

respondents think thougth that fast food is was unhealthy.


30/35


31/35

@- onitoring o0 nutritiona, status in 0ast 0ood

Fast Food Fre9uen*y


Eo @ .C@ -C.+@

Nes 1.@ ->.2@ 1.?@

There is a significant relationship between fast food consumption freuency and monitoring of

nutritional status of fast food RS 72, EJ1+?9 J1./-, pJ.1

!espondents who have had a lower freuency of fast food consumption , had awill have higher

tendency to monitor whether the nutrients intake is was appropriate to the daily reuirement.

%or those who never eat ate fast food, .== doa,, o0 themmonitored the nutritional status in fast

food. %or those with fast food consumption freuencyof1(2 times, only 7monitoredthe nutritional

status in fast food while the other 5.do did not monitor the nutritional status. %or those with fast food


32/35

consumption freuency of more than or euals to + times, 5/o0 the respondents monitored the

nutritional status in fast food while the other 7@do did not monitor the nutritional status.

D$SCUSS$ONS AND CONCLUS$ONS

"ersonal Kariables

There is a strong association between fast food consumption freuency and self(concern about health

among 'alay 7A9races. The Pgroup who which never consumed fast food,are more concerned of

their health 7'!J -/.?-9 compared to the group who that ateeat fast food 1(2 times per week

7'!J+?.-9. Those who are more health concernedare more likely to monitor their diet and hence ,

shun away from fast food.

=owever, fast food consumption freuency has shown no relationship with 8ody 'ass *ndex 78'*9,

self(perception of over(weight,weight$ attempt to lose weight, attendance on for medical check(up,

perceived health score and parenting style. This is maybecould be due to beboth 8'* and heatlh are

both influenced by multifactorial variables and their association with fast food cannot be observed in

short term.

8ehavioural KariablesI

Eo association was found between fast food consumption freuency and time spent on physical

activities as well as involvement in sport.

mong 'alay races, group with %%4%7if you use abbreviations, must shown what it stands for for thr

1st time9V + times spent an average of +.- hours on electronic gadgets, which was statistically

higher than the group with %%4% 1(2 times 7mean J 1C.+- hours9. 'alay r!espondents who

consumedmore fast food has had stronger fixation to electronic gadgets.

mong male participants, group with %%4% V + times spent longer times on studying7'J+.2 hours9

while the group with %%4% 1(2 times has had shorter studying time 7'J 12.> hours.


33/35

4omparison of time spent on sedentary activities 7what activitiesA99 was made. mong male

participants, the group with %%4% V + times spent longer times on sedentary activities 7'J/+.

hours9 while the group with %%4% 1(2 times has had shorter average time 7'J +2.?> hours9.

Taken together, in male thepopulation, the group who that ateeatmore fast food will have higher

tendency to spend most of their time on sedentary activities.

%ast food consumption behaviorI

There is was no significant relationship between fast food consumption freuency between and type of

meals ordered, opinion on healthiness whetherof fast food was healthy, knowledge of nutritional

values and ingredients contents of fast food, and awareness on association of fast food with non(

communicable diseases.

=owever, it was found that a vast majority of respondents preferedto order combo meals, and many

thought thatthink thanfast food isn5t nothealthy, . A=ow manyA acknowledgedthe nutritional values

and ingredients of in the fast food and some were aware of the association of between fast food with

and non(communicable disease7AAAAno data AAA9.?@ of them will monitoredwhilst,only less than half 71.?@9 will take would make

an effort to monitor.

*n conclusion, those who eat ate lesser fast food are more health(conscious, and therefore will monitor

their diet status.


34/35

&EFE&ENCES

!ry to sear*h on,ine ho2 the A"A re0eren*ing system ,ist re0eren*es

1 884 World #ervice. 7n.d.9. Fast food factory. !etrieved from

httpIHHwww.bbc.co.ukHworldserviceHspecialsH1/1/[fastfoodH

2 F. '. "oti, 3. F. uffey, 8. '. "opkin. The association of fast food consumption with poor

dietary outcomes and obesity among childrenI is it the fast food or the remainder of the dietA

merican. Fournal of 4linical Eutrition, 21+$ >> 719I 1/2 )*I 1.+>-Hajcn.11+.?1>2C

+ W=) "ress, World =ealth )rgani0ation, Peneva, #wit0erland, 7219. World health statistics

20107*#8E >?C >2 1-/+>C ?9 World =ealth )rgani0ation.

&in 8=, Puthrie F%, %ra0ao


35/35

full report a-1

Documents