functional groups

Functional Groups

What is the family name?

alkanes

Only carbon and hydrogen

All single bondsCC H

H

HH

H

H

Q: What should you call cyclic hydrocarbons made up o of just single bonds?

A: Cycloalkanes

alkenes

Only carbon and hydrogen

A carbon to carbon double bond

C C

H H

HH

Q: What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs?

A: A diene

alcohols

Only one oxygen Has an O-H group Can classify as 1º/2º/3º

according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton

CC

H H

H

HH

HO

Q: Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water?

A: They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules

phenols

Only one oxygen Has an O-H group The O-H group is

directly attached to a benzene ring

HO

Q: The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it?

A: Phenyl

aldehydes

Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is at the

end of carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom

C C

H

H

O

HH

Q: Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …?

A: Carboxylic acids

ketones

Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is not

at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons

C C

H

H

O

H

H

C

H

H

Q: Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not?

A: No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.

carboxylic acids

Has 2 oxygens Has O-H and C=O

groups on the same carbon atom

This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain (why?)

C C

H

H

O

OH

H

Q: Write an equation showing how ethanoic acid can a act as a (weak) acid.

A: CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)

esters

Has 2 oxygens One oxygen is part

of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons

C C

H

H

O

OH

C H

H

H

Q: This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester.

A: Alcohol = methanol; ester = methyl ethanoate

ethers

Has 1 oxygen No O-H or C=O

group The oxygen is

sandwiched between two carbon atoms

C C

H

H O

H

C H

H

H

H

H

Q: Why do ethers have much lower boiling points t than their isomeric alcohols?

A: No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules (why?)

“What family…?” quiz

Family names: cycloalkane alkene primary (1º) alcohol secondary (2º) alcohol tertiary (3º) alcohol phenol

aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester ether

… are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

What family does it belong to? (1)

C C

H H

HH


C C

H

H

O

HH


CC

H O

H

HH

HC

H

H

H


OC

H

H

H


H C O C H

H

H

H

H


C C

H

H

O

OH

C H

H

H


C C

H

H

O

H

H

C

H

H


HO


C C

H

C

O

OH

H

H

H

H


CC

H

H

H

HO

CH H

H

C

H H

H


CC

H

H

H

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (1)

C C

H H

HH

alkene


C C

H

H

O

HH

aldehyde


secondary alcohol

CC

H O

H

HH

HC

H

H

H


primary alcohol

OC

H

H

H


ether

H C O C H

H

H

H

H


ester

C C

H

H

O

OH

C H

H

H


ketone

C C

H

H

O

H

H

C

H

H


phenol

HO


carboxylic acid

C C

H

C

O

OH

H

H

H

H


tertiary alcohol

CC

H

H

H

HO

CH H

H

C

H H

H


cycloalkane

CC

H

H

H

H

H

“Spot the functional groups” quiz

Functional groups: alkene primary (1º) alcohol secondary (2º) alcohol tertiary (3º) alcohol phenol arene (NEW!)

aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester ether

… are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

Spot both the functional groups (1)

OH

OH

O

OH phenol

OH

O

carboxylic acid

Spot all three functional groups (2)

OH

OO

O

O

OOH

O

carboxylic acid

arene

ester


OO

OH

OO

OH

phenol

ester

OHOH

OH


OHOH

OH

primary alcohols

secondary alcohol


OHO

OH

tertiary alcohol

ketone

alkene

O


HO

HO

arene

alkene

aldehyde


OCH3

OOOCH3

ketone

arene

ether

Functional groups quiz: results

Maximum score = 18

How did you do?

functional groups

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