1

fy caphpay ;

mq;fpnahd;wpd; fl;likg;G hPjpapyhdJk; njhopy; hPjpahdJkhd mbg;gil

myF fyk; vdg;gLk;. rfy caphpfSk; xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

vz;zpf;ifapyhd fyq;fshyhdit. caph; xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fSs; fyNk

Kjd;Kjypw; rfy caph;g;gz;GfisAk; gpujpgypf;Fk; epiyahFk;. fyk; njhlh;ghd

tuyhw;W hPjpahd Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; mtw;Wld; fyk; njhlh;Ggl;l caphpayhsh;fsJ

ngah;fSld; tUkhW.

01. Anton Van Leeuwn Hoke – 1650 - ePh;tho; jdpf;fy caphpfis EZf;Ff;

fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J gjpT nra;jhh;. ,e;j tifapy; Kjd; Kjypy;

mtuhy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ Euglena MFk;. ,jd; nghUl;L X 200

cUg;ngUf;Fk; Mw;wYila $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; ghtpj;Js;shh;fs;.

02. Robert Hooke – 1663 jf;if jz;zPhpy; kpjf;Fk; Njhw;wg;ghL njhlh;ghd

mtjhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mJ jpz;kkhd NghJ jz;zPhpy; kpjg;gjw;fhd

fhuzj;ij MuhAKfkhf mjD}lhf nky;ypa ntl;LKfq;fis vLj;J $l;L

EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo;g;ghpNrhjpj;jhh;. mjpw; njd;gl;l ntwpjhd myFfs;

xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; room- ,lk; vd;w nghUs;gl Cell – fyk; vdg; ngahpl;lhh;.

ntspjhff; fhzg;gl;l kj;jpa gFjpfisr; #o mtw;iw vy;iyg;gLj;jpf;

fhzg;gl;l fyr;Rth;g;ghfk; capUld; cs;sNghJ caph;f; $whff; fhzg;gl;l

NghJk; kj;jpapYs;s ntw;wplk; fhuzkhfNt jf;if ePhpy; kpje;jJ vdTk;

Fwpg;gplhh;.

03. Mathias Schleden- 1831- jhtutpayhsuhd ,th; jdJ ,ioaq;fs; gw;wpa

gbg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;L rfy jhtuq;fSk; fyq;fshyhdit vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

04. Theodore Schwan- 1832- tpyq;Ffs; midj;Jk; fyq;fshyhdit vDk;

fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhh;.

05. Rudolf Virchow – 1850 – rfy fyq;fSk; Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLfpd;w

fyq;fspypUe;J fyg;gphptpd; %yk; cz;lhfpd;wd vDk; cz;ikia

ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.

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Nkw;gb Ie;J tpQ;QhdpfspdJ Ma;TfSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; fyf;nfhs;if

cUthtjw;F fhuzkhapd. fyf;nfhs;is gbg;gbahf cUthfpa xd;whFk;.

rfy mq;fpfSk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fyq;fshyhdit. mq;fpfsJ fl;likg;G

hPjpapyhdJk; njhopw;ghl;L hPjpahdJkhd mbg;gilayF fykhFk;. rfy fyq;fSk;

KjypYs;s fyq;fspypUe;J cz;lhfpd. Nkw;gb %d;W tplaq;fSk;

fyf;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilfshd NghjpYk; ,uz;lhtJld; njhlh;ghf gpd;tUk;

tplaKk; ,lk;ngWtJz;L. mjhtJ mq;fpapy; fyq;fSs;Sk;> fyq;fSf;fpilapYk;

eilngWk; njhopw;ghLfs; mt; mq;fpapd; xl;L nkhj;jkhd njhopw;ghLfSf;Ff;

fhuzkhdit.

nghJikg;ghnla;jpa fyk;

nghJikg;ghnla;jpa fyk; vd;gJ rfy mq;fpfspdJk; fytiffspw; gbf;ff;

$bajhf kpfTk; nghJthd jfty;fs; xd;whff; fUjp xOq;FgLj;jpa xd;whFk;. xU

tifapy; ,J fw;gidahd xd;whFk;. vdpDk; ,jidg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;l gpd;dh;

Vida fyq;fs; mjdpd;W fhz;gpf;Fk; NtWghLfis mwptjd; %yk; mit gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

fyq;fspd; gUkd;

mq;fpfsJ fyq;fspd; gUkdhdJ ntw;Wf; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj kpf

Ez;zpa EZf;Ff;fhl;;bf;Fhpa gUkdpypUe;J ntw;Wf; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;gLk;

nghpaittiu NtWgLk;. gf;hPhpahf; fyq;fNs kpfTk; Ez;zpaitahFk;. ,it

ruhrhpahf 0.2 𝜇m ePsk; nfhz;lit. kdpjf; Flypy; thOk; Escherichia gf;hPhpah 2

𝜇m ePsk; nfhz;lJ. tpyq;Ff; fyq;fs; ruhrhpahf 20 𝜇m ePsKk;> jhtuf;fyq;fs; 35

𝜇m ePsKk; nfhz;lit.

,it jtpu rpy mq;fpfSila fyq;fsJ ghpzhkq;fs; tUkhW.

rpy my;fh fyq;fspd; tpl;lk; 25 mm

fyd; jhtuq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; rpy ehh;f;fyq;fspd;ePsk; 6 - 8 mm

kdpjr; nrq;Fopaj;jpd; tpl;lk; 7 𝜇m

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Nfhopapd; #ypd; tpl;lk; 3cm

jPf;Nfhopapd; #ypd; tpl;lk; 18 cm

xl;lfr; rptpq;fpapd; rpy euk;Gf; fyq;fspd; ePsk; 3 - 5 m

fyq;fspd; tbtq;fs;

fyq;fs; rpy jkJ tbtj;ij khw;wp mikf;ff; $bait. gy fyq;fs;

jpl;ltl;lkhd tbtq; nfhz;lit. gy;NtW tpjkhd tbtq;fs; nfhz;lit. fd

tbtk;> fk;g tbtk;> Nfhs tbtk;> ePs;tbtk;> nrt;tfj; jpz;k tbtk;> fjpUUthd

tbtk;> jl;ilahd tbtk;> kj;jpapy; Fope;j tbtk;> xOq;fw;w tbtpyhdit

vdg;gythFk;. ,t;tbt NtWghLfs; E}w;Wf; fzf;fhdit.

fy xOq;Ffs; caphpfspy; fhzg;gLk; fy xOq;Ffs; GNuhfhpNahw;wh

,AfhpNahw;wh vd ,uz;lhFk;. Karious vd;gJ fUitf; Fwpf;Fk; gjkhFk;.

Kjd;Kjypy; gbf;fg;gl;l fyq;fspy; nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l jpl;ltl;lkhd fU

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa fUitf; nfhz;l fyq;fs; Mjpahd fUitAila

fyq;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;gpd; gpd;dh; ,AfhpNahw;wh fyq;fs; vd Eu vd;gJ

cz;ikahd vDk; nghUs;gl ngahplg;gl;ld. nkd;rt;thy; #og;glhj fyq;fs;

GNuhfhpah fyq;fs; vdg;gl;ld.

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GNuhfhpNahw;wh fyq;fs; xg;gPl;L hPjpapy; ,AfhpNahw;wh fyq;fspYk; gUkdpy;

rpwpaitahFk;. 0.5 – 5 tiuapyhd gUkDilaitahFk;. fyj;jpd; kj;jpapy;

rpjWz;l fUg;nghUisf; nfhz;bUg;git. ,f; fUg;gpuNjrj;ijf; fUg;Nghyp

vd;gJz;L. ,tw;wpd; fU xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. DNA tisa tbtkhdJ. DNA

apd; kPJ Gujk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. epw%h;j;jk; jdpj;jJ. Gd;fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fis nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. mfKjYUr; rpWtiy

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nfhy;fpAly; ,iokzp ,iyNrhk; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ika%h;j;jk;

Fopatd;$Lk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

njhlh;e;J tifkhjphpahd ,AfhpNahw;wh fynkhd;wpd; mikg;G

tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JTk; mt;tg;NghJ jhtuf;fyk; tpyq;Ff;fyk; vd ,uz;L

mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;jg;glf; $baJ.

fyr;Rth; (Cell wall) jhtuf; fyq;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtJ. kpfTk;

ntspg;Gwkhf fyj;ij vy;iyg;gLj;jp mike;jpUg;gJ. fyr;Rthpd; mikg;G> jbg;G

vd;gd jhtuf;fytif> mjd; taJ vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpapUg;gitahFk;. nghJthff;

fyr;Rth;fs; eLnkd;jl;L> Kjw;Rth;> Jizr;Rth; vd %d;W jpl;lkhd gFjpfisf;

nfhz;lit. fyr;Rth; jhtuq;fsJ tbtj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhtJld; fyj;ijj;

jhq;FtJld; tpiwg;Gj;jd;ikf;Fk; nghWg;ghdjhFk;.

eLnkd;jl;L (middle lamella) gy;fyj; jhtuq;fspd; maw;fyq;fisg; gphpj;J

mtw;Wf;fpilapy; kpfTk; kj;jpapw; fhzg;gLtJ. ,uz;L maypYs;s fyq;fl;F

nghJthdJ. ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l fyq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;ghff; fhzg;gLk;

,lq;fspw; rpyNtisfspy; ,J gpstile;J fyj;jpilntspia cUthf;fpapUf;fyhk;.

eLnkd;jl;il mikf;Fk; gjhh;j;jk; fy;rpak;> kf;dPrpak; ngf;Nuw;W MFk;.

Kjw;Rth; (Primary Cell wall) eLnkd; jl;ilaLj;J ,uz;L Gwq;fspYk;

fhzg;gLtJ. rfy jhtuf;fyq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd jhtuf;fyq;fs;

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,iyeLtpioaf; fyq;fs; Nghd;wit ,j;jifad. Kjw;Rth; mikf;Fk; gpujhd

$Wfs; nrypNyhRk;> ngf;hpDkhFk;.

Jizr;Rth; (Secondary Cell wall) fyq;fs; tsh;e;j gpd;dh; mtw;wpd;

KjYUtj;jpdhy; Kjw;Rthpd; kPjhf Jizr;Rth; gbtpf;fg;gLk;. Jizr;RthpdJ

gpujhd $Wk; nrYNyhNrahFk;. miur; nrYNyhRk; fhzg;glyhk;. Jizr;Rth;

Kjw;RthpYk; jbg;Gf; $bajhFk;. fho; #ow;Nghypfs; fho;fyq;fs;

ty;YUf;fytpioa fyq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nrYNyhRf;F Nkyjpf ,ypf;dpDk;

gbe;jpUf;Fk;. rpy fyq;fs; Jizr; Rthpy; fpa+l;bd;> Rghpd; Nghd;w nkOFg;

gjhh;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; fyq;fspy; Jizr;Rth; Njhd;Wtijj;

njhlh;e;J mtw;wpd; KjYUtk; ,wf;Fk;.

Fopfs; nghJthf jhtuf; fyq;fspy; Jizr;Rth; xU rPh;g;gpukhzkhfg;

gbe;jpUf;fkhl;lhJ. rpy ,lq;fspy; Jizr;Rth; jbg;gile;jpUf;Fk;. rpy ,lq;fspy;

Jizr;Rth; nky;ypa gilahff; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jhdq;fs; Fopfs; vdg;gLk;.

maw;fyq;fspilNa njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vt;thwhapDk; eLnkd;jl;L njhlh;r;rpahdJ. rpy Ntisfspy; Kjw;RtUk; vg;NghJk;

Jizr;RtUk; Fopia mikf;fpd;wd.

RthpDila jbj;j jd;ikapdhNy Fop njspthfj; njd;gLk;. rPuhd gUkd;

nfhz;l Fopfs; vspa Fopfs;> Rth;g;gjhh;j;jq;fs; NkYah;j;jg;gl;L jbg;giltjdhy;

Njhd;Wgit tpspk;G nfhz;l Fopfs;. FopfspD}lhf maw;fyq;fSf;fpilNa

capUs;sfyq;fspy; KjYUj; njhlh;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

KjYUnkd;rt;T tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy; kpfTk; ntspg;GwkhdJ.

jhtuf;fyq;fspw; fyr;Rtiu mLj;J cl;Gwkhf mike;jpUg;gJ. KjYU nkd;rt;T

0.1 𝜇m tiuapyhd jbg;GilaJ. ,jDila fl;likg;Gj; njhlh;ghd Vuhskhd

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jfty;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s NghJk; ngUk;ghyhd fUj;Jf;fs; nfhs;if

mstpdjhFk;. NkYk; rhd;Wfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;sd. KjYU nkd;rt;tpd;

mikg;Gj; njhlh;ghf 1972 y; Singer Nicholson MfpNahuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jputr;

rhpj;jpu khjphpAUNt (Fluid mosaic model) Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwapYs;sJ.

,J ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs;> Gujq;fs;> fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; vd;gtw;whyhdJ.

fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; kpff; Fiwe;jstpd. ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fspy; ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;L

kpfTk; nghJthdJ. ,J ,U gilfshf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,k;

%yf;$Wfspy; Kidthf;fg;gl;l ePh;ehl;lKs;s gFjpfs; ntspg;Gwkhdit.

Kidthf;fkw;w ePh;kl;lkw;w gFjpfs; cl;Gwkhdit. %yf;$WfSf;fpilapy;

cz;lhFk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; fhuzkhf Nkw;gb xOq;F Ngzg;gLk;. ,tw;Wf;fpilNa

nraw;gLk; ,il%yf;$w;Wf; fth;r;rp tpirfs; xd;W rhh;ghf kw;iwaJ

,aq;Ftjw;Wf; fhuzkhFk;. vdNt ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; KjYUnkd;rt;Tf;Fj;

jputj;jd;ikia toq;Ffpd;wd.

,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPohd KjYU nkd;rt;tpdJ glq;fspy;

kj;jpapy; xU njspthd ,Us; Fiwe;j tyaj;ijAk;> mjd; ,U Gwq;fspYk;>

njsptw;w ,Ushd tyaq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. njspthd ,Us;

Fiwe;jtyak; ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$WfspdJ ePh; ehl;lkw;w gFjpfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ushd gpuNjrq;fs; ePh; ehl;lKs;s gFjpfisf; nfhzlJ. tpyq;Ff;

fynkd;rt;Tfspy; ,ypg;gpl;Lg; gilapy; nfhy];NuhYk; rpwpjsT fhzg;gLk;. ,J

ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;Lg; gilapd; jputj; jd;ikiag; NgZk; mNj Ntis nkd;rt;tpd;

cWjpj;jd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhdJ.

nkd;rt;tpdhy; fhzg;gLk; Gujq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Nfhsg;Gujq;fshFk;. ,it

njhlh;r;rpaw;w tifapy; fhzg;gLgit. rpy %yf;$Wfs; ,ypg;gpl;Lg;gilapd;

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Nkw;Gwkhff; fhzg;gLgit. rpy cl;Gw Nkw;gug;Gf;Fhpait. rpy ,ypg;gpl;Lg; gilia

gFjpgl CLUtpf; fhzg;gLk;. rpy KOtJkhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy;

Ez;Lisfs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,e; Ez;Lisfs; ePh;ehl;lKs;s gFjpfshy; Mdit.

Guj %yf;$WfSk; ,aq;FjpwDilait. ,aq;FjpwdsT ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fspdJld;

xg;gpLifapy; FiwthdJ. KjYU nkd;rt;T ,af;ff; fl;likg;igg; ngWtjw;F

,ypg;gpl;Lf;fSk; Gujq;fSk; fhuzkhditahFk;. mjhtJ KjYU nkd;rt;tpd;

fl;likg;G khWk; jd;ikAilaJ.

tpyq;Ff; fynkd;rt;tpy; fhzg;gLk; fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;

nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fshFk;. ,tw;Ws; ngUkstpd Gujq;fSld; ,ize;J fpisf;Nfh

Gujq;fisahf;Fk;. Fiwe;jstpd ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fSld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk;.

ntspg;Gwkhd ,g;gilia jhtuq;fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fyr;RtUf;F xg;gpLtJz;L.

KjYU nkd;rt;tpDila ,U ghpkhzj; Njhw;wk;

,g;gil fyj;Jf;Fg; nghwpKiw hPjpapyhdJk;> ,urhaz hPjpapyhdJkhd

ghJfhg;ig toq;Ffpd;wJ. fyq;fs; jk;Ks; xd;iwnahd;W milahsg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; xOq;fikg;G fyitiffl;F jdpj;JtkhdJ.

md;dpaf; fyq;fs; ,k; %yf;$Wfs; %yk; gpwnghUshf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

xNuapioaj;ijr; rhh;e;j fyq;fs; jk;kpilNa fytpilg; gpizg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpj;

jk;ik jpirNfhl;Nrh;f;ifAwr; nra;tjw;F ,k; %yf; $Wfs; fhuzkhfpd. fhaq;fs;

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MWifapy; Ntz;ba fyq;fis kl;Lk; njhpT nra;tjpYk; mDkjpg;gjpYk; ,it

cjTfpd;wd.

KjYU nkd;rt;T fyj;jpd; Gw vy;iyahfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ePh; mad;fs;

Nrjd %yf;$Wfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; cl;GFjiyAk; fopTg; nghUl;fspd;

ntspNaWjiyAk; xOq;fhf;Ffpd;wJ. fyj;Js; gpurhuzr; rkepiyiag; ngWfpd;wJ.

fyq;fSf;fpilNa njhopw;ghLfis xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf jfty;fisg; ngw;W

rkpQ;iQfisg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd Gd;dq;fs; nkd;rt;Tfshy;

#og;gl;lit. ,jdhy; mDNrgj; jhf;fq;fs; xd;iw xd;W ghjpahjthW eilngwf;

$bAs;sd.

FopaTU (Cytoplasm) KjYU nkd;rt;Tf;F cl;Gwkhf fyg;Gd;dq;fs; cg

fyf;fl;likg;Gf;fisj; jhq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;w mikg;G FopaTUthFk;. fUTf;Fk;

KjYU nkd;rt;Tf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s Clfk; (Cytosol) ,JthFk;. Nkw;gb

Clfj;ijAk; Gd;dq;fisAk; xUq;Nf FopaTU vd;gJz;L.

FopaTUthdJ jpz;k jput mtj;ij khw;wq;fSf;F cl;glf; $baJ. jput

Sol- epiyapy; gpujhd Clfkhf ePUk;> Vida $Wfs; ePhpYs;s njhq;fy;fshfTk;

fhzg;gLk;. GUjr; rq;fpypfs; kbe;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; FopaTU

miraf; $baJ. jpz;k Jel - epiyapy; gpujhd Clfkhf Gujr; rq;fpypfSk;>

njhq;fy;fshf ePUk;> Vida $WfSk; fhzg;gLk;. FopaTU ghFj;jd;ikahdjhff;

fhzg;gLk;.

mfKjYUr;rpWtiy (Endoplasmic Reticulum) fUnkd;rt;tpDila

ntspKfkbjyhf my;yJ fynkd;rt;tpDila cs; Kfkbjyhf cUthfyhk;.

nkd;rt;thd jl;ilahd igfs;> Glq;fs;> #oYUf;fs; vd;gtw;whyhdJ. nkd;rt;T

jdpj;jJ. cs;splj;jpDs; jhak; fhzg;gLk;. ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; fPo;

cs;splk; ntw;wplkhfj; Njhd;Wk;. nkd;rt;Tf; $l;lq;fs; tiyAUj; njhFjpahfj;

Njhd;Wk;. mfKjYUr; rpWtiy fl;likg;G hPjpapy; ,U tifahdJ. xd;W rpWkzp

nfhz;l mfKjYUr;rpWtiy. jd;kPJ ,iunghNrhk;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mLj;jJ

mOj;jkhd mfKjYUr; rpWtiy. ,iunghNrhk;fisf; nfhz;buhjJ.

mfKjYUr;rpWtiy gjhh;j;jq;fis Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhh; ,lj;jpw;Ff;

flj;Jfpd;wJ. ftytff; flj;jy; njhFjpahfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. fyj;ijj;

jhq;Ffpd;wJ. FopaTUit ntt;NtW gFjpfshfg; gphpj;J> ntt;NtW tifahd

jhf;fq;fs; eilngWtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. mOj;jkw;w

mfKjYUr;rpWtiy (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) ,iuNghNrhk;fs; Mjhukhf

miktjd; %yk; Gujj; njhFg;gpYk;> nehjpaj; njhFg;gpYk; cjTtJld;

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njhFf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis Gifg;glq;fs;> nkd;rt;Tg; igfs; Nghd;wtw;wpDl;

nrwpthf;fpj; Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;Ff; flj;Jfpd;wJ.

mOj;jkhd mfKjYUr; rpWtiyahdJ (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs;> ];hPNuhy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw Mf;Ffpd;wJ. fy;rpak; mad;fisr;

nrwpthf;Ffpd;wJ. er;rfw;wypw; gq;F nfhs;Sfpd;wJ. ,iyNrhk;fis

cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

nfhy;fpAly; (Golgi body) nkd;rt;Tfspdhyhd Glfq;fshyhdJ.

jl;ilahdJk;> tl;lkhdJkhd Glfq;fs; xd;wd; kPnjhd;W mLf;fg;gl;l epiyapw;

fhzg;gLk;. jdpnkd;rt;thw; #og;gl;lit. cs;splj;Jl; jhak; fhzg;gLk;. tl;lg;

Glfq;fSl; nghpait jl;lg; Glfq;fSf;F mz;ikapYk;> rpwpait Nra;ikapYk;

fhzg;gLk;. jl;ilg; Glfq;fs; kj;jpapy; xLq;fpait. Xuq;fs; Gilj;jit.

vspa gjhh;j;jq;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;> fpisf;Nfh Gujk;> fpisf;Nfh ,ypg;gpl;L>

ngh];Ngh ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; Nghd;w rpf;fyhd $Wfisj; njhFj;jy;> mtw;iwr;

nrwpthf;fy;> mtw;iwg; nghjpgz;zy;> Njitahd gFjpfSf;Ff; fyj;Js;Sk;

ntspapYkhff; flj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ.

,iynrhNrhk; (Lysosome) jdpnkd;rt;thw; #og;gl;l Nfhs tbtkhd Glq;fs;.

ePh;g; gFg;G nehjpaq;fs; nfhz;lit. nehjpaq;fs; gpujhdkhf ,ypg;NghRf;fs;>

GNuhjpNahRf;fs;> fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs;> epa+f;fpspNaRf;fs; Nghd;witahFk;.

,iyNrhk;fspd; nehjpaq;fs; fyj;jfr; rkpghl;bYk;> fyg;Gwr; rkpghl;bYk; gq;F

nfhs;git.

fyj;jfr; rkpghl;bd; NghJ jpd;Fopar; nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; fyq;fSs;

vLf;fg;gLk; gjhh;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;l Glfq;fSs; ,iyNrhk;fspd; nehjpaq;fs;

tpLtpf;fg;gLk;. eLepiy ehbfs; xw;iwf; Fopaq;fs;> $g;ghpd; fyq;fs;> mkPgh

Nghd;w jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,J eilngWfpd;wJ.

fyg;Gwr; rkpghl;bd;NghJ ,iyNrhk;fspw; fhzg;gLk; nehjpaq;fs;

fyj;Jf;fg;Gwkhd Clfj;jpNyNa nehjpaq;fs; nraw;gLk;. vd;ghf;fj;jpd; NghJ

njhopw;gLk; vd;Gilf;Fk; fyq;fs;> thw;Ngapy; thypYs;s fyq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;> kQ;rl;rlyk; rpijf;fg;gLjy;> fUf;fl;ly; vd;gdtw;wpd; NghJ ,J

eilngWfpd;wJ. Njhopypoe;j Gd;dq;fis rpijg;gjpy; gq;F nfhs;Sk;. fyj;jpDs;

gjhh;j;jq;fspd; Row;rpapy; gq;F nfhs;Sk;. fyk; KOtJkhf mopf;fg;gLtjpy; gq;F

nfhs;Sk;.

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Ez;Zly; (Micro body) jdpnkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Nfhs tbtkhd

Ez;zpa Glfq;fs;> tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;Zly;fs;

nghnuhl;rpNrhk;fs;. jhtuf; fyq;fspw; fhzg;gLgit fpisNahl;rp Nrhk;fs;.

nghnuhl;rp Nrhk;fspy; fw;wNyRf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it mDNrgj;jpd; NghJ Ijurd;

gunthl;irl;il ePuhfTk;> xl;rprdhfTk; khw;Wgit. ,jdhy; Ijurd;

gunthl;irl;bdhy; cUthFk; er;Rj; jd;ik mfw;wg;gLk;. <uypYk;> rpWePufq;fspYk;

cs;s fyq;fspy; nghnuhl;rpNkhd;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

fpisnahl;rpNkhd;fs; %d;W tifahdit ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; nfhz;l

tpj;Jf;fspy;> ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; Rf;FNuhrhf khw;wg;gLk; NghJ ,ilepiy tpisthf

cUthFk; fpisnahf;irl;bdJ mDNrgj;jpw; gq;F nfhs;git. ,f; fyq;fspw;

fhzg;gLk; fpisnahl;Nrhk;fs; (Leaf Peroxisomes) ,iokzpAlDk;

gr;irAUkzpAlDk; Nrh;e;J xspr; Rthrj;jpw; gw;F nfhs;git. Vida jhtuq;fspw;

rpwg;G tpaj;jkilahj fpisnahl;rpNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,iokzpfs; (Mitochondria) ePs; tl;l tbthdJ my;yJ cUis

cUthdit. ,uz;L nkd;rt;Tfspdhw; #og;gl;lit. ntspnkd;rt;T mOj;jkhdJ.

cs; nkd;rt;T mOj;jkw;wJ. KfLfisAk; jhopiofisAk; Mf;FtJ cs;

nkd;rt;tpd; kPJ nehjpa %r;Rf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. nkd;rt;Tf;fpilapyhd

,ilntspfspYk;> cs;nkd;rt;Tfspdhy; #og;gl;l cs;splj;jpYk; jhak; fhzg;gLk;.

jhak; guy; kakhdJ. jhaj;jpy; DNA, 70s tiff;Fhpa ,iuNrhk;fs; nehjpaq;fs;

vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.

fyr;Rthrk; gpujhdkhf fpisf; Nfhg;G rpj;jphpf;fkpy tl;lk; ,yj;jpud;

,lkhw;wg; nghwpKiw vd %d;W gbKiwfspy; eilngWfpd;wJ. fpisf; Nfhg;G

FopaTUtpDs; eilngWtJ. ,jpy; ,iokzp gq;nfLf;fhJ. fpnug;]pd; tl;lk;

,iokzp

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jhaj;jpy; eilngWtJ. ,yj;jpud; ,lkhw;w nghwpKiw ,iokzpapd; cs;

nkd;rt;tpy; eilngWtJ. Nkw;gb ,uz;L gbKiwfSk; fhw;Wr; Rthrj;jpy; kl;Lk;

eilngWgitahFk;. Rthrj;jpd; NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; rf;jpia ATP %yf;

$Wfshfr; Nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;J Ntz;lg;gLk; NghJ tpLtpf;fpd;wd. vdNt

,iokzpfisr; rf;jp Njitg;gLkplq;fspy; rf;jpia tpLtpg;gjw;fhf ,it

mirfpd;wd. vdNt ,it ,aq;F jpwDilait. fyq;fSl; fhzg;gLk; kpfTk;

$ba jpwDila Gd;dq;fs; ,itahFk;.

ika%h;j;jk; - Gd;ikaj;jp ( Centro some – Centriole)

fyj;jpd; kj;jpapw; fUitaLj;Jf; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,jid ika %h;j;jk;

vdg;ngahpl;ldh;. ika%h;j;jk; MdJ xd;Wf; nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U

cUisAUtkhd mikg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; Gd;ikaj;jpfs;

vdg;gLk;. xt;nthU Gd;ikaj;jpAk; xU Xuk; %bajhfTk; kW me;jk;

jpwe;jepiyapYk; fhzg;gLk;. Gd;ikaj;jpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; Ez;Gd; FoYUj;

njhFjpfshyhdit. ,j; njhFjpfs; kj;jpapYs;s xU ntspiar; #o

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; ,tw;iwr; Rw;waYf;Fhpa Ez;Gd; FoYUf;fs;

vdTk; Fwpg;gpLtJz;L. xt;nthU #oYUj; njhFjpAk; ePz;l Ez;Gd;

FoYUf;fshdit. FoYUf;fs; Ez;Gd; FoYUj; njhFjp xOq;if 9 + 0 vdf;

Fwpg;gpLtJz;L. ,J Rw;waYf;Fhpa ,iofs; kl;Lk; fhzg;gl kj;jpf;Fhpa ,iofs;

mw;wpUg;gijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. Ez;Gd; FoYUf;fspd; Mf;fj;jpy; Gd;ikaj;jpy; gq;F

nfhs;fpd;wd. fyg;gphptpd; NghJ Gd;ikaj;jpfs; ,ul;bf;Fk;. ,tw;Wf;fpilNa Ez;Gd;

FoYUf;fshd fjph;ehh;fs; Mf;fg;gLk;. fjph;ehh;fspd; top epw%h;j;jq;fs; miu

epwTUf;fs; mirAk;. vdNt ,it fyg;gphpitj; njhlf;fp itg;gitahfTk;

fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,ioabkzpfs;> mbr; rpWkzpfs;> mbr;rpWkzpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;

Mf;fj;jpw; gq;Fnfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

Ez;Gd; FoUf;fs; Micro Tubules

FopaTUtpDs; guk;gpa epiyapy; hpgpAypd; tiff;Fhpa Nfhsg;Gujq;fshyhd

mikg;Gf;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nkd;rt;thy; #og;glhjit. FopaTUthdit.

cs;splk; NfhiwahdJ. cUisAUthdit. Ez;zpait. Nehpait. fpisaw;wit.

NtWgLk; ePsk; nfhz;lit. ,t;thW wPsk; khWtjd; %yk; fyj;jpd; mikg;Gk;>

Gd;dq;fspd; miktplKk; NtWgLj;jg;glyhk;.

Ez;Gd;FoYUf;fs; gpujhd fyj;jf td;$l;Lf; $whfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

,jd; %yk; fyq;fspd; tbtk; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. gprph;fs; rTf;F Kisfs;>

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Gd;ikaj;jpd; Mf;f myFfshfg; gad;gLk;. fyj;jpDs; gjhh;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;L

nry;yypw; gad;gLk;. nfhy;fpAly;> ,iyNrhk;> ,iokzp Nghd;wtw;wpd; mirtpw;

gq;F nfhs;Sk;.

Ez; ,iofs; Micro Filaments

gpujhdkhf mf;hpd; tiff;Fhpa Gujj;jhyhdit. xt;nthU Guj ,ioAk;

,Ujlq;fshyhdJ. ,it xd;wd; kPnjhd;W KWf;fg;gl;lit. jpz;k ,iofs;.

Ez;zpa gUkd; nfhz;lit. ePsj;jpy; NtWgLgit. FWfpait. jbj;jit.

nkd;rt;thy; #og;glhjit.

xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;Ggl;L tiyg;gpd;dy; xOq;fhff; fhzg;gLgit.

FopaTUTs; vOkhwhd guk;gpait. nghJthff; fynkd;rt;Tf;Ff; fPohf

mike;jpUg;git. KOf;fhyKk;> my;yJ fyj;Js; epfOk; mirTfSld;

njhlh;ghdJ. FopaTU Xl;lk;> mff; Fopakhjy;> Gwf;Fopakhjy; vd;gtw;Wld;

njhlh;ghdit.

,ilepiy - ,ilj;ju ,iofs; Intermediate Filament

,itAk; Gujj;jhy; Mdit. Gujk; ntt;NtW tifahdJ. Ez;Gd;

FoYUf;fspYk; ghh;f;f FWfpait. Ez;,iofspYk; ghh;f;f ePsk; $bait.

,ilj;jukhd ePsk; nfhz;lit. vdNt ,ilepiy ,iofs; vdg;gLk;.

ehh;f;fl;likg;Gilait.

Ez;Gd;FoYUf;fs;> Ez; ,iofs;> ,ilepiy ,iofs; vd %d;W tifahd

Gd;dq;fSk; fyj;jf td;$lhfj; njhopw;gLgit. ,Nj xOq;fpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kpf;fit. rfy ,a+f;fhpNahw;whf;fyq;fspYk; fhzg;gLgit. Fwpg;ghf tpyq;Ff;

fyq;fspy;> Fopaf; Fbj;jy;> jpd;Fopar; nraw;ghL> fyq;fspd; RUf;fj;jsh;T

eilngWjy; Nghd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy; fyq;fspd; tbtq;fs; khWglhyk;. fy mikg;G

khw vj;jdpf;Fk; ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; jk;ik kPs xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd;

%yk; fyj;jpDila tbtk;> cWjpg;ghL> epue;juj;jd;ik> jhq;Fjpwd; vdg;

Ngzg;gLk;. Ez;Gd; FoyUthf;fq;fSf;Fk;> Gd;ikaj;jpfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;G

fhuzkhfg; Gd;ikaj;jpfs; fyj;jf td;$l;bDila xOq;fikg;Gld;

rk;ge;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,iugNrhk; (Ribosome) Ez;%h;j;jq;fs; vdg;gLgit. capUs;s fyq;fspy;

fU> ,iokzp> gr;irAUtkzp Nghd;wtw;Ws;Sk; FopaTUTs; RahjPdkhfTk;

fhzg;gLgit. m- RNA jlj;Jld; njhlh;ghfTk; fhzg;glyhk;. ,it `p];Nuhd;

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tiff;Fhpa Gujj;ijak;> r- RNA Ak; nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. nkd;rt;thw;

#og;glhjit. Nfhs tbthdit. nghpaJk; rpwpaJkhd ,uz;L cg myFfshdit.

,it gUkdpd; mbg;gilapy; 70s, 80s vd ,U tifahdit. 70s

tiff;Fhpait. ,iokzpfs; gr;irAUkzpfs;> GNuhf;fhpNahw;whf; fyq;fspy; 70s

tifAk;> Vida ,a+f;fhpNahw;whf;fyq;fspy; 80s tifapdJkhff; fhzg;gLk;.

,iuNrhk;fs; fyj;Jf;F Ntz;lg;gLk; Gujq;fisj; njhFg;gJld;; fyj;Jf;F ntspNa

mDg;gg;gLk; Gujq;fisAk; njhFg;git.

gprph;fSk; rTf;F KisfSk; (Cilia and flagella) fy Nkw;gug;Gf;fspypUe;J

ntspePl;lg;gl;lit. mbg;gilf; fl;likg;gpy; xd;Nwahd NghjpYk;> ePsj;jpy;

NtWgLgit. gprph;fs; ePsj;jpy; Fiwe;jit. rTf;F Kisfs; ePsj;jpy;; $bait.

gprph;fspdbapy; mbr;rpWkzpfSk; rTf;F Kisfspdbapy; ,iokzp kbfSk;

fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;Wld; njhlh;ghf Ez;Gd; FoYUf;fs; 9 + 2 vDk; xOq;fikg;gpw;

fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;iwr; #o nkd;rt;T Nghh;j;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.

fyq;fspy; gprph;fs; fyNkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fis mfw;Wgit. cah;

tpyq;Ffspw; gprph;fs; Clfq;fis mirf;fTk;> gjhh;j;jq;fis tbfl;lTk; gad;gLk;.

Euglena chlamydomonas Trypanasoma Kjyhdit rTf;FKis nfhz;l mq;fpfshFk;.

,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rTf;F Kisfs; mit mirtjpy; cjTfpd;wd.

fU (Nucleus) ngUk;ghyhd capUs;s fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ. njspthd

fl;likg;G. fyq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jdpf;fU nfhz;lit. rpyfyq;fspy; njspthd

nkd;rt;Tfspdhw; Nghhj;jg;gl;lJ. fUnkd;rt;tpdhw; Nghh;j;jg;gl;lJ. fUnkd;rt;tpy;

Ez;Jiofs; fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;wpD}lhf gjhh;j;jg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; eilngWk;. fUf;fs;

gy;NtW tbtq;fspw; fhzg;glyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; Nfhs tbthdJ. rpy Nrhjid

nfhz;lit. fUtpd; cs;splj;jpy; epa+f;fpspNahGujk;> DNA, RNA Gd;fU Nghd;wit

fhzg;glyhk;. Gd;fU rpy fyq;fspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.

Gd;fUf;fspy; ,iugNrhk;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;. fU jiyKiwAhpik ,ay;GfsJ

jfty; fsQ;rpakhf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,ay;Gfs; jiyKiwAhpikailtjw;F

fhuzkhfpd;wJ. fyj;njhopw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

fUtpepwg; nghUl; rpWtiy

rhjhuzkhf fUg;gjhh;j;jq;fs; fUtp epwg;nghUl; rpWtiy (Chromatin)

vdg;gLk; mikg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J DNA `p];Nuhd; tifg; Gujk;> RNA

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vd;gtw;whyhdJ. gphptilAk; fynkhd;wpDs; mf;fyj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba

epw%h;j;jq;fs; NtWgLk;.

rhjhuz clw;fynkhd;wpy; cah;jhtu tpyq;Ffspy; epw%h;j;j q;fs; ,U kba

vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk;. kbak; vd;gJ tiff;Fhpa epw %h;j;jj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

,U kba epiyapy; fyj;jpDs; tiff;Fhpa epw%h;j;jq;fs; ,uz;buz;lhff;

fhzg;gLk;. mikg;nghj;j epw%h;j;jq;fs; (Homologus chromosome) Njhw;wj;jpy;

xd;iwnahd;W xj;jit. xNu ePsq;nfhz;lit. xj;j jhdq;fspy; ikag;ghj;Jf;fis

(Centromere) nfhz;lit. fyg;gphpTf;F Kd;djhf epw%h;j;jq;fs; jw;fhypfkhf

,ul;bf;fg;gl;l epiyapw; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa epiyapy; xt;nthU ,ioAk;

miuepwTU (Chromatid) vd;gh;.

,it ikag;ghj;jpy; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;jpUf;Fk;. epw %h;j;jnkhd;W

my;yJ miu epwTU tpsf;fj;J}hpiff; (lamp brush) fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ. ,j;

jlk; ,ul;ilr; Rop DNA apyhdJ. ,jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf rhakpLk; NghJ $basT

epwj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; epwg;ghj;Jf;fs; (Chromere) vdg;gLk; jhdq;fs;

fhzg;gLk;. ,e; epwg;ghj;Jf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jlj;jpDila jpul;rpapdhy;

cUthdit. epwg;ghj;Jf;fspdpd;Wk; mr;Rf;Fhpa jlk; nfhOf;fpfshf

,Of;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Nkw;gb jlk; epwg;ghj;Jf;fs; nfhOf;fpfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; kPJ

`p];Nuhd; tifg; GujKk;> RNA Ak; nky;ypa jhakhfg;gbe;J fhzg;gLk;.

,f;fl;likg;G xOq;F fhuzkhf epw%h;j;jj;jpDila fUQ;rhw;Wldhd njhh;G

Nkw;gug;gsT mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;.

DNA apw; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghypngl;iul;L Mf;fj;Jf;F Ntz;ba jftiyf;

nfhz;Ls;s xd;whfj; njhopw;gLfpd;w epa+f;fpspNahiul;Lf;fspd; njhliug;

guk;giuayF (Gene) vd;gh;. guk;giuayFk; %d;W gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLk;.

mitahtd Acton guk;giuayfpDila ,ay;gpidg; gpujpgypg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd

cz;ikahd gFjp. Muton guk;giuayF tpfhuj;Jf;Fs;shFk; NghJ

ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; gFjp. Recton guk;giuayfpYs;s guk;giuayif Nghrpf;Fk; mjd;

ed;epyikiag; NgZk; gFjp.

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cUkzpfs; (plastids) jhtuf; fyq;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; Gd;dq;fs;.

,ul;bf;Fk; Mw;wYilait. gr;iraTUkzpfs;> nts;SU kzpfs;> epWTUkzpfs;

vd %d;W tifahdit. ,tw;Ws; xd;W kw;nwhd;whf khwf;$baJ.

gr;irAUkzpfs; (Chloroplast) cah; jhtuf; fyq;fspy; tl;lj;jl;LUthdit.

,U nkd;rt;Tfshw; #og;gl;lit. ntspnkd;rt;T mOj;jkhdJ> cs;nkd;rt;T

rpf;fyhd xOq;fikg;GilaJ. gr;iraTUt kzpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; kzpAU (Grana)>

gQ;riz (Stroma) vd;w njspthd tpaj;jkile;j gFjpfisf; nfhz;lit.

gQ;rizj; jhaj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. jhaj;jpy; ,iugNrhk;fs;> nehjpaq;fs;> DNA> RNA

kw;Wk; khg;nghUs; kzpfs; vz;nza;r; rpWNfhs;fs; vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.

kzpAUf;fs; nkd;rt;thyhd ehzaq;fis xj;j ijynfhapl;Lf;fs; vdg;gLk;

mikg;Gf;fs; xd;wd; kPnjhd;whf mLf;fg;gl;lthwhf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L cUthdit.

ijnfhapl;Lf;fspy; nghjpe;J xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk;. kzpAUf;fis

Mq;fhq;Nf gphpj;J kzpAUtpil nkd;jl;Lf;fs; (Intergranal lamella) fhzg;gLk;.

,itaidj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa jhak; mike;jpUf;Fk;. jhak; FiwjputkakhdJ.

gr;irAUkzpfs; xspj;njhFg;G eilngWk; ,lq;fshFk;. kzpAUtpy;

xspj;jhf;fq;fSk; gQ;rizapy; ,Us; epiyj;jhf;fq;fSk; eilngWfpd;wd.

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epwTUkzpfs; (Chromoplast) ful;Bd; Nghypfs; re;Njhgpy; Nghd;w

epwg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;lit. nghJthf kQ;rs;> nrk;kQ;rs;> rptg;G epwq;fspw;

fhzg;gLgit. ,it fha;fwpfs;> fdpfs;> tpj;Jf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; guk;gy;> kfue;jr;

Nrh;f;if Nghd;wtw;wpy; cjTgit.

nts;SUkzpfs; (Amyloplast) epwg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;buhjit.

khg;nghUisr; nrwpthf;fp> khkzpfshf khw;Wgit. Nrkpg;gq;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLgit.

khkzpfs; (Starch grains) njhlf;fg; Gs;spnahd;iwr; #o xU

ikatl;lq;;fspyhd khg;nghUs; gbTfisf; nfhz;lit. kpfTk; ntspg;Gwkhf

mikNyhngf;hpdhyhd kliyAilait. ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLgit. Nfhs

tbtk; ePs; tl;l tbtk; vd;gd kpfTk; nghJthd Gujj;ijf; nfhz;lit.

Gd;ntw;wplk; (Vacuole) capUs;s Kjph;e;j jhtuf; fyq;fspy;> fyj;jpy;

%d;wpypuz;L gFjpia mlf;fpajhfg; Gd;ntw;wplk; fhzg;gLk;. Gd; ntw;wplj;ijf;

fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Gd;dq;fSs; xd;whff; nfhs;tJz;L. ,jidr; #o

,Otpirapurid (tonoplast) vdg;gLk; jdp nkd;rt;T mike;jpUf;Fk;. Gd;ntw;wpl

nkd;rt;T gFjpgl mkpyq;fs;> gpNstd;fs;> me;Njhradpd;fs; Nghd;w epwg;nghUl;fs;

mDNrgf; fopTg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;w gjhh;j;jq;fs; nfhz;l fiury; fhzg;gLk;.

Gd;ntw;wplq;fs; jhtuf;fy ePh;j;njhlh;Gfs; Ngzg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit.

,tw;Wl; fiue;j epiyapw; fhzg;gLk; epwg;nghUl;fs; g+f;fs;> fha;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

epwq;fs; cUthtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. me;Njhradpd; eLepiya+lfj;jpy; Cjh

epwkhdJ. mkpy Clfj;Jf;Fr; nre;epwkhdJ. fhu Clfj;jpy; ePy epwkhdJ.

g+f;fspy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if eilngWtjw;F rhw;W epwg;nghUs;fSk; fhuzkhdit.

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tpyq;Ff;fyq;fspy; Gd;ntw;wplk; Nghd;witahff; fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;iw Glfq;fs;

vd;gJz;L.

fyq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;Gfs; (Cell Junctiions )

gy;fy mq;fpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,ioaq;fisahf;Fk; fyq;fs; ngUk; ghYk;

jhak; xd;Ws; mkpo;e;jpUg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp xd;Wld; xd;W fytpilj; njhlh;Gfs; %yk;

njhLf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,tw;Ws; KjYU ,izg;Gf;fs; (Plasmodesmata)

jhtuf;fyq;fSf;fpilNaAk; fhzg;gLgit. KjYU nkd;rt;thy; glyplg;gl;l

fhy;tha;fs;> jtpu tpyq;FfSf;fpilNa nl];NkhNrhk;fs;> xOq;FgLj;Jk; re;jjpfs;>

njhlh;GgLj;Jk; re;jjpfs; vDk; fytpilj; njhlh;GfSk; fhzg;gLk;.

nlhk;nkhNrhk;fs; (Desmosomes) xl;Lk; re;jjpfs; (Adhesion junction) my;yJ

jhq;Fk; re;jjpfs; (Anchroing junction) vd;gJKz;L. ,it fynkhd;wpd;

Fopatd;$l;il ,d;ndhU fyj;jpd; Fopa td;$l;Lld; my;yJ fytpilj;

jhaj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;Jgit. ,jd; %yk; fyq;fis xd;Wld; xd;W

njhlh;GgLj;jp gpizj;J itj;jpUg;git. vjph; vjph; fyq;fspy; nkd;rt;Tfis

xd;Wld; xd;W xl;bg; gpizj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; nghj;jhd; Nghd;w fl;likg;Gf;fs;.

fyq;fis neUf;fkhf;fp itj;jpUg;git fytpilj;njhlh;igr; #o

nkd;rt;Tf;Fl;Gwkhf itj;jpUg;git. fytpilj;njhlh;igr; #o nkd;rt;Tf;Fl;Gwkhf

Tono filament vdg;gLk; Ez;zpiofs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nghwpKiwj;

jifg;Gf;Fs;shFk; ,lq;fspy; nghJthdit. NjhypYs;s Nkw;Nwhy; fyq;fspilNa

jirf;fyq;fspilNaAk; fhzg;gLgit.

xOq;FgLj;Jk; re;jpfs; - ,tw;iw neUf;fkhd re;jpfs; (Tightijunctions)

vd;gJKz;L. xU ,ioag; gl;baypYs;s mLj;Js;s fyq;fsJ KjYU

nkd;rt;Tfis xd;Wld; xd;W njhLg;git. ,J Gujg;gl;biffshy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. fyj;jpilntspfs; ,y;yhkyhfp mLj;Js;s nkd;rt;Tfs;

mUfUfhf itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;. fy Nkw;gug;Gf;fisg; gphpf;Fk; jilahff; fhzg;gLk;.

rpWePh;g; igapYs;s fyq;fspilNa Fly; Nkyzpf; fyq;fspilNa nghJthdit.

njhlh;GgLj;Jk; re;jpfs; (Communicating junctions) ,tw;iw ,ilntspr;

re;jpfs; (Gap junction) vd;gJKz;L. ,q;F ,uz;;L fynkd;rt;TfspYs;s Jisfs;

my;yJ jpwe;j fhy;tha;fspD}lhf xU fyk; kw;iwa fyj;Jld;

fyj;jpilntspapD}lhfj; njhlh;GgLk;. FopaTUf;fs; njhlh;GgLk;. fyj;jpil ntsp

nghpJk; xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rpwpa %yf;$Wfis xU fyj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU

fyj;jpw;F flj;Jgit. fyq;fspilNa kpd;dpurhazj; njhlh;Gfis cUthf;Fgit.

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euk;Gf;fyq;fspilNa ,jaj;jirf; fyq;fspilNa nghJthdit. KjYU

,izg;Gf;fs; njhlh;GgLj;Jk; re;jpfshFk;.

fytpilj; njhlh;Gfs; fyq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;J ,ioaq;fshfj;

njhopw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. ntt;NtW fytiffSk; jk;kpilNa xd;Wld;

xd;W njhlh;Ggl;L njhopw;ghLfis xd;wpizg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. fyq;fspilNa

gjhh;j;jq;fs; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdit. fyq;fspdpd;Wk; ghapfs;

ntspg;gLtijj; jLg;git.

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