gas turbine engineering handbook by ...soaneemrana.org/onewebmedia/gas turbine engineering...
TRANSCRIPT
-
!"#"
-
!!" !# $ $ %&
' ( )
'
* $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $
(+ $ , -
' . (/ $ $
$ 0 , 1 0
2
&23* -##4 "-56-7 8, 9 -,$ $ 2 %
%:55# 75 7 466
4"
' , /
;
-
% $ + :
-
!"
# $
# " $
" $%
& "'( %% # )" *+"
% 0 %
% = % 0@ % -
. % ) ) % )& 3 0
% ( 3 . ( 3
, *, !, ,"" -
% ' ' 3 ' ' A
' ) 3 '
3 ' 3
!./"" *+ #. !""
% ' % ' )B ) =
' %
%
#. , "
0@ C % ' 3 0
' 0 3 % 3
." -
0 ' ' ( 0 3 (
3 ) 3 ' =
&& 0 !./" !#*', !./"""
3
$,1, !./"""
* ) ' % /-. '
% C % = ( ( )B
= . %
2 ( % = ( 3
'&-. 3 ' '&-.
- ,1, *+" 2
= % % = / (-2 %
(-2 %
%
-
-
2 $,1, *+"
% 2 % % ( % %
% = -% ' % /
3 !.+*"" 3
% = . '+
2 % ' '
&&& ,"4 *, ,'4 *, "." ,"
0 % % 0
. * %
*,"
. 3 . . % . %
. ) A )& % 3 %
-% 3 3 /B
&5 *$, !./" """ '" ," 2
= %- : 0
3 2 % . ' %- = %-
/ 3 * 3 0 8.9 3 0 3
3 ' 3 3 ' A 3 = 3
)"
% . ' = 0 2 2
A
5 &",,4 /4 6*+
A 3 / 3 A 3 % A .
3 . / / 0
/*. ,"" -
C
0 % = 2 C
3 3
C
' < (%' 3 3
,' -
( 2 ' %B 0 0
-
"
% '& 8 9 + ,F 2 $ 8'= ! 9
8 79 %
-
!"
#$ %&
$%
-
!"
! " #$%$%
## " & ' &
!" # $" # %
(
-
&
"# '
$ $( )! #
#$(
#
*$(# # !"
%!"
+!###
*# #
##
, -%
)
*
+ + + + #,,-.
#
+ + +
& *
/01
.
$$.2 $.
$3. $.# # #. $ 4+ .
#
5 /%1 3-.3% 6. % #.$% $.3% 3$.$% 4+ $.$$% $.3$% -.2%
! & 7
/8901
# $.3 $.- 3.- 3$.6 #$.
3
4+ 4+ 4+ 4+
7
4'
* /8901
.$ -.# 3.-$ 2$., #$.
3
$.
#
2.
#3
6.
#$
2$.
#
' *
+ 7
/8901
2$.# 2$.# #$.3 #. $ #,.
3$
4+ 4+ #$.3 4+
: ; < 7
/8901
2.#$ $.# 3.6 -.# $.# #. 2.# -.## $.#
&
-
.
(
= ) ) #,, 7 7 ) ) #,,2. - #22!0 & )
#,6 7 7 ) ) #,$
= ## = # & 7! /&7!1 = /#3#$ 71* ! /*!1 & ) /&1 7 7 ) ) /77))1 + 7 7) ) /+77)1 + ! 7 ' ) )/'))1
#
5( & $% 86.8#90 8.8,90 4 (
3$% $$% 4 ! -.-$% + #% 33%
' = #,,-. #% #% #% .3%
.
-
/
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Steam Turbine Hybrid Power Plant
Type of Power Plants
Hea
t R
ate
Btu/kWhrkJ/kWhr
Simple CycleGasTurbine
RegenerativeGasTurbine
Combined CyclePower Plant
Advanced GasTurbine CombinedCycle Power Plant
+! '
/
-
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Steam Turbine Hybrid Power Plant
TYPE OF PLANTS
EF
FIC
IEN
CY
Simple Cycle GasTurbine
Regenerative GasTurbine
Combined Cycle PowerPlant
Advanced Gas TurbineCombined Cycle Power
Plant
+! '
0
-
1
"# '
$ ( #
( # (# 234,
-!34,4534,
6
)"#(
7%823%,9
+:(
7%823%,9
#"# #"# $ $# $(#%
&
/ $ =9#32# 71
3.3$ 2$6 .6 $ $6 3 66.,$% ,2.,,% #.#
&
.$ 63 .6 , # - $ 6$.,% ,$.,2% # .#-
&
$.- #-- .## $ 3 #3$ $ 2$.6% ,.,$% # .#-
*
32$.$2$ -6 .2 $ - $ 6-.,3% ,-.,6% # .#-
7 -., - 3.-$$ $$ 3$ 6-.,3% ,$.,6% .
+
6.# $ ,.$$36 -$ $ 6.,% ,.,-% 6.3
7
# .# -,$.233 , 2 #$ 2$.6$% ,.,$% 3.3-
7
# .# 23.22# 2 2 #$ 2$.6$% ,.,$% 3.3-
4 #6. #.#$$ 3 6 6 6.6, , .,6% 6.-
& 6.# ,2,.# 6$ 3$ 3 #3 6 .6,% ,.,2% 3-.
>
.$ 2$6 .6 $ - 2 ,.,$% ,-.,6% # .#-
>
-.2 6# .6$2 2 2 6$.,% , .,$% #-.#6
!
-$.2$ 23.22# 2 $ 2 , .,-% ,-.,6% # .#-
1
-
;
.- .3-
#6 # -.# (
!" $
( 3$ " 9 9 (
!
! ! # ? @@+> ! AA
5 B &
#,- #,6 @@ AA (
= #3 # ) * = ) * =
;
-
<
=#$
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
YearYear
Pre
ssur
e ra
tio
Pressure ratio aircraftPressure ratio industrial
+! '
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
YEAR
Temp aircraftTemp industrial
Development of Single CrystalBlades
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1940
TE
MP
ER
ATU
RE
(C
)
+! '&
<
-
#$% #,$ $.$% 2$6 90 /6 C901 -6 B90 /2#,, C901 0 - = /# 2 71 D# $%
!"
" -
TH
ER
MA
L C
YC
LE E
FF
ICIE
NC
Y (
X)
Tamb=15C EFF. COMP =87% EFF. TURB. =92%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
PRESSURE RATIO
Overall Eff.@ 800 C
Overall Eff.@1000 C
Overall Eff.@1200 C
Overall Eff.@ 1300 C
Overall Eff.@ 1350 C
Overall Eff.@1400 C
Ideal Cycle
+! '.
-
7 D
# ' ' 3 5 5 $ 7 - (
2 =(
+ E
(
2D# D#
F # =/$$$ 71
(#% #. #G % ' = #-
+ = #2
( * #$. % A D# D#
-
A
3 = /#-, 71
'
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00
Net Output Work (btu/lb-air)
Effic
iency
%
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3000 F1649 C
2800 F1538 C
2600 F1427 C
2400 F1316 C
2200F1204 C
2000 F1094 C
1800 F982 C
Pr =5
79
11 13
4030
15
2017
+! '/
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
- 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
Net Output Work (btu/lb-air)
Eff
icie
ncy
%
2000
1800
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
1800 F982 C
2000 F1094 C
2200 F1204 C
2400 F1316 C
2600 F1427 C
2800 F1538 C
3000 F1649 C
Pr = 5
7
911
13 152030
40
+! '0
-
&
+
##
D
) 62-
& =
*
#
+ " * 0 ) ) "
-
.
&
5 + B =E
5 A 7 4:( 4:( 4:( " ( > H 4:( 7 > H 4:( 7 4:( 4:( (
H 7 4+&+
+( H ( ( E 7 +
=(
E ( ( !
-
/
!"
D
#
3
-
0
+ ! ) B& > 5 #3 =/2 71
( #$.#2 ( ? E 5 5 5 / 1 = #6 !5 ! = #, & & 7 ! ( . (
(
+! '1 !" #$
0
-
1
(
A & #,,
6
-
;
> E " (
(
?
$.2$ /3.$ 1 #3.#2 = /2., 2 71 ( =##
) ) E #
-
<
# E A ! ( "
B
!
!# ( !"
! $.#$
-
+ = ### !
.3 ( (
(
( /1
= ## 36%
+! ' & !" # '$
-
@@ (AA ( / 1 ( (
*$## !"
-
( + -D# #6 =/,6 71 = ##3 + : +
( ( ! ( ' (
( ( * ( +
+! '
-
&
#6. 3% ' /3.3$%1 ( '
-.2%
= ## ( ( ) ( (
,
-
.
E E (
.3$ 0A = ##$ =##-
+! '. !" " " $
.
-
/
%= !" $(
$(
+ = ##2 /1 ( ( )
#3
(
+! '/ !" '* "$
/
-
0
#
#$.#3 6 7 $$.-%
= ##6
B 3 . . 2$.6 % .
7 # .#, .2 #3 2$.62% H $%
+( #$.#3 ##.#$ # 6.,#% 4 3.#%
0
-
1
AA 0 7
( 4 $
-
;
: + : ( / 1 E (
( ( ##D#.#D# D#
= # (
+! ';
;
-
<
3D# "
!# +# $( 7 (
7 #D3D#
#3D# ( > 3.2D# 0 A ( $D# < # E
+! '< !" +#,$
<
-
(
-
$"!
+ /#%1 ( 4
air inlets
gas outlet
air outlets gas inlet
+! '
-
&
.- 9 /# .#6391 $ 9 /#$ 91 5
7 ( > D /#1 / 1 / ( 1 /31 =# 3
" /#1 ) J / 1 > J /31 +
) J 7
( '
( & ( (
-
.
( ( ! ' = # * I E ( $ /2-1 ? 6 / 1 #3$ /##1 "
7
A #2D# 3$D# 6$ = /$ 71 # = /-, 71 ( D#
7
7 7
+! '&
.
-
/
4 3 =/#62# 71 3$ = /#, 2 71 + ( #% (
(# $"!
$
> D
# / 1 73 + 5( /(1
'!# !#
? +
E E
B
> E ( E 7
+ = # $ 7 + = =# - = # 2
!"!# 8 $"!9 5
/
-
0
@@AA @@AA * = # 6
:# $"! 8:($#9 ( ( A (
/ @@BAA1
= # , 5 ## 3.#2 = 3 *+33 @@BAA B ( " ( "
+! '.
0
-
1
+ ( ( ( " (
+
+! '/
1
-
;
(
) ( (
+! '0
;
-
&<
" ( - = /3#- 71
+!# (
4
= #3 ) B
5
0
+! '1
&<
-
&
#,,2. - 3% 2% %
B&8$ B& = #3# B & B &
= #3 5 2#% (
H + 23% ( 4 + 6%
+! '; -
&
-
&
(
H 4:( 4:( 3 = /# - 71 4:( E 4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NATURAL GAS COAL DIESEL OIL CRUDE HEAVY FUEL OIL LNG Uranium
TYPE OF FUEL
FU
EL
CO
ST
PE
R M
ILL
ION
BT
U (
US
$/M
BT
U--
LH
V)
+! '< ./
2020
NA
TU
RA
L G
AS
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
(T
CF
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2000 2005 2010 2015
YEAR
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
ELECTRIC GENERATION
INDUSTRIAL
+! ' 0 122231212
&
-
&
$#
4:( 4:( #
= #33 3 4:( / 1" #,, 4:(
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
GW
ASIA PACIFIC EUROPEASIA
MIDDLE EASTSOUTHEAST ASIA
LATIN AMERICA NORTH AMERICA
REGIONS
NUCLEAR
CT
BOILERS
HYDRO
TOTAL
+! '
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Years
NO
x E
mis
sions
(ppm
)
Water Injection
Dry Low NOxCombustor
CatalyticCombustor
+! '
" 4-
&
-
&&
4:( 4 4:( ,
7 " 4:(
4
7 B& > 5A />:51 + ! )
!" :( *
( ( ,$%
F( F
#'# !"
(
* +( " ' (
* (
D ( = #3 ( '
%:'+# !" = #3$ F(
&&
-
&.
+! '& "
+! '. ,-
&.
-
&/
( E
( ( ( (
= * = #3-
E
:#'+# !"
( ( ( (D /#1 / 1 ? = #32 (
-
&0
> # = /-, 71 6%
&
' ) !
& (
-
&1
%#
# ? = #36
& #,$
( 6$ = /2 71
( =9# 7
# = /$- 71
6.#3% .% + (
" +
#- = /62 71 > #,6 "D ?
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010YEAR
Firi
ngTe
mpe
ratu
re
F (
C)
U 500RENE 77 IN 733 GTD111
GTD 111DS
GTD 111SC
GTD 111SC
Convential Air Cooling
Advanced Air Cooling
Steam Cooling
Firing Temperature
Blade Metal Temperature
(538 C)
(1204 C)
(760 C)
(1316 C)
(1538C)
(982 C)
+! '1 %
&1
-
&;
E #,, &
#,6 4236 4236 > & />&1
$ #,, " ( ( # E( E( 33%
#,,
E( >& E( >& /H7=1 #%
&;
-
.<
7 (
H #.#$ + 7 E $.2$ ) ( #.3 J: K :3 # .3 = /$.#$ 71
" ( ( (
-
.
'*&! 7 7 ) '*&! '*&! (
'*&!
'*&! ( '*&!
& '*&!
: & ! /:&!1 E : & ! '*&! = #3, :&! '*&! :&! ?
= B '*&!
+! '; " *# !" ' # $
.
-
.
& D F
0
( F (
E
+ ( E ( / ( 1 ! #$. = /6. 71 F
H
7
#. = /$$.## 71 = #
! F
! / 1 ( +E / 1 "F &
# $ /:>1 ( + # FB
= /1
.
-
.
$% # & 'F ( I E ( ( 6.#
ECONOMIZER
APPROACHTEMPERATURE
PINCH POINT
SUPER HEATER
EXHAUST GAS
ENERGY TRANSFER
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E
+! '&< *#
.
-
.&
*!((#$ + *$
) / 1
= ##
(
* E ( (
+
/ 1 + $% ,% $,% & D
&
+! '& # -
=):
.&
-
..
E (
!$ #
E (
H 4:(7 + E ( "
) ( ( (
( "
H 4:( 7
E
) " (
"
) E
..
-
./
E ( = E E E =
E = # 6% #2% 2$%
-"#(
@@&A 4 !AA C.= #,,$
-
.0
= * @@> -% 4 5 = 29,' & 7 77!AA ( = 79 ) ) +&7 #,,
I
-
!"# ! $# % &' ( ")
% &' ! * # +
,*
& ' &'
,*
- . &&
-
*
&-
&- - & &.
&- &/
(
+ !'# !
!
-
"#
!# !# !-# !# !.# '001
,
+
' ''
&2
3 3 4 5
)
+
' '&
&6
' .-
&7
( !# !#
*
5+
'
'
'
' '
'
&8
"#
-
"!
% &&
4
(
(
* %
5
+
'
'- '- &''-
'- &'- '- &' &- '- '-
'&'0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Pressure Ratio
1500 F(815 C)
1700 F(927 C)
2000 F(1094 C)
2400F(1316 C)2200 F(1204 C)
Cyc
le E
ffic
ien
cy (
%)
!" #$"
"!
-
"
5 ! '# +
'-
&'
'
&''
* *
+
-&'
'&
'
&'&
% &-
* !*# *
* !*#
Pressure Ratio
Firi
ng te
mpe
ratu
res
(F)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Based on Max --WorkBased on Max --Efficiency
% & ' !" #$"
"
-
"
$$
( 5
% &.
9 : ( +
%
"
-
"%
- &/ & &'-
;
"
-
"
!'09 :'/ #
(
)
) ) *
) * -1 70:6'1
& '( )* $ +,* - .
& $$ *
&'/
*
*
"
-
""
> * % &2 ' ( * * '' )
' (
' & ' ' * '' * ' & +
3 '&
&'2
*
*
% &6 '&-.' '&-.'
" '&-.' *
x e aP
J
K
T C=
P2
P2
dc
PV Cn =
1
V
" ) '
""
-
"/
"
"
")? '
&'6
?
-.
&
' &
'
'
&'7
) " *
@* " &
" '&-.' &
;
* 5 - % &6
* 5
*
*
/
"/
-
"
* % &7
(
*
,*
+,*
%&8
)
' * * +
& ' &'8
- . &&0
* +,-
"
-
"
*
&&'
5 & -
- & &&&
5+
&&-
)
'//+' '/00 % !7'2 "# .-+' &.00 % !'-'2 "# * ''/+' -/+'
3a
4a
2a
3
2
1
4
3
S
T
+,-
"
-
/#
% &'0
-0+' &700 % !'/-6 "# A 5 '29 :&. ''/9 :'&/+' ) && -0+' (
'&/&+' '2
&.00 % !'-'2 "#
+* +$ +,*
5 % &'' 4 (
% &'&
% 9 :
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00
Net Output Work (btu/lb-air)
Eff
icie
ncy
%
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3000 F1649 C
2800 F1538 C
2600 F1427 C
2400 F1316 C2200F
2000 F1094 C
1800 F982 C
Pr =5
7
911
13
4030
15
20
1204 C
17
!#
/#
-
/!
B 5 +
. - &&.
. - &&/
* +
. / &&2(
!!
/!
-
/
5 ) 5 C 5 (
0
%% &. +
- & / & &&6
, &
! % '
/
-
/
% 701
.01 % &'- *
(
4 5
% &'.
& +,*
) * * % &6
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
Net Output Work (btu/lb-air)
Eff
icie
ncy
%
2000
1800
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
1800 F982 C
2000 F1094 C
2200 F1204 C
2400 F1316 C
2600 F1427 C
2800 F1538 C
3000 F1649 C
Pr = 5
7
911
1315
203040
!
/
-
/%
+ !'# 5 !
!-# 5
!&'#
)
* +
' ' &&7
-01 *
% &'/ )
'&1
-01 % &'2 >
!% % '
/%
-
/
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Net Output Work (btu/lb-air)
Eff
icie
ncy %
2000
1800
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
1800 F982 C
2000 F1094 C 1204 C
2400 F1316 C
2600 F 2800 F1538 C
3000 F1649 C
Pr = 5
7
9
11 13
15 17
20
3040
1427 C
2200 F
!
!" % '
/
-
/"
*
D % &7
; B
-/1 %&'6
& 0
"
>
"
% &'7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
- 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
Net Output Work (btu/lb-air)
Eff
icie
ncy
%
2000
1800
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
1800 F982 C
2000 F1094 C
2200 F1204 C
2400 F1316 C
2600 F1427 C
2800 F1538 C
3000 F1649 C
Pr = 5
7
911
13 15
20
3040
17
!/
/"
-
//
*
,
% &'8
+, &1
B
!
//
-
/
" B
+ B
% &&0 B
*5
'.6 !' # 70 % !&26 "# 20 !. # B
D ? - !-# +
- & - &&8
+
. . . &-0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00
Net Output Work (btu/lb-air)
Th
erm
al E
ffic
ien
cy %
2000
1800
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
1800 F
982 C
2000 F
1094 C
2200 F
1204 C
2400 F
1316 C
2600 F
1427 C
2800 F
1538 C
3000 F
1649 C
Pr = 5
7
911 13
15
17
403020
! . .
/
-
/
. - &-'
/ / / &-&
*
. / &--
)
&-.
# /
/
-
#
*
% &&' /1 B
&.00 % !'-'2 "# , /1 B &.00 % !'-'2 "# '6+' 7-1
*
'81
B 20 !. #
" % &&& /1 B
B
;
B
D ? % 5 ?
B
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00
Net Output Work (Btu/lb-air)
Th
erm
al E
ffic
ien
cy (
%)
Simple Cycle Gas Turbine
5% Steam Injection
Turbine Firing Temperature 2400 F (1316 C)
5
79
11
13
1720
30
40
No Steam Injection
5% Steam Injection
15
! ' 0" /
#
-
!
B B
0*0 0
% &&- B B ?
* B
)
(
70 % !&26 "# '.6 !' # 20 !. # ( B
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Net Output Work ( Btu/lb-air)
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
1800 F982 C
2000 F1094 C
2200 F1204 C
2400 F1316 C
2600 F1427 C
2800 F1538 C
3000 F1649 C
40
30
20
1311
9
7
Pr = 5
15 17
/
!
-
5 5
% !.# +
. & - ! &-/
/ . 6 . &-2
% &&. &&/
B B B
-
% % ' '
% ' ' &
-
%
20 !. # " , ? $3)
(
( % &&2
+
.' ' . &-6
*
' & &-7
3 *
. - &-8
* 5 * * )
5 *
+
*
&.0
%
-
&.'
% &&6 * B
B B ?
+,, $
% &&7 &&8
*
" *
-
"
&.00 % !'-'2 "# *
* *
*
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Net Output Work (Btu/lb-air)
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000Inlet Steam Conditions: 1500 psia and 1000 F (538 C) Condenser Pressure=0.8psiaSteam Turbine efficiency=90%Regenerator Effectiveness=90%Losses in the steam cycle =4%
1800 F982 C
2000 F1094 C
2200 F1204 C
2400 F1316 C
2600 F1427 C
2800 F1538 F
3000 F1649 C
Pr = 579
13 11151720
3040
/ '
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Compressor Pressure Ratio
Net
Ou
tpu
tWo
rk (
Btu
/ Lb
-air
)
Work Turbine
Work Output Intercooled Cycle
Work Output Reheating Cycle
Work Output Regenerator, Intercooled ,ReheatWork Output Combined Cycle
Work of Turbine
Temperature 2400F (1315C)
'
"
-
/
* 4
"
"
, B B
" B
*
? *
5
- )002 $ ,.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Compressor Pressure Ratio
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
Efficiency Simple Cycle
Efficiency Regenerator
Efficiency Intercooling
Efficiency Reheat
Efficiency, Regenerator, Intercooled, Reheat
Temperature 2400F (1315C)
/
-
% &-0
* * ! #
% &-' B
Fuel Input 100%
SteamTurbineOutput21%
Energy inExhaust61.5%
Condenser30%
Stack 10%
RadiationLosses0.3%
RadiationLosses0.2%
RadiationLosses0.5%
GasTurbineOutput38%
# '
-
201 .01 ! /01 # .01 .01
B ( B * %&-&
201 (
201 .01 (
-09 :.01 D ! #
Gas Turbine
Steam Turbine
Gas
& S
team
Turb
ine
Lo
ad a
s p
erce
nt
of
Ove
rall
Lo
ad
Percent Overall Load
70
60
60 80 100 120
50
40
40
30
20
20
10
00
! 1 ' '
-
#
5 ) ( C!( C#
> % &-& ( D E
F ) 69 :'0 !# E * E * F
Feedwater Heater
Dearator Heater
LP Preheater
LP Superheater
IP Superheater A
IP Superheater BHP Superheater
IP Preheater
HP IPLP
Condenser
Cooling Tower
HP Preheater
' *-
#
-
!
E
E >
* 5 *
(
E *
E
5 )
* " E D EF * *
* ( * &/1 * D
( D *
D * * '09 :&0 % !//9 :'' "# D * 3 *
D)
*
(
5
* )
!
-
5 ! #
'/9 :.0 % !79 :&& "#
B 3 !3# @3 !@3# ( 3 3 ( 3 !(3# @3 ;
*
-09 :.01 (
$
B ) '01 !801 5#
D D D 5
( D
(
+
4
@
A
!3 (3 @3# (
*
-
@3 @3 ./ !-' # @3 D @3 (
( @3 3
D
*
A
!? & # * * -00 % !'.8 "#
(3 @3 3 (3 @3 3 ( 3 (3
> @3 ) '/00 !'0-. # (3 &/0 !'6& # @3 @3
@3
% &-- F (3 @3 3 &/+'
,* +
" ) $ " !")$# * * % &-. ) $ " (
-
%
F
5 3 @3
F
3 @3 3 D @3
3
HP/IP/LP ECONOMIZER
APPROACHTEMPERATURE
PINCH POINT
HP EVAPORATOR
HP SUPER HEATEREXHAUST GAS
ENERGY TRANSFER
HP IP EconomizerIP Superheater
IP EVAPORATOR
LP EVAPORATOR
HP IP Economizer
TE
MP
ER
ATU
RE
2 *-
%
-
3 @3 "
3 @3 3 &/1 D @3 6/1 ? & '09 :''0>,
*
* *
*
2 ,
5 ( * 5
5 (
3
% - 3-)
% $44440#05
-
"
B
&
$ G$
GAD
" G
$ G *
&1 $ ,* 3 +,3 '
(B G" 201 B
(BG(B FB
, (BG>
& 4
0*0 $ . * $ *
* '0/8 A !'''6 *H#! D# 20 % !'/ "#
"
-
/
5 * 5
4
* % &-/
( 5
'7 % !'0 "# 80 % !-& "# I/0F*E
D DD '0009 :-000 !269 :&00 #
Exhaust
Water
Pump
TurbineCompressor
Combustor
2
1
3
4
Drain
Air
EvaporativeCooling
-
/
-
'001 ! #E
$ & $ - .
./9 :// % !&/9 :-0 "# 5 !#
(
% &-2 *
" )
-
" '000 '&. '02 A'-07& '02 *H
> 5
)
" !"%"#
!@# *
!J>#
E
)
D
) !@# @ /0 % !'0 "# % &-6
)
)
!"3# 06:08 "3 ''/ 3
*
,. $ 0*0 $ & +,
E B D
-
!##
% &-7
,
!
5 # (
* D
D
4 B
*
W
Absorption Chiller
Water
Pump
Exhaust
TurbineCompressor
Combustor
2
1
3
4
Air
Steam Generator
/
!##
-
!#!
, + +,
* * % &-8 D 7:'0 * * * .9 :2 I809 :I''0F*, )
'009 :&00>,
&1 $ ,* 3 +,3 ' $ & 2
5 ,* $ ' ( B
Air
EvaporativeCooling
Water
Pump
TurbineCompressor
Combustor
2
1
3
4AbsorptionChiller
SteamGenerator
Drain
!#!
-
!#
% &.0 B D ) '0/7 A!'''6*H# ! D# * 5
&1 $ ,$ ,* " 201 B % &.' B
B +
' ) B $ B B
B
Exhaust
Water
Pump
TurbineCompressor
Combustor
2
1
3
4
Air W
Wat
er/Ic
eTa
nk
Steam Generator
Refrigerant
!#
-
!#
& ) !
#
- )
. /
5
&1 $ ' +, - . ,* 6 B B % &.& 5
Exhaust
Water
Pump
TurbineCompressor
Combustor
2
1
3
4
Air
W
%# ) ' ' 1) 6444 3 %' -5
!#
-
!#%
'&1
&/1 I'00F*,
&1 $ +, ,. $ - . 78 988 B
? % &.-
&9 :-1 -9 :/1 DD B >
,. $ 0*0 +, &1 5 5 5
B
% &.. B (
Motor Water
TurbineCompressor
Fuel
Make-Up
Water
Stack
Ambient Air
C
Ambient Air
Compressor
Air Saturation
%! / '
!#%
-
!#
+,, $ 2 , +,
&' B
-:&'1
0.9 :&.1
I-000009 :I/00000 I'-/ K,
'&71
SteamGenerator
Exhaust
Water
Pump
TurbineCompressor
Combustor2
1
3 4
5
% - / &
!#
-
!#"
3
1
2
Compressor TurbineW
Exhaust
Steam Generator
Water
Pump
Combustor
4
5
% - /
SteamGenerator
Exhaust
TurbineCompressor
Combustor2
1
3 4
5
W
Drain
Air
Evaporative Cooling
%% /
!#"
-
!#/
. !
0 $ : 4 )* $ +,* - .
- . )* 2 !!#5' & ,* $$ !#;@?
&
$$>@?
(
-
!#
K, "
-09 :/0 % !'6:&6 "#
'2
(
5 &. B
B 5 " * B
B B
( /1
B B B
B D
B /:'/1 B B B
% &./
% &./ K, B
!#
-
!#
" ) (B " ) '00>, I-6 I'6 B " ) (B B
" ) (B
B B
B /01 B
AI&/0 A !AI&2. KH# * 861 AI00. K, B
+
' " # $ D &01 " ) (B
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
EvaporativeCooling
Refrigeration InletCooling
Ice StorageCooling
Inter-stageCompressor
Cooling
Heated andMoisturized
Compressed AirInjection
Steam Injection EvaporativeCooling +Steam
Injection
PE
RC
EN
T C
HA
NG
E
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
CO
ST
$/K
W
Percent Increase in Power (%)
Percent Increase in Efficiency (%)
Cost/KW US$/KW
% ' 7289
!#
-
!!#
& %! DD
- B 6/9 :'00 !/9 :6 # " E 3 ( " ) B
. &'' ( % )! !* )!#
B B
/ )! $ B 5 B B D E B
2 * ? D && 4 8 5 ?
?
B ? *
6 $ ) *
*
B 5
.*
>3 >B " @* )? == " " 3 $
$
3 3;; )>$ 8. .-/
>3 ==> ? >
;; + " ! 9 : &000
>3 ==)
" " " 3 3;; + " ! ?9 :E &000
!!#
-
!!!
"*D 3* H 3D* ) ==$ 3 ? ) "G) ? "
$";; 3 $ ;87 > ( '887 C - 2''9 :2&/
"*D ==) (
$ " ";; )>$ 3 ? &000 0/8-
" >B > ((( == 3 )
% ( );; &7 &7 34 8-4 '888
K ==" " J 3 3;;& $ 3
, * '888
@ ), 3) == A E $ )
3;; (>)"6 '887
> % == $G%""A 3 $;; E 3 E ?
-
! " #
$ %&' %(' )
-
" *
+)
) + ) ,- . $
/&
/& $
/(
) "
)
-
!
$
(
(//
((
"
"# $ !
#
! "## $
%
-
%
$
(
(/0
$
(
/,
. + $
/1
2 + $
3 /4
$
(
%
-
&
( /5
! + + $
( /6
% ' !
$
&
(
(/&3
$
& /&&
7 *+ %/&3' %/&&' $
& &
(( /&(
&
/&/
& "## $
%
-
'
$
& &
((
&
/&0
8 *+ %/&0' 9 : *+ %/&(' 9
(
+$%&' %(' %/'
(
+
$
+
3 /&,
'
-
)
* (
+ )
+ /( $ %' %' %'8
$ "
" ;
"# $ & '
) "## $
%
-
+
< 8
+ + = & & ( ( = + $
&& (( /&1
% >' + %'
&& (( /&4
$
!&& !(( /&5
!& !( $
" &!&& !(( /&6
" > *+ %/&6' " * ++
# % ' # %$ ' )
+
-
,
9 $
$ ! /(3
% ' %$ ' %! ' %' // $
&( (& (&
(( (( ((
$&( !& &( (&
$(( !( (( (( /(&
"# $ & # ()
, "## $
%
-
8 * + $
" &(
&( ((
!&( !(( $(( $&(
/((
# (
+ ) + "
"
& && &
(
( & &%( ( (
( (
(
( ( &."( /(/
+
%' $
&."( & ( &
(
( (
(
(
& ( /(0
7 +
$
& ( &(
( (
(
(
& ( &
!&& !(( /(,
= + $
& &(
(
( (
(
(
& ( &
!&& !(( /(1
= + $
& ( &
!&( !(( /(4
-
(& (
&
&
/(5
8 *+ %/(4' %/(5'
& & (&
&
&
!&& !(( /(6
" /0 /,
"# $! ") #
"## $
%
-
"
) "
= " ( &( & //3
+ $
(&
&
&
(& &
//&
& ( + $
//(
"# $% ") #
-
!
(&
&
&
(&
&
&
///
= "
) " / 0/ 0 //0
+
& 0
/
& 0/
&
//,
)
)
& (
&
&
&
& (&
&
&//1
(&
&
? $
&
&
//4
! "## $
%
-
%
/1
/4 =
+
# 2 2 $ %&'
-
&
2 %' %' %' 8 %' %' %&' %' %' @
@
//5
& &%"/0
//6
" % &
"# $' +' (
& "## $
%
-
'
"&0% /03
%&/
/0&
"&((
/0(
+ ; " )
% /5' % /5' ) /5
+
+ + /5 . /5 /5 +
@ " .
" )
'
-
)
"# $)
)
"##$
%
-
+
"# $) ,- +" .. * / " 00 1" & 23 445!
+
-
,
9 ;
7 /6 /6
%
' %&
'
; = "
"# $+ #
, "## $
%
-
%' "
)
A % ' = " " % /6'
9 " /&3
? /&& #
"# $, ()
-
7
-
Turbine Inlet Temperature F(C)
1300 F (704 C) 1600 F (871 C)
1900 F (1038 C) 2200 F (1204 C)
2500 F (1371C)
1000 F (538 C)
4020 60 12080 100 160140
Gas Flow (%)
Inlet Pressure (%)
00
20
40
60
80
100
120
Turb
ine
Sha
ft P
ower
(%
)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
"# $
"# $ & 6 6 7 8 3 1# 9!
-
!
+ = B* , /&0 &4,333 > %46,0,">' 1,, %005 8' 4,3 %/65 7' ) /&, (,-
"# $! #
"# $% #
! "## $
%
-
%
" /&1
% /&4'
"# $&
1650F894C
1350F732C
1050F566C 7,500
Com
pute
d In
let T
urbi
neTe
mpe
ratu
re
load in kWh3,750 11,250 15,0000
"# $'
%
-
&
" /3(, C %&3(8' 6 C(#%((5 C(#' " +$
&
(&
&
&
/0/
$
& ( &
+$
/ (( " // /00
$
(
" %6,38 D%/,0(1 "E 'F 3,,4'
& "## $
%
-
'
/&5 4(3515 > %/(4114 ">'
+$
$
/0,
$
$ "
64 in. (1630 mm)
49 68 42
43
37
48
67
68
68
68
71
39
49
52
61
121
in.(
3070
mm
)
Average Velocity = 55.3 ft/sec, 16.9 m/secAssumed Blockage = 2.8Inlet Area = 53.8 ft , 16.9 mAverage Density = 0.71 lb/ft , 1.14 kg/mMass Flow Rate = 720,868 lb/hr, 327,667 kg/hrPercent Deviation = +0.1%
2 2
33
"# $) ' #
'
-
)
+ (3
"
$
/ & &/0
&
/01
$
$ G" % /04
$
G /0&(8:".C %/133GE".'" 8/%"E '% / % '
+$
$G" % "% /05
) "## $
%
-
+
"# $+ #
0 25 50 75 100(%) load
234,000 scfh
50
60
70
80
90
100
(%)
fuel
rat
e
6627 s cu.m.h
"# $, 7 #
+
-
!,
$
%
/&6 8@" % ' " ,3- = /(3 /(&
-#
8; #) = ! @ ? * ' =!9* H 51 ! = &610 ((4
"# $ # ( # # #
!, "## $
%
-
! " !"
! ""
#
$ % ! & ! ' ( ) * ! + ,- . /
-
#
$" ""
"! . 0 (.$ .
. $1 $) ''
%&! '
#
-
" .
! (1#$ %)11 0 $&-$ 2
'' 0 (.% .
0 $.$(
( .
) #
$ %.3 '
%&! '#
-
% .' )4 5)1 3 .
& 6 )14 5(71 3 . %(11 0 $&$) 2 &)#$
* &!
. "
8
!
$" . . " . . / 8 . ' $11 3 " %4 5%1 3 %14 5$11 3 . . . " 9 % . /
! + $
: ' ,3 . .
0 (.&
-
,
" . %1 ,3 ;$111
-
-
;(11
-
0
. 3 , $1= 8.
!
: , . -1A $11 &1 " B@: 3 . B@: " . / !
1" 2 . 3&
: " , C " $?*1 $??1 / 2 " (14 5$11=
0
-
4
'!" 5!
. 9 .
C / " . / " . B $11 3 /
3 / . 8D , . .
/
, / .
.
/ ,
4
-
6
7 1( 7 - 66-
! 0 / +
.
-
,:
. .
7 !7 ## 660
.
! ,
/ /
-
,
/ / !"
" !" " !" /
9 --7 ! !7 7 9!$(7 7 !&! 664
/ . // / " !"
. ! .
# !2 600; 2 @
! ! !/$ 5!".
;!2 64= ; ! 660
/ / E ,
9 - " !" 8 !7 7 9!$ (7 7 >! 66,
: / . . . . . . !. /
9 -007 '!" 8 !7 7 9!$ (7 # 7 >!$ 660 ; #:::=
/ . . . .
,
-
,,
:
# $%111 *1 *1 7111 (1 (1 /
9 -7 *!7 '&7 '1 $ !/ !7 7 9!$ (7 7 " 666
6 . /. . . . . . E . / > 2 /
9 -07 " !" !"& ! 9!$ (7 7 1 664
/
/
/
?9@9 -0: 7 /'7 .&'"!& $7 7 ?( 66
! . 2 /
,,
-
,-
" ' / *-7 *-1 .
"" !
A $&&%
!" *$*
.
. . /
"
. .
. .
. .
' '
.
/ / $1= / / 2
/
9 FF/ EE
,-
-
,0
6 , . . "
2 %1= FF EE FFEE / #
$ @ % 3 #
8
2
B B
& A /( : /) * 0 - A< / .
$1= / #
$ % : & 0 98
%1 11)$ (111 $) 11( (1114 57111 $1 11%)( 71114 5$%111 1) 11$%- $%111 /
,0
-
,4
!" #
$%111
(.$
#
G 6 %)( 8 @!
. #
( (.%
#
@ . . H 6 ,
0 0 !" *$* /
$% $ (.&
0 (.* . . 3 / %) / / 0 %)
A / /
,4
-
,6
, . .
. .
0 /
. " $14 5$) . %1 !" *$( 2 $) . / # 8
! .
%&! '- #
,6
-
-:
. . .
> . " .
3, 9 / ,
/ . ' . . . / ./ / / . " . / " . / . FF EE ,
!" *$& : . 6 8 . 2 $(
2 , .
.+ .
,
2 $7 /
2
-:
-
-
2 $?
C
. . ''
! .
.
"
. G. ! /
0 '' . 0 *1 ( A I, / .
6/ / ' 6/ 0 (.- 2 $%
@ . . >
-
-
-#
2 ? $$ B 7111 .
/ 2 : , . / :
2 $$ : 2 / 3 / ,. ,.
2 ) 2 2 $*
E / 3
/ $1= $1=
%&! '0 $
-#
-
-
" / A / .
2 / . '' ' $1 /
. B .
... . " , "
. ! .
!2.%% 2 %1
!" *$& %?11 )111
-
-
$$1= / $$1=
$
(.(
#
$% *11: !
-
-,
> '
2 /
, / .
: 3 , , $1=
% (.- $1=
1$ %
(.7
, /
)* &(- H % (.?
%1 11)
$%111
(.$1
"
>
" .
/ $11=
-,
-
--
' $$1= .
*! $
!" *$( / > 2 $)
6 . $)1 C $11 0
%&! '4 "
--
-
-0
&-7 2 8 ,
0 (.7 '
!" *$1 ! E $)= 0 %1= $1 '
0. 0 $1 ) 1&( A $11 0 &-7 2
8 ,
"J 71 ' $$% &7$ (1 '% )17
/. / . 0 (.? ,
. 2 , . . $$) -?A &1
8 #
$ > ,% > ,
&
( >
) >
-0
-
-4
!
!" *-1 / . .
)= %11 111$ 11%)( 71 %1&% 0 )= %11 $1 71 %1&% )= &1 &)1 0 &(( $-*- 2
%&! '6 % & &
-4
-
-6
. %( " / " &1 $)1 0 &(( *)* 2 %1 $)1 0 %7? *)* 2
. 1$?14 51$?) (74 5(?) $
-
0:
3 / ,!
' ' > .
.
%&! ':
0:
-
0
3
%&! ' '
0
-
0#
. ,
"
!" . !"
(.% . (.&
'#
!
$ #
% .
% 0
%
&
( 9
)
* 9
-
7
? 2
$1
$$ 2
$% A
$& A
$(
$) 3
$* ''
$-
$7
$? !
%1 9
%$ 0.
%%
%&
%( 0
%)
%*
0#
-
0
!
%-
%7 !
%? :
&1 >
"""$ 6
% "
& "
( 2
) !
'
5! ( $ 8 "
$ # $" % & '(# )
2 = = = K
2 6
% * % & + (#
/
" # 3
!
& , -" + (#
A
!
@
@
2
( ."# -"
!
2
) ," -"
" K
A K
"
3 / K
"
* / -"
, L
3
0
-
0
. (.( ,
0
"
" )1 $11= 1 $11 0 $11= @B $11 0KG
- 1 .
!
7
3 L K
" K
"
-
0,
'
!& "
$ 9
% !
&
(
) A
* /' I
-
7
? 2
$1
A
$$
,
I
8
$% 2
9
9
9
$& A
$( A
B
$) 3
A
$* > A
$-
$7
$? !
%1 "
!
%$ B
0,
-
0-
.&"$
! 2 8 ! ! !2 (*$??*
! 2 C# " . !2 $?$ $?77
! 2 : !2 %% $??- . $??-
! 2 : B @ :. !2 (( $?7$ @ $??%
! 2 !2 * $??*
! 2 2 !2$%% $?7& $?7&
! 2 3 2 /!2 %& $??-
: 0 A $&&- !# $?7) @ # $??%
"8 9 :L2 2 G > @ >" 8' ' "8 *?-*.$?7&
! 2 ! B 8 2 9 :L: ! %$().?(
"
9"
-
00
!" *$? @. ! > 2 !2 : " & H $??-
!" ! )&( B @ : $ H$??)
!" @! ))* 0 B D : $ $??-
!" *-$ ! 2 ! 2 :" & 8 $??7
!" *-% !, " : 2 2 ! 2 : " & $??*
!" *-- :.! : C ! 2 :" % H $??- @ %111
!" *7$ 6/ @ G ! 2 $ 0 $??*
A : A $&&% !# $?-- @ # $??-
: 2 ! A$&&( !# $?-7@ # $??-
: " A$&&7 !# $?--@# $?7?
: A$&&? !# $??(
! : / A$&&)!# $?-7 @ # $??-
! : / A$&&&!# $?7$ @ # $??(
"8 $1(&*#$??& ! 9 : "L: @ $
00
-
!
! " # " $
%
! &
-
!
"
%
'(
)
%
'*
!
!"
-
# !
%
'* + ,
%
'- . / $
'(
#
* '*
*
* * * '-
01 (21 %
'3
!
#
-
!
01 (21
$%&% '
%
''
!(
! ! "
-
" !
.
45 6 $
'3
$
1 ''
( * '7
8 4'75 8 4''5
$
*
1
'9
8 4'95
&% '
)
: # %
"
-
!
%
'7 $
$
'2
1
'0 8 4'25 $
*
1 '(1
(*
*
*
3*
'((
$
* (
*
3*
*
*
3*
'(*
!) #
-
( !
8 4'(05 ( * ;
! ;
*
3*
*
'(-
-
!
! $
*
3*
*
3*
3
3
*
*
$%%&% . *3* ( *
%
'0 & *3* ( *
(*
*
3*
'('
* (
*
3*
*
*
3*
! %
-
) !
$
* '(7
% ,-
.
= %
'(1
%
'((
! &
!# #
)
-
!
$
'(9
$
'(2$
)
$
*
'(0
* * *
'*1
4'(95 $
* *
1'*(
. ) . 1%
! # !"
-
!
01 %
'(*
** *
'**
* '*-
(
*
*
*
* '*3
!" '
-
!
*
(
* '*'
$
* % 45
45 %
'(- '(- % (1 % (1 01
; (21
% (1 (21
%
)
! % $
-
# !
4(5 ( **
4*5 .
% !
4 5
;
!
! ( )
#
-
!
: : ;
!
$
(
*
!- )
-
" !
-
3 . "
* !
! ?
&&
% ' &&
%
'(3 '(3 @@66
&
!( !(- #*
"
-
!
. 45
*4
5 8 *
*
* *
( *'*7
A ;
-
( !
. 4
5
%
/ , %
'('&
1' %
'('&
%
'(' %
'('
-
!
&
1' @@
66& 1'
@@ 66 . %
'(7 '(7
%
'(7
%
'(7
;
!
'&% / 2 '
+ ! ,
=
,
?
.
!)
*
!)- #*
-
) !
! ,
6
( $
( (*( '*0
(
$
(*
*
( '-1
(-
7
( ( '-(
&
$
B
'-* B
'--
B
'-3B
'-'
)
-
!
( ( 1
( (
, ( C( (1 ( 11, * ( 11 ( (1
% 84'*05 4'-'5 $
, (( , *( , (( , *(
'-7
1
.
% ; $
* *
* *
'-9
; $
( (* * *
( (* * *
( ( * *
( ( * *
( ( ( (
-
!
$
( (( *
* *
7
'-2
$
C6
4 9' 5
' %
& 8 " !
%
'(9
!
" '-0
%
'(2 45
4#5 $
-
!
! #
! ( +
-
"## !
$
#
$ (
!
'31
%
'(0 $
(
#
!
'3(
= % '(
2 '
$ 4(5 4*5 4-5 '* B
% % / %
! #+
"##
-
"# !
, "
-
"#" !
- !"
2 '
' / & &&
( %
=
=
=
B
#
.
.
!
?
B
* %
B $
,
= +
B
8
,
= =
!
)
% #
%
&
/
?
#
/
?
)
B
E
D
- )
= .
-
"# !
4*5
'- ;
% 45 +- .
.
%
'*1 $
( *&
* "&&
- +," &) +
& -./ !'
' / & &&
D
/
)
+
-
D
+ $
B
=
,
"#
-
"#( !
%
% %
'/!1% 3-
;
; ;
- !
/ % % '/!1% ,-
% ,-
'/!1% 3- ,-
%A
0 0 0
=
A
,!
?
.
&
B
! .
8
#
( =
(
-
"# !
%
'*( . . ;
!"# % ! ## ,,-
( -
+* '+ .// ( (. 01++12 % ( . 22 2301"
"#
-
"#) !
6 ! & % .
!"% +* + ! ## ,,-
( -
+* '+ .// ( (. 01++12 % ( . 22 2301"
"#)
-
"# !
: %
'**
!!
" 4! 5
! !
!/ 6 ! " %
'** &
!"" ! ## ,,-
( -
+* ' .// ( (. 01++12 % ( + . 22 2301"
"#
-
"# !
* 6 %
'*- ?
. 1'
!""- ! ## ,,-
( -
+* ' .// ( (. 01++12 % ( + . 22 2301"
"#
-
"# !
?
% 6
%
'*-
. ; %
'*- ;
%
1
'3*
!" $ ! ## ,,-
( -
+* ' .// ( (. 01++12 % ( . 22 2301"
"#
-
"# !
$
1
7 / / % &&% %
'*3 '3
!"- ( + ! ## ,,-
( -
+* ' .//( (. 01++12 % ( . 22 2301"
"#
-
" !
&-
= 6 =
= %
'*'8 $ (1
% ! .
*11/; % =
!"( 4 ! ## ,,-
( -
+* ' .//( (. 01++12 % ( . 22 2301"
"
-
"" !
(*111 (*111 *11/; 4*11/; 71 (*111 5
-
" !
= ! 41F G(1111/;5
!" %
"
-
"( !
" ; 4%
'*75. "
+ ; ! ! , ! , %
'*9
"
% = %
'*2 =
; &
. *1
-111 4'1/;5 (111/; ! *10
-
" !
(111/; *10 (*
-111 (* 6 ('1/; ! -'1/; ! 3'1/; ; 711/;
= 4%
'*25
(*0 (* 0'1/; ((11/; ((11/; 711/; (' ! !
.
!" -
%,
! " +
&
-
-) +
! & ' ! ! ! $12$12 !
# 0 !
! ! ! + 9 ,
''
! "
3
-
& ! (! $12 ) , 9 !# ? ! 9 ,
9 !# ! 4 ! ! ! %
=! ! 0 %
'5
!
%
$12 % ( ) ?
! " '" &" 4"$$5 22' ")) %&* (6 /722780
-
# ! # 0 # ! # # & ' ! !
# !
! ! ! & ' %
! ! ! & '/
%
! "
! "#
9
-
! , ! ! * * ! * *
9 !# ! ! ! & '/ & & '/ ! % 9 !# @ !
0 ! () # ! () ! &! ! = ? ! ! 4 ! , $ ! () () & '"A
! , 8*B ! 4 ! ! & '' & '' & '5! ! ! 9 ! ! !
$ # ! ! = ! !
-
9
! & '7 ! ! 3 ! ! ! ! !
! "$ 2
! "
-
#
$ ! # $ # ! !
! "%
#
-
$
! "& +
$
-
).
- ! $ ! ! & '8 ! ! $ # ! & '8
! ! !
! !
! " 3
-
%
A # ! ! & '* ! 4 $ ! &'* # ! ! #
/.
! ! , ! (!
! )
'7
(a) (b)
! " 3
%
-
&
! !
! ( # )
?
'8
&! ( ) ! ! ! !
& '$ ! !
0 , ! $
! 4 ! ! !
/
! #! =! ! !
! "
&
-
.. A ! !
! . ! = ! ! ! & 'A !
0)," , )* ! ! ! & ' !( ) ! &
! "
! " 2
-
#
+ ! 0 !
$ ! ! #
! ! ! . +
! 0 ( !) ! !
!
& '/
! 9 & '/
12 & ! #
-
#
+ , (& '') , !
/) / !.
= ! ! = ! ! 0
> $ ! !
! "# : 2
#
-
#
! "$ 9
! " +
#
-
#
! ! , - ! +-
>
! +
!
"
'*
!
!
" , !
/4 / !.
+
(!) ()
! !
*'!
"
'
+- ! / , !!
!
# ! =!
#
-
##
! !
! ! & '5
! "%
##
-
#$
!
# ! $ ! , ! & '7 & '7 ! ! % ! !
!
! .!# ! & '8 ! ! ! !
$ ! # $ # ! ! !
! "&
#$
-
#
!
! + !
# ! ! CC-- ! + ! #! !
! CC-- # 0 ( ) #! ! !
! " 12
#
-
#%
/. +
2 !
& ! " ! , !
" $ '
0 # ! % ! %
% % '
!
%
&$
'/
!
& !
+
$ %"
'"
&! ! & '* !
? ! ! !
#%
-
#&
! 0 !
! "
#&
-
#
0 ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! !
! ; ! !
.
, #! !
$ ! () () 0 0 !
! (') ,
,
' @ ''
! (' )
(') #
' ' ' ' '5
, # (') (') (') ! (') ! (' )
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '7
#
-
$
'
'
'8
! !# (') # (') (' )
' ' ' ' ' '*
!
'
'
'
! # ! () ()
1
: !
/(.2 # !# !#
, # #
# $ ! # ! ! !
.). 0 ! ! & '0 ! &
! + !
. . , # & '
$
-
$
! ! ! < ! @
CC-- !
"' ) ! ! !#
! "
3 ;
$
-
$
. ?
0 ! ! ! ? # $
! ! & ' , # !
# ! !
/2 . +#
! ! , ! !#! ! ,
! " &
$
-
$
/ 1
.. #! 0 ! ! & '/ 3
52"6
!# $ !
! "
4
$
-
$#
+ )
!
+) ) 2 #