Gender and Climate Change Linkages: Gender and Climate Change Linkages: Case Studies from ChinaCase Studies from China性别与气候变化的关联：中国的案例研究性别与气候变化的关联：中国的案例研究

March 5, 2010 （ 2010.3.5）Julie Broussard

汤竹丽Country Programme Manager

国家项目经理UNIFEM China

联合国妇女发展基金会中国代表处

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline报告大纲报告大纲 Gender & Climate Change Linkages 性别与气候变化的关联 China Case Studies 办中国的案例研究 :

1. Rural Women & Water Management in Ningxia 宁夏的农村妇女与水资源管理

2. Engendering social impact assessment tools for UNDP Gansu Biodiversity Project 两性平等观点纳入开发计划署甘肃生物多样性项目的社会影 响评估工具 Recommendations for further work in China 中国未来工作的建议

Gender & Climate Change LinkagesGender & Climate Change Linkages性别与气候变化的关联性别与气候变化的关联 Poor & marginalized more vulnerable to climate change

impacts 贫穷和处于社会边缘的人更易受到气候变化的影响 Women even more vulnerable, due to: 女性更易受到气候变化影响的原因：

Lack of voice in decision-making 缺乏决策权 Decreased access to resources (health care, economic, technology,

legal) 享有更少的资源（医疗，经济，技术，法律） Extra burden of care giving & household work 承担额外的诸如照顾和做家务的负担 Feminization of agriculture 农业的女性化 Greater likelihood of suffering violence 在很大可能上遭受暴力

Gender & Climate Change LinkagesGender & Climate Change Linkages性别与气候变化的关联性别与气候变化的关联

Women as Key Agents of Change: 妇女成为变革的主要推动者： Role as care givers &

household managers 既是照料者又是家庭事务的管理者 Feminization of agriculture 农业的女性化 Traditional role as custodians

of biodiversity 传统角色：生物多样性的保管人

Case Study ICase Study I案例一案例一“Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking

WaterResources” 保护妇女在农村饮用水资源中的权利

China Gender Facility (CGF) project, managed by UN Theme Group on Gender 由联合国性别专题组负责的中国性别基金项目

China Irrigation and Drainage Development Center, Ministry of Water Resources 中国水利部灌溉排水发展中心

Timeframe: September 2007 - March 2009 时间表： 2007年 9月至 2009年 3月 Grant: 230,000 RMB 拨款： 23万人民币 Location: Lingwu County, Ningxia Province 地点：宁夏灵武县

““Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”授权妇女保护农村的饮用水资源授权妇女保护农村的饮用水资源 Larger Context (大背景 ):

2006 Government White Paper: biggest CC challenge for China is access to clean water; 25% of population already cannot get enough water for daily needs

2006年政府白皮书：气候变化给中国最大挑战是如何获得清洁水， 25 ％的人口已经不能得到足够的日常用水 Climate Change modeling (Mayers et al, 2009) predicts

world’s most water-stressed areas will get less water; in past 10 years, northern China has already seen precipitation declines

气候变化模型（Mayers et al, 2009）预言世界上最缺水的地得到更少的水；在过去的 10年里，中国北部的降水量已经在下降。

Reduced water could lead to reduced crop yields & greater food insecurity

水的减少可能会导致农作物减产以及更大的粮食危机

Larger Context (大背景 ): Conserving water: crucial Climate Change

adaptation activity 水的储存：适应气候变化的重要行为

China’s rural areas: 90% of solid waste not treated and dumped directly into water bodies (U.N., 2009)

中国农村地区： 90%的固体废弃物没有经过处理而直接倾倒入水体（U.N., 2009）

Polluted water harms people’s health: viral hepatitis, typhoid, cholera, dysentery and diarrhea

受污染的水会危害人们的健康：病毒性肝炎，伤寒，霍乱，痢疾和腹泻 Clean water vital to sustainable development 干净的水对于可持续发展至关重要

““Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”授权妇女保护农村的饮用水资源授权妇女保护农村的饮用水资源

Local Context（当地背景） : Water shortages 水资源短缺 More men (80%) migrating to cities; more women, elderly &

children left behind 大部分的男性（ 80% ）进入城市，而大部分的女性和小孩则留在农村 Women doing most agricultural work 女性承担了大部分的农活 Drinking water polluted by pesticides, fertilizer, household waste

& animal manure 饮用水受到了农药，化肥，垃圾和动物粪便等的污染 Low awareness of gender equality & less voice for women in

decision making (99% of heads of households considered male) 性别平等的意识薄弱，女性在参与决策过程中缺乏发言权（ 99%的家庭男性做决策）

Women main water fetchers & users 妇女是主要的取水者和使用者

““Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”授权妇女保护农村的饮用水资源授权妇女保护农村的饮用水资源

Crisis & OpportunityCrisis & Opportunity危机与机遇危机与机遇 Crisis: Increased Burden on Women 危机：妇女负担加重

Decreased food security （食品安全性降低） Affects on family members’ health & women as primary

care-givers 影响家庭成员健康、影响操持家庭的女性 Time spent fetching or finding water 需要花时间取水或找水

Opportunity: Women as Crucial Agents of Change 机遇：女性在变革中起重要作用

Empowered women as key water managers 赋予女性主要水管理人的地位

Purposes（目的） :1) improve local farmers’ awareness of gender equality & need for protection of drinking water resources 提高当地农民对性别平等和保护水资源的意识2) encourage women to participate in water management to change traditional water utilization behaviors & minimize pollution 鼓励女性参与水资源管理，改变传统水资源利用形式，将污染降至低

““Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”赋予妇女保护农村饮用水资源的权力赋予妇女保护农村饮用水资源的权力

Activities（行动） :Baseline survey of 30 households 以 30户作为调查的基础样本70 local officials & policy-makers trained in gender

equality & gender mainstreaming in rural water protection

70名当地官员和政策制定者参加了有关农村水资源保护中性别平等和性别主流化的培训

95 farmers (64 women, 31 men) trained in gender equality & rural water protection

95位农民（ 64位为男性， 31位为女性）参加了农村水资源保护与性别平等的培训

Cartoon brochures on gender equality and water management produced & distributed 印制和分发有关性别平等与水资源管理的卡通宣传册

““Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”Empowering Women to Protect Rural Drinking Water Resources”赋予妇女保护农村饮用水资源的权力赋予妇女保护农村饮用水资源的权力

Colorful Cartoon BrochureColorful Cartoon Brochure彩色卡通宣传册彩色卡通宣传册

Colorful Cartoon BrochureColorful Cartoon Brochure彩色卡通宣传册彩色卡通宣传册

Results among OfficialsResults among Officials对官员产生的影响对官员产生的影响 Gender awareness of water staff & local officials increased: 水利员工和当地官员性别意识的提高：

Water staff: Design of rural water projects should consider needs of women, such as height of pipes and placement of drinking water taps

水利员工：农村水利工程的设计应考虑女性的一些需要，比如水管的高度，饮用水水龙头的安置

Lingwu County Water Affairs Bureau: Issued official red titled document encouraging women to participate in all rural drinking water safety activities

灵武县水务局：发布官方文件，鼓励妇女参与所有农村饮水安全活动 High demand for cartoon brochures by water officials in other parts

of Ningxia 宁夏其他地区的水务官员对带有图片宣传册有着很大的需求。

Results Among FarmersResults Among Farmers农民的结论农民的结论 Improved water protection behavior 保护水资源的行为有所改善

Farmers now dump sewage water in the drainage ditch rather than in the yard

现在农民将污水倾倒在水沟里而不是院子里 Movement toward Gender Equality 性别平等意识的培养

Local officials and women gained deeper understanding of GE

当地官员和女性对性别平等有更深的认识 Women farmers expressed wish that more men had

received GE training 女性农民希望有更多的男性接受性别平等的教育 Project staff expressed need for repeated GE training 项目参与者表示性别平等的教育需要不断重复进行

Case Study IICase Study II案例二案例二UNDP/China/GEF project: “Strengthening Globally Important Biodiversity Conservation through Protected Area Strengthening in Gansu Province”UNDP/China/GEF “项目， 通过甘肃省保护区这一试点加强全球生物多样

”性保护的重要性。 Formulation mission: August 2009 任务构想： 2009年 8月 Project purpose: adequate coverage of globally important ecosystems under Gansu’s protected area (PA) system and their effective management for long term sustainability 项目的目标：实现在甘肃保护区充分覆盖全球重要的生态系统并通过有效管理实现

长期的可持续性。 My role: examine gender dimensions 我们的任务：性别方面的研究 Sites: visited Lianhuashan & Taohe PAs (also in Taizishan & Gahaizecha) 选址：莲花山和洮河保护区（太子山和尕海 - 则岔）

Gansu Biodiversity ProjectGansu Biodiversity Project甘肃生物多样性项目甘肃生物多样性项目 Linkages to Climate Change: 与气候变化间的关联

Protection of forestry resources: natural carbon sinks 保护森林资源：天然碳汇 Feminization of forestry: women’s greater role 林业的女性化：女性的重要作用 Climate change creating additional losses of

biodiversity: women’s greater interaction with & knowledge of local species

气候变化造成物种损失：女性对当地物种的认识和相互影响 Increased use of non-timber forestry products (NTFP)

as adaptation activity 利用更多非木材的林业产品作为一种适应性行为

Gansu Biodiversity ProjectGansu Biodiversity Project甘肃生物多样性项目甘肃生物多样性项目 Main gender findings of mission: 有关性别调查的额外发现

More men migrating out to cities 更多的男性迁入城市 Women little involvement in village committees, which are

primary channel for PA management feedback 村委会作为保护区管理的反馈渠道，女性很少参与 Acceptance of traditional gender roles 接受传统的性别角色 Women do most seedling care but receive almost no

training 妇女承担着抚养小孩的事务，但她们大都没接受过教育 Women more interaction with NTFPs but men “move in”

when income opportunity arises 女性大都与非木材的林业产品相关，但当收入增加的可能性存在时，男性们会介入。

Gansu Biodiversity ProjectGansu Biodiversity Project甘肃生物多样性项目甘肃生物多样性项目 UNDP’s gender strategy for program: 联合国开发计划书的性别策略

Consultant(s) will be hired to conduct gender analysis of project’s components in 4 representative Pas 将聘请顾问在四个有代表性的保护区指导项目的性别分析工作 Consultant(s)’ report will outline steps to mainstream gender in project activities & develop gender indicators for monitoring 顾问报告将列出在项目活动中使性别主流化的步骤，而且提出性别指标用于监测。

Gansu Biodiversity ProjectGansu Biodiversity Project甘肃生物多样性项目甘肃生物多样性项目 Social impact assessment

tools: 评估社会影响的工具

PA capacity scorecard PA 能力记分卡 METT scorecard METT 记分卡 PA Financial scorecard PA 财务记分卡

All previously gender-blind所有工具不考虑性别因素

PA Capacity Scorecard PA Capacity Scorecard PA PA 能力记分卡能力记分卡

Standard question（标准问题） : PA has regularly updated, participatorially

prepared, comprehensive management plans. 保护区必须定期更新，精心准备，全面管理计划

Engendered question（引发的问题）： The PA institution’s formulation of its management

plan actively encourages participatory and comprehensive input from local women.

保护区机构管理计划的制定应积极鼓励当地妇女的参与和投入。

METT ScorecardMETT ScorecardMETTMETT 记分卡记分卡

Standard question（标准问题） : Does the PA have a management plan and is

it being implemented? PA是否制定了管理计划？是否得到贯彻实施？

Engendered question （继发问题） : Do local women resident or regularly using

the PA have participation equal to local men in management decisions?

当地的女性居民参与者是否具有与当地男性平等的管理决策权。

PA Financial ScorecardPA Financial ScorecardPAPA 财务记分表财务记分表

Standard question（标准问题） : Economic valuation studies on the contribution of

protected areas to local and national development are available.

关于保护区分布的经济评估研究对当地和国家的发展是否用。

Engendered question （继发问题） : Economic valuation studies include assessment of both

local women’s and ethnic minorities’ economic contributions to PAs and the economic effects on women and minorities that arise from the PAs contributions to local development.

经济评估研究，包括当地女性和少数民族分别对保护区的经济贡献，以及保护区给予经济发展的贡献对妇女和少数民族的响。

RecommendationsRecommendations建 议建 议 More gendered assessments 进行性别评估 More mainstreaming of gender into existing projects 已有项目的性别主流化 More designing of gender into new projects 在新项目中多考虑性别因素 More exchange of gender experiences between

projects 在不同项目间分享性别经验 More advocacy for decision-makers 继续向决策者倡议 Research, research, research! 研究、研究、研究！

Questions?Questions?问题？问题？

THANK YOUTHANK YOU谢 谢谢 谢

Contact InformationContact Information（联系方式）（联系方式） ::julia.broussard@unifem.org PhonePhone（电话）（电话） : (86 10) 8532 0932: (86 10) 8532 0932FaxFax（传真）（传真） : (86 10) 8532 0930: (86 10) 8532 0930