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EditorMark Manash SahaTamanna Rahman

1st PublishedMarch 2012

2nd EditionJanuary 2013

Design and Printredline

Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC)House : 13/1, Road : 02, Shamoly, Dhaka 1207Phone: +88 02 9130750, 9138501, 9101479Fax: +88 02 9138501-105E-mail: [email protected]: www.bnnrc.net

Supported by Plan Bangladesh

Gender Equality and Socialization Guidelines for Community Radio Stations 2013(National & International Context)

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Preface 04

Prologue 06

Gender guidelines for operating communityradio station(International Context)

Introduction 08

Access of women in radio waves 10

Representation of women in radio waves 11

Special representation of minority women 11

Women representation at all stages of station management 12

Uses of appropriate technology 13

Financing and skill development for women in radio 14

Gender equality and socialization in community radio(Bangladesh Context)

Background 15

1 Purpose of this guideline 15

2 Need and basis of this guideline 15

2.1 Need of this guideline 15

2.2 Basis of this guideline 16

3 User of this guideline 17

4 Implementation process 17

5 Fields of implementation of this gender guideline 17

5. 1 Fields of practice and exercise of this gender guideline 17

5. 1. 1 Gender guideline for good governance 18

5. 1. 2 Organization and management 18

5. 1. 3 Capicity development 18

5. 1. 4 Creating gender-friendly atmosphere 18

5. 1. 5 Radio activities/programs 19

5. 1. 6 Dialogues with the beneficiary populace 19

5. 1. 7 Encouraging the gender guideline and related matters 19

5. 1. 8 Partnership with the radio stations and local stakeholders on this guideline 19

5. 1. 9 Appointing a Chief Coordinator on gender guideline 20

5. 1. 10 Gender-based budget and survey systems 20

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CONTENTS

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Community Radio is playing a vital role in South Asian countries along with the world and Bangladesh is not far behind in this movement of right to information. The Community Radio installation, broadcast and management policy 2012 has been formulated by the information ministry of Bangladesh, and we thank the government for it.Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication, since its inception - has been in dialogues with the government along with other organizations, on establishing community radios in Bangladesh. After 12 years of earnest efforts, 14 community radio stations are now carrying out their broadcasts in the country and are strengthening the voice of the terminal population through ensuring their right to information.

For the poor people of Bangladesh, the state is a distant entity that is hard to reach and even harder to exchange opinions. Similarly, the people within the low-income community do not listen to each other’s stories. Prosperity, expansion and strengthening of community radio can increase

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availability of information, and thus play a crucial role in poverty alleviation.

The third target of the millennium development goal (MDG) is gender equality and women’s empowerment. Taking ownership and participation in information technology as examples, it is clear that gender discrimination in use of technology is massive. The scenario is even worse in the broadcast sector. Since community radios are now operational and if the issue is taken seriously from the beginning, then gender equality can be ensured in the administrative, management, program and �inancial planning departments in running a radio.

The target of publishing the guideline formulated by The World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC)-Women International Network Asia is to create mass awareness among entrepreneurs in private and public sectors in eliminating gender discrimination in radio program broadcasting.

I hope that community radio initiators will follow this gender guideline while makeing a gender guideline for their own stations, and will follow them, to bring gender equality in broadcasting programs on community radio. Let community radio be the tool for development for the deprived populace.

Finally, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Plan Bangladesh for helping publish the “Gender Equality and Socialization Guideline in operating community radio stations – 2013”.

AHM Bazlur RahmanChief Executive Of�icerBangladesh NGO’s Networkfor Radio and Communication

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We are happy to know that Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC) is publishing a English & Bangla version of the Publication of Gender Equality Guideline in Operating Community Radio Stations, formulated on March 8th, 2008 by World Association of Community Broadcasters (AMARC)-Women International Network (WIN).The people’s republic of Bangladesh has formulated the community radio establishment, broadcast and operations regulations-2008, and so far, 14 community radios have begun broadcasting, after getting approval from government. Therefore, this publication on gender policies will play an important role in male-female equality and women’s empowerment at the community radio stations in Bangladesh.In this proposed Gender Equality Guideline, based on surveys by AMARC-WIN Asia Paci�ic and ISIS International, the importance and need for women’s participation in community radio have been brought up. The survey shows that 45 of the staff and

volunteers at the stations are women, but only 28 per cent are in leadership positions and 30 per cent are doing technical work. The concerns they expressed include lack of technical skills, insecurity and violence, and limited scope to express views and make decisions. They also complained about male-dominated radio structure that impedes their participation and intimidates them.

Participants of the survey urged for more entrance of women in leadership, management and �inancial management and also suggested for improving women’s participation in determining contents of radio programs, and producing of the programs. The recommendations made in the regulations include training for women, formulation of anti-sexual harassment regulations, reserving of a 30% quota for women leadership and special radio program for women. Suggestions have also been made for space for child-care, �lexible working hours, broadcast schedules suited for women, ample light and security measures at radio stations and transportation for those women works that live far away from the stations.I urge all radio stations of Bangladesh to accept this gender guideline to ensure equality of men and women at all stages of community radio broadcast at the grass-root levels of the country. Here’s to hoping for a powerful awakening of women’s voices through community radio.

Bianca MigliorettoRepresentativeWorld Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC)-Women

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PROLOGUE

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IntroductionAll over the world, in international organizations, national constitutions and in society, equal opportunities for women and their roles in every aspect of human life have been recognized.

In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, rights of all human beings irrespective of gender, sex, religion and race have been recognized. Moreover, governments have recognized women’s rights through the Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Under the convention, states are obligated to take de�inite action to implement 3 policies: a) equality policy b) non-discriminative policy and c) state liability policy.

The role of mass media in ensuring equal rights for women is crucial. It has been acknowledged in the Section J of the Beijing Women’s Platform undertaken on basis of unanimity. Although active involvement of women in mass media was drawn attention to in this section, the absence of women in the decision making process in all kinds of mass media prevail. It also emphasized on need for reformation, and on the government’s duties to increase women’s participation in decision-making by training, research and women’s development. It also vested two responsibilities on mass media workers in assisting to ful�ill two tactical targets – one being women’s participation in expression of opinion and decision-making through new technologies in the mass media, and the other was to uphold a balanced and non-stereotyped image of women in mass media. Community radios should be the frontrunners in achieving these targets.

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Internet and online communication systems have made it possible for women to network and communicate from a justi�ied position. However, most women have very limited access to such technologies in developing countries. It’s not enough to bring to the attention of community radio professionals - the limited access of technologies of developed countries by women and their demands. It needs to be made visible to policymakers at local governments to international organizations. Unfortunately, decision making processes are ignoring women’s online demands which are creating a male-favored atmosphere, which is increasing information gap, negative presentation, public commercialization, and specially the tendency of presenting women in sexually attractive ways in advertisements. Community radio can play an important part in raising these speci�ic concerns in policymaking meetings, in increasing women’s roles in use of information and communication technology, and in eliminating the political discriminations.

Women’s roles in establishing peace and resolving con�lict are internationally recognized by the agenda 1325 of the UN Security Council. Community radios have the special responsibility to help women’s voices be heard and women’s peace process during times of con�lict.

Community radios should also help in making women’s participation easier in all anti-discrimination movements and decision-making, ensuring that women’s voices and issues are included in everyday news, creating a positive image of women as active members of the society and assisting women control their communication networks through gaining con�idence and technological skills. Community radio is part of a progressive social movement so the

stations should establish and strengthen linkage with other like-minded progressive women’s movements. The stations should also formulate and implement policies that have respect for women and equality at its bases. This gender guideline will help in realizing gender equality at community radios, and thus should be included in the organizational structure and policy.

Section 1: Access of women in radio wavesWomen should have access to the radio waves so that they can make their own political, social, economic, cultural and entertainment-based programs on women.

For this, there should be a positive mindset to train and make space for women to produce programs, while creating a safe and suitable environment for women to work. There should also be anti-sexual harassment regulations and a complain-raising mechanism to prevent any kind of sexual harassment. It is women’s right to be able to work without fear. The main basis of access of women to radio waves will be training for self-defense, zero tolerance against assault on women, and ensuring assistance to help women tackle threats from inside and outside the station.

Sometimes, it gets dif�icult for women to access radio waves due to their limitations of traveling alone or late at night. Initiatives should be taken so that women can overcome these obstacles, by providing transport through mobile radio stations or by providing security.Special trainings are needed for women to overcome lack of trust, and separate workdays for women may also be declared. Unless gender equality is not ensured, arrangements should be

made to set up special department/desk to create favorable condition for participation of women and to eliminate all discriminations inside the station and in broadcasting.

Section 2: Representation of women in radio wavesWomen representation at various sectors should be encouraged, instead being limited to one set pattern. In everything that is broadcast on the radio, starting from editorials to commercials, equal respect and honor must be shown to all irrespective of gender, race, and class. Which means they must not be physically or in any other way offensive to either men or women. All the programs should re�lect women’s empowerment. Moreover, special programs for women must be broadcast, and women cannot be restricted to just women-based programs.

Women are often neglected in expert evaluations and opinions in the mass media. Multiple sources and representatives from all classes of society must be included for participation in news and analysis-based programs. To make the process easier, a directory of women experts in various professions and �ields may be made – that can be used as a reference.

Section 3: Special Representation of minority womenThe diversity of women’s experiences must be addressed, and women who have been victims of discrimination, assault and neglect in public and commercial mass media, must be given a platform to speak. This means there should be special arrangements for disabled, religious and racial minorities and hermaphrodites.

Equal access for men and women from all sectors and levels of society to the community radio broadcasts must be ensured. Especially, women from minority communities must be given airtime on priority basis, so that they can comfortably bring up their issues in a non-discriminative, safe and empowered environment. Arrangements to train these women on skill development will be a great initiative, and the organization concerned must make necessary �inancial allotments to meet such demands.

Section 4: Representation of women at all levels of station managementWorldwide, women representation is more in community radio than in government-owned/controlled or commercial radios. However, women are still often deprived, especially in the decision-making process and in terms of technical skills. There are even stations where there are no effective women’s representatives.

In all sections of a community radio, there should be a quota for women in technical management, ownership, administration, management, program and �inancial planning and production – to ensure meaningful participation of women. The ultimate goal of this is to ensure equality between men and women (In this case, to temporarily secure at least 30% positions for women). To achieve this goal, it is important to invest in women’s skill development, leadership development and management training. Women’s participation cannot be measured just in terms of the number of women associated with the station. There should de�initely be women’s representation in the ownership, decision-making and production boards. These have to be formed such

that women can be meaningfully connected to the policymaking process in favorable environment. The matters that make women’s participation easier are ensuring care for children, �lexible working days and broadcast schedules that are on cohesion with other responsibilities of women, ample light at the station during meetings and broadcasts, issue of transportations to and from the station during night and on government holidays, and reserving of at least half the seats for women in training rooms.

Section 5: Uses of appropriate technologyAlthough some women are skilled in use of technology, but in most cases women are very limited in their skills when it comes to technological matters, and most women can’t use it. In the use of even prevailing technology, like radio studio management, women are often sidelined. This gender discrimination must be addressed in terms of technology, and it must be overcome establishing new technology by and for women.

There should be promises of using free and open-source softwares. One example can be – the studio must be set up such that it’s convenient for women to use. One thing that can be considered is that women are generally shorter in height than men, so the studio must be designed such that even a disabled person can use it. Besides, the training material should be understandable by all, and they have to be translated to the local language if necessary. It should also be ensured that little-educated men and women can also use them.

One other very important matter is research. It has to be done in a way that it can ful�ill the demands of poor and low-literate people, and use of low-cost equipment must be ensured by making them available and ensuring technological development.

Section 6: Financing and skill development for Women in RadioSkill development is a basic element of ensuring equality. It doesn’t mean that the skills of only those who work at the radio must be developed, but skills of men and women must be developed so that they can work together in creating a safe, supportive and learning environment where their efforts continue for the station’s success.

At the same time, all men and women associated with the radio station must be given workshops on gender sensitivity, so that they can identify male-dominated behavior and discriminative characteristics, build relations on basis of gender equality and follow techniques of gender-neutral presentation.

Although many stations are willing to bring about gender equality, �inance and initiatives to improve women’s skills are rare. Therefore, de�inite amount of funds must be allocated for bringing equality between men and women. This fund must be used in technological, program related and management-related trainings. Such environments must be created that women feel safe, such as: enough lights, security equipment, separate toilets etc. and an environment helpful of establishing networks for women must be created.

Thinking from an organizational structure point of view, it is important to appoint a woman member in the workers’, advisors’ or management committee, who can assess the demands of the station and implement programs to bring gender equality through a women’s desk.

Gender Guidelines for Operating Community Radio Stations(International Context)

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BackgroundThe target of this guideline is to strengthen community-radio related programs, to ensure and secure professional rights of broadcasters and to continue democratic environment and practices, and besides, to give an institutionalized form to gender equality and socialization.

Chapter 1: Purpose of this guideline

The purposes of this guideline are as follows:1. To aware broadcasters,

policymakers and those involved with production and broadcast, so that they are motivated to follow this guideline at their organization.

2. To ensure participation of women, and small ethnic and other minority community representatives in community radio, and to broadcast news and program about their rights and responsibilities.

3. To effectively broadcast the techniques for gender equality and socialization in community radio, in order to achieve social empowerment.

Chapter 2: The need and basis of this guideline

2.1 Need for this guidelineThe Bangladesh government has primarily approved 14 community radio stations to operate in speci�ic places of the country. The stations have already begun producing and

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broadcasting their own programs. Men and women employees, volunteers, local students and artists are working together there. But till date, there are no gender guidelines in the stations. If there’s no applicable gender guideline, the chance remains for women workers, volunteers and artists to face various obstacles at the workplace, and socially. This may hamper the community radio’s prime purpose.One other main reason behind publishing the gender guideline is to preserve human rights overall, eliminate discriminations between men and women, and to play a positive role in the development of the country.The other targets of the guideline is to work for people’s access to information, participation of democratic people, preserving public interest, to uphold human rights–especially women’s rights, stopping violence against women and establishing good governance.Besides community radio, there are no speci�ic guidelines on preservation and institutionalization of democracy, demands of preservation of rights of the deprived and social change, that give a clear idea about gender equality and socialization. The purpose of forming this guideline is to ful�ill that requirement.

2.2 Basis of this guideline 1. To create unanimity on the

proposed gender guideline at community radio stations and to implement it at respective organizations and radio stations.

2. To create balance among radio stations in exercising this guideline.

3. To create a cooperative environment between community radio broadcasters and stakeholders.

4. Empowerment and preservation of rights of women and backward communities.

Chapter 3: User of this guideline3.1 The main users of this guideline

are community radio stations and other organizations connected to this program.

3.2 All other organizations that are not directly involved with community radio stations but work on gender equality can also use this guideline.

Chapter 4: Implementation Process4.1 To accept and realize the gender

guideline, re�lect it in the programs and encourage realizing it.

4.2 To introduce radio broadcasters to this guideline through organizing information meetings, trainings and workshops, and give importance in realizing it.

4.3 To establish a network to ensure quality control of programs, following of regulations and upholding of values at community radio stations.

4.4 To take initiatives to institutionalize gender equality and related programs at community radio stations.

4.5 To �inalize an effective gender policy as a change agent and follow it in making programs.

4.6 Create a positive image by broadcasting information on the gender equality guideline by broadcasting them on the community radio stations.

Chapter 5: Fields of implementation of this gender guideline5.1 The �ields of practice and exercise

of this gender guideline are5.1.1 Gender guidelines for good

governance To form and implement a

policy based on equality and

participation, and void of discrimination.

5.1.2 Organization and management5.1.2.1 To take the following steps

to increase participation of women and disadvantaged rural population.

5.1.2.1.1 To take and exercise policies that can increase involvement and activity of women and socially deprived populace in eliminating discrimination.

5.1.2.1.2 To consider the matter of women and socially deprived populace while formulating employment policies.

5.1.2.1.3 To ensure presence of at least one representative from women and socially deprived populace.

5.1.2.1.4 To establish an institutional supervision method to assess whether the matter of women and socially deprived populace is being taken with importance.

5.1.3 Capacity development Create opportunities for

representatives of women and socially deprived populace in training and other skill-developing initiatives.

5.1.4 Creating a gender-friendly environment5.1.4.1 Set working hours for

women, considering their security

5.1.4.2 Create gender-friendly working environment

5.1.4.3 Use gender-friendly language in of�ice and during broadcast

5.1.4.4 To ensure easy and quick communication in situations of emergency

5.1.4.5 To ensure gender-friendly of�icial environment

5.1.4.6 To make gender-friendly organizational code of conduct and policies.

5.1.5 In radio activities/programs5.1.5.1 To consider with

importance, the matter of stakeholders and those associated with gender guidelines (women’s and children’s rights, assault on women, gender-related violence).

5.1.5.2 Allocate enough time to broadcast programs on women and disadvantaged populace.

5.1.6 In dialogue with bene�iciary populace5.1.6.1 To ensure direct

participation of the bene�iciary populace in installation, broadcast, supervision and evaluation work of radio programs.

5.1.6.2 To give special importance to gender equality and deprived community, and establishes ways for mutual cooperation.

5.1.7 In encouraging the gender guideline and related matters5.1.7.1 Make men and women

workers aware on gender equality and socialization, and encourage them to re�lect it in their activities.

5.1.8 Partnership with radio stations and local stakeholders on the guideline5.1.8.1 To take the following steps

to create partnerships between local committees on community radios and stakeholders:

5.1.8.1.1 Coordination: To discuss with local committees on

community radios and stakeholders to set plans for cooperation on gender and socialization.

5.1.8.1.2 Technical assistance: To provide technical assistance for organizational development and to make quality programs on community radio, with the local assistance.

5.1.8.1.3 Assistance with stakeholders: To create good rapport and joint programs with local administration, police, service organizations (education, health, women-related) to increase ef�iciency, publicity and effectiveness.

5.1.8.1.4 Increase good relations and cooperation: Arrange dialogues and educational tours to enrich oneself through development of mutual relations by exchanging experience and to create favorable environment.

5.1.9 Appointing a Chief Coordinator on gender guideline Appointing a Chief Coordinator

on gender policies, who will oversee the gender- related issues, and look with importance on issues of the recruited women from the backwards populace.

5.1.10 Gender-based budget and survey systems 5.1.10.1 Making gender-dependent

budgets, giving importance to gender and socialization.

5.1.10.2 To check at regular intervals whether the gender-related issues taken in the budget and program are being followed properly.

KwgDwbwU †iwWI‡Z †RÛvi mgZv Ges mvgvwRKxKiY wb‡`©wkKv 2013

(RvZxq †cÖwÿZ)

Gender Equality and Socialization Guidelines for Community Radio Stations 2013(National Context)

14

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5.1.8.1.1. mgš^q: †iwWI †÷kb¸‡jvi





w¯’i Kiv|






5.1.8.1.3 †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì m‡½















mÂvjK wb‡qvM








eë¯’v








wbix¶v Kiv|

























































16

KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷

kb cwiPvjbvq †R

Ûvi mgZ

v G

es mvgvwR

KxK

iY wb‡`©wkK

v 2013

17

KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷

kb cwiPvjbvq †R

Ûvi mgZ

v G

es mvgvwR

KxK

iY wb‡`©wkK

v 2013

cUf~wg





















cÖPvi wbwðZ Kiv|




cÖPvi Kiv|


wfwË

























































































AbymiY Kiv|







†¶Îmg~n


†¶Îmg~n n‡jv:
















Abykxjb Kiv|








wbwðZ Kiv|






cÖwZwôZ Kiv|

5.1.3 m¶gZv Dbœqb













fvlv eënvi Kiv|



wbwðZ Kiv|


























Drmvn `v‡b






Drmvn `vb Kiv|



Askx`vixZ¡





5.1.8.1.1. mgš^q: †iwWI †÷kb¸‡jvi





w¯’i Kiv|






5.1.8.1.3 †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì m‡½















mÂvjK wb‡qvM








eë¯’v








wbix¶v Kiv|

























































18

KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷

kb cwiPvjbvq †R

Ûvi mgZ

v G

es mvgvwR

KxK

iY wb‡`©wkK

v 2013

19

KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷

kb cwiPvjbvq †R

Ûvi mgZ

v G

es mvgvwR

KxK

iY wb‡`©wkK

v 2013

cUf~wg





















cÖPvi wbwðZ Kiv|




cÖPvi Kiv|


wfwË

























































































AbymiY Kiv|







†¶Îmg~n


†¶Îmg~n n‡jv:
















Abykxjb Kiv|








wbwðZ Kiv|






cÖwZwôZ Kiv|

5.1.3 m¶gZv Dbœqb













fvlv eënvi Kiv|



wbwðZ Kiv|


























Drmvn `v‡b






Drmvn `vb Kiv|



Askx`vixZ¡





5.1.8.1.1. mgš^q: †iwWI †÷kb¸‡jvi





w¯’i Kiv|






5.1.8.1.3 †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì m‡½















mÂvjK wb‡qvM








eë¯’v








wbix¶v Kiv|

























































20

KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷

kb cwiPvjbvq †R

Ûvi mgZ

v G

es mvgvwR

KxK

iY wb‡`©wkK

v 2013

gender guidelines for community radio in bangladesh

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