gender mainstreaming in ground water management a presentation by n. neseni

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Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

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Page 1: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Gender mainstreaming in ground water management

A presentation by N. Neseni

Page 2: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Purpose of the presentation

• To highlight the key cross cutting issues of gender , ground water management

• To create awareness and interest among water professionals, researchers , managers and planners so that they may consider these issues not just as “other consideration” but as key to realization of ground water management goals and objectives.

Page 3: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Why gender matters in water management

• Dealing with water scarcity, competition for water and pollution, the water manager has to find a way to fulfill the needs and reduce the impacts.

• Poor women and men are affected and impacted on by water, economically, socially and environmentally

Page 4: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

The IWRM has three pillars

Page 5: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability means assuring the capacity ofnature to support life. Within the context of IWRM this means ahealthy water cycle, adequate water for nature, and less waterpollution. Forests and wetlands, among other ecosystems, helpregulate water flow and quality. Wise efforts to manage waterresources sustainably and ensure long-term water availabilitymust include integrated actions to protect ecosystems andensure environmental sustainability. On contrary, poormanagement of water resources will result in largely negativeand often irreversible changes to the environment. Long-termwater availability requires that ecosystems are able to continueto regulate water quality and quantity

Page 6: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Economic efficiencyEconomic efficiency Water is vital for economic

and social development and is indispensable to sustain and increase urban and rural livelihood activities. Given increasing water scarcity, the choice as to how each drop should be allocated and managed becomes central to maximizing social and economic benefits and ensuring sustainability.

Page 7: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Economic efficiencyThis effort also includes sectoral and cross

sectoral actions for cleaner production, water reuse and recycling recognizing that freshwater is a limited resource, and investment in water projects must be viable. Economic efficiency also refers to financial sustainability to build, operate and maintain the diverse projects and facilities required to improve water access and assure water quality and quantity over the long-term through cost recovery and payment systems.

Page 8: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Social equitySocial equity Water is a basic human need. It is also a

central part of the basic rights all people are entitled to under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. When considered in this light, social equity is embedded in actions that support the sustainable management and use of water resources. Social equity requires that a fair share of water benefits and responsibilities be transmitted to women and men, poor and rich, young and old.

Page 9: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Social equity

This means fair opportunities to access, use andcontrol water resources, as well as equitableacceptance of responsibility for the negativeside effects produced so as to avoid placinghigher burdens on the poor or disadvantagedmembers of society.

Page 10: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

In its scarcity –the poor men and women bear the heaviest losses

Page 11: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

In its abundance national infrastructure is destroyed placing heavy burden on social budgets

Page 12: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

In its poor quality, down stream users often poor quality

Page 13: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Due to poor management poor men and women bear the burden and pay price in health

Page 14: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Defining gender

• Can you please write on a piece of paper what it is that you have wished to do had you been the opposite sex.

• What stops you from doing that ?• Discuss what seems to be emerging

Page 15: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Defining Gender

• Most of the barriers that stop us are social rather than biological. Society has expectations of how we should behave because of our sexual orientation.

• Consequently we are trained through socialization to behave in a certain manner because we were born with male of female organs.

Page 16: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Defining gender sex vs. gender

SexBiological

Given by birthTherefore

cannot be changedExample

Only women can give birthOnly men can produce sperms

and Impregnate

GenderCultural

Learned through socializationTherefore

Can be changed

Example women and men can work as water

managers, latrine builders, drillers, planners

Women and men can take care of the sick, elderly and children

Page 17: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Defining gender Contd• `Gender can thus be defined as “

socially determined attributes, roles, activities and responsibilities connected to being male or female in a society.”

• gender attributes vary from society to society,

• are largely influenced by such factors as class, religion, ethnicity etc.

• are not static and change over time being influenced by factors such as social, economic and political influences

Page 18: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni
Page 19: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Global commitmentsImportance of gender has been recognized

globally:• UN conference on water at Mar del Plata 1997• IDWSS decade 1981-90• Conference on water and environment Dublin

1992• Agenda 21• International Decade for action on water and

life 2005-2015

Page 20: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Gender overview• MDGS• CEDAW• Members states have various

strategies on gender mainstreaming

• SADC has the RISDP,ECOWAS,OAU,

NEPAD,AMCAO• However…. All countries

characterised by gender disparities …. Political, economic, social and cultural spheres.

Page 21: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Why its necessary to consider cross cutting issues

“Anyone who can solve the water challenges in this world deserves a double Nobel prize “ Prof. Andreas Sollozi-Nargi Rector UNESCO IHE 11th symposium Victoria Falls 2010

Page 22: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Women in development (WID) Gender and development (GAD)

1 Approach

Views women as centre of the problem An approach to development of men and women

2 The focus

women Relations between men and women

3 The problem

Exclusion of women form dev. process Unequal relations of power preventing equitable dev. & full part.

4 The goal

More efficient and just dev. Equitable and sustainable dev with women and men as decision makers

The solution

Integrate women into existing dev process Empower disadvantaged & transform unequal relations

6 The strategies

Women’s projects

Women’s components

Integrated projects

Increase women's productivity

Increase women’s ability to look after the H/H

Identify and address practical needs

Address women’s and men’s strategic needs

Address strategic interest of the poor

Page 23: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Gender issues• Access and control over resources• Literacy and access to education• Access to and control over land• Capital or financial services• Skilled and unskilled work• Paid and unpaid labour• Gender budgets• Decesion making (water using vs

decesion making community• Technology and participation

Page 24: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Water is a finite and valuable resource essential to sustaining life, development and the environment

Linking HIV, AIDS and gender to IWRM

GenderWhen a resource is finite there is competition and it is the poor and weak who often loose outWater and land are also intrinsically linked and women while they till the land have little control over that land and therefore over water resources, allocation, charges etcWomen traditionally are custodians of water and environment and their role has positive effects on sustainable use. Sidelining them leads to negative usage

Page 25: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water

Women need capacity to be able to participate

An enabling environment that allows them to participate such as timing of meetings, venue of meeting

Other facilities that allow them to continue with their care giving role

Participation is also influenced by environment, complexity of technologyIssues such as language have an impact on who participates and at what level of participation

Page 26: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic & social good

GenderWomen largely use water for social issues in which it is difficult to attach a monetary value and yet is important for health and perpetuation of humanity.

Commoditization of water may sideline the poor men and women

Delineation of water into domestic and productive use is artificial at local level. Women who often are care givers will want to conduct domestic and productive activities within a convenient distant to homestead

Page 27: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Water development and management should be based on participatory approach involving users, planners and policy makers

at all levels

genderThere is a clear decision making group in IWRM and water using groupInstruments for participatory planning not in place.Stakeholder participation is a concept that is nice and generally agreed on. The practical approach where there are log frames, timelines means in reality it is not applied. SADC has produced guidelines on stakeholder participation

Women and poor are often multi tasking making participation difficult

Page 28: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Gender mainstreaming• Know the difference between Gender equality and gender

equityequality of opportunity and equity of outcomes:• equality of opportunity: this means that women , infected

should have equal rights and entitlements to human, social, economic and cultural development, and an equal voice in civic and political life

equity of outcomes: this means that the exercise of these rights and entitlements leads to outcomes which are fair and just.

Page 29: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Gender Analysis

Gender analysis- a methodology to identify the roles and

responsibilities of the various members of the household, their access and control over resources, benefits under prevailing institutional norms and mechanisms.

Page 30: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Different gender policies and strategies

• Gender aware policies• Gender neutral policies• Gender redistribute policies• Gender blind policies

Page 31: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Malawi Case Study

• In the 1980s the Malawian gvt designed an innovative system of community mgt for water supply to low income h/holds.

• H/holds in 50 districts received water, but water bills were not paid.

• Taps were opened at inappropriate times.• Water committees seldom met.• Investigations showed that, prior to this project,

local men had had little or nothing to do with water mgt.

Page 32: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Malawi example

• However, when the externally driven project was initiated, the men took control & the women took a back seat.

• Tap committees were made up of 90% men, many of whom were away most of the time.

• Efforts were made to integrate women into the process & guidelines for 60% women were set for tap committees.

• Consultation with women was done separately, & male & female extension officers were used.

Page 33: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

The Result

• Payment of water bills increased. • Women became active & long serving

members of tap committees. • Special training courses were organised

for women in leadership, problem solving, financial mgt, hygiene & sanitation, & operation & maintenance.

• Tap committees met regularly & attendance was good.

Page 34: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Malawi example

• Hygiene & sanitation improved. Taps were opened & closed to the satisfaction of users.

• There are many such examples of the benefits of gender sensitive policies giving rise to significant benefits at the local level.

Page 35: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Benefits of Gender Mainstreaming

• Benefits arising from a gender sensitive approach generally lists five major areas of benefit:

• efficiency,

• effectiveness,

• equity,

• sustainability &

• development at large.

Page 36: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Addressing gender for sustainable development

Processing: food, diseases, ecosystem balance

Assimilative capacity

Sink for wastes

Manufactured financial capital

Human capital

Social capital

society

Environment natural capital

Livelihoods

•Food

•Fuel

•Freshwater

•soil

Page 37: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

Gender mainstreaming tools

• Harvard framework• POP framework• Moser framework- Basically looking at who does what? who

benefits who makes decisions? who pays the price?

Page 38: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

HAVARD ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

Aim is to demonstrate that there is an economic case for allocating resources to men and women thus planners will design more efficient projects and improve productivity. It looks at roles and responsibilities, access and control, influencing factors.

Page 39: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

PEOPLE ORINTED PLANNING FRAMEWORK Similar to Harvard analytical frameworkAim is to ensure that there is equitable distribution of resources and servicesWas adapted by UN for refugee situations to ensure that there is efficient use of donor resources and promote appropriate targeting.Influenced by:ChangeParticipation socio-demographic analysisUses activity profile and use and control of resources

Page 40: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

WHERE AND WHEN ARE THEY USEFUL

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSISBoth frameworks are useful for micro level analysis especially for data collection and analysis. More useful for projects rather than programmes. Can be used at any stage of the project cycle.

TRAININGCan be used in training to demonstrate the complexity of people’s lives

Page 41: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

WHERE AND WHEN ARE THEY USEFUL

AS GENDER NEUTRAL ENTRY POINTSCan be used for opening dialogue about gender disparities with those who do not want to acknowledge gender issues. The power dynamics are based on fact and not theory.

IN COMMUNICATION The gender framework relies on economic argument for most efficient allocation of resources. The language is similar to that of economists and this may be useful in talking to people influenced by economic efficiency.

Page 42: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

MOSER FRAMEWORK

At the heart of this is ‘gender planning” and the assumption is

that planning is not only a technical but both political and technical in nature, that there is

conflict in planning, it is transformatory and that it is a

debate.3 categories of this framework;

Women’s Triple Role, practical and strategic gender needs, categories

of WID/GAD matrixTRIPPLE ROLE:PRODUCTIVE, REPRODUCTIVE, COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT

Page 43: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

STRATEGIC AND PRACTICAL NEEDS WID/GAD- DISTINGUSHING BETWEEN THE AIMS OF THE PROGRAMME WELFARE APPROCAH- acknowledging women in their reproductive role, passive beneficiaries of development programmes/projects EQUITY- USED BY UN FOR PROMOTING EQUALITY (76-850 Direct state intervention to promote involvement of women in development tries to meet strategic needs of women through political and economic autonomy. Seen as threatening more on feminism and mostly western- alienates men.

Page 44: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

ANTI POVERTY – aim is to see that poor women move out of their poverty by increasing their productivity. Problem is women’s poverty and not that of subordination. Tries to meet practical gender needs of raising incomes. EFFICIENCY- Ensure that development is more efficient and effective by harnessing women’s economic contribution. It assumes women’s participation as gender equity. That women’s time is elastic. EMPOWERMENT – empower women through supporting their own initiatives thus fostering self-reliance. Women’s experiences influenced by factors

Page 45: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

such as class, age, religion. Seeks to meet both practical and strategic gender needs.  Use of the tool

PLANNING TRAINING Why does it appeal? Moves planning beyond technicalChallenges inequalityTalks to planners in their own language

Practical and strategic gender needs a good way of assessing impact.Triple role makes all work visible Distinguishes between policy approaches  

Page 46: Gender mainstreaming in ground water management A presentation by N. Neseni

BUT DOES IT MATER WHICH TOOL YOU USE

NOOOO- LARGELY DEPENDS ON OBJECTIVES