Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND SCIENCEThalassery, Kerala, India - 670 101

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tUm. tPm¿Pv Im™n-c-°m´v (F-Un-‰¿)

D≈QQ-

QS°w

Title: General Church HistoryPublished by: The Director, Alpha Institute,Archdiocese of Tellicherry

Sandesa Bhavan, Tellicherry, 670 101, Kannur, KeralaPh: 0490 - 2344727, 2343707

Published on: 2015 April 15 (Easter)

Editor : Rev. Dr. George Kanjirakkatt

Office Assistance: Mr. Renjith K.C.Mrs. Anitha VijayanMrs. Jeshitha Vijesh

Language Mentor: Rev. Fr. Mathew EdamulaDesign & Layout: Mr. Midhun ThomasPrinting: Vimala Offset, ThalasseryCopy Right: © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

D≈S°w

1. k-̀ -bpsS Bcw`w: BZn-a-k` ..................................................................... 5

2. aX-a¿±-\-߃ ............................................................................................... 20

3. k-\ym-k-k-̀ -I-fpsS Bcw`w ....................................................................... 30

4. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ ......................................................................................... 35

5. k -̀bpsS LS\ .......................................................................................... 40

6. ]uckvXy k -̀Iƒ .......................................................................................... 54

7. t{]jnX {]h¿Ø\w ..................................................................................... 63

8. a≤y-bp-K-Ønse k` .................................................................................... 69

9. {InkvXob k`bpw C…mw-a-Xhpw ............................................................. 73

10. ]m›m-Xy-k-̀ bpw cmjv{S-ßfpw ................................................................ 80

11. tdma≥ tI{µo-I-cWw .................................................................................. 86

12. C≥Iznknj≥............................................................................................. 93

13. Keoentbmsb k` F¥psNbvXp?.......................................................... 99

14. \thm-∞m\w ............................................................................................... 104

15. ZWvUhntamN\w ........................................................................................ 108

16. B[p-\nIbpKw s{]m -́Âv hnπhw, Bw•n-°≥ k` ............................ 116

17. k\ym-k-k-̀ -Iƒ- ̨ - t{]-jn-X-{]-h¿Ø\w .................................................. 122

18. ]m∏m-ÿm-\hpw en_-d-en-khpw .............................................................. 130

19. am¿]m∏mamcpsS Ncn{Xw........................................................................... 134

20. ]m›m-Xy-k-̀ -bpsS \ho-I-cWw ............................................................... 142

21. km¿∆-{XnI kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ.................................................................151

22. k` B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn¬ ........................................................................ 154

23. \ho-I-c-Whpw kss -̀Iyhpw ................................................................... 156

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

Published for the use of the students of Alpha Institute of Theology and Science

-k-`-bpsS

Bcw`w: BZn-a-k`

01

{InkvXp ÿm]n® k` \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsSFßs\ hf¿∂p-sh∂pw GsX√mw {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fmWv k`bv°v A`o-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n h∂-sX∂pwIme-K-Xn-bn¬ k`-bv°p-≠mb t\´-ßfpw tIm´-ßfpw Gh-sb∂pw \njv]-£-ambn k`m-N-cn{XwA]-{K-Yn-°p∂p. B¥-cn-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb am\-ß-fp≈ k` Ch-c-≠nepw hf¿® {]m]n-®n-´pt≠mF∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv k`m-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ apJy-[¿Ω-am-sW∂p ]dbmw. tIhew hkvXp-°sf hnh-cn -°pI F∂-Xn -t\-°mƒ B hkvXp -X -IƒC∂sØ k`m Pohn-X-Øn\v F{]-Imcw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-sW∂pw k`m Ncn{X-Im-c≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. C∂v bYm¿∞-amb Hcp k`m PohnXw \bn-°m≥ k`-bnse AwK-߃°v km≤y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Ign-™-Im-e-ß-fn¬ k`m-Po-hnXw F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. ]e \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS hf¿∂-t∏m-ƒ k` B¿÷n® ss]Xr-

1. tUm. tkhy¿ IqS∏pg, Xncp-`m Ncn-{Xw (tIm´bw: ]uckvXy hnZym-]o-Tw, hS-hm-Xq¿, 1966).

2. tUm. tPmk v̂ ]mwπm-\n, hnizm-khpw hymJym-\hpw (Xe-t»cn: B¬^m-_p-Ivkv, 2010).

3. hnizm-k-Øns‚ hgn-bn¬: hnizm-k-]-cn-io-e-\-k-lm-bI {KŸw (X-e-t»cn:B¬^m-_pIvkv 2009).

B[mc{KŸßƒ

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

Ihpw A\p-̀ -h-k-ºØpw hcpwXe-ap-d-Iƒ°v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°pIF∂ al-\ob IrXy-amWv k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn\v \n¿∆-ln-°m-\p-≈-Xv. hn. -{KŸw t]mseXs∂ {]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnip≤ ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v \ap°v Adnhv e`n-°p-∂Xv k`mNcn{X ]T-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv. hnfn-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS kaq-l-amb k` sshhn-[y-am¿∂ k`-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bmWv. hnizmkw, IqZm-i-Iƒ lb-cm¿°n F∂o LS-I-߃ Cu k`-Isf H∂n-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. sshhn-[y-Øn\v Imc-W-amb LS-I-߃: Bcm-[-\-{I-aw, B≤ym-fln-I-X, ssZh-im-kv{Xw, `c-W-{Iaw, thj-`q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv. Cu hyXy-kvX-k-̀ -Iƒ hgnbmWv sshhn-[y-am¿∂v hnip≤ ]mc-ºcyw Xe-ap-d-I-fn¬ \n∂v Xe-ap-d-I-fn-tebv°v ssIam-‰-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnhn[ k -̀I-fn-eqsS BZn-a-k-̀ -bpsS{InkvXzm-\p-`-hhpw km£yhpw \ap°v Ic-K-X-am-Ip-∂p.

A. P\-]-Z-ß-fpsS {]Xo-£-bmb aninla‰p aX-ÿm-]-I-sc-t∏mse A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn Ncn-{X-Øn-

tebv°p IS-∂p-h∂ hy‡n-b√ {InkvXp. {InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-Øn\v hfsc \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºp Xs∂ Ahn-SpsØ P\\w{]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sXsc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-ambC{km-tb-en\v {InkvXp-hns‚ hc-hns\°pdn®v ASn-bp-d® t_m≤y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ ssZh-]p-{Xs‚ P\\w {]h-Nn-°-s∏-́ n-́ p≠v. Ab-bv°-s∏-Sm-\n-cn-°p∂ ̨ P-\-X-I-fpsS {]Xym-im-]m-{X-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ˛ Abmƒ hcp-∂-Xp-hsc bqZm-bn¬\n∂vsNt¶mtem Ahs‚ tKm{X-Øn¬\n∂v `cWI¿Ømthm FSp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn√ (D¬]Øn 49:10) bmt°m-_n¬ \n∂v Hcp Xmc-ap-Zn°pw, C{km-tb-en¬\n∂v Hcp sNt¶m-ep-b-cpw. (kwJy 14:17)_Xve-lta, \o bqZm-bpsS tKm{X-ß-fn¬ sNdp-Xm-Ip-∂p.F¶nepw C{km-tb-ens‚ A[n-]-Xn-bm-tI-≠-h≥ \n∂n¬\n∂vD¤-hn°pw. Ahn-Sp∂v BZn-bnte D≈-h-\m-Wv (an-Jm. 5:2).

blq-tZ-X-c-a-X-ß-fnepw Hcp c£-Is‚ BK-a-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈{]Xo-£-bm-bn-cp∂p. tdmam-°mcpw t]¿jy-°mcpw Cu {]Xo-£-tbm-sS-bmWv Ign-™n-cp-∂-Xv. _n.kn. \memw \q‰m-≠n¬Pohn-®n-cp∂ {Ko°p XXz-Nn-¥-I≥ tkm{I-́ okv FgpXn : ImØn-cn-°pI; hcp-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ km¿∆-{XnI hn⁄m-\osb ]m¿Øn-cn-°pI. ssZh-Øn-t‚bpw a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw apºmsI Fßs\hym]-cn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw \ap°v ]d™p Xcpw. tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bmb thkvt]-kn-bs‚ ImeØv (F-.Un. 69-˛79) tkzt‰m-

Wn-bkv F∂ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. A°m-eØv bqZm-bn¬\n∂pw hcp-∂-h¿ temIw `cn-°Ww F∂v AXn-]p-cm-X-\hpw AwKo-Ir-X-hp-amb Hcp hnizmkw]uc-kvXysc apgp-h≥ kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. tdma≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂ Smkn‰kv lnkvtXm-dnb F∂ {KŸ-Øn-se-gp-Xnb ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-߃ i‡n-{]m-]n-°p-sa∂pw bqZm-bn¬ \n∂v temI-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ \mY\pw `c-W-I¿Øm-hp-ambh≥ Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX hcp-sa∂pw {]mNo\ {]h-N-\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°nP\-߃ ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. _n.kn. 551-˛479 Ime-b-f-hn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ I¨^q-jykv tcJ-s∏-SpØn: hnip-≤-\m-b-h≥ kz¿§-Øn¬ \n∂pw hcWw. At±-l-Øn\v F√mw Adnbmw.kz¿§-Øn-t‚bpw `qan-bp-tSbpw ta¬ Ahn-Sp-tØ°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. bqZ-∑m¿°v P\n® cmPm-hns\ tXSn Ing°p\n∂v tPymXn-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ bm{X-bm-b-Xns‚ Imc-WhpwCØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp {]Xo£ Xs∂bmbn-cp-∂p. temIw{InkvXp-hns\ {]Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wt√m apI-fn-ep-≤-cn-®n-´p≈ km£y-߃.

B. k`bpsS D¤-h-Øns‚ ]m›m-Ø-e-߃k`-bpsS D¤-h-sØbpw hf¿®-sbbpw KWy-ambn kzm[o-

\n® aq∂p ]m›m-Ø-e-߃ \ap°p ImWm-\mhpw. cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-ambn Hu∂Xyw ssIh-cn®Hcp temI-Øn-emWv k` P∑w sIm≠-Xv.

1. cmjv{Sob ]m›m-Øew

ss{IkvXh k`-bpsS ]n≈sØm´n-em-bn-cp-∂p -tdm-am-km-{amPyw. \mƒ°p-\mƒ i‡n-bm¿÷n®v ̀ qan-bnse G‰hpw henbcmjv{Sob i‡n-bmbn tdmw hf¿∂p hcp∂ Ime-ØmWvCutim P\n-®Xv. tdmam-km-{amPyw bqtdm∏p apgp-h\pw {_n´≥,Gjym-ssa-\¿, kndnb ]me-kvXo-\, Atd-_y, CuPn-]vXv, B{^n-°-bpsS hS-t°-Xocw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw hym]n-®n-cp-∂p._n.kn. 31˛¬ AK-Ã-o-k¿ (H-Ivt‰-hn-b≥) BIvknbw bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn-®-t∏mƒ Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ cmjv{SobIe-lhpw hnπ-hhpw Ah-km-\n-®p. Aßs\ AK-Ãkv kok¿i‡-amb tdma≥ km{am-Py-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]mIn . hnhn[ kn‰ntÉp-Iƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-®mWv km{am-Py-Øn\v cq]w sImSp-Ø-Xv.kp{]kn-≤-amb tdma≥ kam-[m\w (Pax Romana) DZvLm-S\w

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

sNø-s∏-´Xv AK-Ã-o-k-dns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. km{am-Py-Øn-seßpw B`y-¥c kam-[m\w Dd-∏n-°m≥ CXp-aqew km[n®p.D∂X \ne-hm-c-ap≈ Pohn-X-coXn hfcm\pw tdma≥ kam-[m\wtlXp-hmbn. km{am-Py-Øn-se-ßp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ kam-[m-\-]-c-ambA¥-co£w BZn-a-k-`-bpsS t{]jnX {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hfscklm-bn®p. sshhn[yw tdma≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ kwkv°m-c-ßfpw hnhn[ ̀ mj-Ifpwhnhn[ aX-hn-izm-k-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw F√m-‰n-t\bpw kln-jvW-X-tbmsS ho£n-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Kh¿W¿am¿ `cn-®n-cp∂ GXm-≠v 40 t{]mhn≥kp-Iƒ tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ kam-[m-\-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ASn-a-k-{º-Zmbwt]mep≈ A{I-a-ßfpw km{am-Py-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ F∂hkvXpX hnh-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.

2. kmwkv°m-cnI ]›m-Ø-ew

kmwkv°mcnI _u≤nIafieß-fpsS ta[m-hnXzw {Kokn-\m-bn-cp-∂p. {Ko°p-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ kzm[o\w hfsc i‡-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-́ -am-bn-cp∂p {InkvXp-hn-t‚Xv. {Ko°v Nn¥k`sb hfsc kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v. Ccp-∂q-dp-h¿j-°m-e-tØ°v_u≤nI afi-e-Øn¬ {Kokn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amWv. {Ko°p kwkv°mcw A\y cmPy-ß-fn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXoh {i≤ {]Z¿in-∏n-®-h¿ amkn-tUm-Wn-bm-bnsealm-\mb Ae-Ivkm-≠dpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhv ^nen-∏p-am-Wv. Xm≥ Iog-S-°nb F√m h¿§-ß-sfbpw Hcp-an®v tN¿Øv Hcp]pXnb a\pjy kaqlw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ø-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠dns‚ tamlw {Ko°v kwkv°mcw AtX-cq-]-Øn¬ ]uc-kvXy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-́ n-√. {Ko°v kwkv°m-chpw ]uc-kvXy-kw-kv°m-c-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂v Hcp k¶c kwkv°m-c-ap-≠mbn. AXmWv sle-\nkw . ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ sle-\nkw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv tdma Bbn-cp-∂p. Xmc-X-tay\ sle-\n-k-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ]me-kvXo-\m-bn¬ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-thWw ]d-bm≥. {i≤ blq-Z-\mb {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw sle-\nkw Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-√. {InkvXp-hn\p tijw {InkvXpaXw ]me-kvXo-\mbv°p ]pdØp hym]n-®-t∏mƒ AXv sle-\n-k-Øn\v A[o-\-am-bn-´mWv hf¿∂Xpw ]pjvSn-{]m-]n-®-Xpw.

{Koknse {]kn≤ XXz-Nn-¥-I-cmb tkm{I-´okv (_n.-kn.469˛399) tπmt‰m (-_n.-kn. 428˛347) Acn-tÃm-́ ¬ (_n.-kn.384˛322)

F∂n-h¿ {Ko°p Z¿i-\-Øns‚ s\Spw-Xq-Wp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.{InkvXphn\pw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn\pw \√ ]m›m-Ø-e-a-cp-fm≥{Ko°p- Z¿i-\-Øn\p km[n-®p.

Cuizc hnizmkw bp‡ncln-X-a-s√∂pw bp‡n-bn-eqsSAXn-te-bvs°-Øm-sa∂pw {Ko°p Z¿i\w ka¿∞n-®p. ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°pw Cu Z¿i\w hnc¬ Nq≠n. {]]-©-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Ne-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Cuiz-cm-kvXnXzwsXfn-bn-°m-sa∂v Acn-tÃm-´n¬ ka¿∞n-®p. {]]-©-ØnseF√m Ne-\-߃°pw ASn-ÿm\ Imc-W-ambn AN-©-e-ambHcp kØ-bp-s≠∂pw BZna k©m-e-I-\mb (Prime Mover)Cu ]c-a-bm-Ym¿∞y-amWv ssZhw F∂pw Acn-tÃm-´n¬{]kvXm-hn-®p.

bh-\-Z¿i-\-Øn\p ]pdta F∏n-°q-dn-b-\nkw, tÃmbn-kn-kw,kvsI]v‰n-knkw F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-Ifpw tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂p Xn∂p-Ip-Sn-®m-\-µn-°pI, \msf\Ωp-tS-X√ F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-tØmsS sFlnI kpJ-ß-fn¬apgp-Ip-∂-h-cpsS Z¿i-\-amWv F∏n-°p-dn-bnkw, tÃmbn-kn-kw,k∑m¿§nI Pohn-X-Øn¬ Atß-b‰w ]q¿ÆX \njvI¿jn®p.kXyw {Kln-°m≥ a\p-jy\v Ign-bp-I-bn-s√∂v hmZn-°p∂ Nn¥m-[m-c-bm-bn-cp∂p kvsI]v‰n-kn-kw.

3. aX]-›m-Øew

blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ ]m›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv k` P∑w sIm≠Xv.k -̀bpsS LS-\-tbbpw kz`m-h-tØbpw Bcm-[\m {Ia-tØbpwblq-Z-aXw hfsc kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv hmkvX-h-am-Wv.BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ blq-Z-X-e-ß-fn¬ am{Xw HXpßn\n∂ss{IkvXh k` {ItaW hnhn[ aX-hn-izm-kn-Isf X∂n-te°vkzmKXw sNbvXp. X∑qew k`-bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ tdmam-km-{am-Py-Ønse blq-tZ-Xc aX-ß-fpsS ]m›m-Ø-ehpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

i) bh\ aX-߃

Hfn-ºkv ae-bn¬ A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂ tkhqkv tZhs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ tZh-∑m-sc-bmWv {Ko°p-Im¿ s]mXpsh Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm \Kccmjv{S-Øn\pw AX-Xns‚ IpetZh-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aXw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bn-se-∂-Xn-t\-°mtfsd I¿Ωm-

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

\p-jvSm-\-ß-fn¬ HXp-ßn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. am\p-jnI _e-lo-\-X-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p bh\ tZh-∑m¿. hn⁄m\ IpXp-In-I-fm-bn-cp∂ bh-\-Zm-in-\n-I-cm-Is´ CØcw tZh-∑m-cn-ep≈ hnizm-khpwAh-tcm-Sp≈ Bcm-[-\bpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-fmbn IcpXn.

{Ko°vaX-ß-fnse c≠p {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv cl-kym-cm-[-\bpwHm¿^n-b≥ aXhpw. hnizm-khpw I¿Ω-ßfpw ]c-a-c-l-ky-am-bn-°-cpXn {]Xn-⁄m-]q¿∆w clkyw kq£n-°p∂ Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p cl-kym-cm-[\. IpessZh-Øns‚ k¥m-]-k-t¥m-j-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ \mS-Io-bm-h-X-c-W-ß-fmbncp∂p cl-ky-߃. tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS kt¥m-j-k-¥m-]-߃ kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Aa¿Xy ssIh-cn-°m-sa∂v Bcm-[-I¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. [m¿ΩnI \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw A[x-]-Xn-∏n-°p-hmt\ cl-kym-cm-[\ D]-I-cn-®p-≈p.

cl-kym-cm-[-\-bp-tSbpw XØz-Nn-¥-bp-tSbpw kwbp-‡-amWvHm¿^n-b≥ aXw. ssZhn-I-amb \∑-bp-w tZh-i-{Xp-°-fmbXo¿∞-cn¬\n∂p≈ Xn∑bpw a\p-jy¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xn∑-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ap‡nbpw \∑-bpsS hnP-b-hp-amWv Hm¿^n-b≥ Bcm-[\ e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv. bh-\-a-X-ß-fn¬ [m¿ΩnI aqey-߃°v hne-I-ev]n°p-hm≥ ap≥ssIsøSpØXv Hm¿^n-b≥ aX-am-Wv.

i) tdma≥ a-X߃

BZnatdma≥ aXw {]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-I-sf-bmWv Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv Pohs‚ c£m-[n-Im-cn-bmbn Cuiz-cs\I≠p-Xp-Sßn. CtXmsS D]-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]c-ºc Xs∂Bcm-[\m ]m{X-ß-fmbn. Km¿ln-I-kz-`m-h-amWv tdma≥ aX-Øns‚ Hcp khn-ti-j-X. ho´nse Hmtcm AwK-Øn\pw{]tXyI tZh-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ tZh-∑m¿ hy‡n-I-sf-∂-Xn-t\°mƒ Znhy-i-‡n-I-fm-bn´v Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. \n¿±n-jvS-amb I¿Ω-߃ A\p-jvSn-®m¬ D±n-jvS-Im-cy-ß-ƒ km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ tZh≥ _m≤y-ÿ-\mbn Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ A‘-hn-izm-k-]q¿Æ-amb Cu aX-߃s°m∂pwXs∂ a\p-jys‚ B≤ym-flnI Zmlw ]q¿Æ-ambn ian-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n√. X¬^-e-ambn ]e aX-ß-fnepw P\-߃°vhnizm-k-an-√m-Xm-bn.

cmPm-cm-[\

km{amPy ÿm]-I-cmb cmPm-°-∑m¿ tZh-∑m-tc-°mƒ i‡-cm-sW∂v P\-߃ ]cn-K-Wn® Ime-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu cmPm-°-∑msc Ah¿ Bcm-[n®p. kndn-bm-bn-tebpw CuPn-]v‰n-tebpwcmPm-°-∑msc Incn-tbmkv (A-[n-]-Xn), thmtØ¿ (c-£-I≥),F∏n-s^-\kv (tZhm-h-Xm-cw) Fs∂-√m-ap≈ hnti-j-W-߃tN¿ØmWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn-am-¿ kzbw tZh-∑m-cm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏´p. tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn¬ ]te-SØpwP\-߃ cmPm-hn\p _en-b¿∏n-°p-Ibpw cmP-\m-a-Øn¬ kXywsNøp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. P∏m-\nse N{I-h¿Øn-amcpw C{]-Imcw tZh-∑m-cmsW∂v {]Jym-]n-®-h-cmWv. P∏m-\n¬ cmPm-cm-[\ \nb-a-am-bn-cp∂p (1946˛¬ P∏m≥ bp≤-Øn¬ ASn-b-dhp]dbpw hsc P∏m≥ N{I-h¿Øn ZnhyXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-́ n-cp-∂p.)

iii) blq-Z-aXw

aninlm ]nd-∂Xpw {]h¿Øn-®Xpw blq-Z-a-X-Øn-em-Wv. anin-lm-bv°p-th≠n ssZhw {]tXyIw Xnc-s™-SpØv Hcp°nb P\-am-Wv blq-Z-P\w a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS Ing-t°-Xo-c-Øp≈ ]me-kvXo-\-bm-Wv blq-Z-cpsS \mSv. blq-Z-Ip-e-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbA{_m-lsØ ssZhw Du¿tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v hnfn®v Im\m≥ tZi-Øns‚ A[n-]-Xn-bm°n At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp DS-º-Sn-bn-te¿s∏-´Xp apX-emWv blq-Z-P-\-X-bpsS Bcw`w (1850 B.C) tKm{X]nXm-°-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmb C{km-tb-en¬ (bmt°m-_v)\n∂v blq-Z-P-\-Xbv°v C{km-tb¬ F∂ t]cp In´n. \m\qdp h¿j-tØmfwCuPn-]v‰n¬ ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬ Ign-™-tijw C{km-tb¬ P\wtami-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hntam-Nn-X-cmbn hmKvZ-Ø-`q-an-bmb]me-kvXo-\-bn-te°v Xncn-®p. bp≤-ho-c-\mb tPmjzm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ C{km-tb¬ P\w hmKvZ-Ø-`qan ssIø-S-°n.

C{km-tb¬ aX-tI-{µo-Ir-X-amb cmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmjv{S-\n-b-a-ßfpw aX-\n-b-a-ßfpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ G‰w {][m\ khn-ti-jX GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Iev]-\-Iƒ A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ A\p-k-cn-°p-hm≥ blq-Z¿ _≤-{i-≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw B¥-cnIssNX-\ysØ Ah-K-Wn®pw \nb-a-ß-fpsS _mly {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ Ah¿ aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏-́ n-́ p≈ c£-I≥ Hcp cmjv{Sob hntamNI-\m-bn-cn°pw F∂ hnizm-k-am-Wv]-cs° blq-Z-P-\-X-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. _m_n-tem-Wn-tebpw Ako-dn-b-bn-tebpw ASn-a-Ø-ß-fpsS ImeØv Ah¿ hntam-N-I-\mb anin-lmsb ImØn-cp-∂p. t]¿jym-°mcpw tdmam-°mcpw Iog-S-°n-b-t∏mgpw blq-Z¿cmjv{Sob hntam-N-I-\mb {InkvXp-hn-s\-bmWv {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

{InkvXpaXsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw blq-Zcpw ]ca {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v. blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ hnizmk kwln-X-IfpwBNm-cm-\p-jvSm-\-ßfpw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øn-bn-´p≈kzm[o\w hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.

C. k -̀bpsS D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw1. Pdp-ktew k` ( \S-]Sn 1:1-- ˛ 6:7)

]¥-°p-kvXm-Zn-\-Øn-emWv k` HutZym-Kn-I-ambn DZvLm-S\wsNø-s∏-́ -sX∂v ]d-bmw. Pdp-ktew \K-csØ tI{µ-am-°n-bmWvk` hf-cp-hm-\m-cw-`n-®-Xv.

]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ {]tNm-Z-\-Øm¬ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS ZuXyw kam-cw-̀ n-®p. Pdp-k-te-anse k -̀bpsS {][m\ khn-ti-jX A∏-kvtXm-e-tI-{µo-Ir-X-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ i‡n-bm¬ BZna k` FXn¿∏p-I-fp-tSbpw aX-a¿±-\-ß-fp-tSbpw at≤y ss[cy-k-taXw {InkvXp-hns‚ \maw {]tLm-jn-®p. A∏-kvtXme kwJy ]{¥≠v B°p-hm≥ \S-Ønb Xnc-s™Sp∏v {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p≠v (\-S-]Sn 1:15˛26) k` kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambn cq]wsIm≠p XpS-ßp∂Xns‚ kqN-\m-bm-Wn-Xv.a\p-jy\v ssZh-cm-Py-sØ-∏‰n ]d™p sImSp-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w`uXn-I-amb Bh-iy-ßfpw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ a\-n-em-°n. AXn-\mbn Ggp-t]sc Uo°-∑m-cmbn Xnc-s™-SpØp. Uo°-∑mcpw kphn-ti-j-{]-tLm-j-W-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ka-cn-bm-bn-ep≈ ̂ nen-∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

2. ]me-kvXo-\-bnse k` ( \S-]Sn 6:8-˛9:3)

k` {ItaW Pdp-k-te-an\p ]pd-tØ°p hym]n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.Uo°≥ Ão^s‚ c‡-km-£nXzw ]pXn-sbmcp hgn-Øn-cnhm-bn-cp∂p. Ão^s‚ c‡-km-£n-Xz-tØm-Sp-IqSn Bcw-`n® aX-

a¿±-\hpw AXp-h-gn-bp-≠mb injy-K-W-Øns‚ NnX-depw bqZbm

ka-dnbm F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ k` hf-cp-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-ambn. ka-

dn-bm-bnepw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ap≈ ^nen-∏ns‚ t{]jn-X-{]-

h¿Ø\w hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse G‰hpw

{][m\ kw`hw hnPm-Xo-b-cpsS A∏-kvtXm-e-\mbn {InkvXp

Xnc-s™-SpØ kmhq-fns‚ am\-km-¥-c-am-Wv. k`-bpsS hf¿®-

bnse c≠mw L´-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu Ncn{Xw \S-]Sn ]pkvX-

I-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

3. At¥ym-Iym-bnse k` (\-S-]Sn 9:32 -˛12:24)

]me-kvXo-\m-bn¬ [mcm-f-ambn hnPm-Xo-bcpw k`sb Bt«-

jn-°p-hm≥ apt∂m´p h∂p. hnPm-Xo-b-cpsS am\-km-¥c {]iv\w

BZn-a-k-`bv°v Hcp Xe-th-Z-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k`-bn¬ AwK-am-Ip-

∂-Xn\p apºmbn Hcmƒ blq-Z-\m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v blq-Z-ss{I-

kvX-h¿ Icp-Xn. ]n∂oSv Pdp-ktew Iu¨kn-en¬ Cu {]iv\w

]cn-lr-X-ambn (\-S-]Sn 15:6˛21) Pdp-ktew k` hnPm-Xo-b-cpsS

am\-km-¥-csØ kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXp. BZn-a-k-`m-k-

aqlw Pdp-k-te-an-em-bn-cn-°p-tºm-ƒ Xs∂ hnPm-Xo-b-cn¬ \n∂v

am\-km¥-c-s∏-´-h-sc√mw tN¿∂v kndn-bm-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb

At¥ym-Iym-bn¬ Hcp ss{IkvXh kaq-l-Øn\v cq]w \evIn.

CXns‚ Npa-Xe _¿W_mkn-\m-bn-cp∂p. {InkvXp-hns‚ A\p-

bm-bn-Iƒ°v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂ \maw BZy-ambn \evI-s∏-

´Xv At¥ym-Iym-bn¬ h®mWv. ]utem-kns‚ t{]jn-X-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßfpsS Bcw`w At¥ym-Iym-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚

t{]jnX km{am-Py -Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\hpw At¥ymIym

BsW∂p ]d-bmw.

4. Gjym ssa\-dnse k` (\-S-]Sn 12:25˛16:5)

BZysØ t{]jn-X-bm-{X-bv°n-S-bn¬ ]utemkv Gjym-ssa-

\-dnse ]e- b-h-\-\-K-c-ßfpw kphn-ti-j-h-Xv°-cn®p. hnPm-Xo-

b¿ [mcm-f-ambn k`sb kzoI-cn-®p. bh-\-\-K-c-ß-fn¬ k`

ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS km¿∆-{XnI k` F∂ Bibw cqV-aq-e-

ambn. \thm-t∑-j-tØmsS ]utemkv c≠m-aXpw Gjym-ssa-\-

dn-te°v t{]jn-X-bm{X \SØn. bm{Xm-at≤y BZy-bm-{X-bn¬

ÿm]n® k`-Iƒ At±lw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

5. bqtdm-∏nse k` (\-S-]Sn 16:6˛19:20)

Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬\n∂pw bqtdm-∏n-te°p Xncn® ]utemkv{]kn-≤-ß-fmb ^nen-∏n-b-bnepw sXk-tem-\n-°-bnepw sImdn-¥nepw k -̀Iƒ ÿm]n®p. BX≥knepw At±lw kphn-tijwAdn-bn®p. F-∂m¬ AXv hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. aq∂m-asØt{]jn-X-bm-{X-bn¬ At±lw Kem-Ønbmbntebpw {^nPn-bm-bn-tebpw k`-Iƒ kµ¿in®p Ft^-kqkw tI{µ-am-°n-sIm≠v cmPy-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fnepw At±lw kphn-tijwAdn-bn-®p.

XpS¿∂v k` tdman-te°pw hym]n-®p. ]t{Xmkv ]utemkv«ol-∑m¿ tdmanse A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. sPdp-k-te-an¬ \n∂v hf¿®-bm-cw-`n® k` A°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ kmkw-kv°m-cnI tI{µ-ß-fn-sems° ÿm]n-X-am-bn.tXmam-«olm kphn-ti-j-Zu-Xy-hp-ambn Ing-°≥ \mSp-I-fn-tebv°p bm{X-bmbn. t]¿jy, taZnb In°m-\n-b, _mIv{Sn-b,C≥Uy F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw kphn-tijw {]tLm-jn®vAt±lw k -̀Iƒ ÿm]n®p. BZy \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂ k` BtKm-f-hym-]-I-ambn hf¿∂p. t{]jnX{]h¿Ø\w G‰w Imcy-£-ahpw Du¿÷-kz-e-hp-am-bn-cp-∂-XmWv k`-bpsS Cu AZv`p-X-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°v hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv.

D. BZn-a-k-̀ -bpsS ̀ c-W-kw-hn-[m\wk`-bpsS Bcw`w apX¬Xs∂ k`-bn¬ kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb

hf¿® ImWm-\mhpw {InkvXym-\n-Isf hy‡n-I-fmbpw {Kq∏p-I-fmbpw Xncn®v {]tXyI tPmen-I-ƒ Gen-]n-®n-cp-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿, tae-t\z-j-I¿, BNm-cy-∑m¿, Uo°-∑m¿ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ ip{iqjm hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠mbn-cp-∂p.

kphn-ti-j-a-dn-bn-°p-I, ⁄m\-kv\m\w \evIpI, \bn-°pICh-bm-bn-cp∂p A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS {][m-\-Zu-Xy-߃. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cn¬Øs∂ ]t{Xm-kn\v {]map-Jy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.tae-t\z-j-I≥ (F-∏n-kvtIm-t∏m-kv) BNm-cy-kw-L-Øns‚ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp∂p. {InkvXob kaq-l-Øns‚ Imcy-ÿ\pw ]nXm-hp-am-bn-́ mWv tae-t\z-j-I≥ Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A∏-kvtX-e-∑m-cpsS]n≥Km-an-I-fmbn tae-t\z-j-I¿ Adn-b-s∏-´p. c≠mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ tae-t\z-j-I-cpsS (sa-{Xm-∑m-cp-sS) ÿm\w Iptd-°qSnhy‡-ambn. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kaq-l-Øns‚ Kpcphpw t\Xmhpw

CS-b\pw IqZm-i-I-fpsS Im¿Ωn-I-\p-ambn sa{Xm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p.

A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS klm-bn-I-fmWv BNm-cy≥am¿. blqZ-k-aq-l-Øns‚ t\Xm-hns\ Cu t]cp-sIm-≠mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv BNm-cy-∑m¿ tae-t\z-j-I-tcm-sSm∏w klm-bn-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-®p.

Uo°≥ F∂m¬ tkh-I≥ F∂m-W¿∞w. Uo°≥sa{Xms‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ sa{Xm≥Ign-™m¬ ASpØ ÿm\-amWv Uo°-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Uo°-∑m¿ k`-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ ]¶p-h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. ]Ww hnX-cWwsNbvXn-cp-∂Xv Ah-cmWv. \memw \q‰m-≠m-Ip-tºm-ƒ Uo°\vIqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-ihpw \evIn-bn-cp-∂p. tcmKn-I-fmbn ho´n¬ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°v Xncp-∏m-tYbw sIm≠p-t]m-bn-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv Uo°-∑m-cm-Wv. sa{Xms‚ A\p-hm-Z-tØm-Sp-IqSnamtΩm-Zok \evIm\pw Uo°\v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kv{XoI-fpsS Bh-iy-ß-ƒ {i≤n-°m-\mbn BZn-a-k-`-bn¬h\n-Xm-Uo-°-∑m-tcbpw \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp I\y-Itbm hniz-kvX-Xbpw am\y-bp-amb Hcp hn[-htbm Bbn-cn-°Ww h\nXmUo°≥ F∂v \n_-‘-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. h\n-Xm-Uo-°-∑msc]≈n-bpsS Imcy-ß-ƒ t\m°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah¿°vAflm-b-cpsS ÿm\ta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

E. BZn-a-k-̀ -bpsS hnizm-khpw Bcm-[-\m-{I-ahpw

Cutimanin-lm-bpsS D∞m-\-am-bn-cp∂p BZn-a-k-`-bpsShnizm-k-Øns‚ tI{µw. Cutim-bpsS D∞m-\-amWv Xß-fpsSss{IkvX-hm-kvXn-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-sa∂v BZn-a-k-`-bnsehnizm-kn-Iƒ IcpXn. ]oUm-\p-`-h-Øn-t‚bpw ac-W-Øn-t‚bpwD∞m-\-Øn-t‚bpw ]m›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Ah¿ Cutim-bpsS Pohn-XsØ ]p\¿ho-£n-®p. hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏-´n-cp∂ anin-lmsbCutim-bn¬ Ah¿ I≠p. Ahsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw anin-lm, I¿Ømhpw (\-S-]Sn 1:11;7:59˛60;9:1)]cn-ip-≤\pw \oXn-am\pw(\-S 3:14) Pohs‚ Dd-hn-Shpw ssZh-Øns‚ Zmk\pw a\p-jyc-£-I\pw (\S 5:31) F√m-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Bcm-[-\m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ BZn-a-ss{I-kvX-h¿ blq-Z-]m-c-º-cy-߃ ]eXpw A`w-Kpcw ImØp-kq-£n®p. tZhm-e-b-Ønse{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ XpS¿∂p \SØn. {]m¿∞\mbma-ßfpw \ne-

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

\n¿Øn. k¶o¿Ø-\-߃ XpS-ßnb {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ blq-Z¿°n-√mØ Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-Ifpw k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \S-]Sn 2:42 Cu {]tXy-I-X-bn-te-°mWv hnc¬Nq≠p-∂Xv A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS {]t_m-[-\-Ønepw Iq´m-bva-bn-epw A∏w-ap-dn-°-enepw {]m¿∞-\-bn-epw Ah¿ apgp-In-bn-cp-∂p. tZhm-e-b-Øn¬\n∂pw thdn´p\n∂ Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\m¬ \bn-°-s∏ v́ [oc-ambn I¿Øm-hn\v km£yw hln-°p∂ DØa hnizm-kn-I-sf-bmWv BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ \ap°p ImWm-\m-hp-∂-Xv.

amtam-Zok

A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS ImeØv hfsc efn-X-amb coXn-bn-emWvamtam-Zok \evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]m]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A\p-X-]n-°p-Ibpw{InkvXob hnizmkw G‰p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXm-ep-S-s\-Øs∂amtam-Zok \¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-]-Xn-hv. (\S. 2:38). efn-X-ambcoXn-bn¬ sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n-bmWv amtam-Zok \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv.F∂m¬ sh≈w inc-n¬ Hgn®p \S-Øp∂ amtam-Zokmsb-°p-dn®v c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ UnUms° km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. c≠mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ amtam-Zok kzoI-cn-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ (kv\m-\m¿∞n-Iƒ) {]tXyIw Hcp-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.km[m-c-W-bmbn h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p-{]m-hiyw ⁄m\-kv\m\w\¬In-bn-cp∂p. CuÃ-dn-t‚bpw ]¥-°p-kvXm-bp-tSbpw Xte-Zn-hkw amtam-Zok kzoI-cn-®-h¿°v ]cn-ip-≤n-bp-tSbpw sh¨a-bp-tSbpw AS-bm-f-amb sh≈-hkv{Xw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. Hcm-gv®-°m-e-tØ°v Ah¿ CXp [cn-®n-cp∂p. ]pXn-b-Xmbn ⁄m\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn® hy‡n°v Hcp {InkvXob \maw \¬Ip∂]Xnhv aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ D≠m-b-XmWv. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬inip-am-tam-Zok \ne-hn-en-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v.

hn. -Ip¿∫m\

C∂sØ Ip¿∫m\ c≠p hyXykvXip{iq-j-I-fn¬\n∂vcq]w {]m]n-®-XmWv. blq-Z-cpsS kn\-tKm-Kp-I-fnse thZ-]p-kvX-I-hm-b\. {]kwKw, s]mXp-{]m¿∞\ Ch Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS BZy-`m-K-amb kv\m\m¿∞n-I-fpsS Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-am-Wv.{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS A∏w apdn-°¬ ip{iq-j-bmWv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Ip¿∫m-\bv°v ASn-ÿm-\w. blq-Z-cm-bn-cp∂ BZna{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kn\-tKm-Knse {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ]Xn-hp-t]mse]¶p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. sshIp-t∂cw GsX-¶nepw Hcp ho´n¬ ktΩ-

fn®v A∏w apdn-°¬ ip{iqj \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. blq-Z-∑m-cn¬\n∂v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ AI-em≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Cu c≠phyXykvX ip{iq-j-Ifpw Hcp-an®v \S-Øn-Øp-S-ßn.

Cutim-bpsS _en-bpsS Hm¿Ω-bm-bn-´mWv BZna {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hn.- Ip¿∫m\ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Bcw-`-Im-eØv CuNSßv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv sshIp-t∂-c-am-Wv. CXn\p ap≥]mbnP\-߃ Hcp-an-®p-IqSn blq-Z-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ kvt\l-hn-cp∂v ( agape) \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬kvt\l-hn-cp-∂n¬ Nne A]m-I-X-Iƒ IS∂p IqSp-I-bm¬ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS Ime-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øntem c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øntem hn.-Ip¿∫m\ kvt\l-hn-cp-∂n¬ \n∂vamdn BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥ XpSßn. A∂p apX-emWv hn.-Ip¿∫m\cmhnse \S-Øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Zo¿L-amb aWn-°q-dp-I-fnseNS-ßp-Iƒ BZn-a-{In-kvXy-\n-Iƒ°v Hcp Xc-Ønepw hnc-k-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. km[m-c-W-bmbn Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv hn.-Ip¿∫m\A¿∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ip¿∫m-\-tbmSv _‘-s∏´v kwKo-Xw, Xncp-h-kv{X-߃, Xncn, aWn, F∂nh BZysØ aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. _en-b¿∏n-®n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn-se√mwhnizm-kn-Iƒ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p hn.-P-Ãn≥km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. km[m-cW Znh-k-ß-fn¬ hn.-Ip¿∫m\C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v IqZmi sNbvX A∏w Znh-khpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ho´n¬ sIm≠p-t]m-Im-am-bn-cp-∂p.IqZm-i-sNbvX A∏w Ic-ß-fn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv.

]m]tam-N\w

{InkvXp-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hchv hfsc Bk-∂-am-sW∂pwX∑qew amtam-Zo -km-bn¬ ssIh-cn®v lrZ-b-ss\¿aeywbmsXmcp Ipdhpw IqSmsX ImØp-kq-£n-°-sW∂pw BZn-a-{In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. BI-bm¬ ]m]n-Iƒ°v ITn-\-amb in£-bmWv BZna k` \evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]m]-tam-N\IqZm-isb ZznXob amtam-Zok F∂t{X k`m ]nXm-°-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn\p \nb-X-amb Hcp cq]w ssIh-∂n-cp-∂n-√. A\p-Xm-]n-Iƒ k`-bpsS Xe-h-\mb sa{Xms‚ ASp-°¬ t\cn´p sN∂v Ip‰-߃ G‰p-]-d™v am∏-t]-£n-®n-cp∂p. ]c-ky-{]m-b-›n-Ø-amWv BZy-Im-eØvD≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS Nnesa{Xm-∑m¿ henb ]m]-߃ sNbvX-hsc F∂-t∂-°p-ambn

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

]pd-Øm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ]mj-fi-X, hy`n-Nm-cw, sIme-]m-X-Iw,F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu henb ]m]-߃.

k -̀bpsS am∏v Hcn-°¬ am{Xta e`n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. {]mb-›nØwsNbvX-Xn\ptijw ho≠pw ITn-\-amb ]m]-Øn¬ hoW-h-cpsSt\sc ImcpWyw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ahsc ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-W-bv°mbn hn´n-cp-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ amtam-Zo-kmbv°p tijwHtc-sbmcp ]m]-tam-N\w am{Xta \¬In-cp-∂p-≈q.

]c-ky-amb Ip‰-߃°v ]c-ky-amb Ip‰w G‰p]-d-®n-emWv\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. sa{Xm-t‚bpw sshZn-I-cp-tSbpw P\-ß-fp-tSbpwapºn¬h®m-bn-cp∂p CXv. F∂m¬ cl-ky-Ip-‰-Øn\v sa{Xm-s‚tbm sshZn-I-t‚tbm ]°¬ cl-ky-Ipºkm-cta \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p≈q F∂m¬ {]mb-›n-Øhpw ]m]-tam-N-\hpw ]c-ky-ambn \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂p.

Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ

blq-Z-∑m-cpsS i\n-bmgvN BtLm-j-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ {InkvXp-hns‚ D∞m-\-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω BN-cn-°p∂ Rmb-dmgv® {]tXyI Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn \o°n-h-®p. Rmb-dm-gv®-Zn-hkw euIn-I-amb F√m-°m-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ AI∂p\n∂n-cp-∂p. blq-Z-∑m-cpsS {][m-\-s∏´ c≠pXncp-\m-fp-Iƒ s]k-lmbpw ]¥-°p-kvXmbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-tSbpw {][m\ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fmbn. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]uc-kvXy-k-`-bn¬ Bcw-`n® Xncp-\m-fmWv Z\l (P-\p-hcn 6) {InkvXp-hns‚ ⁄m\-kv\m-\-Øns‚ kvacW sIm≠m-Sp∂ Xncp-\m-fmbn CXp ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ ]qP-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ Znhy-in-ip-hns\ kµ¿in®v Bcm-[n® kw -̀h-amWvA\p-kva-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

\memw \q‰m≠p apX-emWv Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ {Inkvakv BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn hnPm-Xo-b¿ kqcy-tZ-hs‚ P\-\-Øn-cp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂p. B Xncp-\m-fn\p ]Icw Hcp{InkvXob Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØm-sS-bmWv Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn {InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-Øn-cp-\m-fmbn tLmjn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. F.-Un.- \m-\qdv apX¬ Hmim\Rmb-dmgv® {]tXyI aX-I¿Ω-ß-tfmsS Pdq-k-eØv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂p. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ ]cn-ip≤ adn-b-tØmSv ̀ ‡n

{]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. adn-b-Øns‚kz¿§m-tcm-]-W-Øn-cp-\mƒ F.Un 450 ¬ Pdq-k-eØv Bcw-̀ n®p.

D]-hmkw

BZy-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ {InkvXy-\n-Iƒ _p[-\m-gv®bpwsh≈n-bm-gv®bpw D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂p. blq-Z-∑m-cpsS BNm-ca\pk-cn-®mWv BZn-a-{In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ D]-hmkw A\p-jvSn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.kqcym-kvX-abw hsctbm As√-¶n¬ kmbm-”-\-a-kv°mcwsNm√p-∂-Xp-h-sctbm `£-W-km-[-\-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambn h¿÷n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv-A-h¿ D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F.-Un.400˛t\m-Sp-IqSn]m›m-Xy-k-̀ -bn¬ _p[-\mgv® D]-hmkw am‰n ]Icw i\n-bmgv®D]-hmkw kzoI-cn-®p. CuÃ-dn\v Hcp-°-am-bp≈ \mev]-Xp-t\mºv]uc-kvXy¿ c≠mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ BN-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ Cu t\mºv \mev]-Xp-Zn-h-k-sa∂v \n›-bn-®Xv \memw\q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. ]uckvXy k`-bn¬ a‰p t\mºp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p ˛ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS t\mºv (Pq¨ 16˛28) adn-b-Øns‚t\mºv (BKÃv 1˛13) {Inkva-kn\v Hcp-°-am-bp≈ t\mºv (\-hw-_¿ 15 ˛ Un-kw-_¿ 24).

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

aX-a¿±-\-߃

02

anin-lm-bpsS k`bv°v BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬t\cn-tS≠n h∂ ]oU-\-ßfpw {]bm-k-ßfpw ̀ oj-Wn-I-fp-amWv aX-a¿±\w sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv.am\h kaq-lsØ c£n-°p-hm-\mbn a\p-jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX ssZh-]p-{X\pw cmPm-[n-cm-P-\p-ambCutim-an-in-lmsb blq-Z-{]-am-Wn-Iƒ Ipcn-in¬Xd®p sIm∂p. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv Cutim-\m-Y≥ injy-tcm-S-cp-fn-sNbvXp: (an-in-lm-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-sS-√m-am-bn-cp∂p Acp-fn-sN-bvX-Xv) Ah¿Fs∂ ]oUn-∏n-s®-¶n¬ \nß-sfbpw ]oVn-∏n°pw(tbm-l, 15:20). anin-lm-bpsS B hN-\-߃A£cw {]Xn \nd-th-dp-I-bmW.v aX-a¿±\ ImeØvtemI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp aXhpw C{X {Iqchpwi‡-hp-amb FXn¿∏n\pw a¿±-\-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-´n-√.

aX-a¿±-\-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃

aX-a¿±-\-Øn-\p-≠mb {][m-\-s∏´ Imc-W-߃c≠p Xc-am-Wv. H∂v aX-]-cw, c≠v atX-X-cw.

1. aX-]-c-amb Imc-W-߃

1. ]¥°p-kvXm-Zn-hkw ]t{Xmkv «olm-bpsS {]kwKwtI´v 3000 t]tcmfw ⁄m\-kv\m-\-s∏´v (\-S-]Sn 2:11) {InkvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v, H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {InkvXp-hns‚k` hfsc kzX-{¥-ambpw hym]-I-ambpw hf¿∂p. Cu AZv`p-X-I-c-amb hf¿®-bn¬ blq-Zcpw ]n∂oSv hnPm-Xo-bcpw Akq-bm-ep-°-fmbn.

2. ss{IkvX-h-k` blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂v hntam-Nn-X-\mbn. hnPm-Xo-bcpw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tNcp-Ibpw k` tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw hf¿∂v ]¥-en-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS blq-Z-cpsS hntcm[w h¿≤n-®p.

3. tdmam-°m-cp-tSbpw {Ko°p-Im-cp-tSbpw a\-p-I-fn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp-Xcw iq\y-Xm-t_m-[sØ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥kphn-ti-j-X-Xz-߃°v km[n-®p. tdmam-Im¿°pw {Ko°p-Im¿°pw{InkvXp-a-Xhpw, anin-lm-bpsS {]t_m-[-\-ßfpw XmXv]-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hf¿® cmPm-hn\pw, hn{K-lm-cm-[-I¿°pw CjvS-s∏-´n-√.

4. F.Un. 70˛sebpw 135 sebpw Pdp-ktew XI¿® I¿Ør-{]-h-N-\-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambpw Cutim-an-in-lmsb {Iqin-®-Xn\v blq-Z¿°v e`n® in£mbmbpw ss{IkvX-h¿ I≠p.kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ tami-bpsS \nb-a-Øn¬\n∂pw blq-Z-cpsS ̀ oj-Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Snb {InkvXp-aXw kz¥-amb hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm-\m-cw-`n®p CtXmsS blq-Z-cpsS tIm]w Bfn-°-Øn.

5. tdmam-°m¿ hnhn[ tZho-tZ-h-∑m-tcbpw ZnhyXzw Iev]n®vN{I-h¿Øn-tbbpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ GI kXyssZh-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hn{K-l-ß-tftbm N{I-h¿Øn-tbtbm Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn®p. {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Cu \ntj-[-`mhw tdma≥N-{I-h¿Øn-tbbpw Cuiz-c-`-‡cpw cmP-`-‡-cp-amb Ass{I-kvXh tdma≥ P\-X-tbbpw{]tIm-]n-∏n-®p.

6. blq-Z¿°v tdma≥ A[n-]-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o\wsIm≠v ss{IkvX-h¿s°-Xnsc Icp-°ƒ \o°p-hm≥ km[n-®p.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

7. N{I-h¿Ønsb Bcm-[n-°m-Xn-cp∂ ss{IkvX-hsc \nco-iz-c-∑m-cmbn ImWp-Ibpw, cmPy-Øm-I-am\w D≠mb AXym-ln-X-߃°pw, {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-߃°pw ImcWw ss{IkvX-h-cpsSssZh-\n-tj-[-am-sW∂p Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

8. ss{IkvX-h¿ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏-W-Øn-\p-th≠n H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. ss{IkvX-h-cpsS Cu ktΩ-f-\-߃ cmPm-hnepwcmP-`-‡-cnepw kwi-b-߃ P\n-∏n®p. Cu ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ssewKn-I-ssh-Ir-X-ßfpw, a\p-jy-°p-cp-Xn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-®p.

9. [m¿Ωn-I-\n-e-hm-c-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ tdma≥ D’-h-ß-tfmSvss{IkvX-h¿°v Ah-⁄-bm-bn-cp∂p. bp≤sØ A\p-Iq-en-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Nne ss{IkvX-h¿ ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-Øn\vhnk-Ω-Xn-®p. CXv kmaq-ly-t{Zm-l-ambpw tZi-kvt\-l-an-√m-bva-bmbpw a‰p-≈-h¿ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p.

10. hymP-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-tSbpw, tPymXn-j-°m-cp-tSbpw hn{K-l-\n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fp-tSbpw hntZzjw ss{IkvX-hsc ]oUn-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn.

2. atXXc-Im-c-W-߃

1. kmlnXyImc-∑mcpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw ss{IkvX-h-tcm-Sp≈Ah⁄ Xß-fpsS krjvSn-I-fn-eqsS {]N-cn-∏n-®p.

2. _p≤nPo-hn-I-fpsS Bi-b-]-c-amb ]n¥pW aX-]o-U-\-ß-fpsS Xo{hX h¿≤n-∏n-®p.

blq-Z-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb ^vfmhn-bqkv tPmtk-^qkv (F.-Un.37˛105) tdma≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb Smkn-‰kv (F.-Un.54˛119) πo\n(F.-Un.62˛113) F∂n-h¿ {InkvXp-a-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw , {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v {InkvXp-hn-t\mSpw {InkvXy-\n-I-tfm-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ah-⁄bpw emL-h-a-t\m-̀ m-hhpw Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬hy‡-am-Wv.

c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-tØmsS Nne¿ {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xnsc {KŸ-߃ Xs∂ cNn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn . Ah-cn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ GXm\pw hy‡n-I-fpsS t]cpw Ah-cpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw

Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.

a) sN¬kqkv

F.Un. 161˛180 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ aX-]o-V\w \S-Ønb am¿°kv Hutden-b-kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mWnt±lw.Cutimbv°v ssZhn-I-Xz-an-s√∂pw Ahn-SpsØ D∞m\w sI´p-I-Y-bm-sW∂pw , Cutim Hcp Pmc-k-¥-Xn-bm-sW∂pw CbmƒXs‚ kc-k-amb `mj-bn-eqsS {]N-cn-∏n-®p. a\p-jym-h-Xmcwbp‡n-c-ln-X-am-Wv............ ]t{Xmkv h©-I\pw aninlm Icp-Ø-\mb h©-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-t]m-Ip∂ sN¬kq-kns‚Nn¥m-K-Xn. hn.- bu-tk∏v Cutimsb CuPn-]vXn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-bXv a{¥-hn-Zy-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw, AXp-sIm-≠mWv aninlm A¤p-X-߃ {]h¿Øn-®-sX∂pw Ct±lw]d-™p.

b) eqjy≥

sN¬kq-kns‚ ka-Im-en-I\pw kmsam-km-Øm-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp∂p eqjy≥, ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hnXw Hcp sI´p-I-Y-bm-sW∂pw{InkvXp-aXw hnUvVn-I-fpsS aX-am-sW-∂p≈ Bi-b-ß-ƒ‘s]c-{Ko-\p-kns‚ acWw’ F∂ IY-bn-eqsS Ct±lw {]N-cn-∏n-®p.

c) t]m¿^ncn

{InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xnsc 15 ]pkvX-I-ß-f-S-ßp∂ Hcp Zo¿L-amb IrXn Ct±lw cNn-®p. ]utemkv hnπ-h-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-c\pw, ]t{Xmkv A_-≤-߃ hnfn®p]d-bp-∂-h-\p-am-W∂pwCutim-bn¬ Ak-Xyhpw, Aÿn-c-Xbpw Ds≠∂pw Ct±lwNn¥n-°p-∂p.

Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]pcm-X-\-{K-Ÿ-I¿Øm-°ƒ aq∂v hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ\evIp-∂p≠v. Ah Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂p.

1. anin-lm-bvs°-Xnsc Pmc-k-¥-Xn, injy¿ ap°p-h-cm-Wv,ASn-a-sb-t∏mse Ipcn-in¬ acn®p

2. ss{IkvXh {]t_m-[-\-߃s°-Xnsc A‘-hn-izm-k-amWv kwkv°m-c-c-ln-X-amWv ]c-kv]c hncp≤ßfmWv

3. ss{IkvX-h¿s°-Xnsc \nco-iz-c-∑m¿, kwkv°m-c-iq-\y¿,tZi-kvt\-l-an-√m-Ø-h¿, A‘-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ, aX-{`m-¥¿.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

aX-a¿±-\-߃ \S-Ønb N{I-h¿Øn-am¿

1. \otdm (F.-Un.54˛68)

{InkvXp-aX ]oU-\-]-cn-]mSn Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn DZvLm-S\wsNbvXXv \otdm-bpsS Ime-ØmWv. kz¥w amXm-hn-s\bpwktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcbpw, ]Xv\n-sbbpw a‰v IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfbpw{Iqc-ambn sIme-s∏-Sp-Ønb ̀ oI-c-\m-bn-cp∂p \otdm F∂v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv km£n-°p-∂p. (F-hp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ k`m-N-cn{Xw,t]Pv 129˛130) F.Un 64 Pqsse 14 \v tdmam-\-K-c-Øn-\p-≠mbXo]n-Sp-Ø-Øn\v ImcWw ss{IkvX-h-cn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw\nc-h[n ss{IkvX-hsc AdÃp sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. arK-ß-fpsS tXm¬ [cn-∏n®p ss{IkvX-hsc h\y-ar-K-߃°v CSn-Sp-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw, Nne ss{IkvX-hsc \otdm-bpsS DZym-\-Ønse]¥-ß-fm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aºp-I-sfbvXpw Ipcn-in¬Xq°nbpw tXmep-cp™pw knwl-Øn\v Cc-bm°nbpw Xnf-bv°p∂ FÆ-bn-en´pw ss{IkvX-h-a-°sf lnwkn-®p. Bcpwss{IkvX-h-cm-bn-cn-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ {]amWw \otdm \ne-hn¬ sIm≠p h∂p. hn. -]-t{Xmkpw hn.- ]u-temkpw F.Un.64˛\pw 65˛\pw CSbv°v c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn. At\Iw ss{IkvX-h¿ {IkvXp hnizm-ksØ Dds° ]d-™p-sIm≠v ac-WsØBt«-jn-°p-I-bp-≠m-sb∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

2. sUmao-jy≥ (F.Un 81˛96)

ssZh-tØmSv shdp∏pw i{Xp-Xbpw ]pe¿Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬\otdm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ sUmao-jy≥ (F.-Un.163)ss{IkvX-h-cm-bn-cp∂ ]e Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-tcbpw h[n-®p. hn.- tbm-l-∂ms\ Xnf® FÆ-bn¬ ap°n ]oUn-∏n-s®∂pw]mtflmkv Zzo]n-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn-sb∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.sUmao-jys‚ IpSpw-_-°m-c-\mb s¢a≥kpw At±-l-Øns‚`mcy sUmav‰n-√bpw h[n-°-s∏-´-h-cn¬s]Sp-∂p.

3. {SmP≥ (F.Un. 98˛117)

hnJym-X-\mb aq∂m-asØ aX-]o-U-I-N-{I-h¿Øn-bmWv{SmP≥. ss{IkvX-h-cpsS Bcm-[\mktΩ-f-\-߃ sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-Ibpw, ktΩ-f-\-߃ \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw cmPm-hns‚ B⁄ewLn-®-hsc h[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {SmPs‚ HutZym-KnI \bwCß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ip‰w ]e-XmWv. ]›m-Ø-]n-®m¬ am∏p-sIm-Sp-°m\pw {InkvXym-\n-Isf sXc-™p-]n-

Sn-t°-s≠∂pw {InkvXym-\n-I-sf∂v ]cs° Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂hsc]nSn-Iq-Sn-bm¬ aXn-sb∂pw Iev]-\-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. ss{IkvXhhnizmkw Dt]-£n®v \√ hgn-bn¬ Xncn-bp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-hsc am{Xw h[n-®m¬ aXn-sb∂pw B⁄m-]n-®n-cp-∂p.At¥ym-Iym-bnse hn.-C-t·-jykv, \mem-asØ am¿]m-∏- Bbhn. -s¢-a‚ v XpS-ßn-b-h¿ {SmPs‚ ImeØv c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cm-Wv.

4. As‚m-Wn-\kv ]bkv (F.-Un. 138˛161)

Ct±-l-Øns‚ ImeØpw \nc-h-[n-t∏¿ c‡-km-£n-I-fm-bn-´p-≠v. lnPn-\pkv ]m∏mbpw (136˛140) ]obqkv 1˛]m-∏mbpw(140˛155) kvan¿Æm-bnse alm-\mb t]mfn-°m¿∏pw (69˛155) CucmPm-hns‚ aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv c‡-km£naIpSw NqSn-b-h-cmWv.

5. am¿°v Hutdm-en-bkv (161˛180)

ss{IkvX-hsc A‘-hn-izm-kn-I-fmbn IcpXn cmPy-Øp-≠mb{]IrXn t£m`߃°v ImcWw ssZh-tIm-]-am-sW∂pw AXn\pImcWw ss{IkvX-h-cm-sW∂pw ]d-™p-]c-Øn. tcmKn-bm-bn-cp∂ t^mØn-\pkv sa{Xms\ 90˛masØ hb-n¬ hfsc ]oUn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Imcm-Kr-l-Øn-e-S-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-°n-S∂p acn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ss{IkvX-hsc h\y-ar-K-߃°v Cc-bm-°p-IbpwAh-cpsS ih-߃ IØn®v Nmcw \Zn-bn¬ Hgp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.IqSmsX J\n-I-fn¬ \n¿_-‘n-∏n®v tPmen FSp-∏n-®p. Kh¨sa‚ vÿm]-\-ß-fnepw ]cky ÿe-ß-fnepw ss{IkvX-h¿°v {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-®p. {]IrXn t£m`-ß-ƒ°v FXnsc \S-Ønb_en-bn¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kl-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\-Im-c-Ww.

6. sk]vXo-an-bkv skth-ckv (193˛211)

Ct±-l-Øns‚ ̀ mcy-bpsS t{]c-W-\n-an-Ø-amWv ]oU\w XpS-ßn-b-Xv. F.-Un. 202 ̨ ¬ Bcpw {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]mSn√F∂ cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏´p. XpS¿∂v AXn-cq-£-ambaX-a¿±-\-ß-fmWv \S-∂-Xv. B{^n-°-bnepw CuPn-]vØnepw[mcmfw c‡-km-£n-I-fp-≠mbn. C°q-´-Øn¬ alm-\mb Hcn-sPs‚ ]nXmhv ˛ setbm-Wo-Zmkyw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Hcn-sP\pwsNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ c‡-km-£n-bm-°m≥ B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. (F.-Un.349) seb¨knse sa{Xm-\mb hn. Cc-t\-bqkpw 19,000 hnizm-kn-Ifpw Hcp-an®p h[n-°-s∏-´p.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

7. tUjykv (249˛251)

{InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xnsc Hcp s]mXp-a¿±\w, Agn®p hn´XptUjy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPy-Øp-≈-h-sc√mw tdma≥ ssZh-߃°vBcm-[-\-b¿∏n-°-a-sa-∂p≈ Iev]\ 250˛¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. _en-b¿∏n-®-Xn-\p≈ sXfn-hn-\mbn k¿´n-^n-°‰v hmß-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnizmkw ]cn-Xy-Pn-®-hsc em]vkn F∂pw [q]w A¿∏n-®-hsc Xqcn-^n-°mØn F∂pw _en-b¿∏n-®-hsc km{In-^n-°mØn F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. At\-Im-bn-c-߃ Cu aX-]o-U-\-Øn¬ c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn Xo¿∂p. Nne sa{Xm-∑m¿t]mepwC°m-eØv k`m-XymKw sNbvXp hn. -^-_n-bm-t\mkv am¿]m∏A-t¥ym-Iy≥ sa{Xm≥ _m_n-emkv, Pdp-ktew sa{Xm≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw C°m-eØv c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cmWv. 251˛ep-≠mb bp≤-Øn¬ tUmjy≥ acn-®p.

8. hte-cn-b≥ (253˛260)

hte-cn-bs‚ `c-W-Øns‚ Ah-km\ L´-Øn¬ cmPyØvhf-sc-b-[nIw Akz-ÿ-Ifpw bp≤-ßfpw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ImcWw {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-sW∂p IcpXn Ahsc]oUn-∏n-°p-hm≥ XpSßn. Aßs\ F.Un. 257˛¬ F√m-hcpwtdma≥ ssZh-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Hcphn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. 258˛se as‰mcp hn⁄m-]\ {]ImcwsshZn-Icpw k`-bnse D∂X hy‡n-Ifpw ]nSn-°-s∏-´p. sshZn-Isc apgp-h\pw sIms∂m-Sp°n. hnizmkw Dt]-£n-°m-Xn-cp∂Aflm-b-tcbpw hI-h-cpØn (F.k 442˛443) hn.- kn-Iv‰kv IIam¿]m∏, hn. kn{]bm≥, Uo°≥ temd≥kv, XpS-ßn-b-h-scms°hte-cn-bs‚ ImeØv c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cm-Wv.

hte-cn-bs‚ aI-\mb K≈n-tb-\qkv (260˛268) k`bv°pth≠{X B\p-Iq-ey-߃ \evIp-hm≥ Iev]n®p. Cu HuZmcywkvt\lw sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. adn®v k`sb ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-In-s√∂v t_m≤y-s∏-´-Xn-\m-em-Wv.

9. Utbm-¢o-j≥ (284˛305)

CXn-\p-apºv ]oU\w \S-Ønb F√m N{I-h¿Øn-am-tc-°mfpwkwlm-cm-fl-IX HØp tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Utbm-¢o-j-t‚Xv.BZy-Im-eØv k`-tbmSv hntcm-[-sam-∂p-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬Xs‚ `mcy {]nkvIbpw aIƒ hte-dn-bmbpw Dƒs∏sS At\-I¿ ss{IkvXh hnizm-kn-I-fm-b-tXmsS aX-]o-U\w Bcw-`n-®p.

tZhm-e-b-߃ XI¿°p-Ibpw hn. -{K-Ÿ-ß-ƒ Nps´-cn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp kz¥w ̀ mcy-tbbpw aI-tfbpw sa{Xm-∑m-tcbpw At\IwsshZn-I-tcbpw h[n-∏n-®p. sa{Xm-∑m-tcbpw, sshZn-I-tcbpw,Aflm-b-tcbpwsIm≠v Pbn-ep-Iƒ \nd-™-t∏mƒ bYm¿∞ Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf kzX-{¥-cm-°n. Iºn ]gp-∏n®v IÆp Xpc∂p If-bpI.Hmtcm Imep-ap-dn®p If-bpI XpS-ßnb {Iqc-]o-U-\-ß-fmWv \evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ss{IkvXh ]´-W-am-bn-cp∂ {^oPnb AXnse P\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w A·n-°n-c-bm-°n-I-f-™p. hn.- B-·-kv, hn. -sk-_m-Ãy≥, hn.- s^-en-Ivkv, hn.- am¿sk-√n-\kv am¿]m∏ XpS-ßn-h-sc√mw Utbm-¢ojs‚ ImeØv hotcm-Nn-X-ambn c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cm-Wv.

hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I¿

tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn-amcp-tSbpw, blq-Z-Nn-¥-I-cp-tSbpwFXn¿∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc i‡-amb `mj-bn¬ hnizm-k-Øns‚amlmflyw FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-b-h-cmWv hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I¿. Ch-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ At∏m-fPn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.hn.- P-Ãn≥, AØ-\-tKm-d-kv, sX¿Øp-ey≥ XpS-ßn-bh-scms°hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I-cn¬ GXm\pw hy‡n-I-fm-Wv.

tIm¨Ã-ss‚-d≥ (306˛337)

aq∂v \q‰m-≠p-Imew \o≠p-\n∂ {Iqchpw \nµy-hp-amb aX-a¿±\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-®Xpw k`bv°p aX-kzm-X{¥w \evIn-bXpwtIm¨Ã-ss‚-d≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bmWv. 313 s^{_p-hcn Ah-km\w]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® anem≥ hnfw-_cw (Edict of Milan) F∂ Iev]-\-bn-eqsS ss{IkvXh k`bv°v aX-kzm-X{¥w A\p-h-Zn®p.k`bv°v Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw hkvXp-°ƒkq£n-°p-hm\pw I≠p-sI-́ n-b-h-sb√mw Xncn®p e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pwCu hnfw-_-c-Øn-eqsS km[n®p. t]K≥ aX-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂tIm¨Ã-ss‚-ds\ an¬hy≥ bp≤-amWv {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te-°-Sp-∏n-®Xv. Ipcn-ip-Nnlv\w D]-tbm-Kn®v bp≤w sNøm≥ t{]c-W-e-`n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ bp≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn-°p-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-bXv. ss{IkvX-h-cpsS i{Xp-°sf \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw, ss{IkvX-hm-cm-[-\sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw, Rmb-dmgv® s]mXp Ah-[n-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm¨Ã-ss‚-d-bn≥ ac-W-°n-S-°-bn¬h®p am{X-amWv amtΩm-Zok kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Nne k`-Iƒ Ct±-lsØ hnip-≤-\mbn IW-°m-°p-∂p-≠v.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

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Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

sXb-tUm-jykv cmPm-hmWv (379˛395) hnPm-Xo-b¿s°-XnscI¿i\ \nb-a-߃ D≠m-°n-b-Xv. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ImeØv tdma≥ssZh-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ̀ ‡n Ah-km-\n-∏n®p. Aßs\ {InkvXp-aXwcmjv{S-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI aX-ambn ]Sn-™mdv am{X-a√ Ing-°≥ k`-I-fnepw aX-a¿±-\-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

I¬Zm-b-k-`-bnse aX-a¿±-\-߃

aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ t]¿jy-bn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p. A¿k-koUv cmPm-°-∑m¿ t]¿jy-bn¬`cn®p sIm≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ {InkvXp-aXw AhnsS {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ 222 apX¬ t]¿jy≥ ̀ cWw \S-Ønb k-\oUv cmPm-°-∑m¿ {InkvXp-a-XsØ ]oUn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. j∏q¿ I, j∏q¿II , Jp{km I, Jp{km II Cu cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv {][m-\-ambpw aX-a¿±\w \S-Øn-b-Xv.

t]¿jybpw ss_k‚bn\pw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ cmjv{Sobi{Xp-X-bmWv t]¿jy-bnse aX-a¿±-\-Øn-\p-≠mb {][m-\-Im-c-Ww. anem≥ hnf-w-_cØn\p-tijw tIm¨Ã-ss‚-bn≥ t]¿jy-bnse {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kwc-£-Wm-h-Im-i-Øn¬ AXoh{i≤ ImWn-®-Xv. t]¿jym-cm-Pm-°∑m¿°v CjvS-am-bn-√. c≠m-a-Xmbn t]¿jy-bnse {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ tdmΩm-°m¿s°-Xnscbp≤w sNøp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. ImcWw {InkvXym-\n-I-sf√mwGtIm-Z-c-k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fm-Wt√m. ]s£ Hcn-°epw t]¿jy≥{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS amXr-cm-PysØ H‰n-s°m-Sp-Øn√.aq∂m-asØ ImcWw Bdpw Ggpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ t]¿jy-bn¬akvsZ-bnkw F∂ aXw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \n¿Ø-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS cmPm-hmb j∏q¿ 40 h¿jw {Iqc-amb aX-a¿±\w \S-Øn. [mcmfw P\-ßfpw sshZn-Icpw, sa{Xm-∑mcpwj∏q-dns‚ ImeØv c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn. k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mbtkmtm-ans‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ j∏q-dns‚ aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv16,000 t]¿ c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. bp≤-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ t]¿jy≥ cmPm-°-∑m¿, ]cm-P-b-Ip‰w{InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ Btcm-]n®p Ah-cn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ \nIpXnNpa-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

akvsZ-bn-km≥ aX-Øns‚ BNm-cy-∑m-cp-tSbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-tSbpw t{]c-W-bm¬ ss{IkvXh tZhm-e-b-ßfpw, B{i-a-

ßfpw \in-∏n-®p. ImtXm-en-°bpw k`m-t\-Xm-hp-ambncp∂ am¿B_msb \mSp-I-SØn. Jp{km c≠m-a\pw {InkvXym-\n-Isfhfsc {Iqc-ambn ]oUn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ k`-bnse aX-a¿±\w

`mcn® \nIpXn ss{IkvX-h¿ sImSp-°p-I-bn-s√∂v FXn¿Ø-Xn-\m-¬ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS ImtXm-en-t°m-kmb am¿ sia-tbm\pw A©v sa{Xm-∑mcpw \qdv sshZn-Icpw At\Iw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw 339˛se ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgv® Znhkw kpk F∂ ÿe-Øp-h®v h[n-°-s∏-´p. (G-jy-bnse am¿tØm-am-k-`-Iƒ, 105)

F.Un 420˛¬ t]¿jy≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ _lmwA©m-a≥ {Iqc-amb aX-a¿±\w \S-Øn. Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb hn{Km-bns‚ A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v In¿°pIv F∂ ÿeØp am{Xw1,53,00 {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ h[n-°-s∏-´p. F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ sk]v‰w-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn Cu c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS am≤yÿw {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ C∂p≈ ss{IkvXh k` c‡-km-£n-I-fpsSNpSp-\nWw hoWv hf¿∂-Xm-Wv. {InkvXp-hns‚ k`-bn-ew-K-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ GsXmcp hy‡nbpw A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

30 31

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

k-\ym-k-k-̀ -I-fpsS Bcw`w

03

euIn-I-hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hn´p-amdnGIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ F°m-eØpwF√m-tZ-i-ß-fnepw ImWmw. ]≠p-ap-X¬ `mcXwtbmKo-h-cy-∑m-cm¬ [\y-bm-Wv. k\ymkw F√m-hcpw A\p-jvTn-t°≠ Hcp Pohn-X-ÿn-Xn-bm-bn-´mWp `mc-Xo-b-th-Z-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.Cuizc km£m-Xv°m-c-Øn-\p≈ Hcp DØ-a-am¿§am-WsX∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

Xncp--`-bpsS Bcw-`w-ap-X¬ kphn-ti-tjm-]-tZ-i-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p Pohn-®n-cp∂ A¿∏n-X-hy-‡n-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne¿ GIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-®-t∏mƒa‰p Nne¿ kaq-l-Po-hn-X-amWv Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Po-hnXw ]n∂oSp k\ym-k-k-aq-l-߃°p hgn sXfn-®p. Cu k\ym-k-k-aq-l-߃hf¿∂p-h-∂p. k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØbpw hf¿®-tbbpw]‰n-bmWv ChnsS {]Xn-]m-

Zn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ k`-bnse k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØ-∏‰n ImWp-∂-Xn\papºv Ahbv°p hgn-sX-fn® Nne LS-I-ßsf∏‰n ]dtb-≠-Xp-≠v.

BZn-a-k-̀ -bn¬

kphn-ti-j-{]-t_m-[-\m-\p-k-cWw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ssZh-Øn\pka¿∏n-®psIm≠v Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{K-l-Øn\p ]pdsa a‰p-Nne Imcy-߃IqSn k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\v BZn-a-{In-kvXym-\n-Isf t{]cn-∏n-®p. H∂v, {InkvXp-hns‚ al-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb ZznZobm-K-a-\-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-am-Wv. {InkvXp-hns‚ c≠mwhchv DSs\D≠m-Ip-sa∂v Ah¿ {]Xo--£n-®p. AXn-\m¬ euInI Imcy-ß-fn¬ \ns∂√mw hnc-an®v ssZhn-I-Imcyß-fn¬ am{Xw {i≤-]-Xn®v GIm-¥-X-bnepw a‰pw Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn™p\nev°m-\p≈ B{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p as‰mcpImc-Ww. A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ _‘wDt]-£n-®mte hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬\n∂pw c£-s]-Sm≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. s]mXp-sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bv°v t{]cn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. BZna \q‰m≠pI-fn¬ \S∂aX-a¿±\-߃ as‰mcp Imc-W-ambn Nq≠n°m-Wn-°mw. hnizmkwkwc-£n-°m≥ aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv At\Iwt]¿ h\-ß-fn-tebv°pw, Kpl-I-fn-tebv°pw, acp-`q-an-bn-tebv°pw, a‰p cl-ky-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-tebv°pw ]em-b\w sNbvXp. AhnsS Ah¿ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw \bn-®p.

BZn-a-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬

{InkvXz_vZw H∂mw-i-X-I-Øn¬Xs∂ BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ I\y-I-Iƒ Fs∂mcp {]tXy-I-k-aqlw anin-lmbv°v kzbw {]Xn-jvTn-®p-sIm≠v Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. kzKr-l-Øn-tem, GIm-¥-ÿ-e-ß-fntem Iq´-ambn Ch¿ Xma-kn-®p. {InkvXob kaq-l-ß-fpsSBcm-[-\m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ch¿ {i≤ ]Xn-®n-cp-∂p.

BZn-a-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fmb k\ym-kn-I-fmWvacp-`q-an-bnse hn. ]utemkv (+341) hn. a°m-cn-bqkv (300˛389)hn. At¥m-\okv (250˛356) F∂n-h¿. CuPn-]vXm-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS P∑-\mSv. k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]n≈-sØm-´n¬ F∂ÿm\w CuPn-]vXn-\m-sW∂p ]dbmw. sXs_-bvZn¬ P\n®]utemkv tUjy-kns‚ aX-a¿±\m-h-k-c-Øn¬ acp-`q-an-bn-

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

32 33

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

tebv°v Hfn-t®m-Sp-Ibpw AhnsS Xm]-k-Po-hnXw \bn-°bpwsNbvXp. Cu Ime-L-́ -Øn¬Xs∂ hn. a°m-cn-bqkv CuPn-]vXn¬]pWy Pohn-X-Øn\v {]kn-≤n-t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.

CuPn-]vXnse hn. At¥m-\okv (250˛355)

GIm-¥-X-bn-ep≈ k\ym-k-Øns‚ Bcw-`-I\pw ]nXm-hp-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv CuPn-]vXnse hn. At¥m-\o-km-Wv. CuPn-]vXnse ent°m-t]m-fnkv apX¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠vdn-bm-h-sc-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Iq´-am-bpw X\n®pw hn. At¥m-\o-kns‚ injy-∑m¿ hkn-®n-cp-∂p. AeIvkm≠vdn-bm-bnse hn.AØ-t\-jy-kv, hn. At¥m-\o-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-bn´p-≠v.CXv k\ym-k-Po-hn-XsØ kw-_-‘n-°p∂ B[n-Im-cn-I-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. ]p-Wy-k-ºm-Z\w Ffp-∏-am-sW-∂pw, AXp\sΩØs∂-bm-Wm-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw, \mw Zpcm-{K-l-Øn-\-Sn-a-I-fm-I-cp-sX∂pw At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. BZn-a-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS PohnXw ]n≥Xp-S-cm-\m-{K-ln® At¥m-\okv G. Un.271˛¬ 21˛masØ hb-n¬ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw Bcw-̀ n-®p. 15 h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw ]nkv]n¿ F∂ ÿeØv Hcp ]gb tIm´-°p-≈n¬ A`bw tXSn. ]pXn-b-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Cu PohnXw kaq-l-Øn¬ hfsc kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-hm≥ t]mcp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.At±-l-Øns‚ D]-tZiw tIƒ°p-hm-\pw, \n¿t±-i-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw HmSn-°q-Sn-b-h¿ hf-sc-bm-Wv. Cßs\ hf-sc-t∏¿HmSn-°q-Sn-b-t∏mƒ At±lw AhnsS\n∂p amdn. tijn® 40h¿j-°mew h\m-¥-c-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p GIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-®-Xv. 105˛masØ hb-n¬ acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc ss\¬\-Zn°pw Nmhp-I-S-en\pw at≤y-bp≈ {]tZ-iØv At±lw [ym\-Ønepw X]-nepw Ign-®p-Iq-´n.

hn. At¥m-\okv A\p-bm-bn-Isf D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ kao-]Øv Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw IpSn-ep-I-ƒ D≠m°n Xma-kn-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ IrXy-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-tfm, \nb-a-ßtfm At±lw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n√.

hn. ]t°m-an-bqkv

sNdp-∏-Øn¬ ssk\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂ hnip≤ ]t°m-an-bqkvIpsd Ign-™-t∏mƒ k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\mbn]mse-tam≥ F∂ k\ym-kn-bpsS Iogn¬ GIm-¥-Po-hnXw Bcw-

`n-®p. ]t£ kaq-l-Po-hn-X-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\v Xmev]-

cyw. CuPn-]vXnse Xms_-∂n-kn¬ Hcm-{iaw XpSßn. {ItaW

At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS kwJy h¿≤n-®p-h-∂p. ac-Ww-

hsc At±-l-am-bn-cp∂p k`m-t{i-jvT≥. kaq-l-Po-hnXw Ffp-∏-

am-Ip-hm≥ At±lw \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ°p cq]w sImSp-Øp. At±lw

Ah-cp-sS-sb√mw B≤ym-fln-I-\n-b-¥m-hm-bn-cp-∂p. amemJm ]d-

™p-sIm-SpØv Fgp-Xn-®p-sh∂dnb-s∏-Sp∂ ]mt°m-an-b≥ \nb-

am-h-en-bpsS ssienbpw Dd-hn-Shpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p, AXp ]t°m-

an-bq-kns‚ Zo¿LIm-e-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw ^e-

am-sW∂v. ]pWy-]q¿Æ-Xm-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\p tbmPn® am¿§-߃

sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ hy‡n-]-c-amb kzmX{¥yw AwK-

߃°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv Cu \nb-am-h-en-bpsS Hcp khn-

ti-jX.

]m›m-Xy-k-̀ -bn¬

GXm≠v Cu Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bnepw k\ym-k-

Po-hn-X-Øn\v Bcw-`-an-´p. hn. AØ-t\-jy-kv, sh¿s®√n-bnse

Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (365), anem-\nse hn. Awt{_mkv (333˛374)

F∂n-h-cpsS XW-en-emWv AhnsS k\ym-k-Po-hnXw ]pjvSn-

{]m-]n-®-Xv. lnt∏m-bnse sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp∂ hn. AK-kvXo-t\mkpw

(354˛430) B{i-a-Po-hn-XsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. hn. AØ-

t\-jykv CuPn-]vXnse At¥m-\o-kns‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw eØo-

\n-tebv°v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ B{i-a-Po-

hn-X-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v hfsc D]-I-cn-®p.

\¿kn-bm-bnse hn. _\-UnIvSv (480˛547)

_\-UnIvSv Hcp Kpl-bn¬ GIm-¥-hmkw Bcw-`n-®p. AXn-

\p-tijw B{i-a-߃ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤-Xn-cn-®p. 12 B{i-

a-߃ ÿm]n-®p. F. Un. 524˛¬ tams¥-I-o-t\m-bn¬ Hcp

henb B{iaw ÿm]n-®p. _\-Un-IvSns‚ k -̀bpsS amXr-̀ -h\w

CXm-bn-Øo¿∂p. hn. _\-UnIvSv ÿm]n® k\ym-k-k` bqtdm-

]y≥ k\ym-k-k-`-I-fn¬ hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. hy‡n-]-

c-amb A\p-`-h-⁄m-\hpw ]uc-kvXy-k-\ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

Adnhpw Hcp ]pXn-b \nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°p cq]w sImSp-°p-hm≥

_\-Un-IvSns\ klm-bn-®p. ]m›m-Xy-k-\ym-kn-I-fpsS ]m{Xn-

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

34 35

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

bm¿°o-sk∂ _lp-aXn ]m›m-Xy-temIw At±-l-Øn\p\evIn.

_\-Un-IvSns‚ \nbaw alm-\mb {KnKcn ]m∏m (590˛604)AwKo-I-cn-®p. Zmcn-{Zw, {_“-Ncyw, A\p-k-c-Ww, \nb-a-]m-e\w,[m¿Ωn-I-\-ho-I-c-Ww, k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep≈ ÿncX F∂n-ßs\ Bdp {hX-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B \nb-am-h-en. ÿncX F∂ {hXw-hgn At±lw k\ym-k-hr-Øn°psNbvX kw`m-h\ Aaq-ey-am-Wv. AwK-߃ Xß-fpsS k\ym-k-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ÿnc-ambn Pohn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p, k\ym-k-ssN-X-\y-a‰ \ma-am-{X-k-\ym-kn-Iƒ \mSp-tXmdpw Ae-™p-\-S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw A\¿lsc k\ym-k-Øn-te-°m-I¿jn®v AwK-kwJy h¿≤n-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pwAt±lw B{K-ln-®p.

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

04

k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-®n-´p≈ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc-∏-‰nbpw Ah-cpsS{]h¿Ø-\-߃, IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp-amWvCu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. k -̀bpsS BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse hf¿®bv°pw hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\pw cq]hpw ̀ mhhpw ]I¿∂Xv Ah-cm-Wv. Ah-cs{X k`m-in-ip-hns\ ]oU-I-cpsS Ic-ß-fn¬\n∂pw c£n-®p-h-f¿Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. Bcw-`-Im-esØ \nc-h[n ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw hnizm-k-]-c-hp-amb {]iv\-ß-fp-tSbpw {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fp-tSbpw a≤y-Øn-eqsS Ah¿ BZn-a-k-`sb \bn-®p. kXy-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-°m-´nb [oc-tk-\m-\n-I-fm-W-h¿.ss{IkvX-h-hn-izmkw Ipsd XØz-kw-ln-X-I-fpsSkam-lmcw am{Xas√∂pw, Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-t°≠ I¿Ω-am¿§-am-sW∂pw Ah-cpsS [\y-amb PohnXw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. A[p-\m-[p-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ t]cn¬ C∂-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]e Imcy-ßfpw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p- aptº k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsSXqen-I-bn-eqsS shfn®w I≠-h-bm-sW∂v Ah-cpsS

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

36 37

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\-n-emIpw. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mscs]mXp-hn¬ ]m›m-Xy-sc∂pw ]uckvXy-sc∂pw c≠mbn Xncn-°mw. c≠p hn`m-K-°mcpw hyXy-kvX-ßfpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ß-fp-amb Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \oßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

BcmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿?

B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-Øn-tebv°p P\n-∏n-°p-∂-hscbmWv]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]nXmhv F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Cutim-an-in-lm-bn¬ P\n-∏n-°pI F∂mWp hnh£ (1 tImdn. 4:13˛16; Kem.4:19). {]tZ-in-I-k-̀ -I-fpsS Xeh∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ sa{Xm-∑msc ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. k`bpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p km£yw hln-®-hsc k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-¿ F∂p hnfn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bXv \memw\q‰m≠p-ap-X-emWv. hym]-Im¿∞-Øn¬k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc∂ kw⁄sIm≠p \mw a\-n-em-°p-∂XvBZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ss{IkvX-h-X-Øz-kw-ln-I-tfbpw hnip-≤-c-l-ky-ß-tfbpw]‰n Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-́ p≈]WvUn-X-cmb k`m-≤y-£-∑m-sc-bmWv.

H∂p-ap-X¬ Ggp-hsc \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-hsc am{XtaC°q-´-Øn¬s]Sp-Øp-∂p≈p.

\mev khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv: 1. kXy-hn-izmkw 2. k`-bpsS HutZym-Kn-Imw-Ko-Im-chpwÿnco-I-c-Whpw 3. hnip≤n 4. {]mNo-\-X. {]mNo-\-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fn-√m-Xn-√. G. Un. 750˛¬ hn. tPm¨Ua-jo≥h-sc-bp-≈-hscbmWv ]uc-kvXy¿ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS]´n-I-bn¬ s]Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ]m›m-Xy-cm-Is´ G. Un. 636˛¬ acn®Ckn-tZm¿ hsc-bp-≈-hsc am{Xsa k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p≈p.

taev]-d™ \mep khn-ti-j-X-I-fp -an -√mØ Nnescÿqem¿∞-Øn¬ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h-cmWv Hcn-Pn≥, sX¿Øp-ey≥, Fhp-tk-_n-bqkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿. ]t£ Chsc k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ s]Sp-Øp-∂n-√. hnizm-k-c-l-ky-ß-fp-sSbpwXØz-ß-fp-tSbpw kwc-£-I-cmb k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ k`-bpsSHutZym-Kn-I-{]-t_m-[-\-Øn\p km£ywhln-®-h-cm-Wv. Ch-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]T-\-Øn-\mWv ]t{Sm-fPn F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. k`m-]n-

Xmhpw k`m-]m-cw-K-X\pw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. k`m-]m-cw-K-X\v {]mNo-\X Hcp am\-Z-WvU-ambn Icp-Xp-∂n-√.

A∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

H∂mw \q‰m-≠nepw c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-h-sc-bp≈Ime-L-´-Ønepw Pohn-®n-cp∂ {InkvXob{KŸ-Im-c-∑m-sc-bmWvA∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch¿°p A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cp-ambn t\cn´p ]cn-N-b-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≠v. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS {]t_m-[\w Ie¿∏n-√msX {Kln-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n-cn-°-Ww. C°m-c-W-ß-fm-emWv ChscA∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw IØp-Ifpw teJ-\-ß-fp-am-Wv; _m°n ssk≤m-¥nI{]t_m-[-\-ßfpw.

tdmanse hn. s¢a‚ v (+ 96), _¿W-_mkv (+ 98), hn. Ct·-jykv (+ 107), hn. t]mfn-°m¿∏v (69?-˛155), ]∏n-bmkv (75˛150)F∂n-h-sc√mw A∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS KW-Øn¬s]Spw.Ch¿°p ]pdsa ]obqkv H∂m-a≥ ]m∏m-bpsS (140˛155) ktlm-Z-c\pw Zn sjt∏¿Uv F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw BsW∂pIcp-X-s∏-Sp∂ sl¿akv F∂ Hcm-sfbpw A∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ ImWmw.

c≠mw \q‰m-≠nse hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I¿

c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn s]m¥n-h∂Btcm-]-W-߃°pw ̀ oj-Wn-Iƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn kXy-hn-izmkwkwc-£n-°phm≥ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-sc-bmWv hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I-sc∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. {InkvXym-\n-Isf]oUn-∏n® cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfm-Sp-t]mepw kss[cyw Ch¿kXy-hn-izmkw G‰p-]-d™p; At\-Isc hnizm-k-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-®p-\n¿Øn.

{InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-ta¬ ]e Btcm-]-W-ßfpw D∂-bn-°-s∏-́ n-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ inip°fpsS amwkw`£n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A[m¿Ωn-I-ambpw Ak-∑m¿§n-I-ambpw]eXpw sNbvXn-cp-s∂-∂pw ]ecpw ]d™p ]c-Øn. CØcwBtcm-]-W-߃s°-Xn-cmbn {InkvXp-a-XsØ kwc-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p hnizmk kwc-£-I-cpsS I¿Ø-hyw. Btcm-]-W-ßfpwA]-hm-Z-ßfpw Xncp-ØpI am{X-a√ ss{IkvX-h-hn-izmk kXy-߃ hy‡-ambn {]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ {ian-°p-Ibpw

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

38 39

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

sNbvXp. hn.-P-Ãn≥, Smkn-b≥, AØ-\m-tcm-d-kv, At¥ym-Iym-bnse sXtbm^ne-kv, tl¿an-bm-kv, an\p-®n-bqkv t^enIvkvF∂n-h-cmWv hnizmk kwc-£-I-cn¬ apJy¿.

]uckvXy k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS ]m›mXy ]uckvXyssZh-im-kv{X-Nn-¥-I¿ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-bn-Øp-S-ßn. ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bpsS HutZym-KnI `mj-bmbneØo≥`mj AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-́ Xpw Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw XΩn-ep≈ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fn¬ AIew h¿≤n-∏n-®p. ]uckvXy ]nXm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p s¢a‚ v (150˛216), Hcn-P≥ (185˛255), Ub-\o-jykv(190˛265) XpS-ßn-b-h¿ tbip-hns‚ ssZh-a-\pjy kz`m-h-ßsfhni-Zo-I-c®p ]Tn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ {XnXz-sØ-°p-dn®v B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]Tn-∏n® I∏-tZm-kn-bm-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ]uckvXy]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J-cm-Wv. \om-bnse hn. {KnKdn (335˛394),\n-bm¬knse hn.-{Kn-Kdn (330˛390), hn.-t_-kn¬ (331˛379) F∂n-h-sc-bmWv I∏-tZm-kn-bm-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. tbip-hns‚ ssZhn-I-Xsb \ntj-[n® s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]m-j-WvU-X-bvs°-Xnsc s]mcp-Xnb hn. kndnepw (370˛444) ]uckvXyk`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ hoWF∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ am¿ At{]w (308˛373) kpdn-bm\nk`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ {]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-\m-Wv.

]m›mXy k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc Db¿∂p-h∂sh√p-hn-fn-Isf ka¿∞-ambn t\cn´ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J¿ hn. lnemcn (315˛367), hn. Awt{_mkv (333˛397), hnip-≤-{KŸ ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂ hn. Ptdmw (342˛420), {Xn-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hn. AK-kvXo-t\mkv(352˛440) F∂n-h-cm-Wv.

BZysØ Ggp \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \S∂ km¿∆-{XnI kq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fnse N¿®-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Cu k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. {InkvXo-b-amb Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p∂Xnepw Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xnepw k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ AZzn-Xo-b-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambnCuÿ, {InkvXp-akv F∂o Xncp-\m-fp-I-fpsS BN-c-W-ßsfkw_-‘n®v cq]w-sIm≠ hnhm-Z-߃ ]cn-l-cn-®Xv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Cuÿ hnhmZw

Bcw-`-Im-eØv blq-Z-cpsS s]klm Xncp-\m-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®mWv ss{IkvX-h¿ CuÃ-¿ BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ blq-Z-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w ss{IkvX-h¿]q¿Æ-ambpw hnt—-Zn-®-Xn-\m¬ Cuÿ BtLm-jn-t°≠ Xnb-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v hnhn[ k`-I-fn¬ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-߃ DS-se-Sp-Øp. Gjym-ssa-\-dnse k`-Iƒ \okm≥ amkw 14-˛mwXobXn am{Xta Cuÿ BtLm-jn°q F∂p iTn-®p. D-∞m-\-Øn-cp-\mƒ Rmb-dmgvN BN-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-an√ F∂pwAh¿ hmZn-®p. “]Xn-\memw Zn\-hn-hmZw” (quarto decimanism)F∂ t]cn¬ Cu hnhmZw k`-bn¬ `n∂-X-bp-f-hm-°n. a‰p ]ek`-Ifpw Rmb-dmgvN am{Xta Cuÿ BN-cn°q F∂ \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-®p. hnIvS¿ am¿]m∏ (189˛198) hnfn-®p-Iq-´nb kn\-Unepw Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-´n-√. F∂m¬ k`m]nXm-hmb entbm¨knse hn. Cd-tW-hq-kns‚ _p≤n-]q¿∆-ambCS-s]-S¬ k`-bn¬ sFIyw ]p\-ÿm-]n-®p. Cu HØp-Xo¿∏-\p-k-cn®v kqcy≥ ̀ qa-[y-tcJ IS-°p∂ am¿®v 21 (Spring Equinox)Ign-™p≈ shfp-Ø-hm-hn\p tijw hcp∂ Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWvCuÿ F∂p Xocp-am-\n-®p. 325 ¬ \S∂ \nJym kq\-l-tZmkvCd-t\-hq-kns‚ Xocp-am-\sØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw km¿∆-{XnIk`-bn-epS\ofw Cuÿ Htc-Zn-h-kw-Xs∂ BtLm-jn®p XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{InkvXp-akv

{InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-Xn-cp-\m-fmb {InkvXp-akpw hnhn[ tZi-ß-fnse k`-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-´mWv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn¬ kqcy-tZ-hs‚ Xncp-\mƒ Unkw-_¿ 25\mWv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-tXmsS Unkw-_¿ 25 \oXn kqcy-\mb {InkvXp-hns‚ (a-em°n 4:2) P\-\-Xn-cp-\m-fmbn BN-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßn.F∂m¬ A¿ta-\n-b≥k` P\p-hcn 6 -̨\mWv {InkvXp-akv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hnhn[ k`m--]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambCS-s]-Sepw am¿§ \n¿t±-i-ß-fpw-hgn {InkvXp-akv BN-cWwUnkw-_¿ 25-˛\v BsW∂v 567˛¬ tN¿∂ Sq¿knse kq\-l-tZmkv {]Jym-]-®p. BZn-a-k-`-bnse hnhn[ hn`m-Ko-b-X-Isf]cn-l-cn-°m≥ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ \S-Ønb kvXpXy¿l tkh-\-ßsf \mw \µn-tbmsS Hm¿Ωn-°-Ww.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

40 41

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

c≠mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤w apX¬ CShI F∂ t]cnemWvsNdnb k`mkaql߃ Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv. Cu sNdnbkaql߃°v Hmtcm c‡km£nbpsS \maw \evInbncp∂p.\memw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ (300) tdman¬ GItZiw 20CShIIƒ D≠mbncp∂s{X. Chsb√mw sa{Xms‚A[nImcØn≥ Iognembncp∂p. ]´W߃ tI{µam°n cq]wsIm≠ k`mkaql߃ {ItaW ]´WØns‚ ]pdtØ°pwhym]n®p. Cßs\ kaqlßfpsS FÆw h¿≤n®t∏mƒk`bpsS `cW®paXe sshZnIsc G¬∏nt°≠nh∂p.{]mcw`Øn¬ XmXv°menIamb \nbaßfmbncp∂p˛ Hcp\n›nX ImetØ°v {]tXyI kaql߃°v t\XrXzw \evIpIF∂m¬ {ItaW sa{Xm≥ Hmtcm kaqlØn\pw {]tXyIwsshZnIsc \nban®p XpSßn. Cu k{ºZmbamWv C∂sØCShIIfpsS B[mcw. Hcp sa{Xms‚ Iogn¬ ]e CShIIƒD≠mbncn°pw, Hmtcm∂n\pw Hmtcm sshZnI\pw, NneCShIIsf Uo°∑m¿ `cn®ncp∂Xmbn ImWp∂p≠v.AXpt]mse CuPn]vØn¬ Nne {Kma{]tZißfn¬ BNmcy∑mcpw {]t_m[Icpw D≠mbncp∂Xmbn k`mNcn{XImc\mbGhptk_nbkv ]dbp∂p≠v.

CShIm k{ºZmbw ]uckvXytZißfn¬ hfsc thKwhnIkn®p. F∂m¬ ]m›mXytZißfn¬ s]mXpsh kmh[m\amWv CShIk{ºZmbw hf¿∂Xv. tdmamt]msebp≈henb \Kcßfn¬ sa{Xm≥ Xs∂bmWv Bcm[\mI¿Ω߃°p t\XrXzw \evInbncp∂Xv. sshZnI¿ klmbnIfmbn h¿Øn®p. Hcp \KcØn¬ ]e tZhmeb߃D≠mbncp∂m¬ hnip≤ _enbn¬ A∏hpw ho™pwBin¿hZn®ncp∂Xv sa{Xm≥ am{XamWv. AXn\ptijw hn.Ip¿∫m\ a‰p ]≈nIfnte°v (HutZymKnI tZhmebØn¬\n∂v) sIm≠pt]mIp∂p. sshZnI\v hnip≤ hkvXp°ƒBio¿hZn°Wsa¶n¬ sa{Xms‚ {]tXyIm\phmZw Bhiyambncp∂p.

A©mw \q‰m≠mbt∏mƒ kvs]bn\nepw, {^m≥knepwIqSpX¬ {]mtZinItZhmeb߃ Db¿∂p h∂p. Chbvs°√mwsshZnIcpw ÿncambn \nban°s∏´ncp∂p.

A©mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\tØmsS Nne ]≈nIƒA¬ambcpsS ssIhiamIm≥ XpSßn. {]`p°∑m¿ kz¥ambn

k -̀bpsS LS\

05

k`-bpsS LS\ F{]-Imcw cq]w sIm≠pF∂-XmWv Cu B≤ym-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

CShI

{]Ya {InkvXobkaql߃ cq]w sIm≠Xv\Kcßfnembncp∂p. Ime{ItaW Dƒ\mSpIfnte°pw k` hym]n®p. ‘]mtcmbn°nb’ F∂ {Ko°p]ZØn¬ \n∂mWv CShI F∂ ¿∞ap≈ ]mcojvF∂ hm°v cq]saSpØXv. Xo¿∞IcpsS kaqlw,ssZh`h\tØmSv ASpØh¿ F∂nhbmWvhmNym¿∞w. AXn\m¬ CShI F∂Xn\vClØn¬ Xo¿∞Isct∏mse Pohn°p∂hcpsSkaqlw F∂ A¿∞w e`n®p.

Ime{IaØn¬ k`bn¬ AwK߃ h¿≤n®t∏mƒ IqSpX¬ Bcm[\mtI{µßƒ Bhiyambn. tdman¬ Xs∂ Nne hoSpIƒ Cu BhiyØn\v D]tbmKn®p. kaqlØns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS tI{µw C{]Imcap≈ ]≈nIfmbncp∂p.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

42 43

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

hfsc sshInbmWv. {][m\ Xeÿm\]´Wßfn¬ k`IƒBÿm\w Dd∏n®XpsIm≠v t{]jnX{]h¿Ø\w Ffp∏ambncp∂p. AXns\ØpS¿∂p ]pXnb k`mkaql߃ cq]wsIm≠p. Aßs\ amXrk`Ifp≠mbn. AhnSsØ sa{Xm≥amsc sa{Xmt∏meoØmam¿ F∂p hnfn®ph∂p.

Hcp s{]mhn≥knse sa{Xm∑m¿ H∂n®pIqSn {][m\s∏´{]iv\߃ N¿®sNøp∂ ]Xnhv c≠mw \q‰m≠n¬Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂p. Cu ]Xnhv Bcw`n®Xv Gjymssa\dnemWs{X. C{]Imcap≈ ktΩf\߃ k`bpsS sFIyØn\pwkpÿnXn°pw {]tbmP\Icambncp∂p. s{]mhn≥kv ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ Cu ktΩf\ßfpsS t\XrXzw sa{Xmt∏meoØbmWv hln®ncp∂Xv. ]m›mXyk`bn¬ tdmansebpwIm¿tØPntebpw sa{Xm∑mcmbncp∂p Cu s{]mhn≥jy¬{Kq∏pIfpsS t\Xm°∑m¿. ]uckvXyk`Ifnepw cmjv{SobtaJemhn`P\coXn {]Xn^en®ncp∂p. ]m›mXyk`bn¬,hSt° B{^n°≥ s{]mhn≥kpIIfnse sa{Xm≥amsc√mwIm¿tØPn¬ ktΩfn®v N¿®Iƒ \SØnbncp∂p. tdmamAt¥ymIym, AeIvkm≠dnb F∂o tI{µßfnse sa{Xm∑mcmbncp∂p k`bn¬ {][m\ ÿm\w hln®ncp∂Xv.

]m{Xobm¿°ok∑m¿

sa{Xmt∏meoØmamcpsS Iognep≈ k`mkaqlßsf√mwH∂n®v Hcp henb kwLS\bv°v cq]w sImSp°m≥ aq∂mw\q‰m≠n¬ Nne {ia߃ \S∂p. ChsbbmWv ]m{Xnbm¿t°‰vF∂p ]dbp∂Xv. Hcp IpSpw_Ønt‚tbm tKm{XØnt‚tbmXeh≥ F∂¿∞ØnemWv blqZ¿ ]m{Xnbm¿°m F∂ ]ZwD]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. ]gb \nbaØn¬ tKm{XØeh∑m¿°pw]m{Xnbm¿°okv F∂ t]cp≠mbncp∂p. A{_mlhpw bmt°m_pw ]m{Xnbm¿°okv F∂ t]cnemWv Adnb s∏´ncp∂Xv.

Xncp`mNcn{XØn¬ ]m{Xnbm¿°okn\v {]tXyI A¿∞ap≠v. BZy\q‰m≠pIfnse {][m\ ss{IkvXh tI{µßfmbncp∂p tdma, AeIvkm≠dnb, At¥ymIym XpSßnbh.ChnSsØ sa{Xm∑m¿°v ]m{Xnbm¿°okv ÿm\w e`n®ncp∂p.t{]jnX{]h¿Ø\߃°v Cu tI{µßƒ henb ]¶phln®n´p≠v.

]≈nIƒ ÿm]n®v sshZnIsc \nban®p h∂p. Cu k{ºZmbw]›na bqtdm∏n¬ Bcw`n®v ]n∂oSv, …mhn°vtZi°mcpsSCSbnte°p hym]n®p. ss{IkvXthXc aXßfn¬ \nehnencp∂ Nne k{ºZmbßfpsS A\pIcWambncn°mw CsX∂vIcpXp∂p. Ah¿ kz¥w sNehn¬ Bcm[\meb߃]WnIgn∏n®v ]qPmcnIsf \nban°pI ]Xnhp≠mbncp∂p.Aßs\ kvs]bn\nepw {^m≥knepw CShIIfpsS FÆwh¿≤n®p h∂p. kzImcy tZhmebßfnse hcpam\w DSaÿs‚AhImiamWv. AØcw ]≈nIfn¬ XncpI¿Ω߃ A\pjvTn°p∂ sshZnI\p iºfw \evInbncp∂Xpw Ah¿Xs∂bmWv.{]`p°∑mcpsS Iognep≠mbncp∂ sshZnIcpsS ÿnXn]cnXm]Icambncp∂p. Ah¿°v ]et∏mgpw {]`phns‚]m¿izh¿ØnIfmbn {]h¿Ønt°≠nh∂p.

CShIIfpsS hym]vXn A\pkcn®v, BfpIfpsS kuIcyØn\mbn, CShImXn¿Ønbn¬ Xs∂ sNdnb ]≈nIƒÿm]n®p h∂p. Ch It∏f, Hmd´dn F∂o t]cpIfn¬ Adnbs∏´ncp∂p. Cu ]≈nIfnsem∂pw amtΩmZok \evInbncp∂n√.AXv CShI]≈nbn¬ am{Xta \SØnbncp∂p≈q. henbCShIbpsS t\XrXzw hln°p∂ sshZnIs\ {][m\]ptcmlnX≥ F∂p hnfn®ncp∂p.

t{]mhn≥kv ̨ cq]X

Hcp \KcØnse hnizmknIƒ F√mwIqSn Hcp CShIbmbXpt]mse ]e CShIIƒ tN¿∂v Hcp s{]mhn≥kp≠mbn.ss{IkvXh aXw tdmamkm{amPyØnse HutZymKnI aXambnAwKoIcn°s∏´t∏mƒ Xs∂ k`m`cWhpw cmPy`cWhpambnD‰_‘ap≠mbn. tdma≥ `cWIqSØn¬ \nehnencp∂`cWcoXn k`mt\Xm°fpw kzoIcn®p.

\nIymkq\ltZmkns‚ BdmasØ Imt\m\ ]pcmX\k`IfpsS taJemhn`P\ coXnsb∏‰n ]dbp∂p≠v. sa{Xm\vHcp {]tXyItaJebn¬ A[nImcap≠mbncp∂p. sa{Xm≥Xmakn°p∂ ÿeØns‚ t]cnemWv cq]X Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.tdma≥ km{amPyØnse s{]mhn≥kpIfpsS Xeÿm\ßfmbncp∂p ss{IkvXhkaqlØns‚ {]YatI{µßƒ.]uckvXy k`Iƒ aq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ `cW]cambhn`P\߃ kzoIcn®p. ]m›mXy k`Ifn¬ hn`P\w \S∂Xv

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

44 45

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

cq]Xbv°v Nne {]tXyIm\pIqey߃ A\phZn®psImSpØp.F∂m¬ AXpsIm≠v Xr]vØns∏SmsX, Pdpkteanse Hcp]m{Xnbm¿t°‰mbn am‰Wsa∂v AhnSpsØ sa{Xm≥am¿Bhiys∏´p. Ahkm\w Ah¿ AXn¬ hnPbn®p. Im¬knU¨ Iu¨kn¬ (451) ]mekvXo\mbnse aq∂p s{]mhn≥kpIfpsS ta¬ Pdpktean\v A[nImcw \evIn. CXn\p ]pdsaAt¥ymIy ]m{Xnbm¿°okns‚ Iognep≈ Atd_ym, ̂ n\ojyF∂o cq]XIfpsS ta¬ A[nImcw sNepØm≥ {ians®¶nepwAXn¬ ]cmPbs∏´p. Ah Xncn®v At¥ymIym°v sImSpt°≠nh∂p.

tdmakm{amPyØn\p ]pdØv t]¿jybnse k`mtI{µambncp∂p skeqjy sÃkn^≥. ChnSsØ sa{Xms∏meoØmBZyw ItØment°mkv F∂pw ]n∂oSv ]m{Xnbm¿°okvF∂pw Adnbs∏´p. `mcXk`bv°v t]¿jy≥ k`bpambnASpØ _‘ap≠mbncp∂p. `mcXk`bpsS Xeh≥ ‘C¥yapgphs‚bpw sa{Xmt∏meoØ’ F∂ t]cnemWv Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv. ‘am¿tØmam{InkvXym\nIƒ’ F∂ t]cmWv`mcXØnse BZysØ ss{IkvXh kaqlØn\p≠mbncp∂Xv.

]utcmlnXyw

BZnak`bpsS t\XrXzw A∏kvtXme∑mcn¬ Bbncp∂p.D∞m\w sNbvX Cutimaninl a\pjyh¿§sØ apgph≥kphntijadnbn°m\pw, \bn°phm\pw, ⁄m\kv\m\wsNøphm\pw Ahsc NpaXes∏SpØn Ab®p (aØmbn28:19˛20) Ahsc klmbn°m≥ {]hmNI∑mcpw {]t_m[I∑mcpw D≠mbncp∂p. (1 sImdn 12:28 \S]Sn 13:1 Ft^.4:11)P\ßsf ]Tn∏n°pIbpw D]tZin°pIbpambncp∂p AhcpsSNpaXe. ‘A∏kvtXme≥’ F∂ \maw sXcs™Sp°s∏´]{¥≠pt]¿°p am{Xap≈ t]c√mbncp∂p. AhcpsSklmbnIsfbpw A∏kvtXme≥am¿ F∂p hnfn®ncp∂p.k`mNcn{XImc\mb Fhptk_nbkv At±lØns‚{KŸamb k`mNcn{XØns‚ aq∂mw ]pkvXIØn¬ 37˛mwA≤ymbØn¬, A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS ]n≥KmanIfmbkphntijI∑mcpsS t]cpIƒ F{Xsb∂v hnhcn°m≥{]bmkamWv F∂p ]dbp∂p. ]pdPmXnIfpsS CSbn¬,

BZy\q‰m≠pIfn¬ ]m{Xnbm¿°okv kwhn[m\w k`bn¬Gsd°psd Imcy£aambnØs∂ {]h¿Øn®p. {][m\tI{µßfnse {]_ecmb ]m{Xnbm¿°okpam¿ AhchcpsSk`IfpsS `cWØn¬ am{Xa√, km¿∆{XnIk`bpsS s]mXpImcyßfnepw AXnbmb XmXv]cyw ImWn®p. tdma, AeIvkm≠dnb, At¥ymIy, tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ, Pdpktew F∂oAXn{][m\ ]m{Xnbm¿t°‰pIƒ k`bpsS s]≥dm°n (A©vA[nImc tI{µßƒ) F∂mWv Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv. Chcn¬{]apJÿm\w tdmanse ]m{Xnbm¿°okn\mbncp∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ

\memw \q‰m≠mcw`Øn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ sslcm¢nb AXncq]XbpsS Hcp kam¥cq]Xbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬324˛¬ tIm¨Ãss‚≥ N{Ih¿Øn tdmans‚ Xeÿm\wtIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnte°p am‰nbt∏mƒ ]pXnbtdmam F∂t]cn¬ Cu \Kcw Adnbs∏Sphm≥ XpSßn. H∂mw tIm¨Ãmt\m∏nƒ Iu¨kn¬ (381) CXn\v ]m{Xnbm¿°okpamcpsSIq´Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\w \evIn. Im¬kntUm¨ Iu¨knens‚ 28˛masØ Imt\m\mbpw CXv AwKoIcn®pd∏n®p.F∂m¬ tdmanse t]m∏v setbm H∂ma≥ (440˛461) CXpkzoIcn®ncp∂n√. Im¬kntUmWns‚ 28˛mw Im\≥AkzoImcyamsW∂p am¿]m∏ {]Jym]ns®¶nepw {ItaW CuImt\m\ s]mXpsh AwKoIrXambn. 1438˛¬ \S∂ ̂ vtfmd≥kvIu¨kn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfns‚ c≠mw ÿm\w ho≠pwDd∏n®p.

Bdmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnse ]m{Xnbm¿°okns\ F°pta\n°¬ ]m{Xnbm¿°okv F∂p hnfn®pXpSßn t]m∏v {KnKdn (590˛604) Cu ]Zhnsb FXn¿Øpsh¶nepw, N{Ih¿ØnbpsS AwKoImctØmsS AXp]tbmKn®pt]m∂p. Gjymssa\¿ apgph\nepw tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfn\v `cWm[nImcw D≠mbncp∂p.

Pdpktew

k`mXeØn¬ Pdpktean\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yap≠mbncp∂p. ]mekvXo\mbnse tIkdnb cq]XbpsS kam¥ccq]Xbmbncp∂p Pdpktew. \nIym kq\ltZmkv Cu

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

46 47

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

Im¬knU¨ F∂o kq\ltZmkpIfpsS Xocpam\Øns‚shfn®ØnemWv sa{Xm≥ sXcs™Sp∏n¬ hyXnbm\߃hcpØnbXv. sa{Xm∑msc Xncs™Sp°phm≥ s{]mhn≥knsea‰p sa{Xm∑m¿°p A[nImcw e`n®psh¶nepw P\ßfpsSA`n{]mbw IW°nseSpØncp∂p. Uo°∑msc Ab®vP\ßfpsS A`n{]mbw Adn™Xn\p tijamWv s]mfn°m¿∏ns\ sa{Xm\mbn sXcs™SpØXv F∂v At±lØns‚PohNcn{XØn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v. P\߃ Hcmsf sa{Xm\mbnkzoIcn°m≥ hnkΩXn®m¬, At±lw Hcp km[mcWsshZnIs‚ ]Zhnbnte°v Xncn®pt]mIWw F∂v A≥Notdm(314) {]mtZinI Iu¨knens‚ 18˛mw Imt\m\ Iev]n°p∂p≠v.

Hcp sa{Xm≥ Hcp ÿeØp \nbanX\mbm¬ At±lwAhnSw hn´pt]mIm≥ ]mSn√. Ae™p \S∂ncp∂ sa{Xm∑mtcbpw sshZnIscbpw \nb¥n°m≥ Iu¨knepIƒ \nba߃D≠m°n. cq]XIƒ ssIamdphm≥ A\phmZan√mbncp∂p.Hcmsf sa{Xm\mbn \nban®p Ign™m¬ sshZnIKWtØmSpIqSn XncpI¿Ωßfn¬ Im¿ΩnI\mIWw. t{]mhn≥kns‚ Xeh\mb sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsS \nb{¥WØn≥Iognembncn°Ww sa{Xm≥ hym]cnt°≠Xv. hnip≤A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS Imt\m\Ifn¬ 15˛mw Imt\m\bn¬sa{Xmt\m, BNmcyt\m, Uo°t\m, XßfpsS ÿeØp\n∂vamdnt∏mIphm≥ ]mSn√ F∂p Iev]n°p∂p≠v. sa{Xms‚ÿm\Øn\SpØ Kuchw BZna k` Iev]n®ncp∂p. sa{Xms‚ISaIsfbpw tbmKyXIsfbpw]‰n A∂v icnbmb t_m[yap≠mbncp∂p F∂mWv CXn¬\n∂p sXfnbp∂Xv. AtbmKyscsa{Xm≥ÿm\Øp {]XnjvTn°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂p \n¿_‘w]nSn®Xpw CXpaqeamWv. AXpt]mse _‘p°sf ]n≥KmanIfmbn \nban°p∂ ]Xnhp≠mbncp∂Xpw \memw \q‰m≠n¬\n¿Ø¬ sNbvXp. cmjv{Sobm[nImcnIfpsS CSs]Sepw k`\nb{¥n®p.

BNmcy∑m¿

taet\zjI (sa{Xm≥) tcmsSm∏w ImWp∂ A[nImcÿm\nIfmWv BNmcy∑m¿. blqZkaqlØns‚ t\Xmhns\Cu t]cpsIm≠mWv hnfn®ncp∂Xv. hfsc ]pcmX\amWvBNmcyÿm\w. C{kmtb¬ P\X Im\m≥ tZiØp h∂

k`bpsS inip{]mbØn¬ sa{Xm∑mcpw, s{]kv_n‰d≥amcpw,Uo°∑mcpw kphntijthebn¬ G¿s∏´ncn°p∂XpImWmw.F∂m¬ k` hf¿∂p h∂tXmsS kphntijI¿ t]mep≈ÿm\߃ \maam{Xambn. k`sb \bn°phm≥ sa{Xm∑m¿\nbanXcmbn. (\S]Sn 20:28) A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS ImeSnIƒ]n¥pS¿∂v AhcpsS I¿Ω]≤Xn Xs∂ XpScpIbmbncp∂pChcpsS ISa. A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS Hcp injy\mb tdmansbhn. s¢a‚ v sImdn¥ym°m¿°v FgpXp∂ Hcp teJ\Øn¬(G.Un.96) Cu hkvXpX hy‡am°p∂p. Uo°∑mtcbpw\Kcßfnepw {Kmaßfnepw \nban®p. Ch¿ acn°ptºmƒ AwKoImcap≈ hy‡nIƒ Bÿm\w Gs‰Sp°Wsa∂v \nbahpwD≠m°n. {ItaW k`bn¬ Hcp `cW{Iaw cq]wsIm≠p.AXns‚ ta¬t\m´w B[y£yw hln®Xv sa{Xm∑mcmbncp∂p.

taet\zjI¿

c≠mw \q‰m≠mbt∏mƒ sa{Xm∑mcpsS ÿm\w Ipsd°qSnhy‡ambn. kaqlØns‚ Xeh\mbn´mWv ChnsS sa{Xms\ImWp∂Xv. hnizmknIfpsS kaqlØns‚ Kpcphpw, t\Xmhpw,CSb\pw IqZmiIfpsS Im¿ΩnI\pambn sa{Xm≥ \ntbmKn°s∏Sp∂p. At±lw kaqlØns‚ tI{µambn \nesIm≠p.sa{Xms\ P\߃ Xs∂ sXcs™Sp°Ww F∂mWvlnt∏mfn‰kv (235) ]dbp∂Xv. P\߃°v CjvSap≈ HcmsfsXcs™SpØv ]ns‰ Rmbdmgv® BNmcy∑mcptSbpwASpØp≈ sa{Xm∑mcptSbpw km∂n≤yØn¬ H∂n®p IqSp∂p.sa{Xm∑m¿ \nbp‡ sa{Xms‚ta¬ ssIh®p {]m¿∞n°p∂p,ssZhta Atß APKWsØ ]men°m\mbn sa{Xm≥ ÿm\tØ°p sXcs™SpØncn°p∂ AßbpsS Cu Zmks\A\p{Kln°Wsa. kaqlØns‚ {][m\nbpw ]pXnbC{ktbens‚ ]ptcmlnX\pamb sa{Xms‚ t\XrXzw P\߃AwKoIcn°Ww. ssZhhN\w {]kwKn°m\pw hymJym\n°m\pw sa{Xm\v A[nImcw D≠v. ]nXmhpw amXmhpw F∂\nebn¬ _lpam\n°pIbpw `cWm[n]≥ F∂ \nebn¬klmbn°pIbpw thWw.

\memw \q‰m≠p apX¬ sa{Xms\ Xncs™Sp°m\p≈AhImiw ASpØ {]tZißfnse sa{Xm∑m¿°v e`n®p.AhcpsS ÿm\w IqSpX¬ \nbXhpw hy‡hpambn. \nIym,

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

48 49

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

\mbncp∂p (^nen. 1:1) hn. ]utemkns‚ teJ\ßfn¬ Uo°∑msc∏‰nbp≈ ]cma¿i߃ ImWmw. sImdn¥ym°m¿°p≈H∂mw teJ\Øn¬ tkhI≥ (1sImdn 16:16) F∂pwsXktemWnb°m¿°p≈ H∂mw teJ\Øn¬ thesNøp∂h¿ (1 sXk 5:12) F∂pw ImWp∂p≠v. Ch c≠pw H∂mtWmF∂p hy‡a√.

Znbs°mtWmkv F∂ ]ZamWv tkhI≥ F∂ A¿∞Øn¬ D]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. ̀ £WkabØv tai°SpØp\n∂v`£Ww hnfºns°mSp°p∂Xns\bmWv Cu ]Zw {][m\ambpw [z\n∏n®ncn°p∂Xv.

{InkvXobZuXysØ tkh\w F∂v ]pXnb \nbaØn¬s]mXpsh hntijn∏n°p∂ps≠¶nepw tkh\Øn\mbn{]tXyI hy‡nIsf \nban®ncp∂p F∂v \mw t\csØI≠pht√m. Pdpktean¬ Xmakn®ncp∂ hn[hIfpsSImcyØn¬ {i≤n°p∂Xn\pw Ahsc ip{iqjn°p∂Xn\pwth≠n A∏kvtXme∑m¿ Ggpt]sc sXcs™SpØv AhcpsSta¬ ssIh®p {]m¿∞n®p (\S]Sn 6:1˛6). sa{Xm≥ Ign™m¬ASpØ ÿm\amWv Uo°\p≠mbncp∂Xv. hn. ]utemkvXntamØn°p≈ teJ\Øn¬ (G.Un 65) Hcp Uo°\p≠mbncnt°≠ tbmKyXIƒ hnhcn°p∂p≠v. (1Xntam.3:8˛13)Chsc hnizmknIfpsS CSbn¬ \n∂p Xs∂bmWv Xncs™SpØncp∂Xv.

h\nXm Uo°¿

Uo°∑msc klmbn°m≥ h\nXmUo°scbpw BZnak`bn¬ \nban®ncp∂p. Ft^kqknse k`bn¬ h\nXmUo°¿ D≠mbncp∂p. Ah¿ Uo°∑mcptSbpw sa{Xm∑mcptSbpw `mcyamc√. (Nne a≤yiXI ]WvUnX∑m¿ Aßs\[cn®ncp∂p) hn[hItfmsSm∏w k`mtkh\w \SØnbncp∂hcmWv. tdmam°m¿°p≈ teJ\Øn¬ hn. ]utemkv Hcph\nXbpsS tkh\sØ {]iwkn®p ]dbp∂p≠v. (tdma 16:1˛2)kv{XoIfpsS Bhiy߃ {i≤n°m\mWv h\nXIsf{]tXyIn®v \ntbmKn®ncp∂Xv. kv{XoIƒ°v amtΩmZok\evIptºmƒ Hcp kv{XobmWv Ahsf ssXew ]qti≠Xv F∂vUnUmkvImenbbn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v. Hcp I\yItbm hnizkvX

tijw AhcpsS BNmcy≥amcpsS ktΩf\߃ \SØnbncp∂Xmbn ]gb \nbaØn¬ ImWmw. alm]ptcmlnX∑mcptSbpw\nba⁄∑mcptSbpw km∂n≤yØn¬ Pdpktean¬ BNmcy∑m¿°v henb ÿm\an√mbncp∂p. Jpavdm≥ kaqlØns‚CSbnepw BNmcy∑m¿ D≠mbncp∂p. AhcpsS ÿm\w]ptcmlnX∑mcpsS Iognembncp∂p (IQS 68˛10) blqZ∑mcpsSCSbn¬ kn\tKmKns‚ ta¬t\m´w hln®ncp∂Xv BNmcy∑mcmbncp∂p. BZnak`bnepw Cu blqZ]mcºcyw hfscb[nIw kzm[o\w sNepØnbn´p≠v. BNmcy∑mcpsS \nba\sØ∏‰n hnip≤{KŸØn¬ H∂pw ]dbp∂n√. F∂m¬Pdpktew k`bpsS {]Xn\n[n F∂ \nebv°v BNmcy∑msc]pXnb \nbaØn¬ ImWp∂p. Hcp ]t£ CXv PdpkteanseBNmcy∑m¿ {InkvXpaXw kzoIcn®tXmsS AhcpsS ÿm\wk`bn¬ XpS¿∂v t]mIp∂Xmbncn°mw.

k`m≤y£\pw (taet\zjI≥) BNmcy\pw XΩnep≈hyXymkw BZyImeßfn¬ A{X hy‡ambncp∂n√. ImcWw,F∏nkvtImt∏mkv {]kv_nØtdmkv F∂o ]Z߃ kam\m¿∞Ißfmbn {]tbmKn®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬Pohn®ncp∂ hn. Ct·jykv (110) taet\zjIs‚ ÿm\why‡am°p∂p≠v. taet\zjIs‚ t\XrXzØne√msX _enA¿∏Ww ]mSn√ F∂t±lw ]dbp∂p≠v. CXn¬\n∂pw HcpImcyw hy‡amIp∂p. taet\zjI¿ (k`m≤y£≥) A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS ]n≥KmanIfmbncp∂p. hn. s¢a‚ v (92˛101) Xs‚teJ\ßfn¬ taet\zjIcpw BNmcy∑mcpw hyXykvXcmbn]dbp∂n√. {]tXyIn®v 44˛mw teJ\Øn¬, Nnet∏mƒ Ahkam\m¿∞Ißfmbn D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v (44:4˛5). s]mfn°m¿∏v ^nen∏nb¿°v FgpXnb A©pw Bdpw teJ\ßfn¬BNmcys‚ ISaIsf∏‰nbpw ÿm\alXzsØ∏‰nbpw]dbp∂p≠v. sl¿aknse CSbs‚ Z¿i\ßfn¬ BNmcy∑msc k`mku[Øns‚ I√pIfmbn Nn{XoIcn°p∂p (3˛mwZ¿i\w).

Uo°≥

Uo°≥ F∂m¬ tkhI≥ F∂mW¿∞w. k`bn¬ Uo°≥ÿm\w D≠mbncp∂Xmbn A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS \S]Snbn¬]dbp∂p≠v. (\S]Sn 6:1˛6) Uo°≥ sa{Xms‚ kl{]h¿ØI

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

50 51

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

AcpXv. (]pd 19:15) kv{XoIfpambn thgv® \SØcpXv F∂hyhÿbnemWv ZmhoZn\pw A\pbmbnIƒ°pw hnip≤ A∏w\evInbXv (1 kmaq 21:4) _enb¿∏WØn\papºv blqZ]ptcmlnX¿ ssewKnI_‘ßfn¬\n∂v amdn\n∂ncp∂p.acn°pI ]m]ambn´mWv blqZ¿ IcpXnbncp∂Xv. AXn\m¬Bcpw AhnhmlnXcmbn Ignbm≥ CjvSs∏´n√.

Fo≥ kaqlØn¬

Fo≥ kaqlØn¬ {_“Ncyw A\pjvTn®ncp∂ BfpIƒD≠mbncp∂Xmbn Ncn{XImc\mb ̂ ntem ]dbp∂p. AhcpsSCSbn¬ hnhmlnXcpw D≠mbncp∂Xmbn blqZ Ncn{XImc\mb ^vfmhnbqkv tPmk^v ]dbp∂p≠v. Bfl\nb{¥WØn\v hfsc {]m[m\yw Iev∏n®ncp∂psh∂pw, Hcp {]tXyI{]mbw Ign™h¿ ssewKnI_‘ßfn¬\n∂v ]cn]q¿ÆambnAI∂p \n∂ncp∂psh∂pw A`n{]mbap≠v.

Jpavdm≥ kaqlØn¬

Nmhp ISen\p kao]w k\ymkPohnXw \bn®ncp∂ Hcp{]tXyI kaqlamWv Jpavdm≥. {InkvXphn\papºv \nehnencp∂Hcp kaqlamWnXv F∂v KthjW߃ sXfnbn°p∂p≠v.F∂m¬ IrXyw Ime\n¿Æbw km≤ya√ ASpØImeØvI≠pIn´nb NmhpIS¬ NpcpfpIƒ ChcpsS PohnXØnte°vshfn®w hnip∂p≠v. aqibpsS \nba߃ A\pkcn®pPohn®ncp∂hcmWv Ch¿. Cu kaqlØn¬ {_“NmcnIsfam{Xta {]thin∏n®ncp∂p≈q F∂pw hnhmlw Ign®h¿°p{]tXyIw ÿew G¿s∏SpØn sImSpØncp∂psh∂pw]dbs∏Sp∂p.

]pXnb \nbaØn¬

{InkvXphpw AhnSpsØ injy≥amcn¬ Nnecpw {_“NmcnIfmbncp∂p. {_“NcyPohnXsØ kphntijß fnepw hn.]utemkns‚ teJ\ßfnepw «mLn°p∂p≠v (eq°18:29:aØm 19:12 1 sImdn 7:8, 7;32˛33).

k`bnse ]ptcmlnX∑m¿ {_“Ncyw A\pjvTn°Wsa∂vhnip≤{KŸØn¬ HcnSØpw ]dbp∂n√. adn®v sa{Xm∑m¿°vHcp `mcytb BImhp F∂p hnip≤ ]utemkv \n¿t±in

bpw am\ybpamb Hcp hn[htbm Bbncn°Ww Ahƒ F∂vA∏kvtXme tIm¨Ãn‰yqj≥ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. Cßs\sbms°bmbncp∂psh¶nepw h\nXmUo°sc ]≈nbpsSImcy߃ t\m°m≥ A\phZn®ncp∂n√. ethmUns®bmIu¨kn¬ Cu Imcyw {]tXyIw FSpØp]dbp∂p≠v.Ah¿°p AflmbcpsS ÿm\ta D≠mbncp∂p≈q.

sshZnI]cnioe\w

{InkvXp A∏kvtXme∑msc ]Tn∏n®Xpt]mse A∏kvtXme∑m¿ XßfpsS injy≥amscbpw ]cnioen∏n®p. tbmKycmbhsc am{Xsa {][m\ ÿm\ßfn¬ \nban®ncp∂p≈q.BZyImeßfn¬ sshZnIÿm\m¿∞nIsf ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xn\v aX]T\imeIƒ D]tbmKn®pt]m∂p. kaqlambnsshZnI]cnioe\w \SØnbncp∂Xmbn hnip≤ AKÃn\pwsh¿sN√nbnse sa{Xm\mb Fhptkhnbkpw (+307)]dbp∂p≠v. {]mbhpw ]cn⁄m\ap≈h¿ Cu ÿm]\ßfn¬A≤ym]\w \SØnbncp∂p. sshZnIÿm\tØ°v bphm°∑msc ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xn\v kvs]bn\nepw Cu ImeL´Øn¬{]tXyIÿm]\߃ D≠mbncp∂s{X. Ime{IaØn¬k\ymkm{ia߃ sshZnIÿm\m¿∞nIsf ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xn\v D]tbmKn®p XpSßn. B{iam[nImcnIfmbncp∂pAhnsS A≤ym]I¿.

{]mbhpw ]IzXbpw ]cn⁄m\hpw D≈ sshZnI¿sshZnIhnZym¿∞nIsf IqsSØmakn∏n®v ]cnioe\w\evInbncp∂ ]Xnhv `mcXØnse am¿tØmam{InkvXym\nIfpsS CSbn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. Cßs\ ]cnioe\w \evInbcp∂hsc aev]m∑m¿ F∂mWv hnfn®ncp∂Xv. `mcXobkwkv°mcØneSnbpd® KpcpIpe k{ºZmbambncp∂p CXv.

sshZnI{_“Ncyw ˛ ]gb\nbaØn¬

C{kmtb¬°m¿ {_“Ncyw A\pjvSn®ncp∂Xmbnhnip≤{KŸØn¬ ImWp∂n√. F∂m¬ hnip≤ hkvXp°ƒssIImcyw sNøp∂ BfpIƒ kv{Xokwk¿§w h¿÷n°Wsa∂v Bhiys∏Sp∂p≠v. ko\mbvaeapIfn¬\n∂p aqiCdßn h∂p P\ßtfmSm⁄m]n®p: aq∂mw ZnhktØ°pXømdmbn\n∂p sIm≈phn≥, kv{XoIsf kao]n°pIbpw

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

52 53

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

`mcXk`bn¬

]uckvXy]mcºcyamWv ChnsSbpw 16˛mw \q‰m≠phsc\nehnencp∂Xv. tIcfØn¬ hnhmlnXcmb sshZnIcp≠mbncp∂p. ]p\¿hnhmlw A\phZn®ncp∂n√. 1583˛¬ A¶amenbn¬ IqSnb kq\lmtZmkn¬ ]m›mXyanj\dnamcpsSt{]cWbm¬ am¿ F{_lmw {_“Ncyw \nbaam°m≥{ians®¶nepw AXp \S∏mbn√. F∂m¬ 1599˛¬ tKmhsa{Xmt∏meoØ hnfn®pIq´nb DZbwt]cq¿ kq\lmtZmkvtIcfk`bn¬ sshZnI{_“Ncy\nbaw I¿i\am°n. AXpewLn°p∂h¿°v I¿i\amb in£Ifpw \evInbncp∂p.1696˛¬ tdmkv sa{Xm≥ {_“Ncy\nbaw {]m_eyØn¬hcpØm≥ {ian®p. 17˛mw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn tIcfk`bn¬ AXp{]m_eyØnembn. Aßs\ ]uckvXy ]mcºcyap≈tIcfk`bnepw ]m›mXyk`bnse {_“Ncy\nba߃\S∏nembn. AItØmen°cmb am¿tØmam {InkvXym\nIƒ]pcmX\]mcºcyw Ct∏mgpw XpScp∂p.

°p∂p≠v. (1 Xntam 3:1˛16). F¥psIm≠v Hcp kv{Xosb Iq´Øn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn°qS F∂v ]utemkv tNmZn°p∂XpImWmw. (1 sImdn.9:5) hnip≤ ]utemkv hy‡n]cambnAhnhmlnX PohnXamWv B{Kln®ncp∂Xv. ]utemkv«olmbpsS hy‡n]camb A`n{]mbw Ime{IaØn¬ ]ecpw\nbaambn a\nem°n. F∂m¬ BZnak`bn¬ {_“Ncyw\nehnencp∂Xmbn {]tXyI sXfnhpIƒ C√.

\memw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`ØnemWv {_“Ncyw Hcp\nbaambn cq]w sIm≈p∂Xv. 306˛¬ kvs]bn\nse F¬hocbn¬ IqSnb {]mtZinI Iu¨knen¬ sshZnI¿ hnc‡PohnXw \bn°Wsa∂v Iev]n®p. \nIym kq\ltZmkn¬ (325)h®v Cu \nbaw km¿∆{XnI k` apgph\nepw _m[Iam°m≥]cn{ians®¶nepw ]nXm°∑m¿ CXns\ FXn¿°pIbp≠mbn.Xo_vknse ]mw^v\pknbkv FXn¿ØhcpsS Iq´Øn¬s∏´bmfmWv. hnhmlnXsc sshhmlnI PohnXØn¬\n∂v am‰cpXvF∂pw, sshZnI\mbtijw hnhmlw A\phZn°cpXv F∂pwAt±lw A`n{]mbs∏´p.

]uckvXyk`Ifn¬

]uckvXyk`Iƒ \nIykp\ltZmkns‚ \nbaßtfmSv_‘s∏´p\n∂p. 5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ \s√mcp `mKw hnhmlnXcmb ]ptcmlnX¿ ]uckvXy k`Ifn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. 486˛seskeqjy≥ Iu¨kn¬ k\ymknIƒ am{Xw {_“NcyPohnXw\bn®m¬ aXnsb∂v \n›bn®p. CShI sshZnIcpsS CSbn¬{_“Ncy\nbaw \S∏nemt°≠Xn√ F∂v Iu¨kn¬\njv°¿jn®ncp∂p.

692˛se {Spt≈m Iu¨kn¬ {_“NcysØ°pdn®v NneXocpam\߃ FSpØn´p≠v. AXn≥{]Imcw ]´w kzoIcn®tijw sshZnI¿°v hnhmlw A\phZn®ncp∂n√. F∂m¬`mcysb am‰n Xmak∏n°p∂Xns\∏‰n ]uckvXy ]nXm°∑m¿°v A\pIqeamb A`n{]mba√mbncp∂p. hnhmlnXcmbsshZnI¿°v sshhmlnI_‘w \ntj[n®ncp∂n√. F∂m¬hnip≤ hkvXp°ƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Imeßfn¬]ptcmlnX≥ hnc‡n]men°p∂Xv bp‡amWv F∂vIu¨kn¬ \n¿t±in°p∂p. AXpt]mse hnhmlnX≥sa{Xm\mbm¬ At±lØns‚ `mcy Hcp aTØn¬ tNcWw.

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

54 55

Xncp`m Ncn{Xw

fmWp ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ. ]m›mXy km{am-Py-Øn-teXp]m›mXy k`-Ifpw. ]uc-kvXy-km-{am-Py-Øn¬ \nc-h[n k`-Iƒ kwPm-X-ambn. Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bmWv Ae-Ivkm≥{Unb , At¥ymIy, Pdp-ktew, tIm¨kv‰m‚nt\m∏nƒF∂n-h.

tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn\p ]pdØpw A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ k`-Iƒÿm]n-®p. tXmam-«o-l-bm¬ kwÿm-]n-X-amb `mc-X-k` CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Ime-{I-taW ]m›mXy hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-SmØdoØp-Iƒs°√mw ]uckvXy k`-I-sf∂ t]cv {]m_-ey-Øn¬h∂p. Cß-s\-bmWp t]¿jy-bn-sebpw `mc-X-Øn-sebpw k`-Ifpw ]uckvXy k -̀I-fm-b-Xv. ]uckvXy tdmam km{am-Py-Ønsek`-Iƒ ÿm]n® CX-c-k-`-Iƒ°pw Cu t]cp Xs∂ e`n-®p.

doØ-pIƒ

{]mtZ-inIk`I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-{Iaw ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWpdoØp-Iƒ hf¿∂-Xv. k`-bpsS kIe Bcm-[-\-{I-a-Øn-t‚bpwDd-hn-Shpw tI{µhpw A¥ym-Øm-g-Øn¬ {InkvXp ÿm]n® Znhy-_-en-bmWv. ‘CXp \n߃ Fs‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn sNøp-hn≥’F∂ {InkvXp-hns‚ A\p-im-k-\-a-\p-k-cn®v BZn-a-{In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ H∂n-®p-IqSn A∏w apdn-°p-Ibpw (1sImdn 10:16; \S.2.42 )Hcp-an®v {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. F∂m�