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NHNG VN CHUNG

1. MC CH, YU CU CA MN HC

1.1. Mc ch

Cu to kin trc l mt mn hc nghin cu chi tit cc b phn to thnh ngi nh t mngcho ti mi. T n gin ti phc tp ca cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip.

1.2. Yu cu

Nm c v tr, tc dng cc b phn ca ngi nh.

Nm c cch lin kt cc b phn ca ngi nh vi nhau.

Nm c cc phng php cu to v quy cch vt liu xy dng.

Nm c cch phn cp v phn loi nh.

Bit v v vn dng sng to cc chi tit cu to vo tng trng hp c th.

2. KHI NIM V NH

Nh l mt cng trnh kin trc, c xy dng trn mt t, c cc phng phc v cho ccnhu cu n, ng, ngh ngi, hc tp, lm vic v sn xut... ca con ngi. Ngoi ra nh cn phnnh nhiu mt ca x hi nh: kinh t, vn ho ... V vy khi thit k v thi cng cn m bocc yu cu sau:

2.1. bn vng

m bo n nh, chng li ni lc v ngoi lc. Ni lc l do bn thn cng trnh sinh ra, ngoilc do tc ng ca bn ngoi vo.

2.2. Tin nghi, thch dng

m bo tho mn cc yu cu s dng ca con ngi: tin nghi v thch dng.

2.3.Kinh t

m bo tnh kinh t, gi thnh ca cng trnh h, ph thuc vo:

- Din tch s dng phi hp l.

- Kch thc ph hp qui phm.

- Kt cu hp l, ph hp vi vt liu, d thi cng.

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- Tn dng tt vt liu a phng.

- Tit kim trong khu qun l.

- Trnh trang tr cu k, khng cn thit.

2.4. Kh nng truyn cm

m bo kh nng truyn cm cho ton ngi nh v cc b phn c to thnh hp l, tin liv p.

3. PHN LOI V PHN CP CNG TRNH XY DNG

3.1. Phn loi cng trnh xy dng.

Cng trnh xy dng c phn loi nh sau:

3.1.1. Cng trnh dn dng

Nh gm nh chung c v nh ring l;

Cng trnh cng cng gm: cng trnh vn ha; cng trnh gio dc; cng trnh y t; cng trnhthng nghip, dch v; nh lm vic; khch sn, nh khch; nh phc v giao thng; nh phcv thng tin lin lc, thp thu pht sng pht thanh, pht sng truyn hnh; nh ga, bn xe; cngtrnh th thao cc loi.

3.1.2. Cng trnh cng nghip

Cng trnh khai thc than, khai thc qung; cng trnh khai thc du, kh; cng trnh ho cht,ha du; cng trnh kho xng, du, kh ho lng v tuyn ng phn phi kh, du; cng tr nhluyn kim; cng trnh c kh, ch to; cng trnh cng nghip in t - tin hc; cng trnh nnglng; cng trnh cng nghip nh; cng trnh cng nghip thc phm; cng trnh cng nghipvt liu xy dng; cng trnh sn xut v kho cha vt liu n cng nghip.

3.1.3. Cng trnh giao thng

Cng trnh ng b; cng trnh ng st; cng trnh ng thy; cu; hm; sn bay.

3.1.4.Cng trnh thy li

H cha nc; p; cng; trm bm; ging; ng ng dn nc; knh; cng trnh trn knh vb bao cc loi.

3.1.5. Cng trnh h tng k thut

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Cng trnh cp nc, thot nc; nh my x l nc thi; cng trnh x l cht thi: bi cha,bi chn lp rc; nh my x l rc thi; cng trnh chiu sng th.

3.2. Phn cp cng trnh xy dng

3.2.1 Cc loi cng trnh xy dng c phn theo cp ti Ph lc 1 ca Ngh nh209/2004/N-CP ngy 16/12/2004 ca chnh ph (xem phn ph lc).

Cp cng trnh l c s xp hng v la chn nh thu trong hot ng xy dng; xc nh sbc thit k, thihn bo hnh cng trnh xy dng.

3.2.2 Khi cp ca cng trnh xy dng c quy nh theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau th cp cacng trnh c xc nh theo tiu ch ca cp cao nht.

4. H THNG MUYN KCH THC TRONG KIN TRC

4.1 H thng muyn

thng nht ho kch thc v gim bt loi cu kin th ta c h thng muyn. Khi thit kv thi cng phi theo h thng muyn ny.

- Muyn gc: thng dng M = 100 mm.

- Muyn bi s: l mduyn gc m rng, trong kin trc thng dng muyn m rng l: 3M;6M; 9M; 12M; 15M... cho cc kch thc ca gian phng, chiu cao ca tng nh

- Muyn c s: M/2, M/5, M/10, M/20... dng cho cc kch thc chi tit nh nh knh, tn

4.2Kch thc trong kin trc

Kch thc thit k: l kch thc ca cu kin ghi trn bn v. Hay ni cch khc l kch thcdanh ngha tr i khe h tiu chun (t 20-30). Khe h tiu chun l khe h tr khi lp cukin (hnh 01).

Kch thc thc t: l kch thc c tht ca cu kin sau khi thi cng hay sn xut xong, kchthc ny c khi ln hn hoc b hn kch thc cu to trong phm vi sai s thi cng cho php(k hiu l e) (hnh 02).

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4.3 Xc nh kch thc c bn trong kin trc

Xc nh h thng trc mt bng: trc tng trn mt bng l tim trc ca tng cao nht (ivi nh nhiu tng) (hnh 03).

Xc nh kch thc chiu cao tng v trc mt ct (hnh 04).

-Nh nhiu tng th ct cao ca tng nh tnh t mt trn ca cu kin sn.

-Nh mt tng c trn th ct cao ca tng tnh t mt di ca trn nh. Nh mt tng khng

c trn th ct cao tnh t mt di ca cu kin mi.

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Nh mt tng (khng c trn) Nh nhiu tng (c trn)

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