giao trinh translation 4

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\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;}\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrtn\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard\ql \li10703\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10703\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 1 \par\pard\ql \li4681\sb0\sl414\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4681\sb116\sl414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs36 INTRODUCTION \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl275\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1229\sb246\sl275\slmult0\fi60 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 TRANSLATION 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 isa basic course book written for the secondyear students of the \up0

\expndtw4\charscalex100 Department of English, College of Foreign Languages, Hue University. It is intended to equip the \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 students with an overview of translating Vietnamese and English economic texts. It alsohelps the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 students get familiar with the termsrelated to economy as well as the typical structures \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 frequently used in economic texts. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1228\sb221\sl280\slmult0\fi60 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Since the course book has been written for the students to learn either by themselves or in class \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 with a teacher, there will bea course book and assignments. The course book contains the \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 Vietnamese and English economic texts with notes and suggested translations. The assignments \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 contain the Vietnamese andEnglish economic texts that will be translated into either English or \up0 \exp

ndtw3\charscalex100 Vietnamese by the students. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb228\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100By the end of the course, the students will be able to: \par\pard\li1418\sb136\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx1778 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \tab \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 obtain general knowledge of the Vietnamese and English economic documents.\par\pard\li1418\sb120\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx1778 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \tab \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 get familiar with and effectively use scientific and technological terms and typical structures\par\pard\ql \li1778\sb0\sl272\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 of economic texts in their translations. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb125\sl276\slmult0\tx1778 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 accurately translate economic texts into English and Vietnamese. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1225\sb221\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 On the completio

n of this course book, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Ton Nu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Nhu Huong for her encouragement. I would also like to be grateful to Dr. Tran Van Phuoc and \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 other colleagues of the College of Foreign Languages for their kind help. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1224\sb221\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Errors are unavoidable in this course book. Therefore, Iappreciate and welcome any criticism on \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 the coursebook. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl400\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\ri4100\sb21\sl400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 Hue, November 14th, 2006 \line \up0\expndtw5\charscalex100 Nguyen Van Tuan \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\p


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ri1166\sb96\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Under the socio economic development scheme for the 200105 period, Tay Nguyen\u8223?s provinces \up0\expndtw0\charscalex102 have earmarked over 2.93million ha of existing forest areas for protection while reforesting \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 500,000 ha,so that the total forest cover would reach 64.3 per cent by 2005, an increase of10 per \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 cent over the current figure. \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1230\sb99\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 To reach the goal through, the provinces need to raise awareness among the population, innovate \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 sustainable products and manufacturing methods and improve forest management and protection. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1227\sb92\sl290\slmult0\fi60 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 The forest plantation and communal forest management departments should be further \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 strengthened while economic sectors and households should be urged to take an active part in \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 protecting and managing forest areas. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1226\sb71\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 At the moment some areas in Dac Lac Province have been moving in that direction and local \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 residents have proven willing to protect and develop forest areas to which they are given \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 possession rights. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb103\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Notes:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4859\colsr160\colno2\colw7081\colsr160\ql \li1418\sb100\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 battle:\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 to be chopped down :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw7\charsc

alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 emigration \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 commercial crop:\par\pard\ql\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 to become aware of:\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 sustainable :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 to be strengthened :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb247\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Suggested Translation :\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb100\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 trn chin\par\pard\ql \li20\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex100 b n, b cht\par\pard\ql \li740\sb\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 di c-\par\pard\qj \li20\ri4525\sb29\sl422\slmult0\tx174 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 nng sn hng ho \line\tab \up0 \ex

ndtw10\charscalex96 thc -c\par\pard\ql \li164\sb124\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtwcharscalex100 bn vng\par\pard\ql \li20\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 -c tng c-ng \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1591\sb145\sl368\slmult0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs32 TRNG RNG CAC TNH MIN NUI TY NG \par\pard\ql \li3852\sb92\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 LA MT VN HO KHN. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl340\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1170\sb316\sl340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Ty NguynChnh quyn va ngi dn Ty Nguyn gp kho khn trong vic bao v va tai tao \up0 \exex91 nhng khu rng b cht pha mt cach nghim trong. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1172\sb6460\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Vi din tch hn 50.000 km2, nhng khu rng nht nc,chim 2,93 ha nay ch con \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex92 230.000 ha, thp hn \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li10703\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10703\sb2

16\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 4 \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl350\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1174\sb53\sl350\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Ly do mt i \u8220?laphi\u8221? cua nhng tnh nay khng kho tm ra, o la do s di tru cua nhng ngi \u\charscalex94 dn trong vung n nhng ni khac. K t nm 1999, ty l gia tng dn s up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 5 n 6% mi mm. c Lc co khoang 2200 h dn di tru. \p\li1418\ri1177\sb79\sl340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 Mt s vn khac a nnh cung vn nay :ap lc i vi t rng cho vic xy dng nha \up0 \expndtw10\chart va ly g. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1172\sb100\sl340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex97 Mt ly do khac la gia tng vic trng cy kinh t nh : caf,tiu va cao su, tn


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\up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 ln567.000 hagp i con s nm 1990. \par\pard\ql \li1b133\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex92 Nhng chnh phu cung a nhn thc cnay se co th con trm trong hn. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl346\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1169\sb181\sl346\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex97 \u8220?Ty Nguyn em nh mt mai nha chung cho cac tnh min trung va ng nam. Nhng \up0 \expndtw9\cha97 rng y ang b tan pha trm trong, nan khai thac g trai phep vn la mt vn w8\charscalex100 mi trng di s e doa nghim trong\u8221?.thu tng chnh phu Phahi noi \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex89 chuyn v s phat trin cua nhng tnh nay. \par\pj \li1418\ri1167\sb71\sl350\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Thu tng ku goi cac tnh Tay Nguyn hay xem trong vic bao v va phat trin rng va at ra k \up0 \expndscalex92 hoach cho nm nm ti, e co th tng din tich rng c bao v nhm duy tr w10\charscalex92 kinh t xa hi. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl340\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1169\sb179\sl340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Chnh quyn cac tnh cung a hp tac cung nhau. Thc t la, hang ty ng a c Dc Lc u \up0 \expndtwvic trng rng bng cac chng trnh 327 va 661 va tng din tch rng tai tao a ln arscalex93 khoang10.000 ha. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb153\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex93 Nhng con s vn con rt nho khi so sanh vi hn 200.000 ha a b ph1995. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl350\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1168\sb153\sl350\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex97 Da vao s phat trin kinh t xa hi trooan 20012005,cac tnh Ty Nguyn se ong \line \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex95 khung h3 triu ha din tch rng ang con bao v trong khi tai tao 500. 000 ha rng, \ltw9\charscalex95 tng din tch rng bao phu co th ln ti 64,3% vao nm 2005, tng n s ban u. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1168\sb62\sl360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 at c k hoach nay, chnh quyn cac tnh cn phai tng cng nhn thc cho

harscalex93 dn,ng thi ng dung nhng phng tin mi nhm cai thin cng tac quan lpard\qj \li1418\ri1175\sb69\sl350\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 Cng tac trng rng cn phai c quan tm hn. Nghanh kim lm cn tng cng cng tac bao \up0 v rng. Cac nghanh kinh t va cac h gia nh cn ong mt vai tro tch cc hn trongpndtw10\charscalex91 ly va bao v rng. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1172\sb122\sl360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex92 Hin tai, mt s vung tnh c Lc a va ang i theo hng va nu. Chnh quyn a phng \a nng cao nhn thc v vic bao v va phat trin nhng khu rng ma ho a c giao ksectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li10703\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10703\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 5 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb40\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 2 : \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs32

VIETNAM SEEKS ASSISTANCE FOR HIGHLANDS \par\pard\ql \li5338\sb112\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 DEVELOPMENTS \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl310\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1212\sb170\sl310\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Hanoi \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Vietnam wishes to exchange experiences and cooperate with other countries in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 making its mountainous regions prosperous and stable, says Hoang Duc Nghi, Minister \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 and Chairman of the Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Affairs. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl320\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1213\sb142\sl320\slmult0\fi64 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Speaking at the \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs26 World Mountain Forum held\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 in French cities of Paris and Chambery last \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 week, Nghi said that the Vietnamese Government welcomes the UN declaration of 2002 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 as the International Year

of Mountains. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl320\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1216\sb140\sl320\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Vietnam is facing difficulties and challenges in checking deforestation and degradation of \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 land resources, and is committed to pursuing areas strategy of protecting natural resources \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 through sustainable exploitation, he said. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl320\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1210\sb140\sl320\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Nghi met with Frenchand other delegates and discussed measures to heighten co\up0 \expndtw

5\charscalex100 operation in the development of mountainous regions. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl313\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1210\sb153\sl313\slmult0 \u


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cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 3 : \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs32 ADB ASSISTANCE TO HELP FIGHT POVERTY, \par\pard\ql \li4858\sb112\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 CREATE MORE JOBS \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1230\sb205\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Hanoi Continued assistance from the Asian Development Bank will play an important role in \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 poverty alleviation, especially in creating more employment, says Deputy Prime Minister \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Nguyen Tan Dung. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1226\sb201\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 Receiving visiting ADB executive director JeungHyun Yoon inHanoi yesterday, Dung lauded \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 the valuable assistance that the Manilabased bank has rendered to the nation\u8223?s economic\up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 reforms, rural development, human resource development and environmental protection. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1235\sb201\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 The ADB has pledged loans worth US$2 billion since 1993 for 29 projects and preferential loan \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 programmes, of which $76 million is nonrefundable, he noted. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1167\sb162\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Dung expressed his hope that the ADB will continue offering effective assistance for the \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 country\u8223?s reform programmes including the ongoing restructuring of Stateowned enterprises and \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 renovation of the financial and banking sectors. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1232\sb179\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 The A

DB official said he was delighted to be visiting Vietnam at a time when its economy was \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 registering strong improvements. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1227\sb162\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 He briefed the Deputy Prime Minister on the resultsof his one week visit, saying it aimed to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 strengthen cooperation in lending and borrowing operations through exchange of information \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 and assessment of the bank\u8223?s operations in the country. Yoon also expressed his desire to see \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 further development in VietnamADB relations and pledged to coordinate moreactively among \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 sponsors in finding investment on preferential terms. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb103\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Notes: \par\pard\li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 the A

sian Development Bank :\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Ngn hng Pht trin Chu \par\pard\li1418\sb148\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \uppndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 play an important role :\tab\up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 ng mt vai tr quan trngr\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx7179 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 poverty alleviation :\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 xo i gim ngho\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult00\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 executive director :\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 gim c ih\par\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 human resource development :\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 pht trin ngun nhn lc\par\pard\li1418\sb1sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f

s24 preferential loan programmes :\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 ch-ng trnh cho vay -u i\par\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\x6459 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 effective assistance :\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 s gip cqu\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 reform program:\tab \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 ch-ng trnh ci cch\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224aperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\ql \li10703\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10703\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 8 \par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\par\p


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ard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Stateowned enterprise :\tab \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 doanh nghip nh n-c\par\ard\ql \li1418\sb146\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Suggested Translation : \par\pard\ql \li1754\sb164\sl368\slmult0\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs32 S TR GIUP CUA ADB SE GIUP CHNG OI NGHEO VA \par\pard\ql \li4390\sb92\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 TAO THM VIC LAM \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1166\sb89\sl348\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Trong bui tip Giam c iu hanh Ngn at trin Chu A (ADB) JeungHyun Yoon \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex97 ngay hm qua tai HaNi, Pho Thu Tng nc ta Nguyn Tn Dung a phat biu rng s tip \up0 \expndtw8\ctr giup cua ADB se ong mt vai tro quan trong trong vic xoa oi giam ngheo, c bit\expndtw9\charscalex97 tao thm nhiu cng n vic lam. Pho Thu Tng cung cam n s gcua ADB co \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex97 tru s tai Manila, Philippin trong cai cach kinh t, phat trin nng thn, phat trin ngun lc con \up0 \expndtw10\charscalexbao v mi trng. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1168\sb79\sl340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\chascalex100 Ngn hang phat trin Chu A a ha cho Vit Nam vay khoan vay tr gia 2 t 0 \expndtw9\charscalex93 1993 cho 29 d an va cac chng trnh vay u ai trong o co a khng hoan lai. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1170\sb100\sl340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100 Pho Thu Tng Nguyn Tn Dung bay to hy vong rng ADB se tip tuc tr gich co \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex96 hiu qua cho cac chng trnh cai cach t nc bao t cac x nghip quc doanh \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 ang din ra va i mi cac ci chnh va ngn hang. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1170\sb72\sl350\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex97 ng JeungHyun Yoon a phat biu noi ln nim vui c n thm Vit Nam

\expndtw9\charscalex100 nn kinh t Vit Nam a va ang at c nhng tin b manh mevi Pho \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex97 Thu Tng kt qua cua mt tun ving thm Vit Nnhn manh rng o la nhm \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex94 tng cng hp tac trong lnh vvay thng qua vic trao i thng tin va anh gia v \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 hoacac ngn hang Vit Nam. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1173\sb70\sl350\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex98 ng Yoon bay to mong c rng mi quan h gia Vit Nam va Ngn hanghu A \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex93 se phat trin hn na va ha se hp tac tch cc hntai tr trong vic tm kim ngun \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex87 u t vao cac lnh vcrd\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\ql \li10703\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10703\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 9 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl414\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb76\sl414\slmult0\tx3384 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 4 : \tab \up0 \expn

dtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs36 POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE \par\pard\ql \li5652\sb106\sl414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 STRUCTURE \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1226\sb219\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Viet Nam is a socialist republic furnished with a constitution since 1980 and based on a tripartite\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 political structure: the Communist Party of Vietnam, the people and the State. A characteristic \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 feature is the very important place occupied by the Party, which waged the liberation struggles \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 leading to the independence of North Viet Nam in 1954 and then to the reunification of the \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 country in 1975. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl285\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1228\sb170\sl285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 The Party, whose best known bodies are the Political Bureau, the Secretariat, the Central \up0 \expndtw

0\charscalex105 Committee and the Congress, conducts the affairs of the country.It draws up the lists of \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 candidates for general elections from which delegates to the National Assembly are chosen; the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Assembly in turn elects the members of the Council of Ministers which appoints ministers to \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 head the ministries. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1223\sb189\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 The party provides the leaders of the very active mass organizations which form the front for the \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 Fatherland and cover all sections of the population: labour,trade unions, Association of \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 Collective Farm


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ers, Union of Women, Union of Youth, Union of Intellectuals, Union of\up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Catholics, and Union of Buddhists. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1228\sb179\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 The administrative matters are carried out in fourtieredstructure from the central level, down \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 through the 44 provinces, and the 519 districts to the 9,807 communes at the grassroots level. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb226\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Planning \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1222\sb92\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Viet Nam's overall planning system is centralized, but there is flexibility in development \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 planning, investment programming, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 sectoral projects. At central level, development policies are determined by the State Council and \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 Council of Ministers with the State Planning Commission providing technical guidance. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1228\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 The State Planning Commission (SPC), as the technical arm of the Council of Ministers, plays \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 the leading role in national planning, investment programming, budget allocation and monitoring \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 of socioeconomic development trends and sectoral performance. It coordinates plans for \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 donor assistance and identifiespriority programmes for intervention, in collaboration with the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 line ministries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State Committee

for Foreign Investment and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Cooperation, State Committee for Science, Committee on Aid Reception and the People's \line \up0\expndtw0\charscalex105 Committees. The SPC formulates midterm and annual investment plans and prepares the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 relevant budgetsfor approval by the Council of Ministers. CERFC, the aid coordination \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 committee, works closely with SPC to identify government policies, plans and priorities. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 10 \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl293\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1229\sb97\sl293\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The General Statistics Office (GSO), also under the Councilof Minister is responsible for \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 coordinating popula

tion censuses as well as the collection of statistics on socio economic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 development and the situation of children and women. The GSO provides information and \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 data support to the SPC for planning and programming purposes. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0\par\pard\ql\li1418\sb184\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Decentralized development and planning \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1233\sb91\sl288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Under recent reforms, planning has been decentralized giving the sectoral implementing \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 ministries and peoples' committeesat provincial, district and commune level, the freedom to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 define their priorities and plans, subject to centrallyissued guidelines. In line with this \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 policy, sectoralplanning units were established in the Social Sector ministries. Furthermore, \l

ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 almost all the provinces and districts have established planning units which provide planning \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 and technical support to the Peoples Committees. The local government units are authorized \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 to utilize locally generated revenues and income to finance and implement their planned \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 programmes without relying on central government resources. This initiative can lead to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 greater participation of the local government units in the delivery of basic services for \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 children and women. The area based development model can beapplied to accelerate basic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 services and enha


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nce capacity in local planning, monitoring and evaluation. At the same time, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 community interventions which would improve theliving condition of women and their \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 familiessuch as low cost appropriate technology, income generation, growth monitoring, etc., \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 can be piloted in specific provinces ordistricts. However, the professional staff manning the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 planning units need to be trained to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 widen their skills in management, planning and \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb22\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 monitoring activities. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb104\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Notes: \par\pard\li1418\sb98\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 political structure :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 th ch chnh tr\par\pard\li1418\sb49\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5888 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to be furnished with :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 -c trang b\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739 \up0 \exndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 liberation :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 s gii phng\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5888 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 reunification :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 s thng nht\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Political Bureau :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 B Chnh Tr\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5888\tx8129 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\

fs24 Central Committee :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 U Ban Trung\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 ng, Ban B Th-\par\pard1418\sb24\sl276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 Trung ng\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 general election :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 tng tuyn c\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739 \up0\expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 National Assembly :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Quc Hi\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5888 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Council of Ministers :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Hi ng B Tr-ng\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739\expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 the Front for the Fatherland :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Mt Trn T Q

uc\par\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Association of Collective Farmers :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Hi Nng Dn Tp Th\par\pard\li141b146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5888 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to be centralized :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 tp trung\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5739 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 State Planning Commission :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 U Ban K Hoch Nh N-r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 11\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5579\colsr160\colno2\colw6361\colsr160\ql \li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \

expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 budget allocation :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 priority programme :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 in collaboration with :\par\pard\qj \li1418\ri874\sb28\sl423\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 State Commitee for Science : \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Committee on Aid Reception : \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 The General Statistics Office : \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 locally generatedrevenue :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb124\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 to be challenged :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 data deficiency :\par\pard\column \ql \li5739\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \


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par\pard\ql \li20\sb147\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 vic phn b ngn sch\par\pard\qj \li20\ri3293\sb29\sl422\slmultup0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 ch-ng trnh -u tin \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex96 c lin\par\pard\ql \li20\ri2697\sb3\sl423\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex96 U Ba

n Khoa Hc Nh N-c \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex95 Ban Tip Nhn Vin Tr \up0 \expharscalex92 Cc Thng K\par\pard\ql \li20\sb122\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 ngn sch a ph-ng\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2251\sb29\sl422\slmult0 \up0 \ex10\charscalex100 b th thch, b thch thc \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex92 thiu h\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1418\sb0\sl356\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl356\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl356\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb67\sl356\slmult0\fi0\tx3453 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 5:\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex99 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs32 THE ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE & FOOD\par\pard\ql \li5283\sb65\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 PRODUCTION \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1229\sb187\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The Vietnamese economy is challenged by a number of development issuesincluding \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 population growth, employment and wage levels, balance of payment deficits and inflation. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 However, analysis of economic development in Viet Nam is constrained by the lack of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 official statistics. Many are out of date by thetime they are published. An attempt to remedy \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 thisdata deficiency has been under way for some time, and has recently resulted inthe \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 publication of preliminary census estimates inApril 1990. The State Planning Commission \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 and Gene

ral Statistics Office in collaboration with the relevant ministries have been trying to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 update the socioeconomic data related to the development of the vulnerable groups and the \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 country's economic situation in general. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb244\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Trends in economic development and policy reforms \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1227\sb69\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The economic and social development of Viet Nam has to be viewed inthe context of the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 long period of war which has caused great damage to people's lives and property as well as to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 public facilities and resources. The war consequences and subsequent period of recon\up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 struction full of diff iculties has clearly been an overriding constraint to the development of \up0 \

expndtw2\charscalex100 children and other vulnerable groups. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1231\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 In the transition period after reunification, the nation endeavoured to develop with its own \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 limited resources. An agricultural collective programme was set up throughout the country. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 Private trade and commerce were terminated andtaken over by government run entities. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Collective small handicrafts programmes were introduced. In the manufacturingsector, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 strong emphasis was put on the deve

lopment of heavy industries. However, the country's \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 12 \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl

290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1235\sb103\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 economy did not prosper. Food shortages, coupled with deficient basic services were felt \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 nationwide. Children and mothers bore the consequences and the malnutrition prevalence \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 was high. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb102\sl276\slmult0\tx7109 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Despite attempts at economic reformin the early \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 1980s, Vietnam continued t

o buy \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1239\sb0\sl292\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 agricultural products abroad as the agricultural sector production declined.The few consumer \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 goods produced in the countr


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hi\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 context of war :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 hon cnh chin tranh\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 transition period :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24thi k qu \par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charsex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to be taken over :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 -c tip qun\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slm0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 manufacturing sector :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 bphn sn xut\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 food shortage :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 s thiu ht l-ng thc\par\pard\li1418\sb147\s\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 malnutrition :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 suy dinh d-ng\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 economic reform :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 ci cch kinh t\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 consumer goods :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 hng tiu dng\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to subsidize :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 bao cp\par\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to iss

ue :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 pht hnh\par\pard\li1418\sb148\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Congress :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 i Hi\par\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 selfsufficiency :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 t cung t cp\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 core :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 ch yu, quan trng\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6608 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to attract :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 thu ht\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6608 \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 multiple pricing system :\tab \up0 \expndtw6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\f

s24 h thng nhiu gi\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl356\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb247\sl35\slmult0\fi0\tx3737 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 6 :\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs32 ECONOMIC STRUCTURE\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb193\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Gross MaterialProduct (GMP) \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1227\sb71\sl288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 An important feature in the developmentof the Vietnamese economy has been the changing \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ratio of state and private ownership. Between 1976 and 1987, the state andco operative \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 sector's share in the GMP rosefrom 58.9 to 75.0 per cent. This expansion was mainly due to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 the drive for collectivization in the South. As a result, the private sector share fell from 41 to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 25 per cen

t during the period. With the new economic policy on greater participation of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 private sector, particularly in manufacturing, trade and transport, the private sector share rose \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 to 28 percent and the state and cooperative contribution declined from 75 to 72 per cent in \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 1988. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb103\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1242\sb89\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The GDP average growth rate was 3.4 per cent from 1984 to 1988. In 1989 with the economic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 reforms, plus surplus food production and a slight increase of


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output in industry, trade and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 commerce, a more positive economic growth of 5.7 per cent was attained. It is expected to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 reach 8 per cent in 1990. Per capita income is still low, having increased from US$1 14.00 in \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 1985 to approximately US$150200 in 1989. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 14 \par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb238\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6786\tx9274 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The 1988 GDP sectoral shares were agriculture\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 39.2 percent, industry\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 27.4 per cent,\par\pard\li1418\sb12\sl276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 commerce 11.8 per cent, transportation and communication and construction 2.0 per cent\par\pard\li1418\sb12\sl276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 each and other services 11.0 per cent.\par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1233\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Under the economic reform process, agriculturalsector development is the main core of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 programme. It provides a livelihood for two thirds of the total labour force, andaccounts \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 for 30 per cent of export earnings.Official data indicates that 53 per cent of agriculture \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 output is produced by individual farmers, 45 per cent by co operatives, and 2 per cent by \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 state farms. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1233\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \u

p0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Industrial output\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 is produced by state enterprises (more than 50 per cent), cooperatives \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (more than 25 per cent) and by individuals (16 percent). There are 700 state enterprises, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 engaged mainly in heavy industry. The provincial and district authorities control 2,300 light \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 industries. Cooperatives are dominant in small scale industries and individuals in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 handicrafts. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1251\sb179\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106Overall industrial output grew at an average annual rate of 10 per cent between 1984 and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 1988, but heavy industry onlyrecorded a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 6 per cent annual rise, reflecti

ng mixed \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb24\sl276\slmult0\tx7381 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca

lex103 development initiatives. Light industry increased over \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 10 per cent annually with high \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1251\sb0\sl300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 production rates of tea, salt, sugar, porcelain, and some export goods. However, some \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 locally produced goods \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (i.e. beer,matches, and cigarettes) could hardly compete with \par\pard\qj \li1418\r

i1249\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 imports which increased following the reduction in bordertensions and the introduction of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 more liberal trading policies. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl288\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1233\sb168\sl288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102Vietnam is endowed with rich sources of energy, the major ones being the QuangNinh coal \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 mine area, offshore oil and gas fields in the south. In addition, the Mekong and Red rivers \line \up0 \expndtw0\c

harscalex105 have high potential for hydroelectric development. At present hydroelectric power \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 accounts for 25.7 per cent of the total power generated in the country (1988), and it has now \line\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 increased with the development of the Hoa Binh hydroelectric power plant which provides \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ruralelectricity. The forest resources need to be developed and studied as they couldbe a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 good source of energy in the future. Firewood currently constitutes the main source of fuel \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 for households in rural areas. Coal production is around 67 million tons per year and has \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 been growing gradually dur


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ing the decade. The average yearly production of electricity was \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 almost 7 million KWh., 66 per cent thermoelectric. The percapita energy consumption is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 fairly low at 109.1 KWh of electricity and 108.3 kilogrammes of coal (1988 figures). \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1240\sb208\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The transport, communication and construction\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 share in GDP has been insignificant. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 This is a reflection of the low investment and monopoly by the state enterprises and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104cooperatives. Under utilization of roads, railways, airports and harbours is also due to poor \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 maintenance and management. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmkend Pg15}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 15 \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1234\sb221\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 Commerce\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 accounts for about 12 per cent of GDP, with 60 per centcoming from sales of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 agricultural products,the remainder being industrial and handicraft goods. In \up0 \expndtw0\

charscalex101 1987 one \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb24\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 quarter of retail sales were estimated to be through the free market. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstartPg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs2

4 16 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb206\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Notes:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4859\colsr160\colno2\colw7081\colsr160\ql \li1418\sb94\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 private ownership :\par\pard\qj \li1418\ri641\sb25\sl424\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Gross Domestic Product : \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 percapita :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb122\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 commerce :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 to compete with :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 to be endowed with :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 potential :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 thermoelectric :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb150\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 monopoly :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb14

6\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 retail sale :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb317\sl322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 7 :\par\pard\column \ql \li740\sb94\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 quyn s hu t- nhn\par\pard\ql \li740\sb147\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscal5 Tng sn phm quc ni\par\pard\ql \li889\sb148\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\chcalex93 tnh theo u ng-i\par\pard\ql \li740\sb147\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cscalex100 th-ng mi\par\pard\ql \li740\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex95 cnh tranh vi\par\pard\ql \li889\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex91 -c -u i\par\pard\ql \li740\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscaltim nng\par\pard\ql \li740\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex100 nhit in\par\pard\ql \li889\sb150\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex100 c qpar\pard\ql \li740\sb146\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex92 bn l\par\pa

rd\ql \li5019\sb0\sl414\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb149\sl414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex98 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs36 INVESTMENT \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1418\sb0\sl292\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1228\sb196\sl292\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 As the economydeclined from 1984 to 1987, investment activities were greatly affected. \up0\expndtw0\charscalex104 Total public investment declined from 12.7 per cent of GDP in 1984 to 5.1 per cent in 1989. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 This reductionwas partly caused by the government budgetary deficits and the desire to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 further trim down the budget to reduce hyperinflation. In addition, foreign investment \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 entering t


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he country was almost nil. However, with the economic reforms, the situation \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 started to improve from 1989 onwards. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb204\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Foreign Aid \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1240\sb97\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The past development of Viet Nam has to some extent relied on assistance providedby \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 bilateral, multilateral and NGO donors. During \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 1987, development assistance totalled\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb24\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 US$148.3million. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1249\sb163\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 The funds sources were : bilateral agencies (63 per cent) with the German Democratic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Republic, Finland and Sweden as the biggest donors; multilateral agencies (31 per cent) with \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 UNDP, WFP and UNICEF playing leading roles; and NGOs (6 per cent). \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1231\sb168\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Out of thetotal aid, 13 per cent went to health, 9 per cent to education, 26 per cent topopulation \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 planning, 14 per cent to humanitarian assistance, 4 per cent to science and technology and 2 per \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cent for social welfare. The remainder was utilized for agriculture, natural resources, industry, \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 transport and communication. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstartPg17}{\bkmkend Pg17}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24

17 \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1243\sb85\sl300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 In 1988, 72per cent of the total labour force was working in the agricultural sector, 90 per \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 cent of them in cooperatives. The state sector (Government and state enterprises) employed \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1248\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 4.3 mill ion people (15 per cent ofthe total labour force). The central government had about \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 330,000 staff on its payroll, while local government services absorbed over 1.2 million. The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 private sector employed 3.6 million people or 12.5 per cent of the national labour force. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1230\sb150\sl290\slmult0\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 In the 1980s Vietnam sent 220,000 workers overseas, 210,000 to socialist countries, and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 10,00

0 to Africa and the Middle East. These numbers are expected to substantially decline \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 due to recent changes in Eastern Europe,thus increasing further the unemployment problems. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Wage trends and policies: In the past, the incomes of civil servants andstate enterprises \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 employees included subsidized prices for rationed goods, subsidised housing, health, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 transportation and use of otherpublic utilities. Individual contributions for pensions and social \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 security were minimal, as most of these expenses were financed from the national budget. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1236\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 In January 1989, the Government implemented a comprehensive restructuring of the wages of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108government workers with a consolidation of consumer subsidies into the nominal

wage \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 structure. Though the minimum wage increasedfrom 5,497 dong to 22,500 dong per month \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (equivalent US$5.35), real salaries have declined substantially as a result of high inflation \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 between 19851988. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb204\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Pricing \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1230\sb69\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 In 1981, theGovernment introduced a number of measures to bring the administrative prices \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 in the North closer to the free market prices. During 1985, another price reform was initiated \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 to reduc


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e price distortions and do away with subsidies at all levels of the economy. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1232\sb71\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 The system of differentiated consumer prices was abolished, but the rationing system for \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 essential consumer goods (rice, sugar, kerosene, soap, fish sauce, and pork) was retained. The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 effect was a ten fold increase in the price of rice between 1987 and 1990. The current price of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 rice is 8001,000 dongs per kilogramme depending on quality. However, social benefit items \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 such as electricity, water, house rent, medicines and paper are still subsidized by the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Government. Currently the pricing of agricultural and industrial goods fairlyreflects actual \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 market prices. \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb204\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Inflation rate \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1171\sb69\sl290\slmult0\fi57 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Between 1985 and 1988, the average annual inflation rate was almost 300 per cent. In 1986 it \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 reached 487 per cent. The effect of government fiscal monetary reform was to bring down the \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 monthly inflation rate to an average of 14.5 per cent in 1988 andonly 2.3 per cent in 1989 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 18 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb206\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f

9\fs26 Fiscal development \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1223\sb71\sl288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Government revenues generatedfrom all sources are inadequate to support the recurrent and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 capital expenditures for development. Although the Government has introduced several \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 economic, fiscal and monetary measures, it cannot move ahead with its plans because of the \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 limited finance available. In 1984, the budgetdeficit amounted to 18 per cent of total expenditure \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 in 1984 and 42 per cent in 1989. To resolve the situation and carry outthe planned expenditures, \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 financial assistance was obtained through foreign loans and grants, state banks and bonds. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1230\sb91\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 A decadebefore 1988, the impact of the banking system on macro economic management \up0

\expndtw0\charscalex103 and development was minimal. To encourage the system toplay a more constructive role, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Government introduced new measures including; reorganization of the banking system; \up0\expndtw0\charscalex110 introduction of restrictive credit policies; a new interest rate policy; and the liberalized \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 trading ofgold in the market. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1243\sb62\sl300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Under the pressures of a high domestic imbalance, overvalued currency, and budget deficits, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 the balance of payments eroded continuously between 1984 and 1988. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1228\sb66\sl293\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 During 1988, the outstanding externaldebt reached US$9,703 million. Of this total, 67 per \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 cent was in nonconvertible currencies, 33 per cent in convertible currencies. More than 20 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 per cent of the external debt in no

nconvertible currencies, and 61 per cent in the convertible \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 currencies, is in arrears. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb103\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Notes: \par\pard\li1418\sb95\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 budgetary deficit :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 s thm ht ngn sch\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \\expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 multilateral :\tab \up0\expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 a ph-ng\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 bilateral :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs2


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4 song ph-ng\par\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 social welfare :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 phc li x hi\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\lmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 comprehensive :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 tondin\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 administrative price :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 gi c do nh n-c qun l\par\pard\li1418\sb276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to be abolished :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 b bi b\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 to be initiated :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 -c khi x-ng\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\sl\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 annual inflation rate :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 tl lm pht hng nm\par\pard\li1418\sb146\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtwcharscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 revenue :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 ngun thu\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 foreign loans and grants :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 cc khon vay v vin tr\par\pard\li1418\sb25\sl276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \edtw8\charscalex100 n-c ngoi\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 fiscal :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 thuc v ti chnh\par\pard\li1418\sb1

8\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 macroeconomic management :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 s qun l kinh t v m\par\pard\li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0\fi059 \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 restrictive credit policy :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 chnh sch tn dng hn nh\par\pard\li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw8arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 under the pressure :\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 d-i p lc\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paprw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg19}{\bkmkend Pg19}\par\pard\ql\li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 19\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4859\colsr160\colno2\colw7081\colsr160\ql \li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb147\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0

\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 domestic imbalance :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 interest rate policy :\par\pard\qj \li1418\ri532\sb84\sl302\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 nonconvertible : \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 i\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb181\sl322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 8:\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb228\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Economic role of agriculture\par\pard\column \ql \li6459\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1609\sb147\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 s mt cn i trong n-c\par\pard\ql \li1460\sb149\sl276\slmult0 \up0 w10\charscalex95 chnh sch v li sut\par\pard\ql \li2900\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \u\expndtw10\charscalex97 khng th chuyn\par\pard\ql \li5019\sb0\sl368\slmult0\par\pard\ql \li20\sb82\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosuper

sub\cf6\f7\fs32 AGRICULTURE \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1418\ri1222\sb62\sl288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The agricultural sector accounted for 38 per cent of the country's total output value,49 per cent of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 national income and 42 per cent oftotal exports in 1987. In 1989 agricultural exports included \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 food as well as industrial crops.That year, Vietnam held third place on the world rice export \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 market with 1015 per centof the total. The agricultural exports enable the delta to procure inputs \up0\expndtw0\charscalex104 (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) in order to maintain andincrease yield and be competitive on the \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 internat


19/81


20/81

ficient pesticides due to a shortage of foreign exchange; problems with the seed\up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 multiplication system; inequities in the geographical distribution of agricultural supplies (the North \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 is highly privileged and the central areas deprived); lack of spare parts andpoor maintenance of \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 farm equipment; inappropriatemachinery for family farm use. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb164\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Production \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1166\sb92\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 From 1976 to 1989, total food production increased to 7.9 million tons. The food production \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 increase from 1976 to 1981 was due to an extension of the cultivated paddy area, but from 1981 to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 1989 it was due to an improvement in the rice yield. At the same time, the area of cultivation of \up0\expndtw1\charscalex100 other food crops has not increased significantly. It appears that the food policy in V iet Nam has \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 emphasized paddy, while rather neglecting support for other food crops so their production growth \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 has been irregular. This irregularity is an element of food insecurity and an indicator of structural \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 difficulties in managing production factors. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1229\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 Vietnamese agriculture is thus becoming virtually a rice monoculture creating a monotonous and \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 high starch diet for the population and aggravating the potential risks of natural disasters and pest \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 hazards. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb

0\sl293\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1239\sb155\sl293\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Half of the cultivated land lies in the long and narrow coastal strip and the highland. This \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 region, which covers 89per cent of the country's total land area and contains 58 percent of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 the population, has great potential for further agricultural expansion but investment costs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 would be high as theinfrastructure is currently weak. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb164\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Geographical variations in food production \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1224\sb92\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24Food production varies from one province to the next. The Mekong delta is a grain surplus area, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 while the Red River delta and central regions are traditionally grain deficient. The production of \up0 \expndtw0\

charscalex100 roots and tubers tends to be concentrated in the northern, centraland coastal provinces (cassava \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 and sweet potatoes) and in some provinces of the Red River delta (Irish potatoes). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg22}{\bkmkend Pg22}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 22 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb206\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Food availability \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1226\sb71\sl288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 The per capita food availability figure is a theoretical measurement offood supply, calculated by \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 dividing the total food produced by the number of inhabitants. In Viet Nam the figure is given in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 terms of rice paddy and all secondary food

crops such as maize, cassava, potatoes, sesame, \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 soybeans and groundnuts are given an equivalent value. Pulses and oilseeds are not included, but \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 nor is any allowance made for postharvest losses, seeds or milling so the figure may be slightly \line\up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 overestimated. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1231\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 A theoretical food availability of 300 kilogrammes of paddy per year can beroughly estimated at \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 1,600 calories per person per day. However, according to food consumption surveys, basic \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 foodstuffs represent \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 85 perce


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nt of the total calorie intake, so the food availability of \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 300 \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1221\sb11\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 kilogrammes gives a potential 1,840 calories per person per day. But this is still 260 calories \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 below the accepted requirement, so the country can hardly be termed selfsufficient until the food \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 availability figure reaches 340 kilogrammes of paddy per person per year. Moreover, the national \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 average value does not take regional variations into account. These are particularlysignificant in \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Viet Nam where the distribution and transportation infrastructure is weak. \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0\par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1224\sb161\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 From 1983 to 1986, the food availability was around 300 kilogrammes paddy. In 1987, food \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 production decreased due to typhoons,floods and rice pests and there were estimated to be only \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 280 kilogrammes paddyequivalent/per year per inhabitant, coveringonly 82 per cent of the \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 energy requirement.The central provinces experienced severe shortages that year. In 1988, the \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 harvest was much better, so production reached 307 kilogrammes paddy per inhabitant. In 1989, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105growth was maintained, surpassing the population growth rate for the first time. The food \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 availability figure was given as310 kilogrammes. It would have been 332 kilogrammes if the 1.4 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 millions of rice had not been exported. The spectacular progress in 1988 and 1989 was due to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 increases in t

he paddy yield. Indeed with great dependency on rice, the Vietnamese diet has \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 become more and more monotonous and unbalanced.Thus the quantitative and qualitative \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 insufficiency of the food production is a basic factor of malnutrition in Vietnam. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb184\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Inter household distribution of energy intake \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1226\sb89\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 A survey undertaken by the National Institute of Nutrition of 1,251 households, showed that 9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 percent were experiencing starvation (below 1,500 calories per personper day), 15 per cent \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 suffered from food shortages (1,5001,800 calories per person per day), and 23 per cent were in a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 more or less satisfactory situation (1,8002,100 kcal) and 5

4 per cent had over 2,100 kcal/day, \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 considered satisfactory. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1227\sb74\sl286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 The energy availability distribution varies widely from one region to another. The central region \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 experiences serious foodshortages with 34 per cent of the households in the northern central \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 provinces and 20 percent in the south central province consuming less than 1,800 calories per \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 person per day. This is where the food situation requires urgent intervention. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg23}{\bkmkend Pg23}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 23 \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1222\sb103\sl290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 There are also seasonal variatio

ns in food consumption. Just before the rice harvest calories \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 intake decreases by up to 15 per cent. Given the very low normal intakes, even a slight decrease \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 can lead to starvationas happened during the bad harvest year of 1987. An additional factor \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 causing temporary food shortages is the weather : the central provinces, particularly, often suffer \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 from floods and typhoons which destroy harvests and food stores. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb184\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 National and regional food consumption patterns \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb80\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\no


22/81

supersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Rice is the main staple food in all regions of Viet Nam. Other staples are little consumed. \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1234\sb73\sl290\slmult0\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 The quantity of pulses and oilseeds (sesame) in ameal is very low. The consumption of milk, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 eggs, sugar and fruit is also low nationwide. An average of only 18 grammes of meat perday is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 consumed. Vietnamese, especially those living in the southern central and Mekong delta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 provinces, derive more protein from fish and sea products. Vegetable consumption is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 sufficient overall, but with important regional variations; twice as many are consumed in the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 northern mountains as in the Mekong Delta. The Vietnamese diet contains very little fat; the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 lipid intake is believed said to be oneof the lowest in the world. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb103\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Notes:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7019\colsr160\colno2\colw4921\colsr160\ql \li1418\sb64\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 to account for :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb108\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex90 output :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 industrial crop :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex91 to be involved in :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb26\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 lin quan n\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb108\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex88 cash crop :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 contract system :\par\pard\ql\li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex86 plot of land :

\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex92 It is admitted that :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb27\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 rng\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb108\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex90 to be cultivated :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex85 one crop a year :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex92 coastal strip :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb108\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 expansion :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex90 paddy yield :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex91 cassava :\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex91 sweetpotato :\par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1054\sb89\sl300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex95 seed multiplication system : \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ging\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex89 spare part

:\par\pard\ql \li1418\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex95 maintenance :\par\pard\column \ql \li169\sb64\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 chim\par\pard\ql \li169\sb108\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex97 nng sut, u ra\par\pard\ql \li740\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscaex95 cy cng nghip\par\pard\ql \li889\sb106\sl276\slmult0\tx2495 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex96 dnh lu\tab \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 n, c\par\pard\ql \li717b0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb134\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex92 nng sn hng ho\par\pard\ql \li740\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\carscalex92 ch khon\par\pard\ql \li20\sb106\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charsalex96 tha t\par\pard\ql \li740\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw7\charscalex100ng-i ta tha nhn\par\pard\ql \li7179\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li740\sb135sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 -c canh tc\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1281\s19\sl381\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex89 sn xut 1 nm 1 v \up0 \exp

dtw10\charscalex92 vng t duyn hi\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1257\sb3\sl381\slmult0 \\expndtw10\charscalex93 s m rng/s pht trin \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex94 nla\par\pard\ql \li20\sb88\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex88 cy sn (m)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb105\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex100 khoai lang\par\pard\ql \li740\sb108\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex97 h thng/cs nhn\par\pard\ql \li7179\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li740\sb133\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex96 ph tng\par\pard\ql \li20\sb105\sl276\slmult0\up0 \expndtw10\charscalex97 bo d-ng/bo tr \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224aperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg24}{\bkmkend Pg24}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\cha


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rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 24 \par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx7179 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 extension :\tab \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 s m rng\par\pard\li1418\sb108\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx7179 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 to emphasize :\tab \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 ch trng\par\pard\li1418\sb106\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx7179 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 food crop :\tab\up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 cy l-ng thc\par\pard\li1418\sb105\sl276\slmult0\fi0tx7899 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 rice monoculture :\tab \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 c canh cy la\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pardsb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg25}{\bkmkend Pg25}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 25 \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb40\sl368\slmult0\tx3106 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs28 Lesson 9: \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs32S\u7920? \u7892?N \u272?\u7882?NH V PHT TRI\u7874?N KINH T\u7870? TRONG \par\pard\ql \li5177\sb12\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 NH\u7918?NG N\u258?MQUA \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri1229\sb282\sl284\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs22 1. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 B\u7897? Nng nghi\u7879?p v Pht tri\u7875?n Nng thn yu c\u7847?u t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc u\u7927nhn dn t\u7881?nh v thnh \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ph\u7889? cng cc b\ulin quan duy tr vi\u7879?c phng d\u7883?ch nghim ng\u7863?t. Cc \u273?\u7883?a ph32?\u417?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c yu c\u7847?u \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100qu\u7843?n l ch\u7863?t gia sc nhi\u7877?m b\u7879?nh v c\u7845?m bun bn v\u7853?huy\u7875?n gia sc b\u7883? b\u7879?nh. Vi\u7879?c tiu hu\u7927? gia \line \up0 \e

xpndtw0\charscalex102 sc b\u7883? b\u7879?nh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n theo cc qui \u273?\u7883?nh c\u7911?a c\u417? quan y t\u7871?. ng tin r\u7857?ng vi\u7879?c tim phng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u273?ng m\u7897?t vaitr quan tr\u7885?ng trong vi\u7879?c bng pht b\u7879?nh l\u7903? m\u7891?m long mn\u7903? Vi\u7879?t Nam trong \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 t\u432?\u417?ng lai. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb0\sl299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1418\sb5\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Notes: \par\pard\li1418\sb1\sl271\slmult0\fi0\tx6424 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 B\u7897? Nng nghi\u7879?p v Pht tri\u7875?n Nng thn\tab \\expndtw0\charscalex102 : The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural\par\pard\li1418\sb1\sl276\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Development\par\pard\qj \li1418\ri5372\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 u\u7927?ban nhn dn t\u7881?nh: provincial people\u8223?s committee \up0 \expndtw5\charsca

lex100 duy tr: maintain \par\pard\qj \li1418\ri4858\sb0\sl270\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 phng d\u7883?ch nghim ng\u7863?t: strict prevention of the epidemic \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 gia sc nhi\u7877?m b\u7879?nh: infected domestic animal/livestock \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 c\u7845?m: ban/prohibit/forbid \par\pard\ql \li1418\ri3276\sb0\sl280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 bun bn v\u7853?n chuy\u7875?n: trade and movement \line \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 Vi\u7879?c tiu hu\u7927?: culling \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb4\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 vi\u7879?c tim phng: vaccination \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb1\sl256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 bng pht b\u7879?nhl\u7903? m\u7891?m long mng: footandmouth outbreak \par\pard\qj \li1418\sb0\sl274\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\sb0\sl274\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1418\ri1226\sb22\sl274\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 2. N\u259?m 2005, doanh thu th\u432?\u417?ng m\u7841?i c\u7911?a \u273?i\u7879?n t\u7917? Samsung \u273?\u7841?

t 233 tri\u7879?u USD. Nh\u432?ng \u273?\u7871?n n\u259?m \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 2006, \u432?\u7899?c tnh con s\u7889? ny l 335 tri\u7879?u USD.V\u7899?i ph\u432?\u417?ng chm ch\u7853?m nh\u432?ng ch\u7855?c, m\u7897?t d\u

7921? n \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 lin doanh mang tn Savina (Samsung Vietnam) \u273? hnh thnh v b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng v\u7899?it\u7893?ng s\u7889? \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 v\u7889?n \u273?\u7847?ut\u432? l 78 tri\u7879?u USD. Samsung \u273? huy \u273?\u7897?ng v\u7889?n l 300 tri\u7879?u USD \u7903? nhi\u7873?u l\u297?nh v\u7921?c nh\u432? \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7879?n t\u7917?, s\u7907?i t\u7893?ng h\u7907?p, nh cho thu. Cn nh\u7919?ng d\u7921? n khc thu\u7897?c cc l\u297?nh v\u7921?c


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32? cng nghi\u7879?p \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 n\u7863?ng, cng nghi\u7879?p ch\u7871? bi\u7871?n v xy d\u7921?ng th v\u7851?n \u273?ang l nghin c\u7913?h\u7843? thi. Hi\u7879?n nay, Samsung \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 l nh ti tr\u7907? l\u7899?n \u7903? Vi\u7879?tnam. Ngoi vi\u7879?c ti tr\u7907? cho nhi\u7873?u gi\u7843?i v \u273?\u7883?ch th\u7875? thao qui m l\u7899?nnh\u7887?, \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 Samsung \u273? c\u7845?p 1,2 tri\u7879?u USD cho cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh h\u7885?c ngo\u7841?i ng\u7919? v hu\u7845?n luy\u7879?n th\u7875? d\u7909?c. \par\pard\ql \li1418\sb286\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 Notes: \par\pard\li1418\sb6\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 doanh thuth\u432?\u417?ng m\u7841?i:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 turnover/revenue/trade returns\par\pard\li1418\sb1\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6519 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \u273?\u7841?t:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 reach/achieve\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \u432?\u7899?c tnh:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 estimate\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 con s\u7889?:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 figure\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0\expndtw3\charscalex100 ph\u432?\u417?ng chm:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 motto/slogan\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 d\u7921? n lin doanh :\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 joint venture project\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 hnh thnh:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 come into being/existence\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 s\u7889? v\u7889?n \u273?\u7847?u t\u432? :\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 investme

nt capital\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 s\u7907?i t\u7893?ng h\u7907?p:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 synthetic fibre\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 cng nghi\u7879?p ch\u7871? bi\u7871?n :\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 processin industry\par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 nghin c\u7913?u kh\u7843? thi:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 feasibility study\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl240{\bkmkstart Pg26}{\bkmkend Pg26}\par\pard\ql \li10583\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li10583\sb216\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 26 \par\pard\li1418\sb0\sl276\slmult0\par\pard\li1418\sb142\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx6459 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 nh ti tr\u7907?:\tab \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex10

giao trinh translation 4

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