1

gigi TevzaZe

Cveni dro, sfinqsi da Zenonis isari

(cnobierebis estetika)

1993

2

sarCevi:

nawili I. Cveni dro .................................................................................................................... 3

I ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 II ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 III .................................................................................................................................................... 12 IV ................................................................................................................................................... 14 V ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 VI ................................................................................................................................................... 19

II nawili. Cveni adgili ................................................................................................................. 22 I ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 II ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 III .................................................................................................................................................... 29 IV ................................................................................................................................................... 32 V ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 VI ................................................................................................................................................... 36

damateba: TamaSis fenomenologia ................................................................................................. 44 III nawili. mesame elementi ........................................................................................................... 52

I ...................................................................................................................................................... 52 II ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 III .................................................................................................................................................... 63 IV ................................................................................................................................................... 66 V ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 VI ................................................................................................................................................... 75

ilustracia: zRapris esTetika .................................................................................................... 77 bolosityvaobis magivrad .............................................................................................................. 84

3

nawili I. Cveni dro

I platoni `saxelmwifos~ VII wigns _ gamoqvabulis cnobil miTs iwyebs

Semdegi sityvebiT:

µετα ταυτα δη, ειπον, απεικασον τοιουτω παϕει την ηµετεραν φυσιν πειδειαχ τε πε

ρι και απαιδευσιαχ (`amis Semdeg Sen SegiZlia miamsgavso es mdgomareoba

ganaTlebis da gaunaTleblobis Cveneul bunebas~).

~ganaTlebuloba~ aq pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda iyos gagebuli.

berZnuli sityva παιδεια niSnavs erTsa da imave dros aRzrdas, kulturas,

ganaTlebas. aq es sityva yvela Tavisi mniSvnelobiTaa moyvanili da niSnavs

adamianur kulturas, garkveul aRzrdaSi yofnas. maSasadame, winadadebis es

monakveTi Semdegnairad unda ikiTxebodes: garkveul aRzrdaSi (kulturaSi)

yofnis da aryofnis Cveneuli buneba. `ar yofna~ (απαιδευσια) am SemTxvevaSi

niSnavs sxva kulturaSi, sxva aRzrdaSi, sxva ganaTlebulobaSi yofnas. imaze,

rom aq garkveul aRzrdazea laparaki da ara saerTod aRzrdisa da kulturis

Sesaxeb, migviTiTebs fraza _ `Cveneuli buneba~. _ aq igulisxmeba aRzrdis

garkveuli buneba. Tu ratom vaniWebT am winadadebis swored aseT Targmans did

mniSvnelobas, mogvianebiT vnaxavT;

Semdeg sokrate iwyebs TviT miTis moyolas: `warmoidgine rom xedav

adamianebs, romlebic Caketilni arian miwisqveSa gamoqvabulSi, romelSic Suqi

Sedis didi Sesasvlelidan. es adamianebi bavSvobidanve arian borkilebsa da

jaWvebSi CaWedilebi da uZravebs mxolod pirdapir yureba SeuZliaT (amave

gamoqvabulSi _ g. T.). am dros adamianebis zurgs ukan, zeviT da Sors anTia

cecxli; xolo cecxlsa da tyveebs Sori gadis gza, romelzedac TiTqos patara

kedelia (Tejiri _ g. T.) agebuli, rogorc fokusebis ostatebTan

(ϕαυµατοποιοχ). adamianebis win Cndeba (ecema _ g. T.) kedeli (kedlis Crdili,

cecxlis aliT gamowveuli _ g. T. ), romlis zemodanac saocrebebs aCveneben...~

am kedelTan adamianebs miaqvT yvelanairi nivTebi, qandakebebi da sxva cxovelebi,

4

qvis an xis da yvelanairi nakeToba ise, rom Tavs zemoT uWiravT da am nivTebis

(matareblebidan _ g. T.) nawili xmas iRebs da nawili mdumarea saWiroebisda

mixedviT~.

glavkonis gancvifrebis pasuxad sokrate ambobs, rom es xalxi, romlis

Sesaxebac is hyveba, maTi mgavsia da rom gamoqvabulSi yvela myofi xedavs

Crdilebs, maT Soris isinic, visac Tejiris ukan figurebi daaqvs. `aseTebi~, _

ambobs sokrate _ `sxvas aras miiCneven WeSmaritebad, Tu ra xelovnuri sagnebis

Crdilebs~.

Semdeg sokrate hyveba, Tu ra mouva imas, visac gaaTavisufleben da aiZuleben

Sexedos, ra xdeba gamoqvabulSi da zemodan Camomaval sinaTles. mas, ra Tqma

unda, Zalian gauWirdeba da Seecdeba daamtkicos, rom rasac adre xedavda, is

ufro WeSmaritia, vidre is sagnebi da mdgomareoba, romelTac axla xedavs da

Tu mas aiZuleben afofxdes zeviT da miwis zedapirze gamovides, misTvis Zalian

Zneli iqneba uyuros sagnebs da mzes. man jer nel-nela unda miaCvios Tvali

(Crdilebis, Ramis saSualebiT), xolo

Sedeg Sexedos mzes da gaigos, rom sinamdvileSi mze aris weliwadis droTa

monacvleobis da yvelaferis arsebobis safuZveli, mizezi.

yovelive amis damnaxveli, ra Tqma unda, ganTavisufldeba da Tavs bednierad

CaTvlis, xolo Tavis Tanamopatimreebs ki _ ubedurebad. mas didi sirTuleebi

elis maTTan urTierTobaSi, Tuki is dabrundeba.

bolos sokrate xsnis am miTis Tu alegoriis komponentebs: is, rasac Cven

TvaliT vxedavT, gamoqvabulis msgavsia da cexlis ali masSi _ mimsgavsebulia

mzesTan. gareT gamosvla da sagnebis yureba aris gonebiT sawvdom, refleqsiis

samyaroSi asvla, xolo mze anu sikeTis idea _ ukanaskneli safexuri, risi

wvdomac SeiZleba. am ideas unda uyurebdes yvela, visac ki unda moqmedeba,

rogorc pirad, aseve sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

am miTs xsnian, rogorc ideebis Teoriis gadmocemas; magram aris ramdenime

momenti, romelic ganzea datovebuli da aranairi axsna ara aqvs. es aris,

5

upirveles yovlisa, adamianebi, romlebsac Tejiris ukan figurebi daaqvT.

agreTve cecxli, romlis Sesaxebac platoni ambobs, rom ~gamoqvabulSi cecxlis

sinaTles amsgavseben mzis naTels~ (324). Tanac ar unda daviviwyoT, rom is

adamianebic, romlebsac figurebi daaqvT, Crdilebis garda verafers xedaven

(515).

imisaTvis, rom am miTSi gaverkveT, daviwyoT misi dawvrilebiTi ganxilva:

rodesac borkilebidan ganTavisuflebuli adamiani dgeba da gamoqvabuls

moavlebs Tvals, is xedavs, rom rasac adre uyurebda, mxolod Crdilebia da am

Crdilebis wyaro _ raRac speqtaklis msgavsi. platoni ambobs, rom gamoqvabuli

TvaliT xiluli samyaroa. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Crdilebi,

romlebic gamoqvabuls ecemian, arian sagnebis formebi. maTi materia anu Sinaarsi

ki _ gamoqvabuli. am formebis wyaro aris cecxli. platoni heraklites didi

pativismcemeli iyo da herakliteseul cnebas misive Sinaarsis gareSe ar

gamoiyenebda. cecxli aris logosi, wesrigi. gamformebeli, samyaros ritmi.

cecxli rom gonebaa, amas Tundac is migviTiTebs, rom is sagnebis da, saerTod,

gamoqvabulis formis wyaroa. rogorc anaTebs is gamoqvabuls da rogor

Crdilebsac iZleva, tyveebic ise xedaven.

magram, garda imisa, rom platoni iZleva formis, materiisa da gamformeblis

suraTs, is amave dros gaformebis wessac aRwers; Seborkilebsa da cecxls

Soris aris gza, romelzedac Tejiria da am Tejirs zemod adamianebi aCveneben

sxvadasxva figurebs. am adamianebisaTvis sakuTar moqmdebas azri ara aqvs,

radganac isinic mxolod Crdilebs xedaven. isini moqmedeben garkveuli wesis

`aucileblobis mixedviT~ (515 b), ambobs platoni. maT moqmedebas azri eZleva

ceclis anu gonebis saSualebiT. gonebas maTi uazro moqmedebebidan formebi

gamohyavs da aformebs bnel materias. rogorc unda iwvodes cecxli, figurebis

tarebis wesi igive rCeba. es ori damoukidebeli procesia, romelnic

Tanxvedrisas xilul samyaros qmnian.

6

rodesac ganTavisuflebuli adamiani Tvals SeaCvevs gamoqvabulSi myof

sagnebs, kargad daaTvalierebs maT, is amodis miwis zedapirze da iseTsave

sagnebs naxulobs, oRond mzis SuqiT ganaTebuls. platoni am samyaros gonebiT

sawvdoms uwodebs. aq mTavari is aris, rom iluziebis samyarodan gonebiT

sawvdom anu iluziebidan Tavisufal samyaroSi gadasuls principulad axali

araferi daxvda. _ igive sagnebi, oRond ufro kargad da garkveviT danaxulni. am

danaxvis safuZveli aris yovelgvari miwieri survilebisa da vnebebisagan

ganTavisufleba anu sikeTis idea, rodesac yvelaferi Cans ara gansjisa da

vnebebis safuZvelze, aramed ise, rogorc sinamdvileSia movlenili.

maSasadame, platoni am miTiT ambobs, rom yvelaze ufro maRali, rasac

SeiZleba miswvde, kvlav fenomenebis samyaroa, oRond iluziebisagan

ganTavisuflebuli. amitomac aris gamoqvabulSi cecxlis ali mzesTan

gaigivebuli, radgan igi, romelic aris gansja da romelic faravs, imis magivrad,

rom gamoaCinos, emsgavseba mzes (goneba) Tavisi mowodebiT anu adamianis mier

orives erTi da igive funqcia aqvT dakisrebuli. swored gonebaSi aris sikeTis

idea, romlis saSualebiTac keTili anu dauinteresebeli TvaliT uyureb garemos

da mis namdvil sxeuls da namdvil Crdils kargad amCnev.

am ganmartebis Semdeg Cven miTis erTi nawili gvrCeba gauxsneli: figurebis

matarebeli adamianebi. Cven vTqviT, rom isini garkveuli wesiT moqmedeben, ise,

rom Segnebulad ar ician am wesis mniSvneloba da arc TavianTi moqmedebis azri.

isini fokusebis ostatTa damxmareni arian, romelTac ostati eubneba, Tu ra

unda gaakeTon, xolo saocari Sedegis da ucnauri moqmedebis axsna TviTon

jadosnis garda aravis xelewifeba.

am adamianebis moqmedebis gareSe, bunebrivia, aranairi Crdili ar warmoiSoba.

Crdilic swored imis Crdilia, rasac es xalxi atarebs. amitomac Cven SeiZileba

davuSvaT, rom im sagnebis Sinaarsi, garda TviTon gamoqvabulisa (romelzedac

Crdili ecema), aris am adamianebis moqmdebac. maSasadame, gansjis mier

gaformebul sagans orgvari Sinaarsi aqvs: erTi, romelic miuTiTebs, rom es

7

Sinaarsi bnelia da meore mxare, romelic gviCvenebs, rom es Sinaarsi aris

garkveuli wesi, romelic TviTon adamianebis moqmedebebzea damyarebuli da

maTgan gamodinarea.

cecxli sxvadasxvanair Crdilebs iZleva erTi da imave sagnebidan.

cvalebadoba mxolod Crdilebs Tu SeetyobaT. Tejirs ukan ki mudam daaqvT

figurebi. asruleben raRac wess. misma Semsruleblebma ician raRac wesi da

moqmedeben am wesis saSualebiT, xolo ras da ratom akeTeben, amis xilvis da

codnis saSualeba ar aqvT.

maSasadame, Tuki cecxli aris gansja, cnobiereba, romelic formas aZlevs

mocemul materias, maSin figurebis matareblebi arian adamianuri samyaros

Sinaarsi, romlis gareSec ar iqneba arc sagnebi da arc sagnebis formebi.

kidev erTxel Tavidan rom moviazroT am miTis Sinaarsi, Semdeg suraTs

miviRebT: cecxli aris cnobierebis forma, romelSicaa nebismieri sagnis Tu

moqmedebis safuZveli. figurebis matareblebi da Tejiri aris cnobierebis

Sinaarsi anu is wesi, ra wesiTac Semodis samyaro CvenSi da ra wesiTac arsebobs

is adamianebisaTvis. Crdilebi, romlebic gamoqvabuls ecemian, arian gare

samyaros sagnebi, romelTa aRqma gaSualebulia jer aRqmis wesiT anu

cnobierebis SinaarsiT, xolo Semdeg _ aRqmis unariT anu cnobierebis formiT.

erTaderTi aracvalebadi am suraTSi aris figurebis matarebelTa moZraoba.

danarCeni yvelaferi cimcimebs, moZraobs da sxvadasxva formebs Rebulobs.

maSasadame, cnobierebis Sinaarsi aris mudmivi da ucvleli. cnobierebis

Sinaarsis saSualebiT Semodis samyaro CvenSi. kidev ufro rom gavamartivoT am

miTis Sinaarsi da ufro gasagebi rom gavxadoT, unda vTqvaT, rom platonisaTvis

cnobierebis Sinaarsi aris garkveuli wesi (anu yvelaze zogadi da uSinaarso

moqmdeba, romelmac SeiZleba absoluturad yvelaferi daiSinaarsos), romelsac

sxvadasxva formebi esadagebian. cecxlis yoveli axali aalebisas axali Crdili

Cndeba, Tumca am Crdilis `saxe~, realoba igivea.

8

aseve, aq SegviZlia avxsnaT, Tu ras niSnavs, rom `cecxlis naTels mzis

sinaTles uigiveben~: cecxlis naTeli aris sxvadasxva formebi, romelSic wesia

Camjdari. platonma amiT Tqva, rom cnobierebis es sxvadasxva formebi, marTalia

adamianuria da erTob adamianuri, sinamdvileSi iluziaa da iluziebidan

ganTavsufleba unda iyos Cveni mizani, raTa fenomenebis namdvil samyaros

CavaRwioT, davinaxoT igi yovelgvari bneli da subieqturi wesisagan Tavisufali.

axla unda avxsnaT, Tu dasawyisSi ratom moviTxoveT παιδεια-s maincdamainc

`aRzrdis (kulturis) Cveneul bunebad~ Targmna _ Tuki aseT Targmans miviRebT,

maSin erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba am miTis Sinaarsi da sokrates es sityvebi _ swored

gamoqvabulis miTs anu adamianis bunebas gulisxmobs platoni am winadadebaSi.

amasTanave, am sityvebiT aRiniSneba swored garkveuli forma, romelic yovel

momentSi aqvT Crdilebs gamoqvabulSi, cecxls, romelic adamianis bunebas

konkretul raRac bunebad aqcevs, cnobierebas, romelic Crdils konkretul

formas aRebinebs. swored cecxlia, romelic gansazRvravs aRzrdis, kulturis,

samyaroSi yofnis ama Tu im bunebas. sxvadasxva buneba igivea, rac cnobierebis

sxvadasxva forma, maSin, rodesac Sinaarsi ucvleli rCeba.

Cven SegviZlia gavadevnoT Tvali cnobierebis formebis cvalebadobas da

bolos davadginoT, Tu ra aris `samyaroSi yofnis Cveneuli buneba~ anu gavigoT,

Tu ra droSi vcxovrobT. platonisTvis droebis cvalebadobas

(platonisdroindel berZnul enaSi `dro~ αιων _ niSnavda garkveul xanas,

drois monakveTs, periods) mniSvneloba ar hqonda. _ `ontologiurad~ es

cvlileba ararealuria, _ radganac Sinaarsi ar icvleba, formebis cvalebadoba

ki _ sabolood mxolod iluziaa.

magram am cvalebadobas aqvs eqsistencialuri mniSvneloba. Cveni mizanic

swored am mxriv ganisazRvreba.Û

9

II

rodesac cnobierebis ZiriTad formebze vlaparakobT, unda SevTanxmdeT, rom

cnobierebis forma aris is, ris mixedviTac awyobs Tavis moqmedebis gegmas

adamiani da ris saSualebiTac erkveva is samyaroSi; anu, riTac da rogorc

awesrigebs adamiani samyaros.

samyaros mowesrigebis yvela wesi daiyvaneba sul ramdenimeze: esenia _

upirveles yovlisa, miTi. is Cven gveZlveva, rogorc pirveli wesi. miTi aris

ambavi, romelSic samyaro wesrigdeba RmerTebis da/an adamianebis moqmedebiT

(urTierTmoqmedebiT). es ambavi droSi ar mimdinareobs, zedroulia.

miTs Cven vixilavT rogorc cnobierebis formas: miTi aris swored aRqmis

forma, unari, riTac da rogorc miTis droSi myofi adamiani aRiqvams samyaros.

rogorc uyurebs is garemos da rogor axsnas uZebnis mas. martivad rom vTqvaT,

sxvadasxva droebi samyaros sxvadasxva axsnis wesebia; anu, es is gansxvavebebia,

romlebic gvaSoreben Zveli saberZneTis mcxovrebs da Sua saukuneebis evropels.

rac Seexeba cnobierebis Sinaarss; Cven unda vnaxoT misi Sesatyvisi adamianis

yofierebaSi. rogorc vTqviT, cnobierebis Sinaarsi aris uzogadesi da uSinaarso

moqmedeba, romelmac SeiZleba yvelaferi daiSinaarsos, misi forma gaxdes. _ Cven

unda vipovoT moqmedeba, romelic ganurCevlad axlavs cnobierebis formis

nebismier gamovlenas, romelic misi aucilebeli nawilia.

aseTi zogadi moqmedeba miTis droSi aris rituali. rituali aris

mowesrigebuli simboluri moqmedeba, romelic gulisxmobs raRacaze

mimarTulobas, raRacis gamoxatvas; magram rituali mxolod miTis drois

Sesabamisi ar aris. ritualebs, an raRac maT msgavss, Cven Cvens droSic vxedavT.

erTmaneTis msgavsi ritualebi yvela droSi SeiZleba vnaxoT _ am ritualebs

erTi ram Tu ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan: mimarTuloba. miTis droSi rituali

miTis Sinaarszea mimarTuli, mas asrulebs, Semdgom, ukve sxva droSi, rodesac

10

miTi ukve aRar mTavrobs _ rituali religiur teqstebs (magaliTad

qristianuls) ukavSirdeba da a. S.

maSasadame, Cven SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesabamisi

realoba aris rituali _ zogadi, uSinaarso moqmedeba, romlesac SeuZlia

yvelaferi daiSinaarsos, yvelaferze mimarTuli gaxdes. Semdgomi droebi

gviCveneben, rom rituali aseTi moqmedebaa da rom ar aris saWiro maincdamainc

miTis struqturis arseboba, ritualma rom imoqmedos. SemdgomSi Cven

cnobierebis Sinaarsis gamovlenas samyaroSi rituals vuwodebT.

TandaTan gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom moZraoben gamoqvebulis miTSi

maincdamainc adamianebi da ara raime meqanizmi, romlezedac figurebi iqnebodnen

damagrebulni. cnobierebis Sinaarsis buneba rom gasagebi gaexada, platons unda

eCvenebina, rom am wesis Semsruleblebi swored adamianebi arian, rom cnobierebis

Sinaarsi marto cnobierebaSi ki ar arsebobs, aramed cxovrebaSic vlidneba

swored mravali ritualis saxiT. _ is ritualebi, romliTac platoni

garSemortymuli iyo, swored Zireulis, cnobierebis Sinaarsis gamovlinebaa,

xolo am ritualis mimarTulobis obieqti _ cecxlis alis sxvadasxvanairi

TamaSi _ am ritualis gaformeba.

miTis Sedeg Semomxvedri samyros mowesrigebis momTavre wesi aris

JamTaaRmwerloba (Zveli da axali aRTqma, qronikebi da sxva). maTSi samyro

wesrigdeba JamTaaRmwerlurad anu samyaro maTSi drouli (Jamieri) xdeba.

moTxrobili ambavi droSi iSleba da RmerTis Careva xdeba `istoriis~

msvlelobaSi. am droSi momxdari ritualizaciiT miiReba, magaliTad,

qristianuli religia.

principulad, Tavisi formis mixedviT, miTiuri rituali da Tundac

qristianuli rituali _ ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. metic _ principulad

SesaZlebelia ipovo maTSi ori rituali, romlebic absoluturad daemTxvevian

erTmaneTs. maT ganasxvavebs mimarTuloba anu Tu romeli ambis ritualizaciad

gvevlineba isini _ miTis Tu JamTaaRmwerlobis.

11

amitomac vambobT Cven, rom erTaderTi mudmivi, rac narCundeba droTa anu

cnobierebis formaTa cvalebadobaSi, aris cnobierebis Sinaarsi, romlesac

SeuZlia nebismier formas miesadagos, misTvis Sinagani gaxdes.

samyaros mowesrigebis Semdegi wesi, romelic JamTaaRmwerlobas mosdevs,

unda iyos istoria. istoria JamTaaRmwerlobisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom ambavi,

romelic masSia moTxrobili, `zustad~ dadgenili da Semowmebulia. garda amisa,

JamTaaRmwerlobis gmiri yovelTvis konkretuli adamiania, istoriis gmiri _

subieqti ki _ yovelTvis zogadia, is warmoadgens an saxelmwifos an xalxs.

istoriis forma aris is dro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. Tu ra miiReba

istoriis ritualizaciiT, aris amjerad Cveni kvlevis sagani.

heraklites cecxli aaldeba da iRvelfeba. Cven vaZlevT Tavs uflebas platonis

miTSi heraklites cecxli davinaxoT. ra aris am aalebis da CaRvelfebis mizezi,

Tu ara Tavad cecxlis arseba. arafers garedan ar SeuZlia masze zemoqmedeba. es

xdeba mxolod Signidan. samyros mowesrigebis wesi universaluria, xolo

cnobierebis Sinaarsi _ imdenad yovlismomcveli, rom SeuZlebelia garegani

zemoqmdebiT moxdes Secvla. amitomac cvlileba xdeba TviTon formis Signidan.

marTalia, samyros mowesrigebis yoveli wesi universaluria, is mainc formaa da

mkacrad zis Tavis sazRvrebSi. ase rom, am sazRvrebis nebismieri gafarToeba

unda iwvevdes am formis daSlas da axlis warmoqmnas. clileba xdeba maSin,

rodesac forma Tavis Tavs Tavis sazRvrebSi amowuravs.

formis sazRvrebis gafarToeba, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs am formis

hiperobolizacias. hiperbolizaciis mizezi SeiZleba iyos formis sazRvrebis

dazustebisaken swrafva, winaaRmdegobis, romelic formis or gamovlenas Soris

warmoiSoba, moxsnis survili, formis totalurad gavrcelebisken mimarTuloba

da a. S.

12

III

axali, `mesame~ drois dasawyisad Cven migvaCnia periodi, rodesac frangma

ganmanaTeblebma, TavianT ucxoel winamorbedebze dayrdnobiT, wamoayenes

mecnieruli istoriis Seqmnis moTxovna; anu, maTi survili iyo zustad da

gansazRvrulad eqciaT is, rac adre winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. _ maT daadgines

istoriis subieqti _ eri, xalxi da amiT daupirispirdnen `mefeebis da omebis

istorias~ (e. i. JamTaaRwerlobas). _ faqtobrivad, JamTaaRmwerlobis dazustebam

da misi momcvelobis gafarToebis survilma gamoiwvia istoriis, rogorc axali

cnebis Seqmna. niSandoblivia, rom ganmanaTleblebidan zogierTi RmerTis ideis

winaaRmdegac gamodioda, magram, saeWvoa, xvdebodnen Tu ara istoriis

struqturis damuSavebasa da aTeizms Soris organul kavSirs.

erTi aucilebeli naSanic, romelic mudam Tan axlavs erTi drois meoreTi

Secvlas, aris apokalifsuri cnobierebis warmoSoba. _ adamianebi, romlebic jer

kidev cnobierebis Zveli formiT cxovroben, ver xedaven axal formas da

hgoniaT, rom moiSala samyaros mowesrigebis safuZveli. droTa mijnaze TaobaTa

uTanxmoebis mizezi swored es aris, _ Rirebulebebis dakargva; magram am `dros~

xdeba ara dakargva, aramed gadafaseba, axali Rirebulebebis warmoSoba.

swored ase daxvdnen ganmanaTleblebs da aseTive reaqcia iyo miTiuri

rwmenidan religiaze gadasvlis periodSi. Cven ar migvaCnia, rom erTi dro

mTavrdeba sadRac da meore iwyeba. drois yofna niSnavs, rom raRac principi

totalurad aris da ara absoluturad. wina drois formebi narCundeba da

msWvalaven axals, TandaTan axali drois niSnebs iZenen, sxvaferdebian.

axla ukve SeiZleba dazustebiT davaxasiaToT, Tu ra aris is istoria,

romelsac Cveni drois ganmsazRvrelad vTvliT. es cneba naTeli xdeba

JamTaaRmwerlobasTan dapirispirebaSi; JamTaaRmwerloba aRwers mxolod

konkretuli pirovnebis _ mefis an gmiris _ cxovrebas. ganmanaTleblebma ki

13

Temad, upirveles yovlisa, mTeli kacobriobis istoria dasaxes. am miznis

misaRwevad maT Semdegi gza airCies; es gza niSnavda deduqciis meTodis gadatanas

istoriis kvlevaze. ganmanaTleblebis msjeloba istoriis sagnis, Temis Sesaxeb

Semdegnairad unda wasuliyo: imisaTvis, rom kacobriobis istoria miRweul

iqnes, jer unda Seiqmnas kacobriobis nawilebis istoria. Semdeg es nawilebi

SeerTdeba da miviRebT kacobriobis istorias. amitom, kacobriobis nawilad unda

SerCeuliyo is fenomeni, romelic, jer erTi, nawilad ivargebda (Zalian bevri

ar unda yofiliyo) da Tanac, gansazRvrebadi, myari erTeuli iqneboda da

araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ SemTxveviTi. amitomac istoriis sagani, subieqti gaxda

ara romelime erTi adamiani, aramed saxelmwifo an xalxi, romelic am

saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs da garkveuli erTianoba axasiaTebs.

es `istoriuli deduqcia~ SeiZleba evropuli kulturis mecnieruli

orientaciis gamovlenad CavTvaloT: istoriis mecnierebad dafuZnebaSi SeiZleba

davinaxoT mecnierebis saboloo gatotalureba, misi yovlismomcvelad gadaqceva

(ganmanaTleblebis moTxovna JamTaaRmwerlobisadmi iyo mecnierebad yofna.

mecnieruli JamTaaRmwerloba ki ukve istoriaa).

kidev erTi niSani, romlic istorias aucileblobiT axasiaTebs, aris

progresisa da istoriis msvlelobis gaigiveba. _ istoria ze-aRmavali

mimarTulebaa. swored ganmanaTleblebis wreSi warmoiSva debuleba (bekoni,

volteri), rom berZnuli kultura kacobriobis bavSvobaa, maTi dro ki _

simwife.

(`istoriis filosofiis~ cnebac volteris Semotanilia. is masTan niSnavs

istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis wakiTxvas. istoriis filosofia, romelsac Cveni

saukunis goneba uyurebs rogorc raRac mistikurs da saidumlo mkvlevars,

warmoiSva rogorc meta-mecniereba, romlesac istoriisaTvis kontroli unda

gaewia, _ rom is mecnierebis sazRvrebs ar daSoreboda da zRaprad an Tqmulebad

ar qceuliyo).

14

amrigad, yalibdeba istoriis oTxi principi: istoriis miznad mTeli

kacobriobis istoriis dasaxva (1). istoriis subieqtad xalxis, eris gamocxadeba

(2). istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis ganxilva (3). istoriis da progresis

gaigiveba (4). rac Seexeba pirvel niSans; nebismieri istoria xazs usvams

istoriis ama Tu im subieqtis kavSirs sxva xalxebTan, saxelmwifoebTan, e. i.

sxva istoriebis subieqtebTan. es niSnavs, rom yvela istoriaSi Zevs es niSani,

romelic Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobrivia (Tu ratom, amas qvemoT vnaxavT).

IV

imisaTvis, rom Cveni debulebis siswore SevamowmoT, vcados empiriuli

mocemulobis daxmarebiT gaverkveT, Tu ra udevs Tanamedrove adamianis

msoflmxedvelobas safuZvlad.

Cven ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es safuZveli miTia da amiT yovelgvar

SesaZlebel garTulebas ganveridoT. miTi anu gamiTeba, garitualeba _ yvela

drois aucilebeli nawilia; Cven veZebT, Tu risi `miTia~ Cven Tavs.

msoflio aRar iZvris religiur safuZvelze momxdari omebiT da adamianebis

urTierTobisas wina planze aRmsarebloba aRar dgas.

Cvens droSi omebs nacionalisturi safuZveli aqvT. msoflioc arasodes ar

yofila ise mZafrad dayofili qveynebad da erovnebebad, rogorc axla.

adamianebis urTierTobaSi xazi esmeba, Tu romeli erovnebis arian an, rom

saerTod arc erT erovnebas ar ekuTvnian. aRmosavleTSic ki, sadac yovel

moqmedebas religiuri motivi hqonda, bolo omis safuZveli aSkarad

nacionalisturi iyo. ra Tqma unda, ar unda daviviwyoT meore msoflio omic,

romlis nacionalistur fonsac mtkiceba ar sWirdeba.

Cven gvinda wamovayenoT hipoTeza: imdenad, ramdenadac omis mizezi yvelaze

kargad unda gamoxatavdes epoqis arsebas da es arseba miT ufro damtkicebulad

15

unda CavTvaloT, Tuki adamianebis yoveldRiur urTierTobebSic vnaxulobT mis

Sesatyvis moqmedebebs, Cven vcxovrobT nacionalizmis droSi.

magram jer-jerobiT es mxolod metaforuli gamoTqmaa da garkveuli

mtkiceba esaWiroeba.

sityva `nacionalizms~ nacia, eri udevs safuZvlad. eris gansazRvrebisas Cven

amovdivarT konkretuli adamianidan da vambobT, rom adamiani mxolod maSin aris

romelime eris warmomadgeneli, rodesac mas Tavi am eris Svilad miaCnia.

SeiZleba vinme romelime eris warmomadgenlad Tvlides adamians, romelsac amis

cnobiereba ar gaaCnia, _ aseTi pozicia eyrdnoba eris, rogorc biologiur-

socialuri kategoriis gansazRvrebas. am mimarTulebis mixedviT eri aris erT

teritoriaze mosaxle, erTi sisxlis, kulturis da enis mqone xalxi da meti

araferi. aq xdeba erisa da eTnosis cnebebis aRreva, maTi urTierTgaigiveba.

eTnosi swored monaTesave xalxia, romelTac aqvT erTi sisxli. cxadia, rom

xSirad eri erTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebisagan Sedgeba, magram yofila

SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi eTnosi ramdenime erSi ganawilebula, an _ ramdenime

eTnoss erTi eri SeuqmniaT.

eris gansazRvrebis biologiuri fesvis Zieba Cven cud usasrulobaSi

wagviyvans da amitomac es gansazRvreba uSualod cnobierebis sferoSi unda

veZioT.

ras niSnavs, rodesac adamiani romelime ers ekuTvnis anu rodesac am eris

Svilad miaCnia Tavi? upirveles yovlisa, imas, rom igi Tavis Tavs Tvlis am

eris produqtad, am eris tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad, am eris itoriaSi myofad.

e. i. eris arseboba, upirveles yovlisa, aris am eris istoriis arseboba; _ eri

istoriuli kategoriaa. istoria ers aniWebs im aucilebel niSans, romlis

gareSec am cnebis warmodgena SeuZlebeli iqneboda _ erTianobas. mxolod

istorias SeuZlia eri erTian organgizmad dagvanaxos anu moupovos mas arsebobs

ufleba.

16

faqts, rom eri erTiani organizmia, kidev ufro Sors mimaval Sedegebamde

mivyavarT; erTian organizms, cnobilia, aqvs nawilebi, magram is avtonomiuri

nawilebisagan ki ar Sedgeba, aramed erTmaneTze kargad misadagebuli da

uerTmaneTod arsebobis verSemZle elementebisagan. amaves gveubneba isic, rom

istoriaSi istoriis subieqtis adgili ers ukavia; anu eri aris erTaderTi

moqmedi. es ki migviTiTebs, rom konkretuli adamiani kargavs Rirebulebas eris

cnobierebis gverdiT.

magram Cven xom viciT istoriis iseTi saxeebi, sadac konkretuli adamianebi

arian istioriis subieqtebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es aris JamTaaRmwerloba,

romlis adgili Cvens samyaroSi istoriam daikava.

es yvelaferi gviCvenebs, rom eris cneba mxolod garkveul droSia

warmoSobili da mudam ar arsebobda. _ Cven vaCveneT, rom eris cneba

ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli istriasTan, istoria ki Tavad mxolod garkveul

etapzea Seqmnili.

eris cnebac, iseve rogorc istoriisa, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi gaCnda. mis

warmoSobasac mecnieruloba udevs safuZvlad; ganmanaTleblebis survili iyo

erTxel da samudamod daegdinaT istoriis sagani anu subieqti da radganac maTi

saboloo mizani kacobriobis mTliani istoriis Semqna iyo deduqciuri meTodiT

(jer nawilebis istoriis Seqmna da Semdeg am istoriebis gaerTianeba), mkacrad

unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli kacobriobis Semadgeneli nawili. radganac uari

iyo naTqvami mefeebis da omebis istoriaze, istoriis subieqtad irCies xalxi,

romelic im dros saxelmwifoTi da kulturiT iyo erTiani. amiT ki safuZveli

Cauyares am xalxebis istoriebis daweras anu eris cnebis Seqmnas.

Cven zemoT vTqviT, rom kacobriobis erTiani istoria, rogorc yovel

istoriaSi dafaruli mizani, Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobrivia. axla ukve SegviZlia

avxsnaT, ratom; am mizanma ganapiroba kacobriobis nawilebis gamoyofa da

avtonomiurad qceva. amis Semdeg, bunebrivia, arc erTi damoukidebeli,

individualobis mqone organizmi ar moindomebs gaxdes raimes nawili. piriqiT,

17

yovel maTganSia Cadebuli miswrafeba sxva gaixados Tavis nawilad (amtomacaa

nacionalizmis radikaluri formis socialuri gamovlena imperiis Seqmna).

maSasadame, erTi mxriv is mizani narCundeba, radganac yvela eris istoriaSi aris

am eris sxva erebTan (saxelmwifoebTan) urTierobis momentebi. meores mxriv ki

_ TviTon istoriaSi Cadebuli miswrafeba gansakuTrebulobisaken da

mniSvnelovnebisaken.

yoveli istoria miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom rac SeiZleba `Zvelad~ anu

safuZvelTan axlos myofad warmoaCinos Tavisi subieqti. eris istoria bevrad

ufro did dros moicavs, vidre Tavad eris cnobiereba anu eris cneba. rogorc

wesi, yoveli eris realur erovnul cnobierebas gacilebiT ufro mcire istoria

aqvs, vidre am eris istorias. Tanac, isini erTmaneTTan araviTar kavSirSi ar

arian. SeiZleba eris istoria 25 saukunes iTvlides, erovnuli cnobiereba ki

sul 10-15 wlis iyos.

V

Cven mivediT istoriasTan meore bolodan _ nacionalizmidan. manamde

gavlili gvqonda cnobierebis forma-Sinaarsi-istorias Soris mdebare sivrce.

amiT Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom is Sedegi, romlis miRebac Cven vcadeT

platonis miTis analiziT da Teoriuli msjelobiT, empiriidan amosuli

ganazrebebiT gagvemeorebina. SevecadeT dagvedgina, rom Cven istoriis droSi

vcxovrobT, romelsac amave dros nacionalizmis droc SeiZleba ewodos.

axla ukve SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu ras niSnavs istoriis droSi ritualizacia

_ erad yofnas. Tavad rituali ganapirobebs eris, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis

grZnobadi elementis warmoSobas. rituali anu cnobierebis Sinaarsi

warmogvidgeba erisa da erovnulobis saxiT. yvela im rituals anu samyaros

aRqmis wess, romelsac adamiani taZarSi atarebda, Tanamedrove adamiani atarebs

18

iseT adgilas, sadac mas eris simbolo eguleba, _ sul erTia, iqneba es nivTi,

RmerTi Tu adamiani.

rodesac nacionalizmis droze vlaparakobT, SeiZleba SegvewinaaRmdegon, rom

arsebobs nacionalizmisadmi dapirispirebuli msoflmxedveloba da am

ukanasknelis matarebeli xalxis ricxvi aranaklebia nacionalisturi

msoflmxedvelobis mqoneebze. es marTlac rom ase iyos, saqmis viTareba mainc ar

Seicvleba. _ saqme imaSia, rom es dapirispirebuli msoflmxedveloba marTlac

mxolod dapirispirebulia da sxva araferi, _ da amitomac yovelmxriv

gansazRvrulia nacionalizmT. Tanac mas damoukidebeli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia, is

uaryofiT niSans uyenebs imas, rac nacionalizmSi dadebiTi niSniT figurirebs.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romelic istoriis droSi xdeba:

istoriis subieqtad eris gamocxadebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba laparaki eris

misiaze (JamTaaRmwerloba mxolod konkretuli adamianis misiaze laparakobda).

am SemTxvevaSi istoriis aucilebloba eris cnobierebisaTvis kidev ufro

mZafrdeba, radgan SesaZlebeli xdeba eris misiis gaazreba mTeli misi istoriis

manZilze da am misiis damadasturebeli magaliTebis istoriaSi povna.

Cven davasaxeleT Cveni dro anu cnobierebis forma, romelic axla totalurad

aris da isic, Tu ra miiReba konkretulad am formis da cnobierebis Sinaarsis

TanxvedriT. Cven ar viciT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara ganvWvritoT Semdgomi drois

arseba da xana. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isic `ambis~ erT-erTi modifikcia unda iyos,

rogorebic iyo miTi, JamTaaRmwerloba da istoria. yvela dros Tavisi Sesabamisi

ritualizacia anu Sesabamisi Sinaarsi aqvs, riTac Sedis is kulturaSi (an

socialur sistemaSi); ase _ istoriis dros moaqvs nacionalizmi,

JamTaaRmwerlobas _ religia, miTs ki tradicia _ ritauli am SemTxvevaSi

samyaroze tradiciuli (ara mecnieruli da ar religiuri, Cveni TvaliT)

warmodgenaa da miTis epoqis adamiani da kultura iseve srulad isazRvreba

tradiciiT _ gadmocemuliT, erTxel dadgeniliT, rogorc sxva droebis

adamianebi Tavisi Sesabamisi mimarTebebiT.

19

VI

Cven SevecadeT dagvedgina cnobierebis Sinaarsis da cnobierebis formebis

arsebobis wesi. cnobierebis Sinaarsi iracionaluria, magram ara Seumecnebadi.

rodesac Cven iracionalurze vlaparakobT, vgulisxmobT germaneli filosofosis

emil laskis interpretacias (`moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb da filosofiis

logika~), rom iracionaluroba niSnavs sazRvris principul uqonlobas, xolo

racionalurobiT _ piriqiT. ar arsebobs arc erTi sagani, an moqmedeba

samyaroSi, romelic ar moeqceva Cvens mier daxasiaTebul cnobierebis SinaarsSi.

Tavad forma male amowuravs Tavis Tavs, radgan, ra farTo sivrceebic unda

ekavos mainc sasrulia da odesme aRwevs Tavis sazRvars da miiswrafvis misi

gadalaxvisaken. am dros warmoiSoba axali forma, Sinaarsi ki cvlilebisadmi

indiferentulia.

rodesac fsiqologebi aracnobierze laparakoben, isini swored cnobierebis am

iracionul Sinaarss gulisxmoben, iqneba es aracnobieri Tu arqetipuli

mexsiereba. radganac isini Sinaarsis sazRvrebs ver amCneven, SeuZlebeli miaCniaT

masSi racionaluri operireba da mas Seumecneblad acxadeben.

`sinamdvileSi~ ki cnobierebis Sinaarsi ara Tavisi arsebiT, aramed Tavisi

funqciiT anu moqmedebiT aris iracionaluri; mis moqmedebas ara aqvs sazRvrebi,

yvelafris momcvelia. xolo is, rac Tavad am Sinaarss warmoadgens, savsebiT

wvdomadia.

am safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom realurad araniari

aracnobieri da Seucnobeli ar arsebobs. albaT sartri amas gulisxmobda,

rodesac ambobda, rom adamiani yvelafers cnobierad akeTebs. zogjer es

debuleba ise esmodaT, TiTqos sartris mixedviT _ adamiani gacnobierebulad

akeTebda imas, rasac froidi aracnobier safuZvels uZebnida. sartri albaT

gulisxmobda, jer erTi imas, rom aracnobieri ar arsebobs da yvelaferi, rasac

20

aracnobiers miaweren cnobierebaSi xdeba da meore _ adamianis mier Tavisi

moqmedebis principul gacnobierebadobas. _ arsebobs mxolod cnobierebis

Sinaarsi da cnobierebis formebi.

is, rac saerToa yvela da yvela drois adamianSi, aris cnobierebis Sinaarsi.

adamianebs ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan am SinaarsTan damokidebuleba: adamiani

Tavisufali xdeba refleqsiiT sakuTar cnobierebaze. es platonis miTis

analizmac gviCvena. ar aris aucilebeli, rom es marto filosofosis saqme iyos.

yvela mojanyes aqvs saSualeba fenomenTa samyaro im iluziebis gareSe dainaxos,

romlebiTac misive cnobiereba mosavs maT.

Cven aqamde platonis monaTxrobs `miTs~ vuwodebdiT. es ucnaurad SeiZleba

mogveCvenos, radganac es ambavi ar gavs im miTebs, Cven rom wignebSi vxvdebiT

xolme da mainc, tradiciulad, `saxelmwifos~ am monakveTs `gamoqvabulis miTi~

hqvia. SesaZlebeli axsna am faqtisa albaT is aris, rom am ambavSi gadmocemulia

miTis funqcia anu cnoberebis Sinaarsi, romelic struqturiT aramiTsac ki

miTad aqcevs.

yoveli mojanye cdilobs jer Tavi daaRwios cnoberebis arsebul formas,

xolo Semdeg, Tu moTmineba da gamZleoba eyo, cnobierebis Sinaarssac. mxolod

formisagan Tavis daRwevisaken swrafva, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mTavrdeba axali

formis SeqmniT. amaze gaCereba adamians socialur moRvawed aqcevs. rodesac

mojanye ar kmayofildeba mxolod formis gadalaxviT da cdilobs Sinaarssac

daaRwios Tavi, es ukve Sinagani Tavisuflebaa, romelsac veranairi gamoqvabulis

borkilebi veRar SezRudavs. ras niSnavs Tavisufleba, Tu ara upirveles

yovlisa sakuTari Tavisagan ganTavisuflebas _ am sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices

gamoqvabulis miTis arseba.

mxolod sakuTari Tavidan ganTavisuflebiT moipoveb sakuTar Tavs _ es aris

meore daskvna gamoqvabulis miTidan. ras niSanvs sakuTari Tavis mopoveba, Tu ara

ganTavisuflebas im saerTodan, rac cnobierebis Sinaarsia da amitom

SeuzRudaobas imisagan, rasac cnobierebis formebi hqvia.

21

Semdeg TavebSi Cven vnaxavT, Tu rogor gaiSleba adamianis bedi, _ adamianis,

romelic Tavisuflebis aseTi amaRlebuli da gabedulebiT savse gansazRvrebis

mqonea _ romelsac aseTi Tavisufleba unda.

22

II nawili. Cveni adgili

I yvelasaTvis cnobilia oidiposis miTi: avbediTi winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis

Tavi rom daeRwia, oidiposi mamam moiSora da is samSoblodan Sors gaizarda

ise, rom Tavis warmoSobaze araferi icoda. Tebesken gzaze mimaval, ukve

davaJkacebul oidiposs sakuTari mama Semoakvda. Semdgom man Tebe sfinqsisagan

ixsna da madlierma moqalaqeebma is mefed airCies. oidiposma sakuTari deda

colad SeirTo. rodesac tiresiasis saSualebiT misTvis cnobili gaxda, Tu ra

Caidina, oidiposma Tvalebi daiTxara. aRsrulda, rac uwinaswarmetyveles

oidiposis mamas.

es miTi TvalsaCinos xdis im ormagobas, romelic berZnul miTebs axasiaTebs

_ Sesabameba adamianis Tavisuflebasa da RmerTebis nebas Soris; magram es ar

aris ormagobis erTaderTi saxe, romelic am miTebSi gvxvdeba; am principis

naTeli gamoxatvaa miTebis orbunebovani personaJebi; pani, kentavrebi, sfinqsi.

metic: miTebi Tavisi SinaarsiTac ar arian erTni: maTSi xSirad gaerTianebulia

sxva miTebi, romlebsac, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT ganuyofel nawils

warmoadgenen, damoukidebeli arseboba da mniSvneloba gaaCniaT.

aseTi `meore~ oidiposis miTSi aris sfinqsis ambavi. am miTis ormagoba kidev

ufro mniSvnelovani imiT xdeba, rom am miTis personaJi _ sfinqsi _ erT

formaSi ornairi arsebobis _ cxoveluris da adamianuris Sesabamebaa.

sfinqsi RmerTebis mier Tebes sasjelad iyo movlenili. is qalaqis

WiSkarTan ijda da amvlel-Camvlels erT gamocanas ekiTxeboda: ra aris is, rac

dilas oTx fexze dadis, SuadRisas orze, xolo saRamos samze? mas, vinc

arasworad upasuxebda, sfinqsi klavda. oidiposma swori pasuxi uTxra da

sfinqsi ufskrulSi gadaeSva.

sfinqsis yofierebaSi adamiani da cxoveli erTad dganan. miTis ormagoba

masac iseve exeba, rogorc oidiposs. amitom sfinqsis TviTmkvlelobis mizezi

23

oidiposis pasuxSi unda veZeboT. erTi SexedviT sfinqsis gamocana da masze

pasuxi _ `adamiani~ _ bavSvur Tavsatexad warmogvidgeba. miTis struqtura

gvaeWvebs _ aqac xom ara aqvs adgili ormagobas _ Sesabamebas bavSvur Tavsatexsa

da raime siRrmiseuls Soris.

winadadeba _ `vinc dilas oTxze dadis, SuadRisas orze, xolo saRamos

samze~ _ aRniSnavs cvalebadobas. mTlianad igi warmoadgens gansazRvrebas,

romlisTvisac sfinqsi subieqtis dasaxelebas moiTxovda. oidiposis pasuxma

daasrula es definacia. sfinqsi cvalebadobis Sesaxeb kiTxulobs; Tanac es

Cveulebrivi cvalebadoba ar aris: es ukiduresi cvlaa. cvalebadoba erTi dRis,

erTi αιων-is ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, sfinqsis kiTxva SeiZleba Semdegnairad

`vTargmnoT~: ra aris is, rac Tavisi arsebobis manZilze maqsimalurad icvleba,

cvlis Tavisi arsebobis wess, formas? pasuxi igive rCeba: `adamiani~.

maSasadame, sfinsqi da oidiposi erTad adamianis axal gansazRvrebas

ayalibeben. axali rom ar iyos Tebes nebismieri ganaTlebuli moqalaqe gascemda

pasuxs da qalaqsac gadaarCenda. es gamocana ara marto rogorc gansazRvreba,

rogorc Tavsatexic ki _ axalia, es gansazRvreba sfinsqssac iseve exeba,

rogorc oidiposs. sfinqsis yofna Tanabradaa gansazRvruli rogorc adamianuriT,

aseve cxoveluriT. yofierebis es ori saxe masSi zust SesabamebaSia (iseve

rogorc yvelaferi ormagi berZnul miTSi) erTmaneTTan. pasuxis gacemis Semdeg

sfinqsi Tavs iklavs. am TviTmkvlelobis erTi mxare _ RmerTebis neba _

gasagebia CvenTvis. meore mxare _ Tavisufleba _ asaxsneli.

sfinqsi arsebobs adamianiviTac. ase rom, adamianis axali gansazRvreba misi

gansazRvrebacaa; magram sfinqsi am gansazRvrebis SemoRebas sikvdiliT xvdeba.

amas mxolod erTi pasuxi SeiZleba moeZebnos: adamianis axali arseba misTvis

miuRebelia da miuRebelia albaT imis gamo, rom misi arsebobis wesi, romelic

gulisxmobs adamianuri da cxoveluri yofnis wesis urTierTSexamebas, amis

sawinaaRmdegoa.

24

Tebes WiSkarTan adamianis axali arseba _ cvalebadoba dgindeba da yvela,

vinc ki adamiania, am gansazRvrebaSi eqceva. sfinqsi, romelSic adamianuri da

cxoveluri SesabamebaSia erTmaneTTan, Tavs iklavs. kvdeba imis gamo, rom

SeuZlebelia ukve urTierTsawinaaRmdego arsebebis Sesabameba.

Cven gavarkvieT sfinqsis sikvdilis ormagoba, magram am miTSi kidev erTi

SeumCneveli da auxsneli faqti darCa: RmerTebis sasjeli. erTi SexedviT,

sasjeli sfinqsis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba; magram amis Semdeg Tebes moqalaqeebi

TavianT sicocxles omebSi da ZmaTa kvlaSi atareben. oidiposis miTi antigones

ambavSi gadadis. ra aris sfinqsis miTSi iseTi, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs

RmerTebis sasjelis dasrulebaSi eWvi SevitanoT?

ise da isev adamianis axali gansazRvreba. es axali gansazRvreba sasjelis

nawilia. is sfinqsis Tebes WiSkarTan yofnis iseTive aucilebeli komponentia,

rogorc oidiposi. aqedan mxolod erTi ram gamomdinareobs: adamianis axali

gansazRvrebis dadgeniT RmerTebi sjian adamianebs, Tanac ise, rom TviTonve

aZebnineben sasjels. Cveni mizania gaverkvioT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs am

gansazRvrebis sasjeloba da saSineleba.

adamianis axali gansazRvrebis ZiriTadi principi aris cvalebadoba. fraza _

is vinc dilas oTxze dadis, SuadRisas orze, xolo saRamos samze _ ukiduresi

cvalebadobis unaris ilustraciaa. Tuki es axali gansazRvreba ewinaaRmdegeba

Zvels, maSin is gansazRvreba, romelSic adamiani da cxoveli SesabamebaSi dganan,

aris ucvleloba.

yovelive es migviTiTebs, rom oidiposis Semdeg adamiani da cxoveli erTad

veRar iqnebian da maT Soris gansxvaveba Zevs samyaroSi yofnis cvalebadoba-

ucvlelobaSi. am miTis mixedviT adamianisaTvis cvalebadia samyaros aRqmis kuTxe

anu misi moqmedebis mimarTuloba. e. i. Tavis moqmedebebs adamiani saWiroebisamebr

ucvlis mimarTulebas da sxvadasxva mxares mimarTavs. adamiani, romelic

oidiposis pasuxis Semdeg dgindeba, icvlis samyaros suraTs (samyaros aRqmis

25

kuTxes) _ raTa ukeTesad igrZnos Tavi da am suraTis mixedviT cvlis samyaros,

TviTon ki ucvleli rCeba.

amazeve dayrdnobiT, cxovelis SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdego unda vivaraudoT;

albaT mas aqvs samyaros aRqmis ucvleli kuTxe, moqmedebis ucvleli

mimarTuleba anu samyaros ucvleli suraTi. e. i. Tuki Seicvleba garemo, xolo

cxovels ar SeuZlia Secvalos Tavisi moqmedebis mimarTuloba, maSin is TviTon

Seicvleba, raTa, rogorc iyo, iseTsave SesabamebaSi darCes bunebasTan.

ase viRebT Cven cvalebadi adamianisagan mouqnel da xist sistemas, romelic

am mouqnelobis gamo angrevs garemos da kvlav aSenebs mas axali suraTis

mixedviT da ucvleli cxovelisagan _ moqnil da harmoniul struqturas,

romelic miiswrafvis mudam erT SesabamebaSi iyos bunebasTan da ara cvalos es

Sesabameba, anda samyaro iyolios SesabamebaSi, rogorc amas adamiani akeTebs.

RmerTebis sasjeli dafaruli iyo: adamianebi romc mimxvdariyvnen axali

gansazRvrebis gaCenas, gana ifiqrebdnen, rom cvalebadobiT dawyevla ucvlelobad

da istoriis saSinelebad SemoubrundebodaT.

amiT Cven vwvdebiT RmerTebis sasjelis `meore gvars~. sfinqsis gamogzavniT

RmerTebi adamians da cxovels aSoreben erTmaneTs da adamians saSinel cxovrebas

umzadeben: brZolebiT, kaciskvliT da bevri cvlilebiT, mxolod da mxolod

ukeTesad yofnis iluziis gamo. oidiposis pasuxSi aris kacobriobis Semdgomi

bedi _ istoria Tavisi revoluciebiT da gadatrialebebiT.

RmerTebis sasjelis am mxaresac axasiaTebs Tavisi `orgvaroba~: is adamians

akargvinebs normalur urTierTobas da awyvetinebs kavSirs sxva cocxal

arsebebTan. uzarmazar ufskruls aCens maT Soris da adamians martod tovebs

samyaroSi. RmerTebis sasjeli martoobiTa da sasowarkveTilebiT `dasaCuqrebaa~

da niSandoblivia, rom es yvelaferi iwyeba erTianobis, Sesabamebis simbolos

sikvdiliT. es sasjeli miTidan agdebs adamians, ukargavs arsebul orientirs,

samyaros da aiZulebs axlis Ziebas _ Sesabamisobis mospobiT. amiT is spobs im

mTavar princips, romlis mixedviTac aris adamiani miTis personaJi da miTi

26

adamianis samyaro _ orgvarobas. adamiani erTgvari xdeba da platoniseul Suaze

gakveTili androginis msgavsad, mTel Tavis istorias meore nawilis ZebnaSi

atarebs.

RmerTebis sasjelis meore mxare mxolod sfinqsis sikvdilis Semdeg iwyebs

ganxorcielebas _ maSin, rodesac yvelas hgonia, rom sasjeli damTavrda da mas

mxolod ramdenime adamianis sicocxle Seewira.

oidiposis miTis es meore mxare bevrad ufro saSinel tragediad

warmogvidgeba, vidre misi gagrZeleba: am miTis meore nawili mxolod

dadastureba da ganxorcielebaa im sasjelisa, romelic RmerTebma adamianebs

dauweses.

Tebes WiSkarTan adamianis ori gansazRvreba dgas: Zveli _ miTis personaJi _

sfinqsi, romelic erTianobis, samyaros daurRvevlobis da harmoniis niSania,

romlis mixedviTac adamiani samyaros Cveulebrivi nawilia sxva nawilebis

gverdiT da axali _ istoriis subieqti _ oidiposi, romelic TviTon xdeba

axali gansazRvrebis matarebeli da misi Semdgomi bedic, swored arsebobis

axali wesis gamo, saocrad cvalebadi da ubeduria.

II

es miTi migviTiTebs Cvens adgils samyaroSi. is ar aTavsebs adamians arc mis

periferiaze, arc mis centrSi. Cveni mizani im adgilis povnaa, romelic mouZebna

adamianma Tavis Tavs. adgils, romelic mas misive konstituciiT ekuTvnis. Cven

unda movnaxoT is wesi, romliTac adamiani cxovrobs garemomcvel saymroSi, ise,

rom garemo misgan damoukidebelia, ise, rom is da buneba samyros or,

damoukidebel wevrs warmoadgenen. aseT arsebobas adamianSi Rrma safuZveli unda

hqondes. amitomac aris Cveni mizani gavarkvioT adamianis da bunebis mdgomareoba;

anu, is kanoni, romlis mixedviTac adamianis yofierebas adamianSive aqvs

gamarTleba. Cveni mizania movnaxoT adamianis da bunebis is aRwera, romelic

27

safuZvlad udevs yvela arsebul aRweras anu romelic yvela drois Sesabamisi

iqneba. aqamde Cven vaCvenebdiT adamianis arsebobis wesis (ritualis) ucvlelobas

droTa cvalebadobaSi. amjerad unda vipovoT aseTive igiveobis safuZveli

arsebobis formaSic; anu is aRwera, romelsac mivyvebiT, unda ikiTxebodes yvela

metafizikaSi, yvela Teologiur sistemaSi, yvela TeoriaSi samyaros Sesaxeb.

es ar aris arc ekologiuri (raki bunebis da adamianis urTierTobaze

vlaparakobT) da arc fsiqologiuri sakiTxi. es filosofiuri sakiTxia, Tuki

filosofias gavigebT, rogorc arsebobis sazRvriT cnebebze azrovnebas.

arsebobis sazRvriTi cnebebi ki, romlebic ganisazRvrebian an erTmaneTiT, an

yofierebiT, arian buneba da adamiani.

Cven vnaxeT, rom adamianis arseboba xasiaTdeba, rogorc cnobiereba. vnaxeT,

rom adamiani TviTonve iqmnis sakuTari cnobierebis formas da saWiroebisamebr

cvlis mas ise, rom cnobierebis Sinaarss ucvlelad tovebs. adamianTan

vpoulobT yofierebis Semdeg formulas: ucvleli moqmedebis wesi (cnobierebis

Sinaarsi) _ moqmedebis cvalebadi orientiri (cnobierebis forma).

sfinqsis miTma migviTiTa, rom aris `sxvanairi yofierebac~; am SemTxvevaSi

cnobierebis formis funqcias asrulebs garemo da am dros cnobierebis Sinaarssa

da formas Soris mimarTeba erTmniSvnelovania; Tuki Seicvleba garemo pirobebi,

Seicvleba yofierebis moqmedebis wesic (rituali); e. i. es yofieri pirdapir

mimarTebaSia sakuTari cnobierebis formasTan.

bunebis yvela formaSi, mis yvela gamovlenaSi SeiZleba msgavsi formula

amovikiTxoT: magaliTad _ Tuki mcenaris arsebobis wess (mis zrdas,

ganviTarebas), ganvixilavT rogorc rituals, maSin formis anu ritualis

orientiris rols Seasrulebs buneba. am SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba es situacia

warmovidginoT, rogorc calke gamoyofili qceva, romelic uSualod miemarTeba

garemos _ icvleba ra garemo, icvleba TviTonac; aseve, magaliTad, qvis

SemTxvevaSi, mis konkretul arsebobas, swored imis gamo, rom is konkretulia,

SeiZleba davarqvaT rituali, radganac aseTi arseboba aris misi moqmedebis e. i.

28

arsebobis wesi da im garemos, romelSic is aris _ ritualis orientiri. ase

SeiZleba mivyveT da arsebobis yvela tipi ganvixiloT da yvelgan miviRebT

Semdeg formulas: icvleba ra buneba (garemo), icvleba arsebobis (moqmedebis)

wesic. aseTi aRwera sxvas arafers gveubneba, garda imisa, rom buneba aris raRac

sistema. masSi yvelaferi SesabamebaSia erTmaneTTan. magram, buneba garda imisa,

rom Tavad aris sistema, Sedgeba kidec uamravi sistemebisagan, romlebsac

bunebaSi arsebulebi qmnian. bunebaSi calke araferi ar arsebobs _ yvelaferi

aris garkveul sistemaSi da sistemis ZaliT. yoveli konkretuli orientirdeba

jer sakuTar sistemaze, am sistemis gavliT ki mTel bunebaze anu im garemoze,

romelSic es sistema arsebobs. es sistematuroba _ konkreturad, realurad _

gamoixateba erTi mxriv sociumiT, xolo meore mxriv cnobierebiT. cnobiereba

SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc arsebobis (socialuri) forma, xolo

socialuroba rogorc arsebobis SesabamebiTi, sistemuri wesi, iq, sadac

sociumia, arsebobs cnobierebac. _ zog SemTxvevaSi cnobiereba aris

damaxasiaTebeli mTeli sociumisaTvis _ aseTi cnobierebis Sinaarsia is

konkretuli qceva, is rituali, romelsac sociumis wevrebi asruleben mTliani

sociumis SenarCunebisaTvis. maSasadame, SeiZleba warmovidginoT buneba, kosmosi,

_ cnobierebad, romelsac axasiaTebs garkveuli Sinarsi _ konkretul fenomenTa

arseboba, maTi konkretuli moqmedeba, rituali da forma _ erTianoba, romelsac

mTlianad buneba, kosmosi warmoadgens. erTi SexedviT, am ukiduresad harmoniul

suraTSi ar Tavsdeba adamiani. imisaTvis, rom aseT safuZvels CavwvdeT, unda

SevadaroT erTmaneTs adamianis cnobiereba da buneba da es rom CvenTvis

moxerxebuli iyos, bunebis magivrad unda ganvixiloT maRalorganizebuli

cxovelis cnobiereba, romelic Tavisi yofierebiT adamianis gverdiT dgas,

adamianTan aris yvelaze ufro, sxva yofierTa Soris.

29

III

miTi gveubneba, rom cxovelis cnobiereba Semdegi struqturis unda iyos; mas

unda axasiaTebdes cnobierebis Sinaarsi _ ris safuZvelzec is arsebobs da

urTierTobas amyarebs anu qceva, romliTac cxoveli miemarTeba im sazogadoebas,

romelSic cxovrobs. am sistemis _ sociumis gavliT is esabameba bunebas da

mudmiv, ucvlel mimarTebaSia masTan. es migviTiTebs, rom cxovelis cnobierebis

forma unda iyos sociumi. cxovelis cnobierebis Sinaarsi mimarTulia uSualod

sociumze da misi rituali emsaxureba sociumSi urTerTobis garkvevas da

garkveuli adgilis dakavebas. ra Tqma unda, es mimarTuloba ar `cnobierdeba~

cxovelTan. safrTxe (daSla), romelic bunebis anu garemo pirobebis Secvlisas

emuqreba sociums, individSi gardaisaxeba konkretuli arsebobis safrTxed,

radgan sociumi is sistemaa, romelSic is arsebobs da romlis gareSec mas

daRupva emuqreba. sociums ki garemo pirobebis Secvlisas daSla emuqreba imis

gamo, rom is rituali, romelic mis sicocxlisunarianobas apirobebs, aRar

Seesabameba im garemos, romelSic sociumi arsebobs. am ormxrivi damokidebulebis

gamo cxoveli iZulebulia Secvalos Tavisi rituali ise, rom mimarTeba

cnobierebis Sinaarssa da formas Soris igive datovos. maSasadame, cxoveli

SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc ukiduresad socialuri arseba: imisaTvis, rom

sociumi (rac misi arsebobis formaa) ar daingres, is (rogorc gvari)

absoluturad cvlis Tavis Tavs. maSasadame, cxovelis cnobierebis Sinaarsi, misi

qceva aris sociumze orientirebuli. swored amis gamo es avtonomiuri

cnobiereba ar vardeba bunebis erTiani sistemidan da mis nawilad rCeba. rodesac

cxoveli qcevas icvlis, amas unda mohyves socialuri struqturis Secvlac,

magram amiT harmoniuloba ar irRveva: Sesabameba _ cxoveli-sociumi-buneba igive

rCeba (cxoveli `realurad~ orientirebulia sociumze, `fsiqologiurad~ ki _

Tavis Tavze. swored imitom, rom is `individualistia~, is aris socialuri da

cxovrobs `harmoniul~ sazogadoebaSi). cxovelis arsebobis wesi aris ucvleli;

30

bunebaSi yovel cvlilebas Seesabameba cxovelis ritualis da sociumis

cvlilebebi, anu mimarTebaTa rigi ucvleli rCeba. igives vambobT bunebaze _

buneba, rogorc mimarTebaTa garkveuli sistema, xasiaTdeba mudmivobiT.

magram rogor aris am SemTxvevaSi adamianis saqme, romelic, rogorc

aRvniSneT, yofierebaSi cxovelTan erTad dgas. am dros dgomis gamo maTi

arsebobis (yofierebis) wesi erTi unda iyos. ekologiuri katastrofebi erTi

mxriv, meore mxriv ki adamianisve brZola maTi Tavidan acilebisaTvis

migviTiTebs, rom adamianisa da bunebis urTierToba `harmoniulobisagan~

(Sesabamebidan) Sors dgas. Tuki adamiani Tavisi cnobierebis SinaarsiT aris

buneba (cxovelTan erTad dgomis gamo), gansxvaveba adamiansa da bunebas Soris

cnobierebis fomraSi unda veZioT.

rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianis cnoberebaSi ucvlelia cnobierebis Sinaarsi

(rituali) da icvleba cnobierebis forma. adamiani maqsimalurad gamijnulia

bunebas da sakuTar TavSi cdilobs Seqmnas igiveobrivi struqtura. amitomac

misTvis cnobierebis forma aris ara Tavad buneba, samyaro, aramed samyros xati

_ metasamyaro (meta-samyaro aq niSnavs moZRvrebas samyaros Sesaxeb, samyaros

Sesaxeb Teorias, bunebis Sesaxeb codnis qonas, rac niSnavs codnis saganze

garedan dakvirvebas). zemoT aRwerili struqturis Sesabamisad, rodesac icvleba

samyaros konkretuli xati (raRac meta-samyaro), icvleba is socialuri

struqtura, romelic arsebobs mocemul momentSi; magram radganac adamiani

TviTon axorcielebs am cvlilebas, arsebobis sakuTar wess ucvlelad tovebs.

es imitom xdeba, rom adamiani arsebul meta-samyaros cvlis mxolod da mxolod

`dazustebis~ da arsebuli, `namdvili~ samyarosadmi `ukeTesi Sesabamebis~

droSiT. xolo, radganac misTvis arsebuli, bunebrivi samyarodan yvelaze axlos

myofi aris sakuTari arsebobis wesi anu cnobierebis Sinaarsi (rituali), igi mas

warmoudgeba rogorc ucvleli, romelsac man unda Seusabamos sakuTari

warmodgenebi samyaroze. amitomac, adamianis SemTxvevaSi, icvleba ra bunebis xati

(cnobierebis forma) da sociumi (cnobierebis formis proeqcia), cnobierebis

31

Sinaarsi anu adamianis arsebobis wesi igive rCeba; anu, es bolo fraza gasagebad

gaxdomisaTvis arsebuli meta-samyaros enaze rom vTargmnoT, miviRebT, rom

adamiani, rogorc biologiuri (an Tundac zoologiuri) saxeoba, ucvlelia.

rogoric iyo pirveli adamiani iseTiveni varT Cvenc. iseve rogorc pirvelyofil

adamianTa Soris socialuri struqtura isazRvreba im miTebiT, romlebsac isini

hyvebian xolme (klod levi-stroisi), aseve Cveni socialuri struqturac, is

sistemebi, romlebSic vcxovrobT, isazRvreba im warmodgenebiT samyaroze,

romlebic Cven gvaxasiaTebs.

adamiani miiswrafvis cnobierebis formis dazustebisaken; anu, misi survilia

rogorme gaxados is sakuTari Tavis (adamianisve) igiveobrivi. mas imedi aqvs, rom

odesme Seqmnis iseT formas, romlis Sesabamisi socialuri struqtura iqneba

`bunebrivi~ da harmoniuli (e. i. misi sakuTar arsebobis wesis, misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ritualis Sesabamisi). adamiani miiswrafvis gaxdes maqsimalurad

socialuri. _ am Tavis miswrafebiT is maqsimalurad scildeba mizans da

ngrevaTa monacvleobis garda verafers aRwevs. adamiani Tavisi arsebobiT aris

ganwiruli mouwyobel sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis.

cnobierebis forma, rasac tradiciulad gonebas an gansjas uwodeben, Tavis

safuZvelSi erTnairia yvelasaTvis, vinc aseT yofierebaSi dgas. misTvis

aucileblobiTaa damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadobisaken swrafva; magram amasTan erTad

cnoiberebis Sinaarsis cvalebadobis unari da uunaroba apirobebs im sxvadasxva

gzas, romelsac erT yofierebaSi, arsebobis erT wesSi myofni adganan (mag.

cxoveli da adamiani);

cnobierebis formis am saerTo safuZvels Cven SeiZleba gageba vuwodoT,

romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc cnobierebis formis unari. es is unaria,

romelic im garemos gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva, romelSic esa Tu is

konkretuli individi cxovrobs. es is unaria, romelic konkretul arsebuls

agebinebs Tavis garemos: zogs im cvlilebis Sesabamisad, romelic samyaroSi

xdeba, zogs _ sakuTari Tavis mixedviT, sakuTari Tavis `xatad da msgavsad~. es

32

gageba anu samyaros agebis unari udevs safuZvlad adamianis gonebas _

sxvadasxva, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli fenomenebiT.

amitomac, rodesac Cven cxovels vuyurebT da gvesmis, roca is siyvaruls,

dedobriv grZnobas, sibrazes an sxva raimes gamoxatavs, aris imis `brali~, rom

Cven samyaros erTanairi gageba gvaqvs; anu, empiriul samyaroSi Cven erTnairad

varT, erTanairad vazrovnebT. gansxvaveba amis Semdeg safexurze iqmneba, rodesac

Tavis naklulobis da mTlianad cvlis uunarobis gamo, adamiani iwyebs Tavis

TavSi sxvadasxva samyaroebis agebas. magram, es samyaroebic iseTive

winaaRmdegobrivia, rogorc maTi Semqmneli. es nakluloba adamians daZlevadi

hgonia, radganac, ar icis, rom winaaRmdegobrioba TviTon mis, rogorc cnobieri

arsebis safuZvelSi Zevs.

IV

amis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT evoluciuri suraTi

anu vaCvenoT, Tu rogor warmoiSvi adamiani cxovelisagan, Tu ra daedo

safuZvlad cnobierebis axali tipis warmoqmnas. es SeiZleba axsniliyo enis

warmoSobiT; enis anu saxeldebis, bunebis dasaxelebis Seqmna ukve samyaros

suraTia, meta-samyaroa. xolo Tavad aseTi fenomenis warmoSoba SeiZleba

emyarebodes cxovelis miswrafebas maqsimalurad Seeguos bunebas, erTxel da

samudamod daafiqsiros igi sakuTar TavSi, raTa sul cvalebadoba ar mouxdes;

magram aseTi suraTis ageba ar Seesabameba Cvens miznebs da arc aqamde agebul

daskvnebs; rogor I nawilSi aRvniSneT, dro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT,

istoriis niSniT, `istoriiis~ specifikuri gagebiT xasiaTdeba. rasac emyareba

mecnierebis warmoSoba im formiT, rogorsac dRes vxedavT. Tanamedrove

mecnierebaSi WeSmaritebis dadgenis, sagnis arsebis garkvevis erT-erTi yvelaze

ufro gavrcelebuli meTodia sagnis istoriis kvleva da Seqmnilia warmodgena,

rom sagnis warmoSobis codna dagvexmareba gavigoT sagnis raoba (loki: sagnis

33

arsebis codna sagnis genezisis codnaa). Cven Tavs vikavebT yvelanairi

RirebulebiTi midgomisagan; magram Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom is

istoriuli cnobiereba, romelic Cven dros axasiaTebs, ar aris absoluturi da

amitom, masze damyarebuli meTodebi mxolod Sexedulebebis da warmodgenebis

Sesaqmnelad Tu gamodgeba. evoluciuri Teoriac, swored axali droisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli istoriis gagebis Sedegia (TiTqos codna, Tu rogor warmoiSva

adamiani, rames gvetyvis imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris adamiani). amitomac Cven

veridebiT evoluciur anu istoriul (es iseTi istoriaa, romlis subieqtic

aris an saerTod sicocxle, an adamianis gvari) midgomas. Cven vdilobT avagoT

`yvelanairi msoflmxedvelobis~, samyaros suraTis safuZveli, `istoriuli~

midgoma ki mxolod erT-erTia.

msjelobis procesSi, rogorc vxedavT, cnobierebis gza dadginda rogorc

arsebobis (socialuri) forma. dazustda misi Sanaarsic _ rituali, rogorc

konkretuli arsebobis wesi.

aseve zustdeba Tavisuflebis sakiTxic.

aqamde Cven Tavisufleba gansazRvruli gvqonda, rogorc swrafva cnobierebis

formisa da Sinaarsis daZlevisaken. amjerad amas emateba Tavisuflebis, rogorc

mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTeblis, dadgena, _ mxolod adamians SeuZlia

TviTon Secvalos cnobierebis forma. rac Seexeba cnobierebis Sinaarss,

Tavisuflebisaken Tanmimdevruli swrafva ritualis, rogorc arsebobis wesis

uaryofasac moicavs, magram, gansxvavebiT bunebisagan, adamians ara aqvs unari

sakuTari arsebobis wesi cvalos. is, rom adamiani garemo pirobebs da viTarebebs

xSir-xSirad icvlis, cnobierebis Sinaarsidan ganTavisuflebisaken swrafvas

gamoxatavs. amazea damyarebuli, erTis mxriv, adamianis swrafva mogzaurobisaken

(adgilis cvla), xolo meore mxriv, gandegiloba _ sasicocxlo

aucileblobebze TandaTan uaris Tqma, magram am orives bolomde ganxorcielebas

Tavisuflebis uaryofisaken mivyavarT: Tuki erT-erTi maTgani mawanwalobad

34

iqceva, meore _ TviTmkvlelobad; orive maTgani xdeba ganTavisufleba anu

TavisuflebasTan gan-Soreba.

Tuki cnobierebis formisagan ganTavisuflebas cnobierebis axali formis

Seqmnisaken mivyavarT, cnobierebis Sinaarsidan ganTavisuflebisaken swrafva _

sabolood iseT cnobierebis SinaarsiT ufro meti gansazRvrulobiT mTavrdeba

(`adamiani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~ _ sartri).

ase rom, Tavisufleba dgindeba mxolod rogorc uaryofa.

formis cvalebadoba Tavidan `awyobs~ sazogadoebas. es `gadawyoba~ aris

istoria. Sinaarsis cvalebadobisaken swrafva aris im SemTxvevebis, ambebis,

`istoriebis~ safuZveli, romlebic istorias udevs safuZlad. adamianic, gonebiT

xedavs ra amas, `istoriis ~ sxvadasxva gagebebze afuZnebs cnobierebis formas.

ZiriTadi principi, romelic adamians sxva arsebulTagan ganasxvavebs, aris

nawilobrivi da amitomac radikaluri cvalebadoba. cvalebadoba mtkivneuli da

mZafri mxolod maSin aris, rodesac raRac mTeli miiswrafvis cvalebadobisaken,

magram mxolod mis nawili icvleba, meore nawili ki ucvleli rCeba.

V

SeiZleba darCes STabeWdileba, rom cnobierebis cnebam dakarga konkretuli

mniSvneloba da yovlismomcveloba da amitomac uSinaarso gaxda; magram es ase ar

aris; cnobierebis, rogorc yofierebis raRac formis, romelic totalurad

aris, gageba, jer erTi, gansazRvravs cnobierebas, rogorc damoukidebels da

Tavidan icilebs misi gonebasTan an gansjasTan anda fsiqikasTan gaigivebas. meore

mxriv, am gagebiT Sinaarsi eZleva debulebas `cnobieri arsebobis~ Sesaxeb.

amitomac, bunebis (samyaros) is aRwera, romelic Cven gadmoveciT, SeiZleba

ganixilos ara rogorc raRac TviTneburi da SemTxveviTi, aramed rogorc

aucilebeli da erTaderTi mun-yofierebisaTvis.

35

maSasadame, samyaro aRiwereba, rogorc cnobiereba, romelsac axasiaTebs

sakuTari Sinaarsi da forma. samyaros, rogorc cnobierebis, Sinaarsad miReba is

konkretulobebi, romlebic masSi arseboben, xolo formad ki mTlianad samyaro,

buneba. am mimarTebaSi arsebobs, rogorc wesi, mesame, Sualeduri wevri _

sociumi, romelic erTgvar gardamaval safexurs warmoadgens konkretul

arsebulsa da samyaros (bunebas) Soris.

es sistema xasiaTdeba rogorc ucvleli, radganac mimarTebebi am sam

komponents Soris mudmivia, xolo samive wevri _ Tanabrad cvalebadi: rodesac

modis Secvlis impulsi garemodan, emuqreba daSla sociums, radgan axal

pirobebSi is ver uzrunvelyofs Tavisi wevrebis sicocxlisunarianobas. es

saSiSroeba gaigeba, rogorc konkretuli arsebobis safrTxe da icvleba

konkretuli arsebobis wesi (rituali) da Semdeg, am Secvlili, axali

ritualis Sesabamisad _ sociumic.

adamiani emijneba am sistemas, Tumca masze amboben, rom is bunebis nawilia

da masTan Tavisi arsebobiT axlos dgas. am siaxloves ganapirobebs is, rom

cnobierebis Sinaarsi (rituali) anu arsebobis wesi erTia adamianisaTvis da

bunebisaTvis; anu, adamiani bunebrivad aris, bunebrivad cocxlobs. gansxvaveba da

gamijvna gamowveulia cnobierebis struqturis specifikurobiT.

gansxvavebiT bunebis nawilisagan, adamianis cnobierebis formas warmoadgens

ara mTlianad buneba, samyaro, aramed samyaros aRweriloba, codna samyaros

Sesaxeb, meta-samyaro. adamiani Semdegi struqturiT arsebobs: konkretuli

arsebuli _ sociumi _ meta-samyaro. adamianis cdilobs meta-samyaro gaxados

adekvaturi samyarosi, romelic mas sakuTari arsebobis wesis saxiT eZleva;

amitomac is ucvlelad tovebs rituals (arsebobis wess, cnobierebis Sinaarss)

da cvlis meta-samyaros da, Sesabamisad, sociums, magram Tavis mizans verasodes

ver aRwevs. amitomac, gansxvavebiT bunebisagan, adamiani xasiaTdeba radikaluri

cvalebadobiT. struqtura icvleba ara mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv, rac

yovelTvis mtkivneulia (amiT erTgvarad marTldeba nicSes sityvebi: `adamiani

36

aris avadmyofi cxoveli~, Tuki avadmyofobas gavigebT, rogorc Seusabamobas

mTelis nawilebs Soris).

magram marto es ar aris adamianis `avadmyofoba~, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi

cnobierebis Sinaarsi (rituali, arsebobis wesi) ucvlelia, adamiani miiswrafvis

misi Secvlis unaris mopovebisaken, raTa absolutur Tavisuflebas miaRwios

(araferi rom ar vTqvaT amave mizniT cnobierebis formis daZlevisaken

swrafvaze). amis ganxorcieleba ki SeuZlebelia, ris gamoc is sxvadasxva

ukiduresobebSi vardeba, romlebic ufro metad acileben sanukvar mizans.

Cven SevecadeT SegvemuSavebina is principi, romliTac gadmoicema samyaros

nebismieri aRwera da romelsac, nawilobriv an mTlianad, sxvadasxva saxiT,

samyaros yoveli gageba imeorebs. mimarTebebi, romlebis Sesaxebac vlaparakobdiT,

Tanabrad gadmocemadia rogorc SesabamebiT, aseve sistemuri principebiT. e. i.

isini Seesabamebian samsave dros, romlebic aqamde movniSneT: miTs,

JamTaaRmwerlobas, istorias. is, rom Cven vxmarobdiT iseT terminebs da cnebebs,

romlebic `wina~ droebSi ar SeimCneva, gamowveulia im drois specifikurobiT,

romelSic vcxovrobT. maTi Canacvleba ki Tavisuflad SeiZleba Sesabamisi

cnebebiT sxva droidan.

Semdegi safexuri, romelic Cven unda gaviaroT, mdgomareobs am zogadi

principis, romlis Sesaxebac amdeni vilaparakeT, adfiqsirebaSi; anu, Cven unda

movnaxoT adamianSi is fenomeni, romelic saSualebas iZleva es principi mudam

Tan axldes adamians da yovelgvari `drois~ miuxedavad gansazRvros misi yofna.

VI

mTeli Cveni msjelobis ganmavlobSi Cven vambobdiT, rom adamianis yofiereba

tragikulia da mogvyavda Sesabamisi ilustraciebi; magram ar gviTqvams, Tu ras

vgulisxmobdiT `tragikulSi~. es sulac ar aris martivi sakiTxi da rogorc

erTi SexedviT Cans, RirebulebiTi midgomis paTetikuri da bundovani iarliyi.

37

rodesac Cven raime fenomenis tragikulobaze vlaparakobdiT, viTvaliswinebdiT

sakuTariv tragediis, rogorc damoukidebeli fenomenis agebulebas.

tragediis ZiriTadi elementebia: siuJeti, roli, personaJi anu, moqmedi

subieqti. moqmed subieqts siuJeti anu garemo asrulebinebs raRac rols. am sam

elements Soris urTierToba mTavrdeba katastrofiT, rac niSnavs moqmedi

subieqtis sikvdils, gaqrobas, _ rac amave dros siuJetis da rolis gaqrobacaa.

tragedias kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli aqvs aucileblobiT: tragediis ganmavlobaSi

personaJi gaurbis Tavis rols da maSasadame, katastrofasac, rogorc am rolis

dasrulebas _ anu, moqmedi subieqti gaurbis im cxovrebas, romelic misTvisaa

momzadebuli im garemoTi, romelSic is aris. tragediis personaJi cvdilobs

gadalaxos is mdgomareoba, romelSic mas roli aqcevs. cdilobs arasodes ar

gaCerdes da ar dafiqsirdes romelime wertilSi _ gaCereba misTvis rolTan

gatolebis tolfasia. moqmedebis bolos ki irkveva, rom tragediis gmiris

moqmedeba, survili, gadaelaxa Tavisi roli, mimarTuli yofila katasrofaze;

anu mimarTuloba rolis uaryofaze damTavrda uaryofiT. magram ise, rogorc es

rolSi iyo nagulisxmebi da ara ise, rogorc es personaJs undoda (tragediis

struqturis es aRwera ekuTvnis b-n mamuka lekiaSvils).

imisaTvis, rom tragediis agebulebis kavSiri adamianis yofierebasTan

gasagebi gaxdes, Cven Zenonis isris aporias unda movuxmoT dasaxmareblad; magram

sanam aporiis interpretacias daviwyebdeT, manamde TviT Zenonis filosofias

gadavavloT Tvali da warmovidginoT misi aporiebi parmenides da qsenofane

kolifonelis tradiciis, aristoteles `fizikis~ da am wignis komentatorebis

gareSe.

Zenonis yoveli aporia gulisxmobs realobas, empiriul mocemulobas. yoveli

misi aporia SeiZleba orad gavyoT: pirveli nawili _ es sayovelTaod miRebuli,

`realuri~ mocemulobaa, meore ki _ am mocemulobis, realobis analizi,

gaazreba. yvela misi aporia Seexeba es siCqares, simravles Tu moZraobas, _

mTavrdeba daskvniT, rom es fenomenebi winaaRmdegobrivi bunebisani arian _ isini

38

arian raRac da Tanac sxva arian. Cven viciT Zenonis ramdenime aporia, romelTac

aristoteles `fizikidan~ vicnobT, rogorc moZraobis sawinaaRmdego

argumentebs; sididis aporia emyareba sivrcis dayofadobas da yoveli sididis

sazRvrulobas: Tuki arsebobs sidide, maSin sididis nawilebs Soris arsebobs

zRvari, romelic Tavis mxriv SeiZleba ganxiluli iqneba, rogorc sidide. aqedan

gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom sidide usasrulod didia. meore mxriv, sidide

Sedgeba nawilebisagan, romlebic aseve Sedgebian da a. S. Zenoni askvnis, rom

sidide usasrulod mcirecaa. simravlis aporiac msgavs argumentebs emyareba da

miiReba, rom simravle erTsa da imave dros gansazRvrulicaa da ganusazRvrelic,

sasruloc da usasruloc. siCqaris aporia (`stadiumi~) eyrdnoba movlenas,

romelsac Semdgom fardobiToba ewoda. _ rodesac erTi sagani gaCerebulia, sxva

oris ki sxvadasxva (urTierTsawinaaRmdego) mimarTulebiT moZraobs, moZravi

sagnis siCqare gaCerebuli sagnis mimarT ufro mcirea, vidre meore moZravis

mimarT. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom moZravi sagnis siCqare erTsa da imave

dros sxvadasxva sididea. moZraobis aporias (`aqilevsi~) Semdegi saxe aqvs:

aqilevsi unda daewios kus, romelic misgan 100 nabijiTaa daSorebuli. aqilevsi

gaivlis am 100 nabijs da kumde darCenili aqvs 1 nabiji. im droSi, romelsac

aqilevsi andomebs am erTi nabijis gadadgmas, ku gadis nabijis 1\100-s da a. S.

anu, aqilevsi kus verasodes daeweva.

jerjerobiT, Cvens mier CamoTvlili yvela aporia miuTiTebs yofierTa

samyaros winaaRmdegobriobaze da maTSi ucnauri araferi ar aris. Zenonis

droisaTvis berZnulma filosofiam ukve icis am ideis Sesaxeb (heraklites da

parmenides saSualebiT); sxva saqmea, rogor xdeba misi interpretacia _

heraklite winaaRdegobas samyaros kanons, logoss uwodebs, parmenide ki mas

arsebulTa ararealurobis da aranamdvilobis sabuTad Tvlis da maT `ukan~

namdvil arsebuls eZebs. mxolod es aporiebi rom iyos darCenili Zenonis

memkvidreobidan, Cven Tavi unda migvenebebina misTvis, rogorc mowafisaTvis,

39

romelmac maswavleblis gavlenas Tavi ver daaRwia da ukve arsebuli azris

maxvil-gonivruli forma moifiqra.

es marTlac ase iqneboda, rom ara Zenonis kidev ramdenime gamonaTqvami da aporia

`isari~, romelic aristotelels fizikis leqciebma Semogvinaxa (`fizika~ Z.2.

223 A 21)

∆ιο και ο Ζηνωνοχ λογοχ φευδοχ λαµβανει το µη ευδεθεσϕαι τα απειρα δειλϕειν η

αφασϕαι των απειρον καϕ εκαστον εν πεπερασµενω θρονω _ `amitomac Zenonis

mcdari msjeloba mohyavT xolme, rom ar SeiZleba usasrulo rameebSi gavla, an

kidev, usasrulo rameebis cal-calke Sexeba, warsul, gardasul droSi~. Zenonis

sxva aporiebze dayrdnobiT am fragmentis axsna advilad SeiZleba; sivrce Zenonis

mixedviT Sedgeba usasrulod bevri `adgilisagan~, `ramisagan~ anu is usasruloa.

amitomac rodesac sagani moZraobs, is unda Seexos sivrcis yovel wertils, e. i.

unda gaiaros usasrulobaSi. amitom, Tu sagani moZraobs, man ar SeiZleba

moZraoba daamTavros (ar SeiZleba `ukve namoZravebi~ aRmoCndes, anu mis Sesaxeb

ar SeiZleba iTqvas warsul droSi (gram.), rom man moZraoba daamTavra.

maSasadame, raime manZilis gavla (ukve gavla) anu moZraobis damTavreba _

SeuZlebelia. _ logikurad anu mxolod gonebis mixedviT, Tu sagani moZraobs,

misi gaCereba gamoricxulia.

am mcire Sesavlis Semdeg, raki gavarkvieT Zenonis damokidebuleba moZraobasTan,

SeiZleba pirdapir gadavideT aporiaze `isari~ : (`fizika~

Ζηνων δε παρσλογιζεται ει γαρ αει, φησιν, ηρεµει παν η κινειται, ηρεµει δ οταν η κ

ατα το ισον, εστι δ αει το φεροµενον την φεροµενην ειναι οιστον _ `Zenoni ki

cruobs: radgan Tu mudam _ ambobs is _ yvelaferi an mSvidadaa (ηρεµει), an

iZvris (κινειται), roca Tanabarzea (Tavis Tanabar adgilze _ g. T.), xolo

gaSvebuli mudmivad aris axalSi, maSin gaSvebuli isari aris uZravi (ακινετον _

aumoZravebeli)~. am fragmentSi kargad Cans Zenonis aporiis ormagoba _

dapirispireba, romelsac igi naxulobs empiriasa da gonebas Soris. yvelaferi an

gaCerebulia, wynaradaa, an moZraobs; magram gonebis mixedviT gaSvebuli, moZravi

40

isari aumoZravebelia. amis gasagebad Zenonis kidev erTi fragmenti dagvexmareba

`fizikidan~:

ουτοι µεν ουν οι δυο λογοι τριτοχ δ� ο νυν ρηϕειχ. οτι η οισοχ φεροµενη εστηκεν. Σ

υµβαινεν δε παρα το λαµβανειν τον θρονον: συγκεισϕαι εκ των νυν µη διδοµενον γ

αρ τουτου, ουκ σται ο συλλογισµοχ _ `mesame, romelic axla iTqva, rom

gaSvebuli isari dgas _ miRebul iqna imis gamo, rom gaziarebuli iqna, rom dro

aris axlaebis mibjra (συγκεισϕαι) Tu amas ar davuSvebT, ar iqneba silogizmi~.

dro aris axlaebis jami. amitomac isari, romelic moZraobisas (es usasrulo

sivrceSi xdeba) yovelTvis aris raRac adgilas, _ yovelTvis aris axla-Sic.

amitomac axla _ isari, romelic gaSvebulia, gaCerebulia. imitom, rom is aris

drois wertilSi (axlaSi) da sivrcis wertilSic.

amrigad, am nawyvet-nawyveti fragmentebiT rom SevecadoT aporiis `isari~

mTliani suraTis Seqmnas, miviRebT rom, isarma, romelic gasrolilia, verasodes

ver unda daamTavros moZraoba da ver unda mivides mizanSi, radganac, jer erTi,

gasavleli manZili usasruloa da meorec, isari, romelic moZraobs, yovelTvis

(yovel axlaSi) gaCerebulia, oRond yovel `Semdeg~ axlaSi is sxva wertilSia.

aporiis `meore mxarem~ unda gviTxras: isari kidec moZraobs da kidec xvdeba

mizanSi. logikurad, gonebis mixedviT, _ es moxvedra, rodesac isari Cerdeba, _

anadgurebs im or daskvnas, romelsac goneba emyareboda, rodesac isris gaCerebis

SeuZlebloba aRiara: gaCerebul isarze vambob, rom man manZili gaiara (warsul,

gardasul droSi) da imave dros, vambobT, rom is drois or axlaSi sivrcis

erTsa da imave wertilSia. gonebis, adamianuri logikis mixedviT _ an yvelaferi

moZraobs, an yvelaferi gaCerebulia. orives erTad arsebuls _ goneba ver

moicavs.

ase rom irkveva, rom Zenonis mizani aris realobis da gonebis daumTxvevlobis,

araTanxvedrobis, am mimarTebis absurdulobis Cveneba; anu, Zenoni ki ar ambobs,

rom realoba `ar aris~, an kidev, rom realoba winaaRmdegobrivia. _ is ambobs,

rom logikurad, `transcendentalurad~ _ realoba mouazrebelia da cnobiereba,

41

romelic masze anu realobazea mimarTuli, yovlad ganusazRvrel Sedegs unda

elodos Tavisi mimarTulobidan, sakuTari Tavis uaryofasac ki (iseve rogorc

isris mizanSi moxvedra uaryofs moZraobis orive Teorias).

cnobierebis gzac, iseve rogorc isris gasavleli manZili _ usasrulod aRiqmeba

da gvgonia, rom adamianis cnobiereba mudam iarsebebs anu mudam idgeba (εστηκεν),

mudam iqneba meta-samyaroSi da rom misi gza am `axlas~ da sivrcis wertilis

daZlevaa da sxva axlaSi gadasvla. Cven gvgonia, rom samyaro amouwuravia,

usasruloa, cnobiereba ki _ `aumoZravebeli~, ucvleli, igive da Tavisi Tavis

toli; magram Tuki isris moZraobas CavTvliT adamianis cnobierebis, misi gagebis

mimarTulebad, maSin unda davuSvaT gaCerebac _ Sesabamisad _ misi sasrulobac

da am dasasruliT samyaros da maSasadame, cnobierebis mier sakuTari Tavis

uaryofac. qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT am formulis Sinaarsis monaxvas.

tragediis struqturasTan cnobierebis analogiac naTeli gaxda. am SemTxvevaSi

tragediis personaJis, subieqtis rols asrulebs adamianis cnobiereba; misi

roli aris meta-samyaroebSi yofna (axla-dro-sivrceSi) da am meta-samyaroebis

cvla, wina gaCerebulobis uaryofa axali gaCerebulobiT. xolo katastrofa

aris is uaryofa, romelsac cnobiereba Tavis TavSi damTxveviT aRwevs, rodesac

is ukve yovelTvis (yovel axlaSi) erT wertilSi (sivrceSi) iqneba. _ anu,

cnobierebis mimarTuloba samyaros Semecnebaze, misi sxvadasxva gamovlenis,

sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seswavlaze gvirgvindeba am samyaros da, maSasadame, am

cnobierebis uaryofiT.

am interpretaciiT Zenoni gamovida eleatebis rigidan da calke dadga. Zenoni ar

miuTiTebda yofierTa winaaRmdegobriobaze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi mTavari

mizani es ar iyo. Zenonma gviCvena is gza, romelsac adamianis cnobiereba adgas

da is garemo, romelSic adamiani cxovrobs. misi aporiebi ki, imis gamo, rom

winaaRmdegobrioba, ZenonisTvis iyo xerxi, romliTac igi cdilobda gonebis da

realobis absurduli kavSiris danaxvebas, Zenonis interpretatorebma meqanikurad

`miawebes~ parmenides moZRvrebas. qsenofane kolofonelma da parmenidem pirveli

42

nabijebi gadadges `metafizikis~ filosofiis sazrunavad gaxdomisaken. metafizika

anu samyros mowesrigebuli suraTi mxolod gonebaSi Tu SeiZleba Seiqmnas da

mas realobasTan kavSiri ver eqneba. `metafizika~ _ samyaros, bunebis `iqiT~ maTi

safuZvlis Zieba da misi suraTis gadmocema manamde mxolod brZenTa xvedri da

wili iyo: amis sabuTi induri vedebi da Cinel `filosofosTa~ wignebia. Zenonis

filosofiis parmenides `damatebad~ qceviT kidev ufro ganmtkicda filosofiis

da metafizikis igiveoba da filosofiamac samyaros wesrigis aRwerad daiwyo

qceva. swored amis gamo _ metafizikis da filosofiis igiveobis rwmeniT Seqmnes

`platonis mimdevrebma~ (rogorc maT aristotele uwodebs) `platonis ideaTa

Teoria~. ase rom, Sua saukuneebis filosofiis `metafizikurobaSi~ lomis wili

Zenonis araswor gagebas miuZRvis. parmenide filosofias ar werda. is

aRmosavlur sibrZneze iyo orientirebuli da metafizikasac amitom qmnida.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zenonis mkacri da filosofiuri msjelobebis

`gametafizikurebam~ (anu, absurdulobaze miTiTebis winaRmdegobaze miTiTebad

qcevam) gaxada filosofia arsebobis, yofierebis sazRvriTi cnebebis, adamianis

garemos (sazRvrebis) moazrebidan (rogorc es heraklitesTan da platonTanaa),

gamxdariyo metafizika. samyaros `iqiT~ eZebna saazrovno obieqtebi da Tavis

amocanas daSoreboda. gzas, romelic Zenonis interpretatorebma moxazes, axal

dromde adgnen filosofosebi da mxolod kantma `wminda gonebis kritikaSi~ Tqva

uari filosofiisa da metafizikis gaigivebaze da metafizika msoflmxedvelobis

da rwmenis sferoSi daabruna.

oriode sityviT unda SevexoT Zenonis aporiebis uarmyoflebsac, romelTa did

rigs aristotele iwyebs; erTaderTi sfero, romelzedac dayrnobiT SeiZleba

Tqva, rom Zenoni arasworia, aris realoba anu Tu argumentad realur sagnebs

moiyvan. aristotelec swored amas akeTebs `fizikaSi~ _ sadac mas msgavsi

argumentebi mohyavs da gvarwmunebs, rom Zenoni realobas uaryofda da ara

realobis moazrebis SesaZleblobas.

43

Zenonis filosofia metafizikis safuZvlad gadaaqcies. am faqtSic gamovlinda

Zenonis mier dadgenili arsebulis absurduloba; Zenonma dawera filosofia,

romelic mkacrad Seesabameboda misi sagnis amocanebs da miznebs da albaT,

swored imitom, rom es naweri yvelaze naklebad Seicavda aRmosavluri sibrZnis

minarevebs, gaxda SesaZlebeli misi gadaqceva antifilosofiad da amis gamo

filosofiam didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tavi ver daaRwia damfarav gagebas.

Tumca saqmis ase Setrialeba im droisaTvis garkveuli azriT kanonzomieric iyo;

heraklites da Zenons naxevari saukunec ar aSorebs erTmaneTisagan; warmoiSva

axali sityva _ `filosofia~, romelic jer uSinaasroa, usazRvroa, magram

Zalian hgavs imas, rasac Zenoni fiqrobs da akeTebs, amave dros, Zenonis

nafiqrali TiTqos parmenides sibrZnesac emTxveva. filosofiam faqtobrivad

warmoSobidanve daiwyo sxvaSi gauCinareba. igi iyo kidec raRaR da Tan sxva iyo.

adamianis yofierebis (cnobierebis) gansazRvrebis da tragediis agebulebis

damTxveva ar niSnavs RirebulebiT, SefasebiT midgomas. aseTi midgoma

msoflmxedvelobis da rwmenis saqmea. es damTxveva samyaros aRweris Sedegia,

romelic SeiZleba Semdeg Sefasdes da am Sefasebas filosofiasTan saqme aRar

eqneba.

garda imisa, rom adamianis cnobiereba daemTxva tragediis struqturas, is, amave

dros, daemTxva dekartes debulebasac: (cogito, ergo sum) _ azrovneba aris

(niSnavs) arsebobas. rac CvenTvis niSnavs: azrovnebis, cnobierebis (e. i. isris

moZraobis) Sewyveta arsebobis uaryofaa, misi gaqrobaa. _ sanam moZraobs

cnobiereba manamdea arsebobac, _ anu, cnobierebis (rogorc zmna) Sewyveta

niSnavs yofierebisadmi, arsebobisadmi daSorebas, masTan kavSiris gawyvetas.

es jerjerobiT mxolod formaluri gansazRvrebaa. Cven axali amocana

dagvesaxa; unda vipovT am gansazRvrebis Sinaarsi anu unda moviazroT, Tu

realurad rogor moxdeba am formulis ganxorcieleba.

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damateba: TamaSis fenomenologia

Cven ar daviwyebT msjelobas imis dafuZnebiT, Tu ratom amovarCieT TamaSi im

aqtivobebs Soris, romelic adamians (da ara marto adamians) axasiaTebs. es

ganisazRvreba msjelobis boloSi. erTaderTi, risi warmoCeniTac unda daviwyoT,

aris is, rom TamaSi yovelgvari Zaldatanebisa da spekulaciis gareSe SeiZleba

warmovidginoT, rogorc garkveuli wesi. sul erTia, vis an ra TamaSze

vilaparakebT. yvela TamaSs aqvs erTi saerTo: raRac wesis Sesruleba mxolod

da mxolod imisaTvis, rom es wesi Sesruldes. aranair TamaSs, TavisTavad

ganxiluls, ar aqvs raime mizani da orientiri TviTon am TamaSis garda. is, rom

zogierTi TamaSi mogebiT an wagebiT mTavrdeba, aris ara TamaSis gareT mdgomi

raRac mizani, aramed TamaSis dasrulebis forma.

TamaSis dros moTamaSe CarTulia am TamaSSi, masSi cxovrobs. ase rom, TamaSi

SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc arsebobis garkveuli forma; magram es iseTi

formaa, romelic mxolod arsebobis wesisagan Sedgeba da romelsac forma anu

orientiri anu mimarebis obieqti ar gaaCnia. is aris arsebobis wesi amave

arsebobis wesisaTvis. Cvens mier aqamde SemoRebuli cnebebiT rom vTqvaT, TamaSi

aris rituali orientiris gareSe. e. i. TamaSi rogorc cnobiereba aris mxolod

cnobierebis Sinaarsi, ritualis rituali. amdenad TamaSs SeiZeba meta-rituali

vuwodoT anu rituali, romelic gasulia ritualis `iqiT~, `gareT~, _

ritualis Sesasruleblad.

TamaSi zogadad, rom ar davyoT igi cal-calke konkretul TamaSebad,

gulisxmobs raRac wess, mraval rituals, romlebic sruldeba moTamaSeebis

mier. TamaSi (zogadad) aris meta-ritualebis erTnairoba, kompleqsi.

am safuZvelze SeiZleba warmovidginoT TamaSi, erTi mxriv, rogorc arsebobis

modeli, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc momzadeba arsebobisaTvis. Cvens mier

zemoTavazebuli samyaros aRweris safuZvelze. es orive aspeqti gasagebi xdeba;

cxovelisaTvis (igulisxmeba cxoveli, romelsac sociumisagan damoukidebeli

45

cnobiereba gaaCnia) TamaSi aris misTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsebobis wesis modeli:

cxovels aqvs unari cvalos Tavisi arsebobis wesi, mas potenciurad mravali

arsebobis wesi aqvs. TamaSi _ amis ilustraciaa.

adamianisTvis TamaSi aris misTviT damaxasiaTebeli arsebobis xati: rogorc

zemoT vaCveneT, adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi miiswrafvis cvalos

Tavisi arsebobis wesi (rac Tavisuflebisaken swrafvaa), uari Tqvas ara marto

cnobierebis formaze, aramed Sinaarszec. TamaSi, rogorc meta-ritualebis

kompleqsi, amis ilustraciac aris; ase rom, formalurad, TamaSs adamianisaTvis

da cxovelisaTvis erTi da igive funqcia aqvs.

rac Seexeba TamaSs, rogor arsebobisaTvis momzadebas: am SemTxvevaSi meta-

rituali (TamaSi) unda ganvixiloT rogorc ritualis anu arsebobis wesis

Semowmeba. TamaSis dros xdeba im ritualis gameoreba, romelic ukve arsebobs,

xdeba ritualebis gaTamaSeba. amiT moTamaSe swavlobs ritualis gamoyenebas da

amowmebs mis SesaZleblobebs. garda amisa, TamaSi, rogorc socialuri

cxovrebisaTvis momzadeba ambobs: nebismieri urTierToba sociumSi damyarebulia

garkveul wesze. amave wesebze aris damokidebuli adgili, romelic sociumis

wevrebs ukaviaT. TamaSi, rogorc ritualis Semowmeba, emsaxureba socialuri

statusis safuZvlis Seqmnas, avlens im upiratesobebs Tu naklovanebebs,

romelic yoveli moTamaSis arsebobis wess axasiaTebs.

maSasadame, Cven mivediT debulebamde, rom TamaSi aris meta-rituali da

momzadeba arsebobisaTvis (1) da rom TamaSi aris arsebobis modeli imisaTvis,

vinc TamaSobs (2).

TamaSi SeiZleba axasiaTebdes mxolod iseT arsebas, romelsac sakuTari

damoukidebeli cnobiereba aqvs; anu iseTs, romelsac konkretuli cnobierebis

forma aqvs da ara iseTs, romelic Tavisi arsebiT mxolod cnobierebis

Sinaarsis nawils, erT aspeqts warmoadgens;

mxolod avtonomiuri cnobierebis mqone arsebas sWirdeba TamaSi, ritualis

morgeba, Semowmeba. mxolod aseT arsebebs Sorisaa saWiro `SeTanxmeba~ moqmedebis

46

wesze. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseTi subieqtisaTvis, romelic mozard

asakSi TamaSobs, TamaSi aris is fenomeni, romelzedac realurad efuZneba

sazogadoeba, sociumi. TamaSis gareSe ar moxdeboda arsebobis wesis aranairi

morgeba-Semowmeba, rac gamoiwvevda sazogadoebis arastabilurobas da

arasicocxlisunarianobas.

maSasadame, TamaSi aris is, rac individs amzadebs cnobierebis formisaTvis, da,

sabolood, TamaSi exmareba cnobier individs bolomde cnobieri gaxdes.

magram Cven vxedavT da viciT, rom TamaSi (metaritualuri) marto mozardis

TamaSiT ar amoiwureba. Cven vxedavT, rm TamaSs zrdasruli individis

cxovrebaSic sakmao adgili uWiravs. aseT SemTxvevaSi TamaSi unda iyos

dakavSirebuli an raime socialur cvlilebasTan (cxovelis SemTxvevaSi), an

cnobierebis formis daviwyebisaken swrafvasTan (adamianis SemTxvevaSi); anu,

zrdasruli individi TamaSobs socialur stresTan (yvelaze farTo azriT)

kavSirSi.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, meta-ritualis mizezi aris sul ori: TamaSi,

romelic amzadebs individs srulyofili arsebobisaTvis (1) da meta-rituali,

romelic xdeba socialuri stresisagan gansatvirTavad anu rodesac xdeba

rituals `iqiT~ gasvla, raTa Tavi aaridon am ritualis Sesabamis meta-samyaros,

anu TamaSi gamoiyeneba cnobierebis arsebuli formisagan Tavis dasaRwevad (2).

es orive motivi SeiZleba erTze iyos dayvanili. rogorc vnaxeT, TamaSis orive

forma mimarTulia cnobierebis formaze (I mizezi imitom, rom mxolod arsebobis

wesis anu cnobierebis Sinaarsis Camoyalibebis Semdeg SeiZleba SemuSavdes

cnobierebis forma). am safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TamaSis mizezi, mizani

aris mimarTebis, an dadebiTi mimarTebis SemuSaveba sociumTan: _ I mizezis

(miznis) mixedviT, ar arsebobs aranairi mimarTeba da TamaSi mowodebulia am

mimarTebis Sesaqmnelad. II miznis mixedviT _ arsebobs uaryofiTi mimarTeba da

TamaSi mowodebulia mis dadebiTad gardasaqmnelad.

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rac ufro izrdeba sazogadoebaSi meta-ritualebis raodenoba, miT ufro

mowodebulia sazogadroeba TamaSad aRiqvas yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi, miT ufro

iklebs cnobierebis formis radikaluri Secvlis SesaZlebloba.

rogorc I nawilSi vnaxeT, omebi da ubedurebebi swored cnobierebis yovel axal

formasTan erTad mZafrdeba. swored TamaSebis anu meta-ritualebis gamo

mcirdeba cnobierebis formis (meta-samyaros) hiperbolizaciis, misiT

ukmayofilebis da misi Secvlisaken swrafvis impulsi. TamaSi bevrad ukeTesad

asrulebs revoluciiis (e. i. ganmanTavisufleblis) rols, vidre TviTon

revolucia. TamaSi an aTavisuflebs adamians cnobierebis formisagan, an axal

rituals uqmnis cnobierebis formas. es ki gamoricxavs formis cvalebadobas,

radgan axali ritualis SeqmniT iqmneba warmodgena, rom cnobierebis Sinaarsia

Secvlili da formis Secvlis aucilebloba ixsneba.

aq TamaSis kidev erTi motivi gamoCnda: cnobierebis formaze mimarTuli axali

rituali. am SemTxvevaSi TamaSi, romelsac araferi saerTo ara aqvs cnobierebis

arsebul formasTan, Tavisi SedegiT (mogeba-wagebiT da sxva) moqmedi, praqtikuli

subieqtis mier miemarTeba arsebuli cnobierebis formas da misi gamomxatveli

xdeba (e. i. xdeba namdvili, unaklo rituali. aq xdeba ritualis anu

cnobierebis Sinaarsis Canacvleba meta-ritualiT anu cnobierebis meta SinarsiT).

meta-ritualis aseTi gavrcoba ki mxolod Cvens droSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.

mecniereba, rogorc I nawilSi vnaxeT, aris droebis cvalebadobis da aqedan

gamomdinare, im `ubedurebaTa~ mizezi, romelic Cvens Tavs xdeba. meore mxriv ki,

mecniereba, amis sawinaaRmdegod, qmnis cnobierebis axali formis CamxSob

meqanizms. radganac mecniereba TavisTavad aris meta- anu codnis mopovebaze

mimarTuli. ase rom, swored adamianis yofierebis mecnierulobidan logikurad

gamomdinareobs samyaros meta-samyaroTi, xolo ritualis meta-ritualiT

Canacvleba. dResdReobiT TandaTan mTeli msoflio iwyebs TamaSs. TandaTan dro

aRar rCeba cnobierebis axali formis Sesaqmnelad. TamaSi auqmebs amis

moTxovnilebas.

48

es bolo debulebebi rom ganvmartoT, saWiroa vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ramdenadaa

SesaZlebeli cnobierebis axali formis warmoSoba? axali formis

SesamuSaveblad, Tuki Cvens mierve dadgenili, am fenomenTa mimdevrobis logikiT

vimsjelebT, unda moxdes istoriis axali gagebis dazusteba. am dazustebaze

arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba, garda imisa, rom albaT amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs.

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ar arsebobs istoriis arsebuli gagebis gadalaxvis

SesaZlebloba da rom yoveli gadalaxva ukan dagvabrunebs; magram swored am

gagebis gareT, ara cnobierebis formaSi, aramed cnobierebis SinaarsSi arsebobs

imis winamZRvrebi, rom cnobierebis forma aRar Seicvleba; amis safuZvelia

mecnierebis is kursi, romelic mas dRes aqvs aRebuli: dazustebisaken swrafva,

rogorc vnaxeT, aris mecnierebisa da axali drois Seqmnis safuZveli. meore

mxriv, dazustebisken swrafva iWreba adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi, maT

Soris TamaSSic. meta-ritualis dazusteba ki gamoixateba, upirveles yovlisa,

meta-ritualis wesis dazustebiT; amis Sedegad TamaSis wesi iseTive zusti da

gansazRvruli xdeba, rogorc arsebobis wesi; anu, meta-rituali iseTive zusti

xdeba, rogorc rituali. amdenad, TamaSi isev emsgavseba arsebobis wess, imdenad

zustad baZavs mas, rom TandaTan SeuZlebeli xdeba maTi erTmaneTisagan

gansxvaveba. Tanamedrove adamianic, romelic TandaTan totalurad erTveba

TamaSis procesSi da TamaSobs (TiTqmis mTeli cxovreba) an, rac aseve

totalurad xdeba, cxovrobs ise, TiTqos TamaSobs, Tavisi arsebobiT TandaTan

emsgavseba im arsebobas, romelic Cven aRvwereT, rogorc maRalorganizebuli

cxovelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli; oRond mxolod emsgavseba da ar xdeba

adekvaturi: aseTi cxovreba gulisxmobs, rom yovel konkretul adamians aqvs

SesaZlebloba Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi maqsimalurad cvalos arsebobis

wesebi, xolo cxovels es SesaZlebloba aqvs, rogorc gvars.

adamiani, meta-ritualebis monacvleobiT, ise, rom ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba

arsebobis wesis da TamaSis gansxvaveba (orive ritualia), aRwevs arsebobas,

romelsac aRar Wirdeba cnobierebis formis cvalebadoba. is arsebuli

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cnobierebis formis farglebSi icvlis TamaSebs, _ meta-ritualebis

monacvleobiT, ise, rom ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba arsebobis wesis da TamaSis

gansxvaveba (orive ritualia), aRwevs arsebobas, romelsac aRar Wirdeba

cnobierebis formis cvalebadoba. is arsebuli cnobierebis formis farglebSi

icvlis TamaSebs, _ meta-ritualebs, yovelTvis sxvanairad TamaSobs da am

Secvlebs usabamebs cnobierebis formas. aq ukve aSkaraa, rom cxovelis arsebobis

wesTan mxolod zedapiruli msgavsebaa, gansxvaveba ki kvlav Zireulia _ adamianis

cnobierebis forma ucvleli rCeba da icvleba mxolod cnobierebis Sinaarsi. aq

kvlav ZalaSi rCeba adamianis is gansazRvreba, romelic oidiposis da sfinqsis

dialogiT Camoyalibda; maqsimaluri, radikaluri cvalebadoba. oRond aq cvlas

meta-ritualebi iwyeben. adamianis cvalebadobis am axal ganzomilebaSi

sainteresod gardaisaxeba Tavisuflebis problema: rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

Tavisufleba cnobierebis formisa da Sinaarsis uaryofisken mimarTulobaSi

mdgomareobs. am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cnobierebis Sinaarsis adgils TamaSi

ikavebs, xolo cnobierebis forma ucvlelia, sakiTxi Semdegnairad warmoCndeba:

cnobierebis forma uaryofilia meta-ritualiT, rogorc mxolod Tavis Tavze

mimarTuliT. meore mxriv, TamaSi, rogorc cnobierebis `aranamdvili~, meta-

Sinaarsi, am ukanasknelis uaryofacaa; magram rogorc is meta-rituali ikavebs

ritualis adgils, is imavwams xdeba arsebuli cnobierebis formis _ meta-

samyaros Sesabamisi. _ Tavisufleba kvlav uqmdeba. aqac Cans, rom Tavisufleba

wamieria da mouxelTebeli. aseT fonze Tavisufleba moipoveba meta-ritualis

anu arsebobis im wesis, romelic Tanamedrove adamianis axasiaTebs, maradiuli

uaryofiT kvlav meta-ritualiTve. aq SeiZleba Segveqmnes warmodgena, rom

miRweulia Tavisuflebis mopovebis `advili~ mdgomareoba; magram es ase ar aris:

adamianis arsebobis am periodSi ganTavisuflebis procesi iseTive rTulia,

rogor nebismier sxva droSi; Tanac es mdgomareoba jer miRweuli ar aris,

Tundac imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove kacobriobis didi nawili mxolod Sedis

cnobierebis im formaSi, romelic istoris niSniTaa dabeWdili da romelic

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safuZvlad udevs Cvens mier am TavSi aRweril mdgomareobas. realurad,

cnobierebis es forma jer totalurad ar aris. aseve, mecnierebis da ekonomikis

ganviTarebac jer ar aris iseT doneze, rom TamaSis gatotalureba gamoiwvios;

jerjerobiT amis mxolod Canasaxebi arsebobs da kidev: rac ufro zusti da

damuSavebulia TamaSis wesi, miT ufro Znelia masze uaris Tqma da axali TamaSis

dawyeba. rac ufro zustia TamaSis wesi, miT ufro aris is cnobierebis Sinaarsi,

rituali, miT ufro kargad esabameba is cnobierebis arsebul, Cveneul formas

da miT ufro SeuZlebeli da mouazrebeli xdeba masze uaris Tqma. rodesac

moxdeba cnobierebis Cveneuli formis gatotalureba da amasTan erTad, TamaSi

totalurad gardaiqmneba arsebobis wesad (jerjerobiT es sakmaod Soreuli,

Tumca ukve SesamCnevi mdgomarebaa), Seicvleba adamianis mun-yofierebac. mun-

yofiereba Seicvleba ara principulad: radikaluri cvalebadoba misi

maxasiaTebeli kvlav iqneba. Seicvleba misi mdgomareoba anu misi cnobierebis

forma (meta-samyaro) ucvleli gaxdeba.

Tanamedrove adamianis cnobierebis struqtura Semdegi xdeba; meta-Sinaarsi _

meta-forma anu meta-rituali _ meta-samyaro. meta-rituali cvalebadia, meta-

samyaro _ ucvleli. es, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs, rom cnobiereba Tavis TavSi

xdeba Tavisi Tavis toli da iqceva meta-cnobierebad; anu is xdeba meta-

yofiereba, e. i. ganeyeneba arsebobas, yofnas, scildeba mas. yofierebis gareT

gadis. riT dagvirgvindeba yofierebasTan es ganSoreba _ adamianis cnobierebis

mospobiT, Tu yofierebasTan daSoreba maradiuli iqneba, es Cveni gagebis

sazRvrebs miRmaa darCenili da arc aris saintereso. amiT Cven vipoveT is

realuri Sinaarsi, romelmac Zenoniseuli formaluri gansazRvreba Seavso da

xelSesaxebi gaxada. maSasadame, cnobiereba, iseve rogorc Tavisufleba, dgindeba

rogorc negacia da, maSasadame, identuria Tavisuflebis. aseT SemTxvevaSi

germanuli klasikuri filosofiis, kerZod kantis da fixtes SemoTavazebuli

sqema _ kacobrioba, rogorc sazogadoeba, miiswrafvis Tavisuflebisaken _

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realur safuZvels iZens da niSnavs, rom adamianis cnobiereba miiswrafvis Tavisi

Tavis uaryofisaken.

maSasadame, cnobierebis `mdgomareoba~ ganisazRvra rogorc Tavisufleba. aqac

gamovlinda is winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic adamianis samyaros axasiaTebs;

Tavisufleba, romlis gansazRvreba daiwyo, rogor adamianis gansakuTrebuli

Zalisxmevis, daemTxva cnobierebas (rogorc zmnas).

cnobierebis meta-cnobierebad gadaqceva arc siwynares da uomrobas niSnavs _

SeiZleba kataklizmi gamoiwvios TamaSis anu meta-ritualis erTmaneTisaTvis

Tavze moxvevis survilma, rac aseve TamaSad iqneba aRqmuli. mTavari is aris, rom

`kacobriobis~ yoveli Semdeg nabiji iqneba arsebobis, yofierebis an sruli

uaryofa, an masTan TandaTanobiT daSoreba. `paradoqsuli~ is aris, rom am

daSorebas (anu uaryofas) mivyavarT TavisuflebasTan anu im idealTan, romelsac

saukuneebis manZilze etrfodnen kacobriobis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi.

Zenonis mier gasrolili isari mizans miuaxlovda. Cven Segveqmna STabeWdileba,

rom meta-samyaroebis cvalebadoba maradiuli iqneboda da rom yovel meta-

samyaros axali meta-samyaro Secvlida. es asec unda yofiliyo logikis,

azrovnebis mixedviT. Tumca, amave logikisa da azrovnebis mizedviT, gasrolili

isari mudmiv moZraobaSi unda iyos da mizanSi verasodes mivides. cnobierebis

gaqroba, uaryofa, iseve, rogorc isris mizanSi moxvedra _ `warmoudgenelia~;

magram adamiani pirvels SiSiT uyurebs, meores ki ise aRiqvams, rogorc

Cveulebriv movlenas. amaSi kidev erTxel vlindeba adamianis cnobierebis

(yofnis) is winaaRmdegobrioba, romelzec Zenonma migviTiTa.

52

III nawili. mesame elementi

I Zvel aRTqmaSi gvxvdeba ambavi babilonis godlis Sesaxeb: Tavidan adamianebi erT

enaze laparakobdnen. mTel dedamiwaze gansaxlebis dawyebamde maT gadawyvites

aeSenebinaT qalaqi da am qalaqSi godoli, romelic cas miswvdeboda. rodesac RmerTma

Sexeda maT saqmianobas, dainaxa, rom adamianebi TavianT gadawyvetilebas ar Secvlidnen

da marTlac daamTavrebdnen koSkis mSeneblobas. amis Tavidan asacileblad RmerTma

gadawyvita ena aeria adamianebisaTvis _ amis Semdeg isini erTmaneTs ver gaugebdnen da

mSeneblobac CaiSleboda. asec moxda: sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxma Tavi daaneba

koSkis mSeneblobas da gaifanta mTel dedamiwaze.

es ambavi iseve ZiriTadia bibliisaTvis, rogorc samoTxidan gamoZevebis istoria:

anu gveubneba, Tu ra varT Cven _ ra aris Cveni aseTad yofnis safuZveli. amasTanave,

swored imis gamo, rom samoTxidan gamoZeveba sasjelia, babilonis godlis ambavic,

romelic mniSvnelobiT edemis baRis datovebis tolia, aRiqmeba rogorc sasjeli. es

gageba, romelic sayovelTaodaa miRebuli, gveubneba: babilonis godolis aSenebis Semdeg

adamianebi cas miswvdebodnen da e. i. RmerTis sworni gaxdebodnen; es rom am

momxdariyo, RmerTma erTis magivrad bevri ena misca xalxs.

magram, TviT es miTi sulac ar gangvawyobs RmerTis moqmedebis sasjelad

aRsaqmelad. miTumetes, rom teqstSi RmerTis mrisxanebaze sityvac araa naxsenebi.

imisaTvis, rom saqmis namdvil viTarebas CavwvdeT, unda ganvixiloT es miTi

interpretatoruli danaSrevebis gareSe; miTi gviyveba, rom _ rodesac adamanebi erT

enaze laparakobdnen, maT hqondaT saSualeba cas miwvdenodnen. mas Semdeg, rac

adamianebma mraval enaze daiwyes laparaki, amis SesaZlebloba aRar arsebobs. aqedan

cxadia, rom `cis miwvdena~ raRacnairad ukavSirdeba enas, oRond ara im enas,

romelzedac axla vlaparakobT, aramed imas, romelic `manamde iyo~.

aqve unda vTqvaT, rom am ambavSi babilonis godoli niSnavs enas, enis simboloa,

_ im enisa, romelic masze molaparake xalxs saSualebas aZlevs `cas miswvdes~.

53

babilonis godolis Seneba sasruloa. dasruleba ki ar unda RmerTs. Tanac mas

swored babilonis godoli anu babilonis ena ar surs _ da sulac ar aris

winaaRmdegi sxva enebis _ anu sxva godolebis, romlebsac sxvadasxva xalxi sxvadasxva

adgilebSi aaSenebs. RmerTisaTvis sxva godolebi aqtualuri ar aris _ radganac isini

cas ver miswvdeba. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: ra aris im enaSi iseTi, romelic krZalavs

im enis koSks anu im koSkis Senebas? da aqve, bunebrivia, meore kiTxvac iCens Tavs: ra

darwmunebulebi varT imaSi, rom RmerTma saerTod ki ar `gaauqma~ Tavisi

gadawyvetilebiT koSkebis mSenebloba, aramed maincdamainc am koSkis, am enis winaaRmdeg

imoqmeda? imis sabuTi, rom RmerTs swored babilonis godoli ar moswons, unda iyos

is, rom RmerTi saerTod ki ar auqmebs enas, aramed urevs mas da ena amitom mraval

enad iyofa. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mraval enaze molaparake xalxma

aaSena Tav-Tavisi koSkebi, magram is Sedegi, romelsac RmerTi ufrTxoda, babilonis

godolis damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi rom unda ganxorcielebuliyo _ ar momxdara.

amrigad, enis buneba anu `koSkoba~ _ principulad ar Secvlila. amis

damadasturebeli Tundac is aris, rom ena darCa salaparakod anu laparakSi da

laparakiT gadmocemulad. koSki, romelsac Cven enas vuwodebT, aris metyvelebac; magram

principulad ucvlelobis miuxedavad enam `aRreva-gamravlebisas~ dakarga raRac

mniSvnelovani, romelic mas, rogorc erTaderTs axasiaTebda.

ena, romelzedac bibliis personaJebi babilonis ambamde laparakoben, aris

pirveli ena _ RmerTis, adamis ena _ romelSic da romliTac dasaxelda samyaro,

romelmac pirvelma `moiqcia~ TavSi yoveli arsebuli da am azriT erTianoba SesZina

mas da, amave dros, es is enaa, romliTac RmerTi samyaros qmnida. amrigad, am enis

codna niSnavs samyaros codnasac, radganac misi sityvebi im sagnis arsebebia, maTi

gamomxatvelebia, romelsac isini aRniSnaven (es is idealuri enaa, romelsac platoni

`kratilosSi~ eZebs). rodesac ena `ireva~ da mis magivrad bevri ena warmoiSoba, maT

rCebaT ZiriTadi niSani _ metyveleba da, amave dros, aqedan gamomdinare _ samyaros

dasaxelebis, mocvis unari, magram `WeSmariteba~ anu imis codna, rom es sityva,

romelic am sagans aRniSnavs, marTlac am sagnis arsebaa, daikarga. daikarga swored

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gamravlebis gamo. amis gaTvalsaCinoebisaTvis Semdegi magaliTi mogvyavs: warmovidginoT,

rom samyaro/enis urTierToba iseTivea, rogorc cnebis da gansazRvrebis; davuSvaT, rom

arsebobs raRac cnebis yovlismomcveli gansazRvreba. Cven SegviZlia es gansazRvreba

mraval Semadgenel nawilad davSaloT _ patar-patara gansazRvrebebad. Semdeg Cven verc

erT maTganze ver vityviT, rom mxolod es aris am sagnis (cnebis) amomwuravi

gansazRvreba da ara sxva. Tu ufro Sors wavalT da warmovidgenT, rom am patar-

patara gansazRvrebebis gaerTianebis wesi ucnobia an dakarguli _ maSin ukve

SeuZlebeli xdeba namdvili gansazRvrebis kvlav mopoveba _ romc avawyoT, vin

gangvisazRvravs, rom igi WeSmaritia da namdvili? ase ki, ara erT, aramed `swori

awyobis~ usasrulod bevr gansazRvrebas miviRebT, romlebic isev da isev im cnebis

ganmsazRvrelebi iqnebian da kvlav maTi gaerTianebis saSualebis Zebna mogvixdeba. asec

moxda, albaT, enis ZiriTadi niSnebis SenarCuneba _ ris gamoc enebi enebad darCnenda

ZiriTadis, gadamwyvetis dakargva _ ris gamoc `raRac~ ver ganxorcielda. amjerad am

`raRacisken~ unda mivmarToT yuradReba.

RmerTis moqmedeba gamoiyureba rogorc sasjeli; _ adamianebi flobdnen WeSmarit

enas da amis gamo iyvnen brZenni da yovelive im sikeTis mqone, rac WeSmaritebis

flobidan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes.

Cven viciT, rom erTi, `is~ ena camde asvlis saSualebas iZleva. es asvla

gamoixateba koSkis SenebiT, romelic rogorc isari damiznebulia caze da misken adis.

rodesac koSkis Seneba damTavrdeba, mizani ganxorcieldeba anu isari moZraobas

daamTavrebs.

wina TavSi Cven vaCveneT, Tu rogor emTxveva cnobierebis moZraoba Zenoniseuli

isris moZraobas _ oriveni ki tragediis struqturas, tragediis, romelic mTavrdeba

katastrofiT. aqac msgavsi suraTi xom ar ixateba da babilonis godlis Seneba

katastrofisken svlas xom ar niSnavs?

es miTi berZnuli miTi ar aris, sadac adamiani SeiZleba RmerTs gautoldes.

Zvel aRTqmaSi es SesaZlebloba Tavidanve (samoTxidan gamoZeveba) erTxel da

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saboloodaa aRkveTili. xolo am mcdelobisaTvis sasjeli adamis mTel modgmas

gasdevs.

Ûamitomac, RmerTis `Sewuxebis~ erTaderTi `realuri motivi~, rogorc Cans,

aris survili adamianebs katastrofa aaridos. maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

WeSmtarit enas adamiani mihyavs katastrofamde; am katastrofis acileba xdeba erTi

enis mraval enad daSliT, rac marTalia, bevri koSkis agebas niSnavs, magram etyoba,

Tavisi SedegiT WeSmariti ena-godoli _ bevrad ufro globaluri da yovlismomcvelia.

imas, rom `Cveulebrivi~ enis koSki aSenebulia, gveubneba enis ZiriTadi niSnebis

SenarCunebis faqti _ metyveleba metyvelebad darCa anu Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

katastrofa mainc moxda, magram adamiani ar daRupula da enis katasrofulobis

miuxedavad mainc ganagrZobs arsebobas. maSasadame, `pirveli~ ena axdens iseT

katastrofas, romelic adamianis arsebobas emuqreba.

RmerTis moqmedeba ukve aRar aRiqmeba rogorc sasjeli. is, rac yvelas sasjeli

egona, sinamdvileSi adamianebis bedis dainteresebulobiT da maTi arsebobis

SenarCunebisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli. iseve rogorc sfinqsis miTSi RmerTebis

sasjelis damTavreba sinamdvileSi misi dawyebaa, aseve, babilonis godolis ambavSi _

RmerTis sasjeli sinamdvileSi _ daxmareba da daRupvis aridebisaken mimarTuli

moqmedebaa.

es miTi Cven ori enis suraTs gvaZlevs: `WeSmariti~, `samyaros mcodne~ enisa,

romelic iwvevs adamianis daRupvas, radganac es ena erTi xmriv cnobierebis, meore

mxriv ki samyaros tolfasia, maTi damTxvevisas ki, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, xdeba

moZraobis Sewyveta da katastrofa da meore _ erT-erTi ena, romelic, marTalia,

moicavs samyaros, metyvelebs, magram WeSmariti ar aris da amitomac, mxolod

formalur doneze rom vimsjeloT, misi, cnobierebis da samyaros damTxveva ar xdeba da

amitomac mTlianad adamianis globaluri katastrofa aridebulia.

am miTis ganxilvisas ar unda dagvabnios e. w. `ganviTarebis~ arsebobam anu im

faqtma, rom koSki Sendeba. koSkis `Seneba~ _ tragikulobis da saSiSroebebis

gasamZafrebelia da ara TavisTavadi, TviTkmari fenomeni. mTavaria is, rom koSki

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damTavrebadia. koSkis `Senebis~ faqti ufro migviTiTebs enis tragikulobasa da

katasrofulobaze, vidre enis katastrofisken moZraobis droSi gaSlilobaze. iseve

rogorc sfinqsis miTi, babilonis godolis ambavi gveubneba, Tu ra iyo `win~, `manamde~,

sanam gavxdebodiT, rac varT; magram droc xom mas Semdegaa, rac Cven Cven gavxdiT.

yovel SemTxvevaSi is dro, romelic `uwin~-s da `manamde~-s Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

meore mxriv, imis Tqma, rom `koSki aSenebulia~, gamoricxavda tragikulobaze

miTiTebas, radgan tragikuloba moZraobis damTavrebaSia da ara saerTod

gaCerebulobaSi. Tanac am miTSi gadmocemuli azris gamoxatva `gaCerebuli koSkiT~

SeuZlebelia; gaCerebuli es koSki, erTi mxriv, gamoricxavs adamianis arsebobas, xolo,

meores mxriv, Tu es arseboba mainc aris, aucileblad gulisxmobs RmerTis sajels.

miTis ase dawera ki moiTxovs cnobierebis aratragikul, sxvanair struqturas, vidre

Cven gvaqvs.

sabolood Semdegi suraTi miviReT: WeSmariti enis flobis SemTxvevaSi adamians

Tavs atydeba katastrofa, romelic wyvets misi, rogorc cnobierebis arsebobas. am

katastrofis Tavidan acileba xdeba erTi, `WeSmariti~ enis mraval enad daSliT,

romlebSic enis `WeSmaritoba~ ikargeba da ifanteba; magram raki enis sxva, ZiriTadi

niSnebi SenarCunebulia, cnobierebaSi katastrofa mainc xdeba (Sendeba koSki-ena).

miuxedavad amisa, adamianis arseboba narCundeba da cnobiereba agrZelebs moZraobas _

miuxedavad Tavis TavSi katastrofuli fenomenis qonebisa.

tragedia, romelic wina nawilSi aRvwereT, am fonze gamoixateba, rogorc yovel

enaSi mocemuli samyaros da `namdvili samyaros~ daumTxvevloba, Seusabamoba; amitomac,

cnobierebis moZraoba SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc im, `namdvili~ enis Zieba. amis

saukeTeso gamoxatvaa kulturaSi arsebuli Targmnis fenomeni, romelic gulisxmobs

enebis saerTo safuZvlis arsebobas da am mosazrebiT sxvadasxva enebis teqstebs

Targmnadad Tvlis. aseve _ cnobierebis mimarTuloba sayovelTao da zusti enebis

Seqmnisaken, rac gegvlineba xan zust, logikur meta-enebad, xan esperantod, xan ki

maTematikis universalur enad gamocxadebad. es yvelaferi _ babilonis godolis

maSenebeli enis Zebnaa.

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garda imisa, rom am miTma migviTiTa im fenomenze, romlis Zebnac wina nawilSi

davisaxeT miznad _ enaze, romelic droebis cvalebadobas Tan sdevs da maTi

cvlilebis miuxedavad mudam Tan axlavs cnobierebas da sazRvravs mis aseTad yofnas,

am miTma kidev erTi problema dagvisaxa, romlis garkveviTac unda daviwyoT Semdegi

msjeloba: ra aris is `raRac~ katastrofa, romelic yvela enaSi momxdaria da romlis

moxdenac `pra-enaSi~ cnobierebis daRupvas gamoiwvevda.

II

wina TavebSi Cven cnobiereba ganvsazRvreT, rogorc garkveuli forma da

Sinaarsi. cnobierebis arsebad dadginda moZraoba. es struqtura Cven sxvadasxva doneze

SevamowmeT. amjerad Cvens mier gamoyvanili `formulebi~ `mesame elements~ unda

mivuyenoT, raTa Cveni droisa da adgilis gamaerTianebelSic iseve movnaxoT cnobierebis

nacnobi kvali, rogorc droisa da adgilis Zebnisas wavawydiT.

amjerad Cven enis fenomeni gvainteresebs. enis bunebas umartivesi winadadebac

unda gamoxatavdes, magaliTad, `skami aris~. am winadadebaSi `skami~ miuTiTebs im

formaze, romelic raRac arsebuls miRebuli aqvs, xolo `aris~ _ arsebobis im wesze,

romelic mocemul formas axasiaTebs. aq, rogorc vxedavT, gamoikveTa struqturuli

elementebi da enac cnobierebis tipis fenomeni aRmoCnda. ase danaxuli ena gveubneba,

rom `aris~ _ Sinaarsi anu ritualia da, maSasadame, `yofiereba~-`yofna~ aris rituali,

romelsac `asrulebs~ skami. ase gagebuli saqmis viTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom ena

marTlac `yofierebis saxlia~, rom yofiereba aris arsebobis, yofnis wesi da a. S.

TiTqosda Cveni saqmec damTavrebulia _ mesame elements adgili mieCina da Semdgomi

Cveni moqmedebac TiTqos am kuTxiT unda gaiSalos anu unda aRvweroT, Tu ras niSnavs,

rom yofiereba aris Sinaarsi, rituali da rom is formas, rogorc aseTs ar moicavs.

magram aseTi gzis winaaRmdeg ramdenime faqti Tu SemTxveva metyvelebs: jer erTi

is, rom `yofiereba~, romelic filosofosebis mier iZebneboda, yovelives momcveli iyo

da ara mxolod erTi, marTalia, ganmsazRvreli, magram mainc, mxaris. meorec _ xSirad

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xdeboda da es gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, yofierebisa da RmerTis gaigiveba. meore

xriv, Cvens mier gamoyvanili debulebis sasargeblodac metyvelebs filosofiis

istoria: kanti ambobda, rom arseboba aris transcendentaluri apercefciis

mdgomareoba (pozicia) da aseve haidegeric _ Tavisi filosofiis im periodSi, rodesac

yofierebas dros, dros ki _ munyofierebis arsebobis wess uigivebda. rogorc vxedavT,

Cven gveubnebian, rom yofiereba aris momcveli, yvelaferi _ forma da Sinarsi da

Tanac, amave dros, gamodis, rom yofiereba aris mxolod Sinaarsi (rituali).

amjerad Cven unda vnaxoT, Tu ra aris filosofiis am ZiriTad sakiTxSi iseTi,

rac erTi mimarTulebis filosofosebs (mag: kanti, hegeli) urTierTgamomricxavi

pasuxebis gacemas aiZulebs.

imaze, rom yofiereba Sinaarsia da ara forma, enis agebulebam migviTiTa. amitom

unda vnaxoT, enis struqturaSive xom ar aris mocemuli meore mimarTulebis

safuZvelic; enaSi, garda winadadebis awyobis da yofnis wesebisa, aris kidev erTi wesi,

romelic Cven Zalian mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba; es aris zmnis gaarsebiTeba. faqtobrivad,

is, rom `yofiereba~ yofierebaa da yovelives momcvel cnebad iTvleba, aris zmna,

romelic mxolod moqmedebis ritualis aRmniSvnelia, arsebiTdeba da xdeba, amave dros,

formis aRmniSvnelic. aq, rogorc vxedavT, adgili aqvs formisa da Sinaarsis

gaigivebas, rac TviTon enis safuZvelSive Zevs. es wesi saSualebas iZleva zmna `obas~

an `ebas~ damatebiT arsebiT saxelad vaqcioT da Tanac masSi moqmedeba nagulisxmevi da

`Tanamyofi~ davtovoT.

rodesac cnobierebis da tragediis struqturul igiveobaze vlaparakobdiT,

maSin katastrofis _ tragediis struqturuli elementis _ aRwerisas vTqviT, rom

katastrofa aris mdgomareoba, rodesac moqmedebasa (Sinaarsi) da saqmis viTarebas

(forma, siuJeti) Soris winaaRmdegoba ixsneba da xdeba forma-Sinaarsis gaigiveba anu

rodesac moqmedeba mTavrdeba da es damTavreba emTxveva siuJutis moTxovnas.

rogorc vxedavT, enaSi katastrofis niSnebi ikveTeba. es ki unda niSnavdes, rom

ena ukve tragediaa, ukve dasrulebulia da katastrofuli.

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magram rogor xdeba am katastrofulobis gamoxatva cnobierebis modusebSi? amis

martivi magaliTia RmerTisa da cnobierebis gaigiveba; rogorc ki xdeba zmna yofnis,

rogorc yofierebis moazreba, is imavwams uigivdeba RmerTis cnebas, radganac

gaarsebiTebis Semdeg maTi Sinaarsebi emTxveva erTmaneTs. es ukve hgavs im mdgomareobas,

romelic Cven `TamaSis fenomenologiaSi~ aRvwereT; Cven vTqviT, rom ritualis da

formis damTxveva cnobierebaSi iwvevs mis gaCerebas, Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivad

gaxdomas, aqtobrivad gaqrobas da `namdvil arsebobasTan~ sabolood daSorebas.

amdenad, is filosofia, romelic yofierebas da RmerTs ikvlevs da aucilebel Sedegad

maT gaigivebas iRebs (rogorc haidegerma dauSva es sicocxlis bolo wlebSi) _ Tavis

TavSi gaCerebulia da realur Temasaa dacilebuli, radganac mTlianad enaSi aqcevs

Tavs.

magram RmerTisa da yofierebis cnebebis gaigiveba axali ar aris

filosofiisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Tviseba mas Tavidanve mosdgams; upirveles

yovlisa, amis niSani aris yofierebis anu ontologiuri problematikis anu

ontologiis filosofiis sazrunavad gaxdoma. es ki, rogorc SevecadeT gveCvenebina,

filosofiis dasawyisidanve moxda; am dros filosofia cdilobs sazRvriT cnebebze

daiwyos laparaki. meore mxriv ki _ xdeba yofnis arsebiT saxelad qceva da maSasadame,

filosofiaSive, formisa da Sinaarsis damTxveva, rac unda iwvevdes filosofiis

`gaqrobas~, mis gaCerebas da gauCinarebas; magram am SemTxvevaSi filosofias tragediis

personaJoba adgeba; raki is metafizikasTanaa gaigivebuli, yofierebis, rogorc sakvlevi

problematikis gandevna xdeba da amiT, anu gaCerebis Tavidan acilebiT, narCundeba misi

sicocxle; magram katastrofa dasawyisidanve gansazRvrulia _ Tavis rigs elodeba da

bolos cxaddeba, rom yofierebis cneba, sakiTxi daviwyebulia saukuneebis manZilze,

xolo filosofiis valia es sakiTxi win wamoswios da mTavar sakiTxad gamoacxados.

amis Semdeg gamudmebiT imarTeba yofierebis sakiTxis garSemo triali. Tanac

triali dausruleblad, radgan TviTon sakiTxi dgas arasworad: sakiTxis dasmis

uazroba rom TavlsaCino gavxadoT, kiTxva ra aris yofiereba?~ wavikiTxoT rogorc

`ra ris «skami aris»? da Sesabamisad, usasrulod bevri (e. i. arc erTi) pasuxi unda

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miviRoT: winadadeba, gansazRvruloba, mocemuloba, arsebobis modusi, yofierebis

laparaki da a. S. rodesac yofierebis sakiTxi miCqmaluli iyo, e. i. rodesac is jer

(ukve) ar idga, rodesac is aucilebel postulatad Tu aqsiomad iyo miRebuli,

metafizika da (anu) ontologia Tavs kargad grZnobdnen; magram kantis Semdeg TiTqmis

yvelam Tavi aarida metafizikis Seqmnas, ramac sabolood yofierebis sakiTxis dasma

gamoiwvia. rogorc metafizikis, aseve ontologiis Seqmnas yvela ufrTxoda, magram

TviTon enis struqturis mixedviT, sadac raime winadadebas ambob, iq SeuZlebelia

raime struqtura ar gamoCndes. _ sistemidan ki samyaros agebulebis amokiTxvamde erTi

nabijia.

aqamde Cven vaCveneT, Tu rogor xdeba enaSi forma-Sinaarsis urTieTrdamTxveva da

es situacia davaxasiaTeT cnobierebis erT-erTi modusis Suqze; magram modusi mxolod

erT-erTi gamovlenaa da sxva araferi. Cven unda vnaxoT, Tu rogor aris cnobierebis

saqme; Cven gvaqvs ena, romelSic SesaZlebelia zmnisa da arsebiTi saxelis

urTierTdamTxveva; anu, enaSi xdeba formisa da Sinaarsis gaigiveba. es ki niSnavs, rom

enaSi tragedia ukve momxdaria, tragedia damTavrebulia da mocemulia. es marto

`mofilosofose~ _ civilizebul enebs ar exeba _ nebismieri ena, romelic saSualebas

iZleva gruxunze, rogorc arsebiT saxelze anu myari formebiT arsebulze imsjelos

da zogjer Tqvas xolme `es RmerTia~ anu moqmedebas, romelic xdeba da romelic zmnaa,

daarqvas arsebiTi saxeli, _ ukve katastroful mdgomareobaSia, gaCerebulia da Tavis

TavSia Caketili.

aq ki ucnauri suraTi gvexateba: ena _ TiTqosda adamianis cnobierebis ucvleli

da mniSvnelovani elementia, mudam Tan axlavs mas _ miuxedavad amisa, cnobiereba

moZraobs, ena ki ukve (da `didi xania~) gaCerebulia da damTavrebuli.

mTlianobaSi aRebuli ena samyaros xatia. yvela empiriuli, realuri samyaros

xati, romelic CvenSi da Cvens garSemo arsebobs, am xatidanaa amokiTxuli. amave dros,

ena, rogorc metyveleba, moqmedebasTanaa kavSirSi da ritualia. rogor vxedavT, ena

Sinaarsobrivi bunebisacaa; anu, ena erTsa da imave dros formacaa da Sinaarsic;

gramatika, rogorc viciT, formaluria da aris enis, rogorc formis gamoxatva; magram

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swored gramatika iZleva saSualebas zmnis Sinaarsi arsebiTi saxelis Sinaarsi gaxdes

_ es ki ukve enis Sinaarss gansazRvravs, radganac am gadaqcevaSi enis Sinagani arseba

ikiTxeba.

enis Sinaarsi ki, metyveleba, romelic mxolod Sinaarsia da sxva araferi, Tavis

mimarTebebSi ZiriTadad formaluri wesebiT xelmZRvanelobs da aseve maqsimalurad

iyenebs enis formalur unars moqmedeba (realuri) miznad an mizezad gadaaqcios, rac,

Tavis mxriv, rogorc vTqviT, enis Sinagani arsebidan gamomdinareobs da, saerTod,

samyaros xatis, rogorc adamianis moqmedebaTa orientiris, warmoSobas udevs

safuZvlad.

aq Cven SegviZlia daveTanxmoT debulebas, rom `ena yofierebis saxlia~; magram am

saxlSi mxolod is yofiereba saxlobs, romelic enas unda, amitom es saxli SeiZleba

carieli iyos.

am fonze Cndeba enis, rogor idolas sakiTxi, enis, rogorc idolas daxasiaTebas

emateba kidev erTi: sazRvriTi cnebebis Seqmnis unari. amiT ena samyros TviTneburad

(Tumca, erTi SexedviT, sinamdvilesTan Sesabamis) mTlianobas da gansazRvrulobas

aZlevs.

sazRvriT cnebebze da maT Soris urTierTmimarTebebze Cven qvemoT vilaparakebT.

amjerad ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom maTi Seqmnis safuZvels ganapirobebs formisa da

Sinaarsis gaigiveba _ enis unari.

enis erT-erTi funqcia (romelic SeiZleba ZiriTadic aRmoCndes), rogorc

vxedavT, aris sazRvriTi cnebebis Seqmna _ sazRvriTi cneba igeba zmnis arsebiT

saxelad anu moqmedebis _ moqmedebis miznad (an mizezad) gadaqceviT. es ki sxva

araferia, Tu ara cnobierebis `arqetipuli~, struqturuli formebis Seqmna.

`arqetipuli~ imitom, rom am gadaqceviT, gadasxvaferebiT, miiReba is ZiriTadi

mimarTuloba, romlis nayofia Semdeg meta-samyaroebis ageba. amis TvalsaCinod

sakmarisia CvenTvis nacnobi movlena moviyvanoT magaliTad: moqmedebis (zmnebis) ambad

(arsebiT saxelad _ miTad, istoriad) gadaqceva, rogorc vnaxeT, safuZvlad udevs

yvelanair dros. garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom es gadaqceva, amave dros, aris drois

62

gaCerebac, Tavis TavTan gaigivebis mniSvnelobiT _ wminda moqmedebas, moZraobas,

TavisTavad, sazRvrebi ara aqvs. ena ki moZraobas anawevrebs, diskretuls xdis, saxelis

darqmeviT sazRvrebSi moaqcevs da amiT, anu sazRvriTobis SemoRebiT, moqmedebas

uigivebs moqmedebis saxels, qmnis igiveobas maT Soris da amiT midis katastofamde.

amis Semdeg ufleba gveZleva vTqvaT, rom ena marTlac sazRvriTi fenomenia; jer erTi,

imitom, rom is sazRvris damdebia, gansazRvrulobis Semqmnelia, xolo, amave dros, is

SemosazRvravs adamianis moqmedebis sferos da sazRvrebSi aqcevs mas. jer erTi, imitom,

rom ena aris cnobierebis formebis anu meta-samyaroebis warmoSobis safuZveli; garda

amisa, enaSi, amave dros, gveZleva cnobierebis Sinaarsis gaCerebulobis, mudmivobis

suraTic, rac, rogorc wina nawilSi vnaxeT, sfinqsisa da oidiposis urTierTobaSi

dadginda.

ena, rogorc SevecadeT gveCvenebina, moicavs mTel adamianur yofnas; anu, igi

mTeli adamianuri cnobierebis momcvelia. enaSi xdeba samyaros saxeldeba da ara marto

nivTebis, aramed moqmedebebisac. maSasadame, ena saxels arqmevs anu sazRvravs iseTs,

rasac ar SeiZleba saxeli daerqvas da daisazRvros, radganac is principuli

winaaRmdegia gaCerebis anu ena rituals uigivebs formas; anu ena cnobierebis Sinaarss

aformebs, rac ara marto cvalebadobas, nebismier moZraobaze mimarTulebas spobs. axla

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis cnobiereba marTlac cxovrobs enaSi, magram ena ufro

misi sapyrobilis funqcias asrulebs.

amjerad gansaxilveli sakiTxia, Tu mainc ratom moZraobs cnobiereba, Tuki masSi

imTaviTve mocemulia uZraobis formula da TviTonac am formulaSia Casaxlebuli. am

sakiTxis kvleva ori mxriT SeiZleba warimarTos; erTi _ mainc ritualSi movnaxoT

moZraobis safuZveli da meore _ igive safuZveli cnobierebis formaSi anu sazRvriTi

cnebebis urTierTmimarTebaSi davinaxoT.

moZraobis safuZveli Tanabari ZaliT SeiZleba orive sferoSi arsebobdes; magram,

warmoiSoba kiTxva, ramdenad moZraobaa is, rac cnobierebas axasiaTebs? es moZraoba,

rogorc Zenonis aporiebis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, sazRvris gadalaxviT mimdinareobs,

63

xolo sazRvris qona ki ukve enis arsebobaze migviTiTebs. enis arseboba ki _

gaformebul Sinaarsze.

III

Cven vxedavT, rom enis uZraobis da katastrofulobis miuxedavad cnobierebas

mainc axasiaTebs moZraoba, rac gamoixateba misi formebis cvalebadobiT. es cvalebadoba

ki, rogorc vnaxeT, adamianis konkretul cxovrebas udevs safuZvlad. bunebrivia, rom

warmoiSoba kiTxva: Tuki ena, romelSic faqtobrivad aris cnobereba, uZravia, _ ra

aris TviTon cnobierebaSi iseTi, rac aiZulebs mas imoZraos? Cven Semdeg am kiTxvaze

pasuxs cnobierebis formebis urTierTobebSic movZebniT, magram jer cnobierebis

Sinaarsi unda vnaxoT, masSic xom ar aris rame _ moZraobisaTvis biZgis mimcemi?

rodesac Cven cnobierebis moZraoba aRvwereT, vTqviT, rom moZraoba xdeba e. w.

`daukmayofileblobis~ gamo, radganac mocemuli cnobierebis forma yovelTvis formaa

da SeuZlebelia gaxdes Sinaarsis Sesabamisi. swored amaSia saqme _ rac unda iyos enaSi

mocemuli formisa da Sinaarsis igiveoba, rac unda aformos enam Sinaarsi, mainc

arsebobs raRac `realoba~, romelic swored Tavisi ~realurobis~ gamo forma ar aris

da cnobierebasac jer aqvs masTan Sexeba. axla SevecadoT avxsnaT es yvelaferi: ena,

rogorc vnaxeT, Sinaarss aformebs. mocemuli cnobierebis forma ambobs, rom is

yovlismomcvelia da rom Sinaarsic Sedis masSi, Tanac ise, rom es rituali mas ar

ewinaaRmdegeba. enac amasve ambobs (da es enis poziciidan marTlac asea) rituali enis

Suqze `ritualia~ da maSasadame _ forma. e. i. enobriv doneze SeuZlebelia

cnobierebis forma `gamoiWiro~. magram realuri Sinaarsis arseboba, romelzedac

cnobierebas jer kidev aqvs gasavleli, sanam is TamaSis wreSi ar Cavardeba, _

sxvagvarad metyvelebs: realuri Sinaarsi arasodes ar aris forma da cnobierebac amas

grZnobs Tu xedavs da amitomac arRvevs enis mier dawesebul sazRvars (rac formiT

gamoixateba) da cdilobs Seqmnas axali, yovlismomcveli forma.

64

aq warmoiSoba winaaRmdegoba cnobierebis formasa da enas Soris _ erTi mxriv,

xolo meore mxriv _ metyvelebasa da enas Soris; cnobierebis forma, raki is mxolod

formaa, ar Seesabameba enas, raki es forma enaSi gamoixateba. ena mas `ufro mets~

aZlevs, ufro yovlismomcvels xdis, vidre es Tavad meta-samyaros suraTSi iyo

Cadebuli. metyveleba ki, romelic mowodebulia ritualis dasayofad, yovelTvisaa

mimarTuli Tavisi enobrivi xasiaTis gamovlenisaken, rasac `realuri Sinaarsi~ _

`wminda moqmedeba~ ewinaaRmdegeba. amave dros metyveleba, romelic ritualia,

yovelTvis cdilobs Cados Tavis TavSi is Sinaarsi, rac enaSi ver gamoixateba, misi

ukiduresi damsazRvravi xasiaTis gamo.

maSasadame, aq vxedavT, rom cnobierebis formebi enis gamovlinebebia da

cnobierebis yovel Zalisxmevas Tavi daaRwios arsebul formas, ena upirispirdeba

axali formiT. es viTareba ufro gasagebi rom gavxadoT, unda moviSvelioT tragediis

analogia: ena aZlevs cnobierebas aramc Tu saerTod rols, aramed rolis yovel

epizodsac ki umzadebs katastrofas. cnobiereba ebrZvis Tavis epizodebs, xolo imas,

rom am epizodebs is katastrofisaken mihyavT da ufro umtkiceben rols, yuradRebas

ver aqcevs. ena aris is tragedia, romelSic cnobiereba mTavar rols asrulebs. aqamde,

rodesac cnobierebis Sesaxeb tragediis analogiiT vmsjelobdiT, Tav-Tavisi adgilebi

mivuCineT personaJs, katastrofas, magram sruli es analogia mxolod axla xdeba

tragediis, rogorc mTliani fenomenis analogiis monaxviT: cnobiereba asrulebs mTavar

rols; ena _ tragediaa, tragediis siuJeti. cnobierebis forma _ aris epizodebi,

scenebi, romlebSic siuJetis mixedviT vardeba mTavari gmiri da saidanac cdilobs Tavi

daaRwios.

es tragediac, rogorc yvela, mTavrdeba katastrofiT _ es katastrofa Cven

aRvwereT `TamaSis fenomenologiaSi~. aq xdeba ara marto cnobierebis formisa da

Sinaarsis gaigiveba, aq xdeba enisa da cnobierebis anu tragediisa da personaJis

gaigiveba. aseTi igiveoba tragediisaTvis Cveulebrivi ambavia _ SemTxveviTi ar aris,

rom klasikur tragediebs personaJebis, mTavari gmirebis saxelebi hqviaT: `otelo~,

`hamleti~, `antigone~. es niSnavs, rom mTlianad tragedia (rogorc forma),

65

gaigivebulia, Tanxvdenilia sakuTar personaJTan, xolo tragedia, rogorc moqmedeba

(rogorc Sinaarsi) warmoadgens `saTaurSi~, formaSi mocemuli igiveobis Sesrulebas

da gamarTlebas.

katasrtofis Semdeg cnobiereba (da `yofierebac~) sabolood dasaxldeba enaSi.

es dasaxleba gardauvali da gamouvali gaxdeba, radganac cnobierebas meta-samyaros da

meta-Sinaarsis kedlebSi mocemuls _ gareT gamosasvleli aRar eqneba.

axla sabolood movxazoT is winaaRmdegoba, romelic `jer~ cnobierebis forma-

Sinaarss da enas Sorisaa; forma-Sinaarsi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, magram maTi gamoxatva

meta-samyaroSi (formaSi) ise xdeba, TiTqos forma-Sinarsi ukve damTxveulia,

gaigivebulia da Semdegi moZraobac gamoricxulia. amis Semdeg xdeba Sinaarsis mier

formis sazRvrebis daZleva da isev _ enobrivi gamoxatva ambobs, rom forma da

Sinaarsi absoluturad Seesabameba erTmaneTs. es `realuri~ winaaRmdegobaa. is, rom

meta-samyaros yovelives mocvis pretenzia aqvs, enobrivi gamoxatvis damsaxurebaa;

magram es an niSnavs, rom cnobiereba marto Sinaarsia _ is forma, romelic mas

Semoxvdeba xolme, _ misi sakuTari formaa, marTalia, eniT gamowveuli, magram mainc

misi da misi moZraobiT miRebuli.

Cven vambobT, rom meta-samyaros meta-samyarobaa anu is, rom mas yovelives mocvis

pretenzia aqvs, enis `bralia~. es ar niSnavs imas, rom davuSvaT, TiTqos meta-samyaros

Semqmnels ar surs samyaros mocva da es mas uneblieT `gamodis~. aramc da aramc.

rodesac Cven enaze vlaparakobT, vgulisxmobT im kanons, romelSicaa cnobiereba; anu

ena, am azriT, marto Teoriul wignebSi moceuli fenomeni ki ar aris, aramed is

adgili, sadac Cven yvelani vcxovrobT. maSasadame, rodesac vinme qmnis meta-samyaros,

cnobierebis morig formas an am formis morig moduss, mas Zalianac unda, rom misi

suraTi yovlismomocveli aRmoCndes; am SemTxvevaSi ena lamis fiziologiur swrafvasac

ki gansazRvravs.

66

IV amis Semdeg ukve SeiZleba vilaparakoT droebis gansazRvrulobebze, oRond ara

postulatebis da daSvebebis doneze, rogorc amas pirvel nawilSi vakeTebdiT. Cven

miviReT sami drois arseboba _ yovel SemTxvevaSi Cveni Tvali ufro Sors ver Cawvda:

miTi, JamTaaRmwerloba, istoria. drois am samive gagebas safuZvlad udevs ambis,

SemTxvevis interpretacia. `ambavs~, `SemTxvevas~, rogorc fenomens safuZveli aqvs enis

bunebaSi: rodesac xdeba moqmedebis, SemTxvevis arsebiT saxelad gadaqceva anu rodesac

viRacis moqmedebas erqmeva `ambavi~ da moqmedi da moqmedeba erT fenomenur dasaxelebaSi

erTiandeba, `iwyeba~ dro da aseve, iqmneba pirveli sazRvriTi cnebac.

erTi SexedviT, aq unda moxdes gaCereba da Semdgomi `ganviTarebac~ aRar unda

iyos. magram, marTialia, sazRvriTi cneba ukve enaSia, is ar ris erTaderTi. _ aseTive

wesiT iqmneba drois cneba _ mas Semdeg, rac moqmedeba iqceva garkveul mdgomareobad _

ambad, saxeli erqmeva erTmaneTis Semdeg mdgomareobas _ anu, ambebis mimdevrobas, aseve

iqmneba sivrcis cnebac _ saxeli erqmeva erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomareobas. amiT enaSi

xdeba yvelanairi moqmedebis gaCereba: gaCerebulia `wamieri~ moqmedeba _ gadaqceulia

arsebiT saxelad da `ambavi~ hqvia. gaCerebulia Semdeg warmoSobili (myofi) moZraoba)

_ `drois~ darqmeviT da gaCerebulia gverdiT warmoSobili (myofi) moZraoba _

`sivrcis~ darqmeviT. am sami cnebis dadgeniT enaSi xdeba katastrofa; anu,

faqtobrivad, ena imTaviTve arsebobs, rogorc tragikuli da tragedia.

magram, Tuki katastrofa momxdaria, ras unda mivaweroT sxvadasxva droebis

arseboba _ Tuki moZraoba, ukve arsebuli sazRvriTi cnebebis gamo, gamoricxulia;

magram aq isev `TamaSis fenomenologiiT~ miRebuli gamocdileba unda gamoviyenoT da

vTqvaT, rom ena iwyebs TamaSs anu is, heraklites bavSviviT, sxvadasxvanairad awyobs

qvebs. es qvebi ki misTvis sazRvriTi cnebebia. amitomac Cven vambobT, rom droebi

warmoadgenen zemoT CamoTvlili sazRvriTi cnebebis sxvadasxvanair Tanxvedras. Semdeg,

rodesac cnobiereba miaRwevs TamaSis `safexurs~, moxdeba moTamaSe enis da moTamaSe

cnobierebis urTierTdamTxveva.

67

maSasadame, droebi `ambis~, `sivrcis~ da `drois~ sxvadasxvanairi Sesabamebebia.

gavadevnoT Tvali am Tanxvedrebs: miTi aris SemTxveva, ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac

sivrceSi garkveuli drois gareSe; anu, es ambavi ar aris droiT gansazRvruli. Tavad

miTis specifikac amaSi mdgomareobs: sivrce miTSi gansazRrulia da am sivrciT

SemosazRvrulni arian miTis personaJebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom miTis ritualad

gaTamaSebac udroobas emyareba: ritualiT xdeba gaTvalsaCinoeba, rom miTi yovelTvis

xdeba. sivrce isazRvreba agreTve moqmedebis adgilis miTiTebiT, romelic aris an

dedamiwa an zeca an romelime samefo an romelime mTa. amasTanave, personaJebis

gansazRvrulobis gamo miTi mravalfeniani xdeba: SeiZleba mohyve miTs herakleze,

romelmac anteosi daamarcxa da SesaZlebelia mohyve miTs anteosze, romelic

damarcxda heraklesTan brZolaSi. amdenad, miTSi yvela personaJi `mTavaria~ da

amitomac arc erTi ar aris SemTxveviTi, `gzaze Semxvedri~ da amitomac vambobT Cven,

rom miTis sivrce gansazRvrulia _ mravalkuTxedi, romlis kuTxeebis TavSi anu

gverdigverd _ miTis personaJebi dganan. es yvelaferi struqturulad rom

warmovidginoT da drois sazRvriTi cnebac mivuyenoT, miviRebT, rom es mravalkuTxedi

myarad dgas da dro mas ver cvlis, radganac igi Sekrulia da droisaTvis Sesasvleli

adgili aRaraa darCenili. drois yvela wertilSi es struqtura igive rCeba.

JamTaaRmwerloba aris ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac drois ganmavlobaSi

gaurkvevel sivrceSi. es ambavi ar aris sivrciT gansazRvruli. mis ZiriTad Temas

warmoadgens drois monakveTi, romelic sadRac iwyeba da sadRac mTavrdeba. es drois

monakveTi, rogorc wesi, mozomilia vinme erTi subieqtis mixedviT da saiTac `wava~ es

subieqti, iqiTken gahyveba JamTaaRmwerloba, im sivrces moicavs, yovelgvari winaswari

dadgenis gareSe. amitomac, JamTaaRmwerlobaSi mTavari moqmedi piris garda (viszec

iwereba ambavi), yvela `SemTxveviTia~. _ aseTi ambavi aris monakveTi, xazi, romelic

gaSlilia nebismier sibrtyeze, magram aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli da radganac dro am

SemTxvevaSi swori xazia, is SeiZleba sivrcis nebismier wertilSi moxdes. erTaderTi

SemzRudveli am SemTxvevaSi aris monakveTis sigrZe da mimarTuleba.

68

istoria aris ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac droSi da raRac sivrceSi; anu,

istoriaSi droc da sivrcec garkveuli da gansazRvrulia; anu, am SemTxvevaSi is

sivrce, romelSicaa subieqti, Semortymulia droiT _ anu, mTel im sivrces, romelic

aRiwereba, rogorc istoriis subieqtis gza, Seesabameba am subieqtis dro da sxva

subieqtebTan mxolod zedapiruli Sexeba Tu xdeba. amdenad, Cven aq saqme gvaqvs

sferosebr figurasTan; am sisrulis da yovlismomcvelobis gamo _ dro da sivrce

orive gansazRvrulia _ istoriis subieqtic yovlismomcveli xdeba da, faqtobrivad, am

sferos yovel wertils ikavebs _ am sferos sakuTar saxels arqmevs. istoriis

subieqti, rogorc vnaxeT, krebiTi da zogadi erTeulia (eri, xalxi, klasi).

am `TamaSSi~, am TanxvedrebSi Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom maT wyobas, mimdevrobas

`ganviTarebas~ ver daarqmev. _ am `TamaSiT~, faqtobrivad, is sxvadasxva variantebia

SemoTavazebuli, romelsac enaSi arsebuli sazRvriTi cnebebi qmnian cnobierebisTvis da

romelTac cnobiereba jer, sanam TviTon ar dauwyia TamaSi, `seriozulad~ iRebs da

ritualis, cnobierebis Sinaarsis orientirad Tvlis. TavisTavad principuli

mniSvneloba ara aqvs droebis mimdevrobas: savsebiT SesaZlebelia es sameuli ise

ganlagebuliyo, rom _ winani ukan yofiliyvnen, ukanani ki win.

aq, bunebrivia, unda gagviCndes kiTxva RmerTis cnebis adgilis Sesaxeb. _

rogorc viciT, es cneba, realurad, meore drois damwyebia, rogorc JamTaaRmwerlobis

subieqti da xSirad miTis subieqtadac gvevlineba. ra Tqma unda, kacobriobis

kulturisaTvis am cnebas uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs, magram cnobierebisaTvis is

pirveladi _ iseTive, rogorc dro, sivrce da ambavi _ ar aris da agebulia drois da

sivrcis cnebebis Camoyalibebis analogiiT: es cneba miiReba sivrcisa da drois

sxvadasxva Sesabamebebis gaarsebiTebiT anu saxelis darqmeviT. ase rom, kants rom

terminebi vesesxoT, unda vTqvaT, rom RmerTis cneba `empiriuli da reproduqtiulia~.

rac Seexeba subieqtis cnebas, romelsac Cven mimarTebaTa CamoTvlisas viyenebiT:

ra Tqma unda subieqtis is cneba, romesac Cven filosofiis istoriaSi vxedavT da

empiriul sityvaTxmarebaSi vxvdebiT, ar aris `is~ cneba. is subieqti aris ambis

gamaambebeli, ambavSi moqceuli da misgan ganuyofeli. Tumca, Semdeg am cnebisaTvis

69

Subjestum-is darqmevam (romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara `qvemdebare~ (berZn.

υποκειµενον-is Targmani) _ winadadebis wevri) da filosofiur-Teologiuri

refleqsiis sferoSi moxvedram Tavis mxriv droebzec imoqmeda _ amis gamo sxvadasxva

droSi subieqti zogjer emijneba SemTxvevas, xan absoluturad damoukidebeli xdeba,

xan ki kvlav masSi brundeba.

rogorc viciT, kidev arsebobs sxva sazRrviTi cnebebi, romlebic Cvens mier

aRweril mimarTebebSi ar Cans, Tumca, kulturisa da civilizaciis ganviTarebisaTvis

Zalian mniSvnelovani aris. aseTi cnebebia, magaliTad, yofiereba, cnobiereba, samyaro da

sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom samive es cneba filosofiuria anu kulturaSi isini

filosofias Seaqvs.

es ar niSnavs, rom `yvela filosofia~ an filosofosi am cnebebs unda

ixilavdes. SeiZleba saerTod maTi gverdis avla. ubralod, es sazRvriTi cnebebi

filosofiuri midgomiT aris SemuSavebuli; anu enaSi pirveladi sazRvriTi cnebebis

SemCneviT da maTi ganvxilvis dawyebiT; rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, filosofia aris

azrovneba sazRvriT cnebebeze. es ar niSnavs, rom filosofiuri sazRvriTi cnebebi,

romlebic enobrivi sazRvriTi cnebebis asaxsnelad iyo Seqmnili, uazro aris _

magaliTad, Tanamedrove civilizaciis SeqmnaSi udidesi roli Seasrula samyaros, ???-

is cnebam. amave dros, unda aRvniSnoT, rom filosofiuri sazRvriTi cnebebis

SemuSaveba igulisxmeba enaSi, rasac sabolood unda gamoewvia cnobierebis da enis

urTierTdamTxveva.

sazRvriTi cnebebis dayofa sakuTriv enobrivad da `filosofiurad~ ar niSnavs,

rom enobrivi sazRvriTi cnebebi _ ambavi, `subieqti~, sivrce, dro _ imTaviTve

amokiTxul iqnen da sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ar gamoiyenebodnen.

am cnebaTa SemuSavebis da gansazRvrebebis istorias Tvali rom gavadevnoT,

vnaxavT, rom maT Soris ase Tu ise erTgvarovani gansazRvrebis bedi mxolod sivrces

ergo _ albaT imitom, rom am oTx cnebaSi yvelaze empiriuli da `sagrZnobi~ is

aRmoCnda: aristoteledan dawyebuli, frang filosofos giuioTi damTavrebuli,

sivrcis definacia `erTmaneTis Semdeg mdgomareobis~ garSemo trialebs.

70

rac Seexeba SemTxvevas: es cneba imdenad zedapirze iyo, imdenad cxadi Canda, rom

misadmi filosofiis da saerTod refleqsiis mipyroba mxolod XX saukuneSi moxerxda

(haidegeri) da esec mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, rodesac filosofiam

yuradReba konkretul adamianze gadaitana. _ aRmoCnda, rom munyofierebis erT-erTi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani parametri aris ambavi, romelSic is aris da agreTve isic, rom

munyofierebis mTeli arseboba, empiriuladac ki, ambebis monacvleobaa.

cota, ufro farTo istoria aqvs subieqtis cnebis dadgenas: mas Semdeg, rac is

`qvemdebare~ gaxda, bunebrivia, dadga Semasmenlis anu obieqtis arsebobis

moTxovnilebac. rogorc vxedavT, es mimarTuleba, romelmac Semecnebis Teoria

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sazrunavi gaxada, winadadebis

agebulebaze anu absoluturad enobriv struqturaze yofila damokidebuli. ra Tqma

unda, es Secdoma ar aris. magram am fenomenis mxolod erTi mxarea. amis Semdeg

subieqti da obieqti erTad ganixileboda _ obieqti xan damoukideblad, xan ki

subieqtis (SemecnebisTeoriulis) aracnobieri moRvaweobis Sedegad cxaddeboda. bolos

ki dadga momenti, rodesac gamocxadda, rom subieqti gaqra filosofiis horizontidan.

amas mxolod erTi axsna aqvs: sinamdvileSi gaqra obieqti, radgan XIX-XX saukuneebSi

obieqti ukve aRar iyo saintereso, subieqtiT amowurulad iTvleboda. arsebuli

poziciis gamo mas subieqtic miayoles, radgan is ukve aRiqmeboda rogorc mxolod

SemecnebisTeoriuli da mxolod obieqtTan opoziciaSi. sinamdvileSi ki, albaT, saqme

Semdegnairad unda yofiliyo: raki yuradReba mieqca subieqtis praqtikul moqmedebas

(es sadRac kirkegoridan iwyeba), TandaTan horizontze daiwyo `SemTxvevis~ cnebam

gamoCena da yofili `SemecnebisTeoriuli subieqti~ Cajda masSi; faqtobrivad,

eqsistencSi, yovelgvari opoziciis gareSe, rogorc SemTxvevis Semoqmedi da monawile

(SeiZleba iTqvas, rom opozicia Secvala subordinaciam). ase rom, xdeba e. w.

`praqtikuli subieqtis~ ganxorcieleba, romlis Canasaxebic, Semecnebis Teoriis da

SemecnebisTeoriuli subieqtis gverdiT, jer kidev `praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSia~,

romlis ZiriTadi damsaxurebac albaT swored es aris da ara kategoriuli imperativis

dadgena.

71

drois cnebac saxecvlilebas ganicdis; Tavidan, antikur periodSi, dro,

romliTac xdeba samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebebis aRricxva, moazrovneTa yuradRebis

Rirsadac ar aris Cavlili. Semdeg ki, rogorc subieqtis aRmnusxveli da `misi drois~

damTvleli, saazrovno sagani xdeba. am dros fiqsirdeba drois wrfivi _ maTematikuri

_ warsuli-awmyo-momavliseuli, triaduli gageba. Semdeg ki, rodesac subieqti ukve

sivrceSic fiqsirdeba, dro TandaTan totalurad iRebs periodis, ZiriTadi

ganmsazvRreli principis mniSvnelobas. dro xdeba yofierebis ganmsazRvreli _ rogorc

es haidegerTanaa: anu Cven vcxovrobT iseT yofierebaSi, ise aRviqvamT yofnas Cvens

garSemo da TviTon yofierebasac ki _ rogor droSic varT. Tavad dro ki isazRvreba

moazrovneebis gadamwyveti nabijebiT, rogorc platonma ganvisazRvra dro WeSmaritebis

gamoTvladobaze mimarTulobiT. dro, amave dros, SeiZleba iyos Cveni amgvarad

arsebobis safuZvelic, rogorc es huserlTanaa. sabolood, drois yvela gageba or

interpretaciaze daiyvaneba: wrfivi, maTematikuri gageba, romelic dros usasrulobaSi

gzavnis da misi dasawyisi da dasasruli Sinaganad ver moiazreba da e. w. sferosebuli

dro, romelic ufro Sinagani, arsebiTi principia, romelsac araferi ar esazRvreba,

romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs mTel yofiers. drois yvela gansazRvreba, dawyebuli

heraklitedan Cvens dromde, am or wertils Soris mimoiqceva.

V

Αιων πειχ εστι παιζον, πεσσευων, πειδοχ η βασιληιη (52 Diels) heraklites es

sityvebi gvafiqrebs da am frazas CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresod xdis; Tundac

imitom, rom masSi gamoyenebulia ori cneba _ `dro~ da `TamaSi~: `dro aris _ bavSvi

rom TamaSobs qvebiT (qvebis agdebiT); bavSvis sabrZanebeli~. αιων heraklites xanaSi

niSnavda periods, saukunes, drois gansazRvrul monakveTs; aseTi gageba ki Zalian

waagavs drois im mniSvnelobas, romelic Cven gamoviyeneT cnobierebis formebis

aRwerisas. _ ar unda daviviwyoT, rom cnobierebis forma-Sinaarsi aseve, cnobierebis

formebis cvalebadobac, _ platonis gamoqvabulis miTis interpretaciisas dadginda,

72

Tanac, herakliteseuli cecxlis daxmarebiT. _ swored cecxli iyo sxvadasxva formis

momtani da formaTa cvalebadobis simbolo.

herakliteseuli cecxli aenTeba da qreba. es cecxli kosmosia;

κοσµον.. εσται πυρ αειζωον, απιοµενον µετρα και αποσβεννυµενον µετρα (30 Diels).

maSasadame, cecxlis periodebi _ anTeba-Caqroba _ kosmosis periodebic arian. periods

ki αιων ewodeba. amitomac vambobT Cven _ Tu cecxli cnobierebis, rogorc formis

simboloa, maSin dro (αιων) niSnavs im konkretul formebs, romelsac cnobiereba

sakuTar gzaze moZraobisas xvdeba xolme.

axla unda gavarkvioT, Tu ratom aris `dro _ bavSvis sabrZanebeli~. amaze,

upirveles yovlisa, mTliani fragmentis pirvelma nawilma unda migviTiTos: dro

bavSvis TamaSia qvebiT; anu, fraza gveubneba, rom dro (yvela dro) _ TamaSiTaa

Seqmnili da TamaSiT aris. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ras niSnavs qvebiT TamaSi

(qvebis gdeba) _ es niSnavs erTi da imave qvebis sxvadasxva mimdevrobiT, sxvadasxva

poziciaSi davardnas (dawyobas). _ heraklite gveubneba, rom yvela dros, romelic aris

anda SeiZleba iyos, aris erTi da imave elementebis, fenomenebis nebismieri kavSirebis

rigi. nebismieri imitom, rom bavSvi maT sakuTari survilis mixedviT agdebs da ara

garedan gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT.

rodesac Cven enobriv sazRvriT cnebebs vikvlevdiT, vTqviT, rom sxvadasxva dro

am sazRvriTi cnebebis sxvadasxva SesabamebiT iwyoba. iqve aRvniSneT, rom ena, mas Semdeg,

rac masSi katastrofa `xdeba~, iwyebs TamaSs _ es TamaSi gamoixateba sakuTrivi

sazRvriTi cnebebis gadawyob-gadmowyobaSi. is qvebi, romlebiTac heraklites bavSvi

TamaSobs, albaT sazRvriTi cnebebi arian, _ maSin maTi yoveli axali pozicia _ axali

αιων-ia.

rodesac Cven enis TamaSi vaxseneT, ar gviTqvams, Tu ratom vuwodebT am

moqmedebas TamaSs _ ra Tqma unda, gadawyob-gadmowyoba, gdeba SeiZleba TamaSad

CavTvaloT, magram es TamaSi aucileblad unda davuaxlooT TamaSis Cveneul

gansazRvrebas `TamaSis fenomenologiaSi~. Cven vTqviT, rom TamaSi aris meta-rituali

anu iseTi rituali, romelsac `mizani~ (miTi) Tavis Tavs gareT ar aqvs da Tuki

73

SeiZleba saerTod mis mizanze laparaki, misi mizani isev ritualia. enis SemTxvevaSic,

sazRvriTi cnebebis SeqmniT enaSi igiveoba dgindeba moqmedebasa da moqmedebis mizans anu

maT aRmniSvnelebs Soris. es moqmedeba, `sanam~ sazRvriTi cneba Seiqmneba, SeiZleba

CavTvaloT gare samyaroSi, sinamdvileSi garkvevis mimarTulebad. _ anu, rodesac

saWiroa Sens garSemo mimdinare movlenebis dafiqsireba, gaCereba; magram am gaCerebis

Semdeg, faqtobrivad, es gaCerebuli ikavebs samyaros adgils iseve, rogorc cnobierebis

SemTxvevaSi _ rodesac cnobierebis forma Cerdeba da Sinaarsi iwyebs cvalebadobas

(TamaSis saSualebiT). aseve, enaSi samyaro gaCerebulia, xolo sazRvriTi cnebebi ki

`TamaSoben~ _ sxvadasxvanairad esadagebian erTmaneTs _ Tanac yoveli es misadageba

Tanabrad esabameba enaSi gaCerebul samyaros da ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas.

maSasadame, Cveni da Cvens gverdiT arsebuli ena cnobierebis uZraobas gviCvenebs,

imas, rac jer ar aris. _ ena aris iseTi sarke, romelSic Cans, Tu ra moxdeba, ra

mouva cnobierebas; anu ena aris anarekli areklilis gareSe. aseve, Cven SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom `sakuTriv-sazRvriT-cnebamdeli ena~ (aseTi arsebobis daSveba ki mxolod

Teoriulad SeiZleba) asaxavda cnobierebis moZraobas.

rogorc vxedavT, ena Tavis TavSi aigivebs moqmedebas da moqmedebis mizans,

rituals da miTs. Sinaarss da formas. gaigivebis safuZvelze iqmneba sazRvriTi cnebebi.

am sazRvriTi cnebebis Seqmna katastrofaa da ena wyvets moZraobas, magram iwyebs

TamaSs. am TamaSiT xdeba droebis Seqmna. mas Semdeg, rac ena principulad amowuravs

saTamaSos anu yvela variants gaiTamaSebs, cnobiereba, romelSic aris ena da romlis

formasac ena warmoadgens, gauigivdeba Tavis Tavs da amave dros enasac. _ radgan

moxdeba formisa da Sinaarsis damTxveva. amis formalur damadastureblad unda

gavixsenoT, rom, rogorc vTqviT, Tavisufleba xdeba cnobierebis, rogorc zmnis

igiveobrivi. es ki niSnavs, rom cnobierebaSi forma-Sinaarsis gaigiveba amave dros

gamoixateba arsebiTi saxeli `cnobierebis~ zmna `cnobierebad~ gadaqcevaSi anu sityvas

orive mniSvneloba eniWeba.

heraklitem mogvca drois formula. platonTan heraklites kvalis povna da am

safuZvelze heraklites zogierTi fragmenis axsna _ mis dakargul filosofiazec

74

gvelaparakeba, romelic sokratem waikiTxa da `rac ver gaigo~, ufro moewona.

heraklites kidev erTi frangmenti gveubneba, rom Cveni mimarTeba swori unda iyos:

παιδων αϕυρµατα(….� αβϕπωπινα δοξαµατα (30 Diels) _ `adamianTa azrebi~ (miCnevis

Sedegi) _ bavSvTa TamaSia~. heraklite iyenebs sityva δοξαµατα-s, rac niSnavs ara

ideebs, ara cnobierebis raime struqturas, aramed Sinaarsobriv, e. w. `regulatorul~

azrebs, riTac adamiani munyofierebaSi cxovrobs da samyaroSi erkveva. am fenomens Cvens

droSi `msoflmxedveloba~ ewoda. am fragmentis ase wakiTxva migviTiTebs, rom Tuki

αιων _ bavSvis TamaSia, adamanis azri, romelic am αιων-iT anu meta-samyaroTi anu

cnobierebis formiT isazRvreba, _ miT umetes bavSvis TamaSobaa, araseriozulia da ar

aris yuradRebis Rirsi.

amrigad, safuZveli gveZleva vivaraudoT, rom rac platonma gamoqvebulis miTiT

gviTxra, raRacnairi saxiT heraklitesTan iyo mocemuli _ yovel SemTxvevaSi irkveva,

rom cecxli, romelic gamoqvabulSi myofs formas aZlevs, mxolod literaturuli

analogiis gamo ar daunTia platons _ rom amas ufro Rrma safuZveli hqonda.

aqamde heraklites Zenonis gverdiT mxolod formalurad vayenebdiT: Zenons,

rogorc filosofiis pirvel SesamCnev damwyebs, esabameba heraklite, rogorc sityva

`filosofiis~ Semqmneli. amjerad _ filosofiiT gadmocemuli cnobierebis

tragikulobis kvali heraklitesaTanac vnaxeT.

Zenons Tavisi filosofia msoflmxedvelobad ar uqcevia. SesaZlebelia amis ar

keTebis stimuli misTvis parmenides magaliTi iyo. heraklites Sesaxeb Semonaxuli

gadmocema ki TiTqos gveubneba, rom igi sakuTari filosofiis mixedviT cxovrobda:

heraklite ganerida saxelmwifo moRvaweobas. amboden, rom is bavSvebTan TamaSs

da cecxlTan jdomas arCevda saxelmwifo saqmeebze laparaks. albaT is, am dros,

yvelaze ufro axlos grZnobda Tavs samyaros wesrigTan da agebulebasTan. heraklites

uTqvams, rom mas bavSvebTan TamaSi urCevnia efesosis basilevsobas. aseTi moqmedeba

erTi mxriv SeiZleba filosofiis msoflmxedvelobis qcevad CavTvaloT. Tumca,

SesaZlebelia, _ heraklites ar undoda samyaros struqturis or simbolos

daSoreboda _ TamaSs da cecxls _ da amiT filosofiisadmi erTgulebas gamoxatavda.

75

aseT fonze kidev erTi filosofosis cxovreba irkveva _ platoni. Cans, is

ufro drois Svili iyo. cnobierebis tragikuloba, romelic man gamoqvabulis miTSi

aRwera _ misTvis iseve ar iyo RirebulebiTi midgomis wyaro, rogorc heraklitesTvis

da ZenonisaTvis. oRondac, sayaros wesrigTan yofna misTvis _ miTSi yofnaa da miTebiT

laparaki. swored miTis (drois) mixedviT, droebis cvalebadobas misTvis mniSvneloba

ar hqonda _ miTSi xom yvelaferi meordeba. amitomac man heraklitesagan cecxli

`isesxa~, dro (‘αι&ν) ki _ uyuradRebod datova.

VI

ÛalbaT ukve SeiZleba TviTon filosofiaze raRac sityva iTqvas. Cven vambobdiT,

rom filosofia sazRvriTi cnebebis kvlevaa; magram am kvlevis istoriis Zalian

zedapirulma gadaxedvamac dagvarwmuna, rom mkacri azriT am fenomenze `kvlevis~ Tqma

ar SeiZleba: faqtobrivad, yvela droSi vinme filosofosi Sesabamisad kiTxulobda

sazRvriT cnebebs da drois mixedviT ganmartavda. amdenad, erTaderTi misaRebi, am

poziciidan, filosofiis gansazRvraa: sazRvriTi cnebebis aRwera.

rogorc vnaxeT, filosofia gadamwyvet rolis asrulebda droTa cvalebadobaSi.

Cven gavadevneT Tvali, Tu rogorc moxda erTi drois meoreTi Canacvleba

filosofiuri midgomis saSualebiT. aseve, empiriulad, miTis drois JamTaaRmwerluri

droiT Secvlis mizezi SeiZleba davinaxoT moazrovneTa mimarTulobaSi

mravalRmerTianobidan erTRmerTianobisaken.

am cvalebadobebs `arasubieqturi~ fenomenebi udevs safuZvlad. Cven amis Sesaxeb

ukve vilaparakeT; magram es `kanonebi~ filosofiaSi vlindebian anu dro filosofiis

eniT acxadebs damTavrebas da dawyebas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia amis gamoxatva

filosofiaSi TviTon filosofiis arsebis adekvaturi iyos, Cven ki am arsebis

gaukuRmarTebad CavTvaloT; magram faqtia, rom igi cvlilebis mimniSnebelad mainc

rCeba. rac Seexeba filosofiis arsebis gadamfaravebs, romlebic, rogorc vTqviT, arian

metafizika da agreTve, ontologiac: Tuki filosofias ganvixilavT, rogorc

76

sazRvriTi cnebebis deskrifcias, bunebrivia, yovelTvis SevecdebiT amreziT movekidoT

sibrZnis elementebs, romelnic, rogorc aRvniSneT, filosofias sawyisidanve `daebeda~

parmenides mier. magram, meore mxriv, Tuki filosofias SevxedavT rogorc droTa

cvalebadobis gamomxatvels da am cvalebadobaTa realur biZgs, _ maSin unda SeveguoT

filosofiaSi momxdar am `danaSauls~ da vaRiaroT, rom Tu ara ontologiuri da

metafizikuri elementebi, Cveni bedi, romelic Cven droSia moqceuli, sxvagvarad

warimarTeboda anu SeiZleba iTqvas, bedi ar gveqneboda.

magram rogori iqneba filosofia axla _ Cvens droSi, romlidanac, rogorc

aRvniSneT, axal droze gadasvla ar moxdeba da maSasadame, metafizikisa da

ontologiis `ontologiuri~ moTxovnileba aRar dgas. Tundac imitom, rom

metafizikisa da ontologiis SesaZleblobebi faqtobrivad amowurulia. amitomac xdeba,

Cveni drois dadgomasTan erTad, jer am ori elementis absoluturi gamoxatva (hegeli,

Selingi, fixte) da Semdeg ki _ maTi uaryofebis korianteli.

`axal~ droSi, rodesac `dro ukve aRar iqneba~, filosofias aqvs SesaZlebloba

daubrundebs Tavis ganuxorcielebel amosavals da ukve sufTa da gawmendili saxiT

gaagrZelos arseboba; magram ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli amis ganxorcieleba? SeiZleba

warmovidginoT filosofiis gza, romelic sazRvriTi cnebebis d maT modusebis ZebniT

daikavebs Tavs da amis Sedegad did simaRleebs miaRwevs; magram faqtobrivi da, rogorc

Cans, ZiriTadi+ funqcia _ droebis cvalebadobis biZgi _ mas ukve aRar eqneba. droebis

cvalebadobis damTavrebiT, bevrad ufro adre, vidre cnobiereba moZraobas Sewyvets,

bevrad ufro adre katastrofamde, filosofia niSans iZleva; magram es niSani TviTon

filosofiis mier Seqmnili mimarTulebebis, magaliad, mecnierebis mier, ifareba da

armecnierulad cxaddeba. meore mxriv ki _ moTamaSe adamians es niSani meore adamianis

mier gamogzavnili hgonia da iwyebs TamaSis axali wesebis mogonebas, raTa am niSans

adgili mounaxos Tavisi cnobierebis meta-SinaarsSi, meta-cnobierebaSi.

am pasaJiT Cven isev davbrundiT targediis analogiebis sferoSi: Tuki

cnobierebas vuyurebT rogorc tragediis personaJs, maSin Cven ukve viciT,

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cnobierebidan gamomdinare, erT-erTi konkretuli tragediis saxeli da Sesabamisad

tragediis mTavari gmiric _ kasandra.

amrigad, Cveni naweric tragediis struqturaSi moeqca. dasawyisSi moyvanili

debulebebi icvleba da sxvanairad warmogvidgeba Semdeg miRebulebis mier, magram am

ukanasknelebamde pirvelebis gareSe ver mixval. faqtobrivad dialeqtikac _

cnobierebis tragikulobis gadmocemis araRirebulebiTi variantia.

am nawilis dasawyisSi dasmuli amocanis `amoxsniT~ _ enis, rogorc tragediis

ganmartebiT, gamoirkva albad yvelaze ufro didi tragedia, romelic saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi iwereba da romelsac klasikuri tradiciis Sesabamisad `kasandra~

davarqviT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `kasandra~ rogorc calke literaturuli faqti,

mxolod axal droSi iwyebs arsebobas. _ albaT cnobierebis bedis SegrZnebis

gamZafrebasTan dakavSirebiT. kasandras ambavi gveubneba _ bedis mcodne ganwirulia

urwmunobisaTvis, Tundac imitom, rom aseTi unari gviCvenebs imas, Tu `sinamdvileSi~

ra aris is orientiri, is meta-samyaro, romlisakenacaa moZraoba mimarTuli. es

`sinamdvile~ ki, rogorc wesi, mimarTulobis sawinaaRmdegoa.

ilustracia: zRapris esTetika

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom aq `esTetika~ ar niSnavs filosofiis

`Tanamedrove~ mimarTulebas, romelic mSvenierebas, amaRlebuls da sxva Sesabamis

kategoriebs Seiswavlis. Cven davubrundebiT sityvis safuZvel-mniSvnelobas: αισϕησιχ_

aris SegrZneba, grZnoba, mocemuli gancda. amave dros αισϕησιχ aris kvali _ romelic

gvelaparakeba cxovelis Sesaxeb da kargi mkiTxveli, monadire zustad mihyavs kvalis

damtoveblamde. kvali aris is, rac rCeba, rasac garkveuli gansazRvruli dro-

sivrculi parametrebi aqvs, gansxvavebiT mekvlesagan, romelic moZraobs da misi

moxelTeba Znelia. kvalis mimdevrobas, romelTaganac TiToeuli gaCerebulia, mivyavarT

cxovelisaken da zustad imeorebs, emTxveva imas, sadac cxoveli iyo da aris. _ kvali

78

mTlianad moicavs im sivrcesa da dros, im garemos, romelSicaa kvalis damtovebeli.

amitomac kvalis codna, amave dros, kvalis damtoveblis codnacaa. am codnis gamoyeneba

ki sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba: SeiZleba `mopovebiT~ gawyvito kvalis xazi, _ magram

amiT rogorc kvali, aseve mekvle qreba, is garemo, romelSic kvali da mekvle

cxovreoben, carieldeba da nadgurdeba. _ da SeiZleba mxolod kvalze gayola _

mopovebis survili im garemoSi yofniT Sevcvalo, romelSic kvali da mekvle saxloben.

wina TavebSi Cven ganvsazRvreT filosofia, rogorc aRwera. Tavisi SinaarsiT es

sityva analizs, daWras ewinaaRmdegeba; anu filosofia, rogorc aRwera, niSnavs: im

garemos aRweras, romelSic aRsaweri aris (aq laibniciseul gagebas vubrundebiT: ori

absoluturad erTnairi sagani, romlebic or sxadasxva wertilSi

mdebareobs, ori sxvadasxva sagania. es gamoTqma, upirveles yovlisa, migviTiTebs, rom

sagnisaTvis arsebiTi da ganmsazRvreli aris ara imdenad sakuTari `meqanikuri~

agebuleba, aramed is garemo, is parametrebi, romelSic is aris da, Sesabamisad, sagnebs

Soris gansxvavebebi “garemoebs” Soris gansxvavebebia). gza filosofiisaken

esTetikosobaSi mdgomareobs.

amjerad Cven unda vTqvaT, Tu ram ganapiroba “esTetikosobis” zRaparze mimarTva.

is xom sazRvriTi cneba ar aris. yovel SemTxevaSi aqamde asTad ar iyo cnobili. am

mimarTvis safuZveli aris zRaprisaTvis damaxasiatebeli dro da sivrcea, anu, is

garemo, sadac zRapari cxovrobs da kvals tovebs.

zRapars, romelsac garkveuli tradiciis mixedviT jadosnurad da

arajadosnurad hyofen, ara aqvs gansazRuruli dro da sivrce. Cven ver vityviT, rom

zRaparSi saerTod ar aris dro da sivrce _ yovel maTganSi xdeba garkveuli moqmedeba

garkvul adgilas raRac drois ganmavlobaSi; magram es dro da sivrce, romlebic

zRaparSi mocemulia, ucnobia anda, SeiZleba iTqvas, `ararsebuli~. am arasebobaze

zRapris miRebuli dasawyisebi migviTiTeben

`cxra mTas iqiT~, _ sivrcis ucnobebis aRmniSvnelebia, “Once upon a time” _ drois

ucnobebis. aris zRaprebis dasawyisebi, romlebic pirdapir am `ararsebobaze~

miuTiTeben: `iyo da ara iyo ra~. Tavis mxriv drois ucnobobaze zRaparSi gaSlili

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ambis ganusazRvroba migviTiTebs _ arc erT magTanSi drois dasaxeleba ar xdeba, xolo

jadosnuri elementebis Tanaarseboba ar gvaZlevs saSualebas es ambebi sadRac Cvens

droSi, anda romeliRac droSi movaTavsoT.

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, es Tviseba iyos erTaderTi, romelic zRapars sxva

literaturuli fenomenebisagan ganasxvavebs: miTSi, iseve rogorc miTiur droSi,

gansazRvrulia da nacnobia adgili anu moqmedebis sivrce. saraindo romanSi, sxva

msgavs nawarmoebebSi, romlebsac gmiri anu erTi konkretuli subieqti hyavT,

gansazRvrulia dro. ufro gviandel, lamis Cvens Tanamedrove literaturaSi _

sivrcec da droc, rac gaurkvevels xdis `mTavari gmiris~ figuras, imdenad

mTlianobaSi Cans igi Tavis garemosTan.

aq SeiZleba eWvi warmoiSvas zRapris jadosnuri elementis gamo _ is xom ar

aris zRapris arsebis ganmsazRvreli. empiriulad, ra Tqma unda; magram zRapris

Tavisdavadi, e. w. `transcendentaluri~ mizezi ucnobi dro da sivrcea. empiriulad ki,

marTlac, jadosnuri elementis arseboba `aiZulebs~ mezRapres zRaparSi mimdinare

movlenebi ucnob dro-sivrceSi gadaitanos, Tundac imitom, rom zRaparma tyuilis saxe

ar miiRos (tyuili aris nacnob dro-sivrceSi ucnauri da aradamajerebeli movlenebis

moTavseba). ucnobi garemo, sadac aravin ar aris namyofi, zRapris arazRaprulad aRqmas

gamoricxavs. xolo `trancententalurad~ _ ucnobi dro-sivrce maqsimalur

Tavisuflebas iZleva da amitomac masSi yovlad SeuZlebeli mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSirebis (jadoqrobis) moTavsebis SesaZleblobasac. _ zRapari, romelSic jadosnuri

elementebi naklebad aris, mainc zRaparia, swored ucnobi garemos gamo.

Cven vnaxeT, rom droebis cvalebadobas Tanxvdeba e. w. `msoflmxedvelobrivi

tipebis~ cvalebadobac. bunebrivia, Tuki `msoflmxedvelobebi~ icvleba, maSin maTze

empiriulad damokidebuli fenomenebic unda icvlebodnen. erT-erTi aseTia literatura.

literaturis tipebi asaxaven da kargad gadmoscemen droebis cvalebadobas; Cven

SegviZlia Tvali vadevnoT droebis Sesabmisi literaturis formebs;

`pirveli~ dro, romelsac Cven CavwvdiT, aris miTi _ am SemTxvevaSi bevri

saubari ar aris saWiro _ miTis dro migviTiTebs, rom amdroindeli literatura

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isazRvreba miTiT da aris miTi; miTi, ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac sivrceSi da ara

aqvs dro e. i. yvela droSi. JamTaaRmwerloba, rogorc vnaxeT, aris raRac dro

garkveuli, gansazRvruli sivrcis gareSe. es dro gmiris, moqmedi piris droa _ saiTac

gaiwevs gmiri, saiTac wava, is sivrce Semova mis `garemoSi~. amis gamoxatva moxda

rogorc saraindo romanebSi, aseve wmindanTa cxovrebebSi. istoriis droSi, romlis

dro-sivrcec Cven sferos SevadareT, aris gansazRvruli droisa da aseTive sivrcis

literatura. am drois romani gadmogvcems ara gmiris dros, aramed samyaros, epoqas

anu `garemos~ gadmocemis pretenzia aqvs (aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom swored axal

droSi da gansakuTrebiT XIX-XX saukuneebSi aqtiurad iwyeba mwerlis wignebSi

`filosofiis~ Zieba. amis karg safuZvels iZleva garemos, samyaros gadmocemisaken

mimarTuleboba. aseve, iwyeba aseTi midgomis gadatana sxva, `wina~ droebis

literaturaze, rac am ukanasknelTaTvis ucxoa da miuRebeli. is `filosofia~ ki,

romlis mopovebisaken iswrafvian, avtoris msoflmxedvelobaa da sxva araferi). aseTi

literaturis kargi magaliTebia e. w. eqsistencialuri romanebi, romlebSic mTavar

gmirebs imdenad aqvs dakarguli `gmiruli~ Tvisebebi, imdenad Cveulebrivni arian, rom

mxolod `garemos~, samyaros gamoxatvis saSualebebad iqcevian. aseTi literaturis

gmirebis saSualebiT xdeba e. w. `epoqis sulis~ gadmocema. aseve, am mimarTulebis

magaliTia franguli literaturis `axali talRa~.

sakiTxavia, ratom gamoixateba droebis cvalebadoba ase kargad literaturaSi. _

ara marto literaturaSi, adamianTan dakavSirebul yvela fenomenSi kargad Cans drois

kvali. literaturaSi is ubralod, advilad Cans; radganac, rogorc vnaxeT, sazRvriTi

cnebebis urTierTSesabamebani, romlebic dros qmnian, enaSi xdeba, xolo literatura,

rogorc misgan warmoSobili da meore mxriv, misi wyaro (empiriulad _ metyvelebasTan

erTad) axlos dgas enasTan da misi `pirveli donis anareklia~.

Cven gavnixileT ramdenime niSani, romlebiTac droebi Tavs avlenen; magram ar

migviTiTebia maT Soris zRapari, romelic Tavis `garemos~ mixedviT am rigis movlena

unda iyos, magram swored Tavisi `garemos~ mixedviT igi arc erT tipSi ar Tavsdeba.

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wina TavebSi Cven movniSneT, is rac `iqneba~ droebis Semdeg; anu rodesac dro

ukve aRar iqneba; da igi TamaSis niSniT davbeWdeT. TamaSis `dro~, rogorc vnaxeT,

iwvevs ritualis meta-ritualad gadaqcevas da meta-rituali _ meta-samyaros

mimarTebis warmoSobas. xdeba cnobierebis gaigiveba enasTan. TamaSi, romelic enaSia,

emTxveva im TamaSs, romelic cnobierebaSi warmoiSoba (formalurad). am `dros~ axali

drois warmoSoba aRar xdeba, radganac sazRvriTi cnebebis yvela urTierTSesabameba

amowurulia. kantis eniT rom vTqvaT, Sesabamisad amisa iwureba aproriuli formebis

anu empiriuli dro-sivrce-SemTxvevis Sesatyvisobebi, maTi axali pozicia

gamoricxulia. erTaderTi axali pozicia, Tuki amas pozicia SeiZleba davarqvaT, aris

mdgomareoba, rodesac dro da sivrce Tan gansazRvrulebi arian, Tan _

ganusazRvrelebi; aseve _ SemTxveva da subieqti _ cal-calke unda sazRvravdnen

mimarTulebas da Tanac erTmaneTiT isazRvrebodnen.

literaturul formaSi am `axali~ poziciis Sesatyvisi aris zRapari. misi dro

da sivrce, erTis mxriv, gansazRvrulia, radgan masSi aRiwereba moqmedebis dro da

adgili, meore mxriv ki _ ganusazRvreli: es dro da adgili ucnobia da misi povna

SeuZlebelia. aseve personaJisa da siuJetis urTierTobac: erTi mxriv, siuJeti,

rogorc zRaprul SemTxvevaTa erToba, gansazRvravs personaJs, xolo meore mxriv ki,

personaJi, rogorc moqmedi _ siuJets.

Tuki literaturaSi msgavs fenomens Zebnas davuwyebT, vipoviT: es aris Fantasy _

Tanamedrove zRapari, romelic iqmneba miTologiur da zRaprul elementebze

dayrdnobiT da warmoSobidan (XX saukunis dasawyisi) sul ufro da ufro did

popularobas ixveWs. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es ubralod siuJetis da gmiris

dabrunebaa, magram zRapris da JamTaaRmwerlobis `garemoebis~ gansxvaveba am azrs

gvatovebinebs.

TamaSs moaqvs zRapris fenomeni, zRapris `epoqa~. TiTqosda es faqti gvaiZulebs

uimedod yofnas da moqmedebaze uaris Tqmas. sinamdvileSi ki piriqiT: erTi mxriv, igi

gviCvenebs RirebulebiTi midgomis arasakmarisobas, araperspeqtiulobas, xolo meore

mxriv, am magaliTiT migviTiTebs samyaros yoveli fenomenis `mniSvnelobaze~ da

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gveubneba, rom isic ki, rasac RirebulebiTi midgoma araseriozulad da umniSvnelod

Tvlis, SeiZleba swored am midgomis erT-erTi ganmsazRvrelic aRmoCndes.

magram aq SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva; yvela `Janri~ ase Tu ise Tavis dros iqmneba.

zRapari ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavidan aris. saqme isaa, rom zRapari, rogorc sazRvriTi

cnebebis `ganusazRvreli~ , gaurkveveli urTierToba, aris `pirveli~, rodesac

sazRvriTi cnebebi `ukve~ arian, xolo gansazRvruli urTierToba maT Soris ki ar

dawyebula. e. i. zRapari aris miTamde da miTTan erTad. is ar aris cnobierebis forma

_ is aris pirveli nabiji am formebis Sesaqmnelad.

xolo Fantasy-s, romelic aris bolo `forma~, iseTive maxasiaTeblebi axlavs,

iseTive `garemo~ aqvs, rogorc manamdel, e. w. jadosnur, `xalxur~ zRapars; magram

Fantasy-s SemTxvevaSi es garemo miRebulia wina da saerTod garemos uaryofiT, _

`saTamaSoebze~ anu sazRvriTi cnebebis gansazRvrul urTierTmimarTebebze da Tavad

sazRvriT cnebebze uaris TqmiT.

heraklitem gviTxra: `dro aris _ bavSvi rom TamaSobs qvebis gdebiT~. am

fragments Semdegnairad vkiTxulobT: dro _ enis TamaSia, sazRvriTi cnebebis

sxvadasxva Sesabameba erTmaneTTan.

bolo suraTia: cnobiereba `Tavidan~ aris gaucxoebuli ena, romelic TamaSs,

rogorc TavisTvis da Tavis TavSi myof mdgomareobas ucxovdeba da eZebs orientirs,

raTa Tavisi rituali mimarTos. aseT orientirad mas TamaSis gaCerebuli poziciebi

warmoudgeba. am mdgomareobaSi, enasTan urTierTobaSi cnobiereba isazRvreba, rogorc

uaryofa. es uaryofebis, moZraobebis rigi mTavrdeba katastrofiT, gaCerebiT, romlis

drosac cnobiereba, romelic uaryofaa, uigivdeba enas. xdeba misi igiveobrivi. uaryofis

es unari, romelic cnobierebaSi aris, magram ukve misi sakuTari veRar iqneba, xdeba am

igiveobis SesaZlebloba; xolo ena, romelic am igiveobis formulaSi erTaderTia,

romelsac raRacis uaryofa SeuZlia (Tavisi TamaSis), uaryofs Tavis pozicias. Cven

vxedavT, rom `jer~ cnobierebisa da enis gaigiveba `wamieria~ da isini kvlav

opoziciaSi dgebian. enisaTvis TamaSis uaryofa dro-sivrcisa da SemTxveva-subieqtis

(saTamaSoebis) uaryofas niSnavs; anu maT ar arsebobas, gansazRvrulobas da Tan

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gausazRvrelobas. ena am safuZvelze Tavidan qmnis axal `garemos~ _ zRapars. es

`garemo~ idealuria moTamaSe cnobierebisaTvis. TamaSi xom maqsimalurad Ria, gan-

Tavisuflebul (e. i. katastroful) garemos moiTxovs da kvlav xdeba enisa da

cnobierebis gaigiveba. amiT TamaSs ganusazRvreli, SemousazRvravi `garemo~ umtkicdeba,

rac gamoricxavs am mdgomareobis gadalaxvas, e. i. gaucxoeba-uaryofas, sazRvris

uqonlobis gamo. es garemo kvlav, magram ukve formalurad _ horizontulia:

nebismieri win waweva _ gadasalaxavad _ ukan wevs horizonts, rac cnobierebas isev

`droSi yofnis~ iluzias uqmnis. cnobiereba zRaparSi iwyebs TamaSs.

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bolosityvaobis magivrad

Cven vnaxeT, rom droebSi pirveli aris miTi. marTalia, es yofna, tradiciuli

kategoriebiT rom vimsjeloT, SemTxveviTia. radganac ganusazRvrelia, enis sazRvriTi

cnebebiT TamaSisas romeli gawyoba imTavrebs; magram aris kidev erTi faqtori,

romelic gvaiZulebs es fenomeni `SemTxveviTobis da aucileblobis damTxvevad~ mainc

CavTvaloT _ TviT miTis sturqtura: SemTxveva gansazRvrul sivrceSi. upirveles

yovlisa, unda vTqvaT, rom es gawyoba aris `pirveli~ SesaZlebeli kombinacia, sadac

saerTod SeiZleba raime sistemaze ilaparako _ sami elementis SesaZlebeli

kavSirebidan umartivesia ganxorcielebuli: ori maTgani mkacr, gansazRvrul

mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan, mesame ki _ orivesTan ganusazRvrelSi. savsebiT SesaZlebelia

`pirveli~ sxva ganwyoba yofiliyo _ rodesac SemTxveva da dro iqneboda

gansazRvruli. es Sesabameba, rogorc vnaxeT, miTis Semdeg moxda da Cven mas

JamTaaRmwerloba davarqviT.

amjerad Cveni amocanaa vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina cnobierebaze sazRvriTi

cnebebis `SemTxveviTi~ mimarTebebis mimdevrobam anu Tu ras niSnavs CvenTvis is, rom

cnobiereba pirvelad miTSi iwyebs cxovrebas. amisaTvis miTis agebulebas unda

davubrundeT da gamovarkvioT, Tu ras enaTesaveba, an ras emTxveva es struqtura Cvens

garemoSi: miTi aris raRac garkveuli SemTxvevis aRwera garkveul, gansazRvrul

sivrceSi. es SemTxveva yvela droSi, yovelTvis xdeba (sadac es sivrce SeimCneva). am

mimarTebis maqsimaluri ganzogadebiT Semdeg suraTs viRebT: aRiwereba, moicema raRac

mdgomareoba, romelic Tavis Sesabamis sivrceSi yovelTvis aris. Cvens garemoSi rom

mimovixedoT, advilad vipoviT igiveobrivi struqturis fenomens: es aris kanoni. Tanac

ara mxolod mecnieruli. Tumca, mecnierebis magaliTze am debulebis marTebuloba

advilad Cans: yoveli mecniereba iZleva kanonebs _ romlebic aRgviweren garkveul

mdgomareobebs, romlebic marTebulni arian im sivrcisaTvis, romelsac kanoni

SemosazRvravs Tavisi moqmedebis sferod. magaliTad, niutonis msoflio mizidulobis

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kanoni swored garkveuli sivrcisTvisaa gamosadegi, am sivrceSi ki _ yovelTvis

xorocieldeba; magram kanoni _ Tundac mxolod empiriulad-enobrivad-dasaxelebis

mixedviT _ mxolod mecnierebis kuTvnileba ar aris. arsebobs iuridiuli, moraluri

da sxva tipis kanonebi. simarTlisagan ar iqneba Sors, Tu vityviT, rom adamiani

kanonebSi cxovrobs, kanonebad awyobs sakuTar garemos. yvela sferoSi, yvela doneze,

romlebSic adamiani moqmedebs, aris ama Tu im sferos anu sivrcis kanonebi. cnobiereba

yvelgan kanons xedavs _ poeziaSic, mxatvrobaSic, saerTod, sakuTari moqmedebis

nebismier mimarTulebaSi.

maSasadame, cnobiereba yvelgan miTs xedavs. morali anu zneobrivi, eTikuri

kanonebi aris adamianTa Soris urTierTmimarTebis gamiTeba; anu miTi am sferos Sesaxeb,

romelSic SemosazRvrulia sivrce (adamianTa Soris imarTeba, adamianis mimarTeba

sxvasTan), dro ki ugulebelyofilia. _ es miTi, romelsac morali hqvia, Tavisi

miTobis gamo, yovelTvis unda moxdes (igive iTqmis sxva kanonebzec).

aq ukve gamoikveTa, Tu ras niSnavs `pirvel~ drod miTis yofna: cnobiereba

mTlianad, maSinac ki, roca is miTSi aRar aris, isazRvreba miTiT da miTis mier

mocemuli droiT cxovrobs. miTi, rogorc samyaros pirveli xati _ konkretuli meta-

samyaro, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba Sinaarsobrivi fenomeni vuwodoT

(radgan konkretulia) _ iqceva formalur movlenad, romelic funqcionalurad

sazRvravs yovlad aramiTiur meta-samyaroebs; imiT, rom swored miTiuroba aiZulebs

cnobierebas Seqmnas meta-samyaro anu garemo kanonSi moaTavsos.

axla ukve gasagebi xdeba da metaforis farglebs Sordeba, Cven rom cnobierebis

Sinaarss rituali davarqviT. amdenad, cnobierebis formas imitom ki ar SeiZleba miTi

davuZaxoT, _ Sinaarsi rom ritualia, aramed Sinaarss imitom SeiZleba rituali

vuwodoT, rom cnobierebis `formis forma~ _ miTia.

am safuZvelze ukve cxadi xdeba, Tu ratom uyvarda platons miTebiT laparaki

da aseve, ratomaa, rom heraklites bevri SemorCenili fragmenti miTis formas

gulisxmobs; miTebiT laparaki safuZvelTan axlos dgomas, masTan miaxloebas niSnavs.

miTis moyola amave dros adamianis da samyaros agebulebis moyolacaa.

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aq erTi problema warmoiSoba: unda gansxvavdes amaTuim kanonis Camomyalibebeli

fenomeni _winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sayovelTao erTianobasa da ganurCevlobis daskvna

gvemuqreba, rac aqamde Cvens naTqvams faqtobrivad gaauqmebs.

magram aq _ sxva droebis faqtori unda gavixsenoT. kanonis Semqmnel yvela

fenomens Tavisi dro aqvs; anu, kanonis Seqmnis is tipi iwyebs yofnas, romelic yvelaze

ufro Seesabameba mocemul dros.

ase _ JamTaaRmwerlobis gmirisaTvis sivrce ganusazRvrelia, _ anu man ar icis,

vis da ras Sexvdeba cxovrebis gzaze _ iwyeba iuridiuli da eTikuri kanonebis

Camoyalibeba, romlebmac swored aseTi SemTxveviTi Sexvedrebi unda moiyvanon wesrigSi.

istoriis droSi mecnierebis dafuZneba xdeba. im mecnierebis, romlis safuZlad

SeiZleba lokis gamoTqma CavTvaloT _ sagnis codna niSnavs sagnis genezisis codnas. es

fenomeni istoriis struqturas efuZneba _ masSi dro sivrce, iseve, rogorc SemTxveva

(SemTxvevis subieqti) gansazRvrulebi arian. dros da sivrcis Tanabari

gansazRvrulobis Semotana ki Sedegad mecnierebas iZleva (rogorc maqsimaluri

sizustis gamoxatva).

rac Seexeba xelovnebas _ misi, rogorc kanonis anu miTis roli miTis

droidanvea gansazRvruli da yvela droSi mis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kanonebi (miTebi)

iqmneba. Tumca, yvelam viciT, rom arsebobs azri, romlis mixedviTac homerosi, dante

da rilke _ erTsa da imave kanons eqvemdebarebian da asruleben. es sxva arafers

niSnavs, garda misa, rom xelovnebas erTi miTi aqvs. Sesabamisad, yvela namdvili

rituali (xelovnebis nawarmebi) am erT miTs miemarTeba _ drois miuxedavad.

Cven zemoT aRvniSneT, rom filosofia ar aanalizebs, _ rom is aRwers garemos;

anu, filosofia sivrceSi gaSlil moqmedebas (SemTxvevas) aRwers. amdenad filosofia

aris _ miTis aRwera. amdenad, yvelafris filosofia SeiZleba arsebobdes da mainc,

Tuki SeiZleba filosofiis `swor mimarTulebaze~ vilaparaoT, filosofia aRwers

cnobierebis miTs. am azriT gamoqvabulis miTi da transcentendaluri esTetika erTi da

igivea. amdenad, filosofia, gansxvavebiT cnobierebis sxva fenomenebisagan, miTs aRwers

_ arc qmnis mas da arc asrulebs.

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da bolos, saSualeba gveZleva SevexoT XX saukuneSi warmoSobil debulebas

`aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis gansxvavebulobis~ Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa, unda

vTqvaT, rom is gansxvaveba, romelic XIX saukuneSi iyo _ ukve aRar aris. xolo rac

Seexeba imas, rac iyo: dasavleTis cnobierebisaTvis es miswrafeba iyo sakuTari

warsulis nostalgia, romelic axli drois Seqmnis niRbiT moqmedebda da mxolod

sakuTar warsuls naxulobda.

maSasadame, cnobiereba ara marto iwyebs miTSi cxovrebas. yvelaze ufro farTo

garemo, romelSic ki SesaZlebelia cnobierebis moazreba _ miTia; anu, cnobiereba

saerTod da mxolod miTSi cxovrobs.

Cven zemoT aRvniSneT: filosofia sazRvriTi cnebebis aRweraa. amjerad

sazRvriTi cnebebi miTis adekvaturni aRmoCndnen: filosofia aRwers sazRvriT cnebebs

maT SesaZlebel urTierTmimarTebebSi (rogorc isini mas eZlevian). amiT filosofia im

kanons (miTs) aRwers, romelSic cnobiereba saxlobs. aqve gasagebi xdeba, Tu mudam

ratom emuqreba filosofias msoflmxedvelobad qceva: rogorc ki iwyeba romelime

konkretuli miTis (drois) aRwera, filosofia msoflmxedvelobis gadmocema xdeba.

Tumca, meores mxriv, konkretuli miTebis (droebis) aRwerac xom filosofosis saqmea;

magram albaT yvelaze saxifaTo saqme, romelic erTi mxriv sakuTar arsebas akargvinebs

(msoflmxedvelobad aqcevs), xolo meore mxriv _ sakuTari arsebis mixedviT

amoqmedebs, rac - droTa cvalebadobis mauwyeblobaa.