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gigi TevzaZe

saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabruneba

Tbilisi 2003

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sarCevi:

sarCevi: ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 I. wignis struqturis ganmarteba ....................................................................................................... 3 II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” ................................................ 4 III. pirveli Sesavali – Back to USSR .................................................................................................. 6

• Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi – politikuri movlenebis orbita XX

saukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi .................................................................... 10 paterloo, anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebi ......................................................................................... 16 mcire jgufebis kanoni ................................................................................................................ 20

III. meore Sesavali – iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvis ......................................................... 21 • simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTi

gankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxeb ............................................................................. 22 III. mesame Sesavali – trul-klapaciusis sindromi ..................................................................... 27

• ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWire ............................................... 30 • daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobs ............................................................................................. 32

IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga ......................................................................................... 35

• 1. politikuri sistema – Zalauflebis tipi ................................................................. 35 • 2. socialuri sistema ......................................................................................................... 37 • 3. ganaTlebis sistema .......................................................................................................... 40 • 4. sasamarTlo sistema ........................................................................................................ 42 • 5. jari da policia ............................................................................................................. 44 • 6. sagareo urTierTobebi .................................................................................................... 45 • 7. ekonomika ........................................................................................................................... 46 • 8. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ................................................................................................. 52 • 9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebi ................................................................. 55 • 10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebi ............................................................................ 57 • 11. eklesia da masmedia ........................................................................................................ 61 • 12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebi ........................................................... 65

V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs da mimsgavsebul qveynebSi .................................................................................................................................................. 67 VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs ............................................ 71 VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyos da rogori ar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, da ara marto is, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul (regresirebul) versiad .............. 76 VIII. dasasruli pirveli – Zalauflebis mokle istoria ......................................................... 78 VIII. dasasruli meore – rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis, aryofnis da yofna-aryofnis xarisxi ....................................................................................................................... 83 Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein Volk .............................................................................................................. 85 VIII. dasasruli mesame – aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdeg ....................................................... 96 IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvis ............................................................................................... 101

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I. wignis struqturis ganmarteba

am wignis avtorma icis, rom Zalian Znelia erTsa da imave dros saqarTveloSi

arsebuli viTareba aRwero, am viTarebis Sesaxeb sociologiur-inteleqtualur-

istoriuli daskvnebi akeTo da, miuxedavad amisa, wigni mainc saintereso sakiTxavi

gamovides.

amitom wigns samjer iwyeben Tavidan. TiToeul Sesavals win uZRvis im sami tipis

mkiTxvelis aRwera, visac es gansxvavebuli Tavebi unda moergos. samive es aRwera

midis TavTan, romlSic 12 niSania aRwerili, da romlic wakiTxvac am wignis

gagebisaTvis aucilebelia. Semdeg, wigni aseve sami dasasruliT mTavrdeba.

albaT, mkiTxveli ukve Seafiqriana wina abzacis dasawyisSi motanilma frazam

“iwyeben”. ukve Sefiqrianebuli mkiTxveli amis gamarTlebas waawydeba zogierTi Tavis

dasawyisisas an dasrulebisas, sadac avtori da avtor-ego saubroben. es dialogebi,

simarTle rom iTqvas, erTgvari gamosavalia im sirTuleebidan, romlebSic msjeloba

Tavs rom amohyofs xolme. Tumca, meore mxriv, am dialogebs aqvs pretenzia,

mkiTxvelis im wuTs warmoSobili azri amoicnos da amiT wignis kiTxva ufro

saxaliso gaxados.

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II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad”

Tavidan, rodesac am wignis dawera gadavwyvite, mindoda saTaurad “rigiTi

saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” damerqmia. es iqneboda miTiTeba stiven spilbergis

cnobil filmze “rigiTi raianis gadasarCenad”. am filmSi meore msoflio omSi

monawile amerikeli jariskacis, saxelad raianis, gadarCenisaTvis filmis yvela

gmiri, Tavad raianis garda, kvdeba. aseT saTaurs albaT, bundovnad unda mieniSnebina,

rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis dasaZlevad Zalian bevr arsebul sistemaze

Tu Seguebul Rirebulebebze uaris Tqma mogviwevs. anda, ufro radikalur mkiTxvels

es saTauri etyoda, rom saqarTvelos gadasarCenad msxverplis gaRebaa saWiro.

samwuxarod, es saTauri gaugebari aRmoCnda am wignis umetesi adresatisaTvis,

mxolod imitom, rom maT filmi ar enaxaT. .

is saTauri, romelic wigns axla hqvia, kvlav kinoindustriaze miTiTebaa,

oRond ufro saSinelebaTa an action filmebze, sadac wina filmSi damarcxebuli da

TiTqos ganadgurebuli monstri (an gmiri) brundeba. imdenad, ramdenadac am seriis

pirvel wigns hqvia “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi”, meoris saxeli –

“saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis dabruneba” mimdevrobis garkveul wesze miuTiTebs.

saTauris, erTi SexedviT, simartivis miuxedavad, mkiTxvels Tavad mouwevs garkveva,

vin brundeba – monstri Tu gmiri, Tu orive erTad.

am wigns serialis sxva Tvisebac aqvs; bevri Tanamedrove action siuJeti

Semdegnairia: pirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRiwereba raRac viTareba, rogorc

absoluturi da ueWveli. meore seriis/nawilis amoqmedebisas cxadi xdeba, rom

pirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRwerili ambavi sxva, ufro vrceli siuJetis ganuyofeli

mcire elementia1

me Sevecdebi vaCveno, rom is, Tu rogor qveyanaSi vcxovrobT, sad vimyofebiT

da ra warmatebebi da warumateblobebi gvelis, mxolod da mxolod institutebis,

Rirebulebebis da socialuri struqturebis analiziTaa SesaZlebeli ganisazRvros

. xandaxan, pirveli nawilis dadebiTi personaJebi meores uaryofiTi

protagonistebi aRmoCndebian da piriqiT. es wignic, pirvel wignTan “Zalauflebis

simulaciebTan” erTad, aseTi tipis erTianobas qmnis.

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1 amis klasikuri magaliTia “adamianebi SavebSi” da “adamianebi SavebSi 2”.

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aseve, Sevecdebi avxsna, ratom aRar muSaoben Sefasebis, dakvirvebis da gazomvis

2 da ara politikuri sistemebis da subieqtebis gancxadebaTa zedapiruli analiziT da

analogiebis gatarebiT, rogorc es CvenSi xSirad xdeba.

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Zveli, kargad nacadi meTodebi, da ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom aseTi meTodebi

Tavidan dafuZndes. maqvs imedi, rom saqarTvelos SemoTavazebuli aRwera, SeiZleba

sxva, saqarTvelos analogiur socialur da politikur sinamdvileSi myofi qveynebis

mimarTac marTebuli aRmoCndes. me ar var Sepyrobili negatiuri nacionalizmiT, da

ver vityvi, rom raRac “mxolod Cven gvWirs”.

maT, vinc Cems wigns “Zalauflebis simulaciebs” icnobs, minda vauwyo, rom

simulaciis etapi damTavrda. daiwyo meore, “Zalauflebis dabrunebis” faza. Cven

gardauvlad miveqanebiT im mdgomareobisaken, romelic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc

Sua saukuneebi. is Sua saukuneebi, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia. erT-erTi

gza, romelic am mdgomareobidan gamogviyvanda, kvlav simulaciis aRdgenaa. Tu es

moxda, Cven saxifaTo wreSi aRmovCndebiT: ciklis – Zalauflebis

simulaciebi/Zalauflebis dabruneba _ yovel gameorebasTan, anu ciklis tradiciad

qcevasTan erTad, sxva gzis arCeva sul ufro da ufro SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.

saTauris ganmarteba: Zalauflebis dabruneba niSnavs erTis mxriv, Zalauflebis

dabrunebas imis mier, vinc Zalauflebis simulacias3

3 maTTvis, visac “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” ar waukiTxavs, simulaciis

ganmarteba im wignidan: “simulacia, anu simulaciuri procesi, simulirebis saSualebiT

miiReba. simulacia iseve moqmedebs, rogorc Tavad is, risi simulirebac xdeba. oRond

safuZveli da dasayrdeni, romelic gaaCnia imas, risi simulirebac xdeba, simulacias ara

aqvs. simulaciuri procesi mTeli ZalebiT cdilobs daamtkicos, rom simulaciis ukan

Sesabamisi safuZvli da dasayrdeni imaleba. ase rom, simulacia arafers ar faravs, piriqiT,

is cdilobs aCvenos imis arseboba, rac ar aris”.

awarmoebda, xolo meore mxriv,

dabrunebas im droSi, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba iyo Semqmneli, mokarnaxe da

ganmsazRvreli.

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es Sesavali gankuTvnilia im mkiTxvelisaTvis, visac istoria ufro itacebs, vidre

am istoriis analizi da usagno ganazrebebi. agreTve imaTTvis, visac axsovs da/an

ainteresebs, ra iyo sabWoTa kavSiri4

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III. pirveli Sesavali – Back to USSR

anu survili moxvde ssrk-Si

dRes xSirad gaigoneb politikuri analitikosisagan Tu inteleqtualisagan, rom

“aba ra unda mosTxovo, man xom sxvanairi marTva ar icis”. am “man”-Si, ra Tqma unda,

SevardnaZe igulisxmeba. bevria ganwyobili saimisod, rom is gaurkvevloba, rac

qveyanaSia da romelic yoveli moqalaqis bedze/cxovrebaze aisaxeba, prezidents

daabralos. magram, rac ar unda Zlieri iyos erTi adamianis pirovnuli zemoqmedebis

unari da Zalaufleba, mTeli qveynis Semotrialeba mas ar SeuZlia; ar SeuZlia maT

gareSe, vinc mas amaSi exmareba da eTanxmeba.

es msjelobac nacnobia qarTuli inteleqtualuri diskursisaTvis da am

SemTxvevaSi msjelobaSi irekleba “xalxi, romelic bnelia da kvlav warsulSi unda

cxovreba”. Tumca, “xalxi” rac ar unda totalurad warsulze orietirebuli iyos

– is erTi subieqti arasodes aris, da Sesabamisad, arasodes ara aqvs erTi neba da

erTi piri. sociologebi da socialuri Teoretikosebi imasac amboben, rom xalxis

“azri” ufro am azris organizebasa da miwodebazea damokidebuli. erTi da igive

ganwyoba, romelic gavrcelebulia mosaxleobaSi, da romelsac myari socialuri

safuZveli aqvs, sxvadasxvaApolitikuri garemos, tradiciis da arsebuli faruli da

gacxadebuli devizebis gamo, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli socialuri

moTxovnebiT/molodinebiT/survilebiT gamovlindes:

is, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs, faqtia.

magram socialuri moTxovna, romelSic am gaWirvebidan gamosavlis Zieba gamoixateba,

erTi mxriv qveyanaSi arsebuli tradiciuli garemos, xolo meore mxriv

politikosebis mier aris nakarnaxevi. es gamosavali ZiriTadad JRers rogorc

“davbrundeT sabWoTa kavSirSi” (zog SemTxvevaSi – SevuerTdeT ruseTs). Tumca,

politikuri garemos ganxsvavebulobis SemTxvevaSi es “gadarCenis lozungi” SeiZleba

iyos:

1. evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba;

2. nato-Si Sesvla;

4 anu sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri.

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3. samxreT kavkasiis konfederaciis Camoyalibeba;

4. aziis qveyanaTa kavSiris Camoyalibeba da masSi gawevrianeba;

5. marTlmadidebelTa da muslimTa msoflio kavSiris [jer Seqmna, Semdeg] wevrad

gaxdoma;

6. raime sxva, romelic arafriT ar iqneba “sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenaze” ufro

uazro, suleluri da SeuZlebeli.

am viTarebis saTave albaT iq unda veZioT, rom Zalauflebis modeli, romelic

SevardnaZem saqarTveloSi Camoitana, da romlis gaxareba-ayvavebas noyieri niadagi

daxvda, iseTive iyo, rogoric mas sabWoTa kavSirSi gaaCnda. Zalauflebis sabWoTa

models Semdegi oTxi maxasiaTebeli hqonda:

1. ormagi standarti: ZiriTadi principi, romelic mosaxleobas avaldebulebda

garkveuli wesebis Sesrulebas, magram ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis mqone

partiuli elitis wevrebze. iseTi akrZalvebi, rogoricaa kerZo sakuTrebis da

sazRvargareTis bankebSi angariSis floba, qrTamis aReba, azartuli TamaSebi

da sxva ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebze. Tumca, rodesac

Zalauflebis romelime warmomadgeneli isjeboda, mis mimarT swored am

akrZalvebis darRvevis braldebebi iyo gamoyenebuli;

2. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli sami saxis gadasaxadi: I. oficialuri, kanonSi

dafiqsirebuli; II. araoficialuri, xarki, romelsac qveda donis oficialuri

pirebi (qarxnis direqtorebi, sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelebi) uxdidnen zeda

donis oficialur pirebs. es xazi iwyeboda nebismieri sawarmodan da

partiuli elitis wveroSi mTavrdeboda. es gadasaxadi sayovelTao iyo da

gamoiyeneboda rogorc piradi sargeblobisaTvis, aseve partiuli salarosTvis.

Tumca, ZiriTadi, e. w. sakavSiro partiuli salaro ufro seriozuli

gadasaxadebisagan Sedgeboda (oqros warmoeba, xe-tyis gayidva); III.

moulodneli gadasaxadi, rodesac ufro maRali oficialuri piri ufro

dabal oficialur pirs gansakuTrebuli saWiroebisaTvis Tanxis Sovnas

avalebda. es fuli “iSoveboda” iqve, sadac zemoT aRwerili ori gadasaxadi –

legalur da aralegalur sawarmoebSi;

3. kanonze maRla dgomis specialuri, institucionaluri instrumentebis

arseboba. kanonze maRla dgoma Zalauflebis ZiriTadi elementi iyo:

uSiSroebis samsaxuri erTsa da imave dros icavda da sjida Zalauflebis

mflobelebs: specialuri samsaxurebi awarmoebdnen Zalauflebis subieqtebis

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dacvas da maTi danaSaulis kvalis “waSlas”. Tumca es “waSla” absoluturi

arasdros ar iyo, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi “waSlili” faqtebi socialur da

partiul zedapirebze tivtivs iwyebda.

4. qveynis mTels teritoriaze Zalauflebis araTanabari gavrcelebuloba. amave

dros, sakuTari teritoriis nebismier wertilSi gansakuTrebuli

simkacris/sisastikis gamovlenis SesaZlebloba: mkacri da absoluturad

centralizebuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi Zalaufleba Tanabrad ver

nawildeboda. amitomac iyo, rom qveynis periferiebs (magaliTad, saqarTvelos)

Crdilovani ekonomikisaTvis da ideologiuri wnexis ararsebobis mxrivadac,

samoTxed miiCnevdnen. Tumca, rodesac es “Tavisufleba” garkveul dasaSveb

zRvars aWarbebda, represiebi, demonstraciebis daxvretis CaTvliT, miRebul

da aucilebel zomad iTvleboda.

ra Tqma unda, SevardnaZem aseTi Zalauflebis avan-Cavani kargad icoda, da misTvis

ideals swored aseTi Zalauflebis ierarqiis wveroSi moxvedra warmoadgenda.

samwuxarod, isini, vinc mas aq daxvda, an Semdeg SeuerTda, am idealis pirveladobas

aRiarebdnen. swored es mzadyofna iyo is, ramac saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuli

viTareba gamoiwvia.

aRmoCnda, rom maTTvisac, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gaizarda, sabWoTa Zalauflebis

struqtura iseTive misaRebi da sasurveli iyo, rogorc maTTvis, vinc sabWoTa

droSi mmarTvelobiTi elitis wevrad Camoyalibda. Sedegad, aseTi Zalauflebisaken

swrafvam gamoiwvia is politikur-socialuri garemo, romelSic sabWoTa kavSiris

kvlav miRweva mizani aRmoCnda.

aravin ar eubneba mosaxleobas Tavis politikur gamosvlebSi, rom germaniaSi

bevrad ukeTesi socialuri dacvaa, vidre ssrk-Si iyo, rom aSS-Si daqiravebuli

bevrad ufro daculia moulodnelobebisagan, vidre ssrk-Si, rom ganaTleba fineTSi

bevrad ufro maRali donisaa da a. S.

am bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aravin ambobda, rom demokratia aris ara

mxolod referendumi da parlamentis arCevnebi, aramed, amave dros, adamianis

uflebebis Seulaxaoba da mikro, raionul, samosaxlos doneze gadawyvetilebebis

arCevnebis wesiT miReba. diskursi, romelic Cvens politikosebs axasiaTebdaT,

SevardnaZisagan modioda; is ambobda: “me movedi da karg saqmeebs vakeTeb”. iseTi ram,

rogoricaa warmomadgenlobiToba da pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis mimarT – Zalian

mcire doziT arsebobda da arsebobs saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv sivrceSi.

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warmomadgenlobiTobis da pasuxismgeblobis siduxWiris kulminacia iyo prezidentis

gamosvla 2003 wlis biujetis parlamentSi Cavardnis Semdeg: man Tqva, rom

biujetis Cavardna aris ara xelisuflebis, aramed opoziciis da mosaxleobis

problema.

sabWoTa kavSirSi dabrunebis survili iyo da aris ara mxolod SevardnaZis da

misi ybadaRebuli klanis mizani. Zalauflebis dabruneba, anu sabWoTa tipis

Zalauflebis aRdgena, yvela im politikosis mizani iyo da aris, vinc Riad Tu

farulad, mTavrobaSi Tu mis gareT, ambobda da ambobs: “me moval da, ai, naxavT, ra

karg saqmeebs gavakeTeb”.

rodesac axali saqarTvelos axalma da Zvelma politikosebma ifiqres, rom

sabWoTa kavSiri SeiZleba “calke aRebul qveyanaSi” aRdges, maT ver gaiTvaliswines,

rom saqarTveloSi ver aRdgeboda is, rac sabWoTa imperias asuldgmulebda da rac,

marTalia, Zalauflebis maxasiaTebeli ara, magram misi winapiroba namdvilad iyo: es

winapiroba iyo socialuri SiSi usqeso, Tvisebebis da survilebis gareSe myofi,

zeadamianuri sabWoTa mmarTvelobis mimarT, romelic kremlis kedlebis miRma

imyofeboda. sabWoTa kavSiri axali tipis imperia iyo, romlis ekonomikur sistemasac

socialuri SiSi edo safuZvlad.

socialuri SiSis danergvas ki iseTi represiebi sWirdeboda, rogorc ssrk-Si

1924 da 1937 wlebSi gatarda. ver ityvi, rom SevardnaZem ar scada am tipis

represiebis dawyeba, magram mxedrioni aSkarad sxva mimarTulebiT wavida: mxedrionis

xelmZRvanelobas da gansakuTrebiT jaba ioselians aSkarad ar izidavda sabWoTa

represoris roli. garda amisa, ioseliani Zalauflebis mopovebis nacionalistur-

demokratiul meTodebzec amyarebda imeds, rac misi mxridan represiebis gamtareblis

rolis Sesrulebas gamoricxavda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ssrk-Si dabrunebis gamoTvla kargad ver moxerxda:

socialuri SiSi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis politikosebisaTvis imdenad TavisTavad

cxadi da saxelmwifos Tanamdevi faqti iyo, rom seriozulad aravis ufiqria misi

kvlavwarmoebis meqanizmebze. rodesac mixvdnen rom maTi sasurveli Zalaufleba

mxolod SiSis kvlavwarmoebiT miiRweva, ukve gvian iyo.

socialuri SiSis kvlavwarmoeba ver moxerxda imitomac, rom verc SevardnaZe

da verc misi garemomcveli politikuri elita mosaxleobis winaSe ver warsdga

rogorc yovelive adamianurisagan daclili Zalauflebis gansaxiereba. aseTi imiji

yvelaze didxans mxolod SevardnaZem SeinarCuna. Tumca, swored Zalauflebis

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simulaciis im proeqtis gamo, romelsac SevardnaZe mogvianebiT daTanxmda, rogorc

Zalauflebis misTvis sasurveli modelisaken pirdapir gzas, Zaluflebis

gansxeulebis da qveynisaTvis mzrunveli zeadamianuri arsebis saxe mosaxleobis

TvalSi yvelaze mtkivneulad manve dakarga.

qvemoT vecdebi mokled, ramdenime gverdze aRvwero Zalauflebis biografia

saqarTveloSi: misi gandevna, misi simulacia, misi dabruneba. es aRwera faqtobrivad

imis identuri iqneba, rac zemoT, oRond, amjerad mas ufro politikuri istoriis

saxe eqneba.

Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi – politikuri movlenebis orbita XX

saukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi

1992 wels SevardnaZe dabrunda saqrTveloSi. samxedro sabWo, romelic qveynis de

faqto mmarTveli iyo, Sedgeboda a) yofili mojanyeebisagan, romlebic gamsaxurdias

mmarTvelobas ebrZodnen, b) liberalurad ganwyobili inteleqtualebisa da

inteligenciis warmomadgenlebisagan.

realuri Zalaufleba im dros jaba ioselianis (samxedro dajgufeba

“mxedrionis” damaarsebeli), Tengiz kitovanis (gamsaxurdias dros Tavdacvis

ministri da erovnuli gvardiis sardali) da Tengiz siguas (gamsaxurdias dros

premier-ministri, Semdeg gamsaxurdias mTavrobis mier devnili) xelSi iyo.

gamsaxurdias gandevnis Semdeg Seqmnili samxedro sabWo iyo pirveli organo,

romelsac Zalauflebis upirobo mopoveba surda da uars ambobda iseTi, ukve saeWvo

instrumentebis gamoyenebaze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qarizmatuloba. Tuki

gamsaxurdias xelisufleba mTlianad qarizmatulobas eyrdnoboda, ioseliani-

kitovani-siguas xelisuflebam Zalis demonstrirebis gza airCia. sxvadasxva

SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis Seqmna am “politikuri” aucileblobiTac iyo

ganpirobebuli.

rogorc Cans, maTTvis moulodnelad, samxedro sabWos xelmZRvanelebma

aRmoaCines, rom saerTaSoriso faqtoris gauTvaliswineblad qveynis marTva

SeuZlebelia. SesaZloa, es maT yovelTvis icodnen, da ubralod cdilobdnen

maqsimalurad didxans gaeZloT saerTaSoriso legitimaciis gareSe. xolo am

legitimaciis misaRwevad, saWiro iyo imdroindeli qarTuli demokratiis erTaderTi

garantis – SevardnaZis – saqarTveloSi Camoyvana.

11

marTalia, yofiTi Tu politikuri analitikosebi amboben, rom gamsaxurdias

winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi sulac SevardnaZis mier iyo organizebuli, magram es

SevardnaZis 1992 wels Camoyvanis aucileblobas sulac ar amcirebs:

gadatrialebis/ajanyebis/putCis5

ase daiwyo saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis mier warmoebuli pirveli simulacia:

SevardnaZe samxedro sabWos imisaTvis sWirdeboda, rom liberalur-demokratiuli

gardaqmnebisaTvis sakuTari mzadyofna daedasturebina. ver ityvi, rom samxedro

sabWos meTaurTagan vercerTi ver xedavda demokratiis aucileblobas da ar undoda

momavalSi saqarTvelo demokratiul qveynad exila (magaliTad, ioselians da siguas).

magram im instrumentebidan, romelic maT upirobo Zalauflebis dasamyareblad

airCies, aseTi momavali sulac ar gamomdinareobda. Zalauflebis mier warmoebuli

simulacia ormagi iyo: 1. Zalaufleba (warmomadgenlebi: ioseliani-kitovani-sigua)

simulirebda, rom is demokratiul gardaqmnebze iyo orientirebuli; 2. imave dros

Zalaufleba simulirebda, rom is SevardnaZis (jer samxedro sabWos Tavmjdomaris,

xolo Semdeg – saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris) xelSi iyo. Tumca es

simulireba sakmaod martivad gaiSifra da maleve yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda. swored

aman aiZula SevardnaZe, aqtiuri moqmedebebisaTvis miemarTa. amisaTvis ki upirveles

yovlisa, mxedrionis, gvardiis da sxva gasamxedroebuli SenaerTebis, rogorc

Zalauflebis safuZvlis, gauqmeba iyo saWiro.

logikuri gamosavali, erTis mxriv Sida, xolo

meore mxriv gare legitimaciisaTvis, SevardnaZis Camoyvana iyo.

1993 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad miRebul ZalTa gadanawilebaSi

gamoCndnen is Zalebi, romlebsac SeeZloTYSevardnaZisaTvis iseTive samsaxuri

gaewiaT, rogoric SevardnaZem samxedro sabWos liderebisaTvis Seasrula. am Zalebs

is xalxi warmoadgenda, romelic SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis mopovebis

SemTxvevaSi mas liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnebze mimarTul politikosad

darCenaSi daexmareboda. erTi, rac aSkarad icoda SevardnaZem, da rac mas Camohyva

rusuli, aSS-evropuli Tu qarTuli gamocdilebidan, iyo is, rom arsebul

viTarebaSi mxolod liberalur demokratiaze orietacia miscemda mas saSualebas

moepovebina da SeenarCunebina Zalaufleba. yvela sxva mcdeloba – saqarTvelos

msgavs qveynebSi da TviTon saqarTveloSic – ganwiruli iyo marcxisaTvis.

5 es aris sami saxeli, romliTac 90-91 wlis zamTris movlenebi dResac moixseneeba

qarTul miTologiaSi.

12

SeiZleboda aRmosavluri variantis gaTamaSebac, magram SevardnaZe swored imaT

ebrZoda, visac aseTi (Turqmenuli tipis) reJimis damyareba SeeZlo. Tanac

adgilobrivi myari fuladi wyaros (navTobi, bamba da a. S.) ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

Zneli iqneboda paternalisturi reJimis didi xniT SenarCuneba.

amitom, 1993 wlis parlamentSi, axali politikuri Zalebis gamoCenis Semdeg,

erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyda, rom saqarTveloSi fulis upirobo wyaro liberaluri

demokratia unda gamxdariyo. amitom SevardnaZem gamoacxada sakuTari e. w. “garantis”

tenderi, romlisTvisac brZolaSi im dros yofili “mwvane” da ukve moqalaqeTa

kavSiris mmarTvel fenaSi myofi zurab Jvania Caeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasawyis etapze TiTqos sxvebi imarjvebdnen, sabolood

es brZola Jvaniam moigo. realuri brZola SevardnaZeze gavlenis mosapoveblad

mimdinareobda. raRac etapze moqalaqeTa kavSiris Jvaniasadmi dapirispirebulma

frTam, romelsac moqalaqeTa kavSiris Tbilisis organizaciis lideri gia

JorJoliani meTaurobda, gadawyvita, sakuTari partia Seeqmna da bolomde moeqcia

SevardnaZe sakuTari gavlenis qveS: Camoecilebina is moqalaqeTa kavSirisagan,

romelic, Tavad SevardnaZis proeqtiT, Zalauflebis mTavari fari da demokratiis

simulirebis mTavari poligoni unda gamxdariyo.

arCevani, romlis winaSec SevardnaZe dadga, faqtobrivad arc iyo arCevani: erT

mxares idga xalxi, gaurkveveli partiuli momavliT, romelic cdilobda

xelisuflebis upirobo mrCeveli gamxdariyo, xolo meore mxares – saqarTvelos

inteleqtualebis da inteligenciis umravlesobis mier mxardaWerili moqalaqeTa

kavSiri, JvaniasTan erTad, romelsac undoda ara mrCevloba, aramed meore kacoba6

ZalTa imdroindeli ganawilebis mixedviT Jvanias mdgomareoba da survili

ufro cxadi, gasagebi da kontrolirebadi iyo, vidre sxvebisa: “meore kacoba”

gulisxmobda naTel, daqvemdebarebul da “Tavis Tavze amRebis” pozicias,

“mrCevlobaSi” ki, marTalia, gaurkvevlad da Camouyalibeblad, magram mainc

gamosWvioda Suasaukuneobrivi “ruxi kardinalis” silueti: gadawyvetilebebze

.

isic unda iTqvas, rom SevardnaZis garemocvaSi im dros JorJoliani yvelaze

gavleniani kaci iyo da, rogorc Cans, SevardnaZis piradi simpaTiiT da

mxardaWeriTac sargeblobda. magram aman ver SeuSala xeli SevardnaZes, sakuTari

proeqtis miznebisaTvis optimaluri kandidatura SeerCia:

6 es, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo gansxvaveba male gadamwyveti aRmoCnda.

13

gavlenis pretenzia pasuxismgeblobis gareSe, rac yovlad miuRebeli iyo

SevardnaZisaTvis. mas sruliad sapirispiro sWirdeboda: adamiani, vinc

pasuxismgeblobas aiRebda mis gadawyvetilebebze. aseTi kaci ki, arsebul

kandidaturebs Soris mxolod Jvania iyo. ase iqca Jvania aTkaciani fraqciis

lideridan Zalauflebis moziared – marTalia, jerjerobiT mxolod

pasuxismgeblobis aspeqtSi, magram yvelaferi imaze miuTiTebda, rom male

gadawyvetilebis nawilic misi sakuTreba gaxdeboda.

Sedegad, axali konstituciis, SevardnaZeze teraqtis da axali parlamentis

arCevis Semdeg, Jvania parlamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda. man SevardnaZis axali gzis

gameoreba daiwyo: rogorc SevardnaZe airCia jer parlamentma, xolo Semdeg, 1995

wels – xalxma, aseve, 1995 wels Jvania parlamentis wevrebma parlamentis

Tavmjdomared airCies.

Jvaniam Zalauflebis sakuTari wilic miiRo. am wilis mixedviT mas ufleba

hqonda, sakuTari momxreebi Seegrovebina. am Segrovebas SevardnaZec aqtiurad uWerda

mxars: simulaciis mwarmoebeli rac ufro meti iqneboda, miT ufro myari gaxdeboda

misi Zalauflebac. meore mxriv, realuri Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad, SevardnaZem

Zalauflebis sakuTari (ufro mozrdili) nawilis mSeneblobasac mihyo xeli: ori

Zala, romelsac is kargad icnobda jer kidev saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis

centraluri komitetis mdivnobis dros, iyo 1) policia da 2) e. w. “saqmosnebi”,

romlebic amave dros komunisturi partiis elitasac warmoadgendnen.

yofili partiuli elita gawevrianda moqalaqeTa kavSirSi, ramac SevardnaZes,

kvlavac Jvanias gunds amofarebuls, saSualeba misca, Zalauflebis mpyrobel

Tanamdebobebze sakuTari xalxi moeyvana. am saqmis pirveli mercxali komunisturi

partiis Tbilisis organizaciis yofili xelmZRvanelis – niko lekiSvilis –

saxelmwifo ministrad daniSvna iyo. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac SevardnaZem

aSkarad gayo Zalaufleba: parlamenti Jvanias Caabara demokratiis da Zalauflebis

simulirebisaTvis, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba – lekiSvils: Zveli

xelisuflebis subieqtebis gamocdili meTodebiT sakontrolod.

aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, konfliqti lekiSvilsa da Jvanias Soris

gardauvali iyo. paralelurad Jvania Zalauflebis sakuTar sqemas adgenda: iseve,

rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi, Jvaniasac sWirdeboda liberaluri demokratiis sayrdeni.

amisaTvis man erTis mxriv arasamTavrobo seqtoris da mediis Ria mxardaWera, meore

mxriv ki sakuTari gundis axali wevrebiT gamdidreba daiwyo. Zalauflebis

14

TvalsazrisiT am proeqtis mizani cxadi iyo: rogorc Tavis droze SevardnaZes da

ioselians, axla Jvaniasac sWirdeboda mxardamWerebi da liberaluri demokratiis

upirobo warmomadgenlebi sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.

1995-1999 wlebze modis im reformebis piki, romelic Jvanias gundma daiwyo.

Sesabamisad, amave dros emTxveva lekiSvilsa da Jvanias Soris dapirispirebis pikic.

yoveli konfliqti, romelic am dros warmoiSva, SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyo

Segnebulad stimulirebuli romelime mxaris mier, magram mimdinare procesebi

xSirad TviTorganizebis principiT muSaobdnen.

im wlebis yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli konfliqti telekompania “rusTavi 2”-is

gamo moxda, rodesac prezidentTan daaxloebulma ramdenime pirovnebam moindoma am

televiziis xelSi Cagdeba, anda, rogorc isini ambobdnen, maTi kuTvnili

telekompaniis dabruneba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli mxare iyo marTali, erTmaneTs

aSkarad daupirispirda prezidentis garemocva da kerZo biznesi, romelic maSin

samoqalaqo aqtivobis formas ufro hgavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros

xelisuflebas aSkarad SeeZlo brZola moego, is moerida saqmis gamwvavebas.

telekompaniam, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis imdroindeli Canasaxebis daxmarebiT,

romlebic telekompaniaSi sakuTar xats da msgavs xedavdnen, SeZlo daecva Tavi. es

ki iyo, susti magram mainc sagulisxmo niSani, rom xelisuflebis upirobo

Zalaufleba qveyanaSi arsebobas wyvetda.

SevardnaZis banakSi brZola Jvaniam kvlav moigo. lekiSvili gadadga. es Zalian

xaverdovani gadadgoma iyo: lekiSvili gaxda moqalaqeTa kavSiris Tavmjdomaris

moadgile da scada, mWidro kavSirebi daemyarebina JvaniasTan.

es kavSiri Jvaniasac daujda WkuaSi, mas Semdeg, rac SevardnaZem saxelmwifo

ministrad vaJa lorTqifaniZe, yofili ssrk7

7 sabWiTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri.

komunisturi partiuli elitis wevri,

saxelmwifo ministris moadgile, Semdeg saqarTvelos elCi ruseTSi, daniSna. vaJa

lorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo rogorc gamocdili moTamaSe da sxvadasxva SefasebebiT –

Jvanias Tanabari mowinaaRmdege. lorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo ara marto politikosis

unarebiT, aramed seriozuli kapitaliT da rus biznesmenebTan kavSirebiT. is

SedarebiT axalgazrda da faqtobrivad, pirveli figura iyo, romelic Jvanias garda

SevardnaZis memkvidris postze seriozuli kandidati SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

lorTqifaniZemac daiwyo sakuTari simulaciuri TamaSebi – mediasTan,

15

arasamTavroebTan mWidro urTierToba, rasac Jvania da misi gundi, ra Tqma unda,

ver moiTmenda. Jvanias ukve Zlieri mokavSireebi sWirdeboda. es Zlieri mokavSireebi

lekiSvilis daxmarebiT biznesmenebis – gaCeCilaZisa da gamyreliZis _ jgufis saxiT

gamoCndnen.

SevardnaZe kvlav agrZelebda mousyidavi msajulis rolis TamaSs. es misi

pirveli da dauZleveli iluzia iyo; Jvaniam, sakuTari gundis, mediis da

arasamTavroebis daxmarebiT moaxerxa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

SevardnaZesTan yofiliyo gaigivebuli da SevardnaZisaTvis sasurveli formula –

parlamentis Tavmjdomare da saxelmwifo ministri – dapirispirebuli, TviTon maTze

maRla mdgomi, mousyidavi msajuli – sazogadoebis TvalSi sakmaod male gaxda

fiqcia.

lorTqifaniZe damarcxda, SeiZleba iTqvas, swored Jvanias da axali Taobis

biznesmenebis koaliciis gamo. Znelia ivaraudo, ra iyo am koaliciis realuri

SemakavSirebeli da ra ara. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom 1999 wlis saparlamento

arCevnebis mogebis Semdeg, sadac gaCeCilaZe-gamyreliZis gundi moqalaqeTa kavSiris

siiT monawileobda, Jvanias gunds da biznesmenebs Soris konfliqti daiwyo. zogi

versiiT, aliansis piroba iyo saxelmwifo ministris posti daviT gamyreliZisTvis.

saxelmwifo ministris posti ki lorTqifaniZis Semdeg aSkarad neitralurma

figuram, gia arseniSvilma daikava, romelic, jer kidev kaxeTSi prezidentis

rwmunebulis Tanamdebobaze swored momrigebeli msajulis da konfliqtebze maRla

mdgomis rols TamaSobda. rols, romelic SevardnaZes saqarTvelos masStabiT

Tavisad miaCnda. SevardnaZes aSkarad undoda, arseniSvils Rirseulad Seecvala

lorTqifaniZe da dapirispireboda Jvaniasac da saakaSvilsac. magram arseniSvilma es,

aseve aSkarad, ar moindoma. amis Sedegad ZalTa ganawileba bundovani da gadRabnili

gaxda.

amaze cota xniT adre ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlena moxda. Jvanias gundis

ramdenime wevri aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi gadavida: iusticiis, Semosavlebis da

finansTa ministrebis postebi saakaSvilma, maWavarianma da noRaidelma daikaves. Se-

vardnaZes da albaT Jvaniasac, am SemTxvevaSi erTnairi motivebi amoZravebdaT: orives

undoda, egrZnobinebina TavTavianTi aRzrdilebisaTvis (SevardnaZes JvaniasaTvis, Jva-

nias – saakaSvil-maWavarian-noRaidelisaTvis), rom maT gareSe isini ver gadarCebod-

nen. Sedegi sakmaod sapirispiro iyo orivesaTvis: saakaSvilma damoukidebeli TamaSi

daiwyo, rac dagvirgvinda nacionaluri moZraobis SeqmniT, Tbilisis sakrebuloSi

16

arCevnebis mogebiT da sakrebulos Tavmjdomared arCeviT, xolo maWavarianma da no-

Raidelma aSkarad SeiZines mniSvnelovani politikuri figurebis imiji.

SevardnaZem kidev erTxel scada aRedgina sasurveli wonasworoba da sakuTari

ze-pirovnuli msajulis roli: saxelmwifo ministrad avTandil jorbenaZe dainiSna.

rogorc Cans, jorbenaZe Tanaxma iyo, konfliqtis subieqti gamxdariyo. Jvanias

gadadgomis Semdeg da parlamanetSi e. w. Tematuri umravlesobis dafiqsirebis

miuxedavad, jorbenaZes rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi

ramdenime brZolis gadaxda/gamarTva mainc mouwia. ver ityvi, rom am Cum Tu Ria

brZolebSi (mamalaZis, kartozias, xazaraZis winaaRmdeg) jorbenaZis pozicia anti-

demokratiuli iyo, magram faqtia, rom, konfliqtis centri mainc ar SenarCunda

mTavrobasa da parlamentis Soris. Sedegad, xelisuflebis bzarebi ukve aSkarad

SesamCnevi gaxda.

paterloo8

sadRac 2001-2002 wlebSi Zalauflebis arsebulma struqturam daSla daiwyo.

Zalauflebis struqtura, romelic SevardnaZis da Jvanias racionaluri Tu

iracionaluri Tanxmobis Sedegad demokratiis simulirebas da xelisuflebis

aRmasrulebel da kanonmdebel Stoebs Soris konfliqts gulisxmobda, veRar

muSaobda.

, anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebi

Semdegi movlenebic, romlebic, Cemo momTmeno mkiTxvelo, Cvens garemoSi xdeba,

anu romelTa Sesaxebac Seityob, Tuki SeeSvebi am wignis kiTxvas da televizors

mousmen anda dRevandel gazeTebs gadaxedav9

8 Paterlaw (ingl.) – mamis (mamaos) kanoni. es sityva gansakuTrebiT im inteleqtualebs

moewonebaT, romlebic am politikuri terminis ukan froidizmis gansxeulebas dainaxaven da

mis gadatanas, rogorc es xdeba xolme, Seecdebian iq, sadac erTaderTi Sedegi

fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebis metaforuli (ver vityvi maxvilgonivruli, radganac aseTi

miyenebebi sul ufro da ufro Tavsdeba rutinuli azrovnebis sazRvrebSi) gamoyenebis

xelovnebaa.

, am faqtze reaqcias warmoadgens:

xelisuflebaSi arsebobs mimarTuleba, Tavisi Zalian konkretuli warmomadgenlebiT,

9 es pasaJi exeba saqarTvelos (an postsabWoTa qveynis) moqalaqes da validuria am wignis

gamocemis dRidan maqsimum erT weliwads. Tumca, avtorisaTvis movlenaTa arasasurveli

ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi es pasaJi SeiZleba am wignis meore, mesame da a. S. gamocemebis

drosac iyos aqtualuri.

17

romelic xels uwyobs Zalauflebis am struqturis aRdgenas, da aseve, arsebobs

mimarTuleba, romelic xels uwyobs am struqturis rRvevas. am Zalebis subieqtebi

ar aris mkveTrad dadgenili10

2003 wlis dasawyisis ramdenime politikuri movlena aSkarad miuTiTebs imas,

rom xelisuflebas TiTqosda gamosavali ara aqvs da apirebs Zveli, saqarTveloSi

ukve gamocdili scenariT imoqmedos, anu Tavidan daadges im gzas, ramac

dRevandlamde mogviyvana: me minda gagaxsenoT, Tu ra iyo im Zalauflebis dasawyisi,

romelic dRes irRveva: 1) mkveTri dapirispireba prozviadistur ZalebTan

mimdinareobda mitingebis rbeviT da adamianis uflebebis darRveviT. es xdeboda

inteleqtualTa ZiriTadi nawilis mxardaWeris fonze, romlebic yvelaferze iyvnen

Tanaxma, oRond saqarTvelo demokratiul Tanamegobrobas eRiarebina. es imdroindel

(yofil partiul) funqcionerebsac awyobdaT, radganac arsebuli, memkvidreobiT

miRebuli resursebi amowuruli iyo, da erTaderTi saSveli maTTvis is

mravalricxovani kreditebi iyo, romelsac saqarTvelo miiRebda, Tuki mas

demokratiasa da liberalur demokratiaze mimarTul qveynad aRiarebdnen; 2)

arCevnebis Ria gayalbeba: xelisuflebas amaSic Cumi Tanxmoba hqonda miRebuli

rogorc funqcionerebisagan (gasagebia, ratomac), aseve,

inteleqtual/inteligenciisagan: esec iyo erTgvari sazRauri liberaluri

reformebis dawyebisaTvis; 3) terori mimarTuli revanSistul da mowinaaRmdege

politikur partiebisaken: esec Cumad marTldeboda, rogorc stabilurobis da

demokratiis safasuri.

, Tumca maTi diferenciacia mainc SesaZlebelia.

xelisufleba 2003 wlis dasawyisSi Seecada samive am maxasiaTeblis aRdgenas:

1) SeiaraRebulma jgufma daarbia “axali memarjveneebis” ofisi; 2) parlamentSi

Sevida kanonproeqti e. w. “imperatiuli mandatis” Sesaxeb, romelic partiul bosebs

saSualebas aZlevs, urCi partiis wevrebi gamoiwvion sakrebuloebidan; 3) daiwyo

momitingeebis rbeva: argumentebi da diskursi, romelsac policielebi iyenebdnen

Zalian waagavda 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis enas: “mxolod sami adgilia TbilisSi,

sadac SeiZleba mitingebis gamarTva”, “aravis mivcem nebas, rusTavelze mitingi

moawyos”, “specialuri nebarTvaa saWiro meriidan” da a. S. amave dros xelisufleba

cdilobs, Seqmnas inteligenciis jgufi, romelic amas yvelafers gaamarTlebs:

10 anu erTi da imave politikuri subieqti sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba an Zveli

struqturis aRdgenas exmarebodes, anda angrevdes mas da sxva wesrigisaken iyos mimarTuli.

18

moqalaqeTa kavSiri (ukve “axali saqarTvelo”) jorbenaZis xelSi isev cdilobs

inteligenciis karti gaaTamaSos. iseve, rogorc 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amjerad

“mxardamWerTa jgufis” erTi nawili mkveTrad gamoirCeva nomenklaturuli warsuliT

da awmyoTi, xolo meore nawils jerjerobiT ucnobi axalgazrdoba11

xelisufleba cdilobs, kvlav Sekras demokratiis is simulaciuri veli,

romelic rRvevas iwyebs. isic unda iTqvas, rom xelisufleba am mcdelobaSic

erTiani ar aris; Tuki jorbenaZe cdilobs 90-iani wlebis Tavidan dawyebas da albaT

fiqrobs, rom TviTon ukeTesad SeZlebs, vidre Jvaniam SeZlo, SevardnaZis guli

aSkarad sabWoTa kavSirs ekuTvnis. amas miuTiTebs mis mier am bolo dros

gaxSirebuli apelireba sakuTar sabWoTa warsulze da gamocdilebaze. Tumca es

dapirispireba jerjerobiT mxolod Teoriulia, da zogjer Tu wamohyofs Tavs. es

“zogjer” iyo, rodesac jorbenaZem saxelmwifo kancelariis miseuli struqtura

warudgina SevardnaZes – saxelmwifo ministrisaTvis didi uflebebis miniWebiT da

sxva qve-danayofebis (maT Soris uSiSroebis sabWos) daqvemdebarebiT. es proeqti

imdenad aSkarad cvlida ZalTa ganawilebas, rom SevardnaZem masze aseve aSkarad uari

Tqva. sxva mxriv – aRdgeniT samuSaoebze TiTqos SevardnaZec Tanaxmaa – Tundac

imitom, rom misTvis demokratiis simulaciis aRdgenis procesi da “socializmi

adamianuri saxiT”

warmoadgens.

12

Tumca, am saqmeSi isini martoni ar arian, da xan erT, xan ki meore opoziciur

partias “wascdeba xeli” aRdgeniT samuSaoebSi monawileobisaken: aseTi magaliTi arc

Tu ise cotaa, iqneba es axali memarjveneebis gaubedaoba adamianis uflebebis dacvis

moTxovnis saqmeSi Tu nacionaluri moZraobis survili, jumber patiaSvili Caweros

saparlameto saarCevno siaSi. rac Seexeba naTelaSvilis leiborizms, is mTlianad

aRdgeniTi samuSaos momxrea. ase rom Znelia, qarTvel leiboristebs opozicia

uwodo, imdenad mimarTulia maTi lideris mowodebebi sabWoTa kavSiris socialuri

da politikuri garemos restavraciisaken.

Zneli gansasxvavebeli iqneba.

bolo dromde “axlebs” aSkarad uWirdaT Segueba imasTan, rom mxolod

“Tanabari pirobebis moTxovna” ar unda iyos demokratiuli Zalis damaxasiaTebeli.

11 qarTuli politikuri JargoniT “axali saxeebi”.

12 “socializmi adamianuri saxiT” – lozungi, romelic ssrk-s arsebobis bolo wlebSi

ideologias edo safuZvlad da sabWoTa banakis da dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis

simbolur daaxloebas isaxavda miznad.

19

xelisuflebasTan mkveTr gamijvnamde “axlebs” imedi hqondaT, rom Zveli

“Jvaniaseuli” meTodebiT moaxdendnen Zalauflebis mopovebas Tu ara, gaziarebas

mainc. maTac gadadges “axalgazrda moqkavSirelebis” istoriuli nabijebi: wavidnen

aSS-Si, elaparaknen wamyvan politikosebs, daarwmunes isini (an darwmundnen rom

daarwmunes) TavianT demoratiulobaSi, iqauri qarTvelebi lobistobisaTvis

gamoiyenes. mokled, Caidines yvelaferi, rac Jvanias gundma 90-ian wlebSi moimoqmeda.

magram Tu yovelive es Jvanias, am teqnologiis gamomgoneblis, SemTxvevaSi lamis

gamocxadebad Tu aRiqmeboda, Semdeg, axlebis mier gameorebisas rutinuli

Canacvlebis saxe miiRo. dRes axlebi ukve mkveTrad gamodian xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg, maT gamosvlebSi ismis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moTxovnebic.

miuxedavad amisa, patarkaciSvilTan, aseve, yofil nomenklaturasTan – kaxa

TargamaZesTan kavSiris xSiri miTiTeba maT jer kidev aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis

mwarmoebelTa rigSi tovebs.

aseve, aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis monawile xdeba Jvanias partiac – gaerTianebuli

demokratebi. ris winaaRmdegac maT jer-jerobiT xma aimaRles, aris politikuri

partiebis uflebebis Selaxva da dabali xelfasebi. es ukanaskneli, marTalia,

mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebazea mimarTuli, magram mainc “mzrunveli

partia/momlodine, madlieri mosaxleobis” sabWoTa institutis suni asdis. es ki

miuTiTebs, rom restavraciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini sxvanairad veRar darCebian

politikur zedapirze, siamovnebiT ganaaxleben im TamaSs, romelic kargad ician –

Zalauflebis mier simulirebuli demokratiiT da demokratiis mier simulirebuli

ZalauflebiT.

nacionalur moZraobas rac Seexeba, cxadia, rom patiaSvilis CarTva sakuTar

siebSi maT mier xmebis dagrovebis surviliTaa gamowveuli: magram saeWvoa, rom

moZraoba am CarTviT ufro mets moigebs, vidre dakargavs. nacionaluri moZraoba

sakuTar momavals liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnebs ukavSirebs. misi

wevrebisaTvis cxadia, rom isini verasodes daupirispireben maT winaaRmdeg arsebul

fuls ufro met fuls. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daupirispires, maTi unikaloba, anu

maqsimaluri demokratizaciis da liberalizmis talRaze xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaken

mimarTuloba, gaqreba: did fuls didi kompromisebi mosdevs.

20

mcire jgufebis kanoni

rogorc amas bolo aTi weli gviCvenebs, saqarTveloSi mxolod xmebis

dagrovebis gamo saarCevno siaSi gaerTianeba yovelTvis cudad mTavrdeboda.

Zalauflebis saswori yovelTvis im mcire jgufisaken ixreboda, vis sasargeblodac

didma jgufma mcire daTmoba moaxdina. ase iyo Jvanias SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is

yofil partiul nomenklaturasTan da axlebTan wavida garigebaze, aseve iyo

aRorZinebis SemTxvevaSi – rodesac is mcire jgufma – giorgi TargamaZis da sandro

bregaZis meTaurobiT – faqtiurad daSala. amitom, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom

patiaSvilis daxmarebiT gamarjvebuli nacionaluri moZraoba iseve Caeflos

kompromisebis da “politikuri aucileblobebis” WaobSi da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis

mwarmoeblebis rigSi Cadges.

21

es dasawyisi imaTTvisaa, vinc “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” waikiTxes,

anda, ar waukiTxavT, da mainc ainteresebT, ra weria im wignSi. amave dros, moswonT

inteleqtualuri TamaSebi – cnobili da arc Tu ise cnobili azrebis amocnoba,

maTi parodireba an maTTan SekamaTeba, daTanxmeba an ardaTanxmeba. .

III. meore Sesavali – iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvis

sami wlis winaT, 1999 wels, Cems wignSi “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis

simulaciebi” vwerdi, rom saqarTvelosTvis aucilebelia iZuleba socialuri

realobisaTvis. imisaTvis, rom qveyana Camoyalibebuliyo rogorc garkveuli,

konkretuli tipis socialuri sistema, Zalauflebis im simulaciebze, romelsac

imdroindeli xelisufleba awarmoeboda, uaris Tqma mimaCnda saWirod.

wigni “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebi” aris imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor

simulirebs Zalaufleba liberalur demokratias, da aseve, Tu rogor xdeba

Zalauflebis arsebobis simulirebac: saqarTvelo aris qveyana, sadac Zalian Zlieria

sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli sistemebi, institutebi da Rirebulebebi. es

ganpirobebulia mravali mizeziT, rogoricaa sabWoTakavSiriseuli mmarTvelobis

gamocdilebis mqone xalxis mosvla xelisuflebaSi, axali gamocdilebis mqone

mmarTvelebis sisuste, qveyanaSi arsebuli simdidris arasamarTliani gadanawileba da

sxva. amave dros, warmatebiT mimdinareobs liberaluri demokratiis arsebobis

simulacia13

13 simulacia aris is, rac faravs imas, rom mis ukan araferi ar aris. rac simulirebs

safuZvlis da kavSiris gareSe. anu simulacia simulirebs safuZvels, arsebiTs, ZiriTads,

ise, rom araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs imasTan, ris simulirebasac axorcielebs.

: xdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, masmediis, demokratiuli institutebis

simulaciuri orbitis Seqmna, romelic, erTi mxriv, qveynis SigniT, xolo meore

mxriv, qveynis gareT qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom sabWoTa reliqtebi kvdomadi da

umniSvneloa, xolo axali institutebis gavlenis zrda da momavali – mniSvnelovani.

aseve, iqmneba Sexeduleba, rom bolos da bolos, demokratiuli institutebi

Caanacvleben sabWoTa reliqtebs da yvelaferi kargad “dasruldeba”. Cemi wignis

mizani iyo cxadad meCvenebina, rom aRweril mdgomareobas ara aqvs ganviTareba, rom

es balansi – Zlieri reliqtebi da demokratiuli intitutebis simulaciuri orbita

– maradiulia, Tu ar moxda gansakuTrebuli politikuri nebis Camoyalibeba. amis

22

safuZvels maZlevda simulaciuri (da ara marto simulaciuri) sistemebis

TviTkmari buneba, romelTa SigniT araferi ar aris iseTi, rom mniSvnelovani

struqturuli Secvla da gadasxvafereba gamoiwvios.

ra Tqma unda, arsad ar damiweria, magram namdvilad vgulisxmobdi, rom gza,

romelsac saqarTvelos mmarTveloba da sazogadoeba unda daadges, aris liberaluri

demokratiis gza, rom sxva SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, am sami wlis win

imedi mqonda, rom simulaciuri sistemebidan erTaderTi gamosavali iyo simulaciaze

uaris Tqma da liberalur-demokratiuli sistemis danergva/dadgena. magram es ase ar

moxda. am wignis mizania imis aRwera, Tu ra moxda am bolo dros da ra SeiZleba

moxdes: arsebobs Tu ara dRevandeli movlenebis ganviTarebis Sansi, Tu dResac,

iseve, rogorc sami wlis winaT, gayinvis winaSe vdgavarT.

ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, simulaciuri sistemis darRveva daiwyo ara

iqidan, saidanac me am “gansakuTrebul politikuri nebas” velodi14

simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTi

gankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxeb

, aramed imaTi

mxridan, vinc reliqtur sistemebSi cxovrobda da maT kvlavwarmoebas axdenda. amis

mizezi isev simulaciuri sistemebis bunebaSia, romelsac pirobiTad “simulanti

pacientis da fsiqiatris urTierToba” SeiZleba davarqvaT.

arsebobs eWvi, rom giJebi mxolod mas Semdeg gaxdnen sapyrobileSi Casasmeli, rac

simulantebma socialuri sargeblis miReba daiwyes. anu maSin, rodesac simulacia,

rogorc socialuri fenomeni, safrTxis Semcveli gaxda.

“erTaderTi meTodi, riTac mcodne fsiqiatri cnobs simulants, aris avadmyofobis

ganviTarebaze dakvirveba. simulanti ver simulirebs avadmyofobis ganviTarebas,

simulants mxolod stabiluri simptomebis simulacia SeuZlia” – britanel

fsiqiatr serJ iomasTan saubridan.

ambavi ki ase moxda: demokratiis da liberaluri momavlis simulacia saqarTveloSi

warmatebiT mimdinareobda. erTi SexedviT es ar zRudavda reliqtur, sabWoTa

Zalauflebas, magram SezRudva mainc arsebobda; es iyo TviTSezRudva, romelsac

reliqturi xelisufleba eweoda simulirebuli demokratiis da demokratiuli

14 me amas velodi, ra Tqma unda, im gundidan, romelic, rogorc maSin Canda, am simulirebas

imitom eweoda, rom namdvilis gakeTebis saSualeba ar hqonda.

23

Zalauflebis SiSiT. anu SevardnaZe15

swored aq Semodis scenaze “fsiqiatri”, romelic mcodnec aris da

gamocdilic

, misi ojaxi, klanebi, romlebic nel-nela

yalibdeboda, ufrTxoda, erTi mxriv, dasavleTs, romelsac warmoebul simulaciaSi

liberaluri demokratiis garantis roli hqonda miniWebuli, xolo meore mxriv,

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic amave simulaciis scenarSi demokratiis Zlieri

damcvelis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.

16

sigiJe, misi imitacia da mkurnalTa mxridan mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gzebi,

meTodebi da gamocdileba

.

sigiJis da civilizaciis istorias rom gadavxedoT, vnaxavT, rom giJebis

gancalkeveba normalurebisagan da maTTvis specialuri adgilebis miCena ar unda iyos

maindamanc XVII saukunis pirmSo da represiis mesame aqti kacobriobis istoriaSi

(policiis da sasamarTlos Semdeg). giJebis socialuri izolacia ufro sargeblis

miRebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

sigiJidan da gansxvavebulobidan sargeblis miRebis SezRudvis survili unda

yofiliyo is, rac e. w. normalurebs, Zalauflebis mqoneT da normebis damdgenebs,

amoZravebdaT akrZalvebis da represiebis SemoRebisas. giJi da sigiJe ar adgas imave

gzas, rasac sazogadoebis normaluri wevri, da ar cdilobs imave mizans miaRwios.

amas mxolod simulanti akeTebs, anu is, vinc garkveuli miznis misaRwevad igiJianebs

Tavs. Sesabamisad, civilizaciis mmarTvelebi igoneben izolaciis meqanizms. marTalia,

giJs eniSneba da eZleva sazogadoebrivi simdidris nawili, magram es aranair

kavSiriSi ar aris im miznebTan da im “simdidresTan”, romelsac simulanti SeiZleba

eswrafodes. Sesabamisad, sagiJeTi es aris warmatebuli (an warumatebeli) mcdeloba,

gauqmdes simulaciis saWiroeba da xibli.

sagiJeTi, calke, izolirebuli dasaxleba giJebisaTvis, mimarTulia ara

sigiJis, aramed simulaciis winaaRmdeg. M

15 dRes ukve SevardnaZe aSkara reliqturi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelia, Tumca jer kidev

sami wlis win TviTonac aqtiurad monawileobda simulaciuri orbitebis SeqmnaSi.

16 mkiTxvelis vTxov ar gaaigivos es personaJi konkretul eduard SevardnaZesTan. Aam

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, “fsiqiatri” reliqturi xelisuflebis koleqtiuri

saxea, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT moqmedebda saqarTvelos politikur scenaze. is xan

SevardnaZea, xan abaSiZe, xan Jvania, xan rCeuliSvili, xan saakaSvili.

24

mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac simulacia daZleulia, an hgoniaT rom

daZleulia, civilizacia mimarTavs “mkurnalobis, dialogis da siCumis” meTodebs.

anu mTeli marili isev da isev simulantis amocnobaSia, rac rTuli saqmea, da rasac

gamocdili fsiqiatri sWirdeba.

es inteleqtualuri pasaJi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba ase

iTargmnos: reliqturma mmarTvelobam, romelic sakmaod gamocdili iyo Tavis da

Tavisi msgavsebis dakvirvebaSi, aRmoaCina, rom liberaluri demokratia romelic e. w.

demokratiuli “frTis” mier iwarmoeba, ar viTardeba, da mudam erTsa da imave

TemebSi, problemebSi da sakiTxebSi trialebs. es aRmoCena sworxazovnad ar unda

gavigoT da ar unda CavTvaloT, rom SevardnaZem aRmoaCina, rom Jvania da saakaSvili

simulireben liberalur demokratias da daiwyo maT mimarT represiuli meTodebis

gamoyeneba, rac maT srul ignorirebaSi gamoixata. igive procesi SeiZleba aRvweroT

Jvanias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis urTierTobis mimarTac, rodesac Jvania

mixvda, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ramdenime arasamTavrobo organizaciaa da meti

araferi, da SevardnaZis msgavsad, adekvaturi nabiji gadadga maTi ignorirebisaken da

a. S.

mokled, daaxloebiT 2000 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mTelma politikurma

speqtrma aRmoaCina, rom is, risic eSinodaT, sul ar iyo saSiSi da angariSgasawevi.

Tumca, imisi Tqmac ar SeiZleba, rom Tavis droze, rodesac demokratiis

simulaciis proeqti mzaddeboda, am proeqtis mTavari safrTxobela – saerTaSoriso

demokratiuli Tanamegobroba da demokratiuli qveynebi – sulac ar iyo saSiSi

reliqturi Zaluflebis klubisaTvis: saqme isaa, rom Zalian bevri ram, rac dRes

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasicocxlo safuZvelia – saxelmwifo kreditebi,

saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo grantebi, saerTaSoriso politikuri mxardaWera da a.

S. – haerSi ekida da yvelam, maT Soris SevardnaZemac icoda, rom SevardnaZis

avtoriteti, misi Zlierebis miuxedavad, sakmaod sasruli iyo da Zalian male

amoiwureboda, ise, rom SeiZleboda erT saarCevno vadasac ar hyofnoda.

is, rac im dros saSiSi da mosafrTxilebeli iyo, “marTlac” aseTi iyo:

simulaciis proeqti xels aZlevda yvelas – maTac, visac ZalauflebaSi mosvla

undoda, da maTac visac ar undoda wasuliyo Zalauflebidan: anu es awyobda

rogorc im gunds, romelic Jvanias garSemo yalibdeboda, aseve im gundsac, romelic

Tavs ikrebda SevardnaZis garSemo: Tumca, im dros, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, Jvania

jer kidev ar iyo erTaderTi: is ubralod saukeTeso partniori aRmoCnda

25

SevardnaZisaTvis. man SevardnaZes simulaciuri Zalauflebis da Zalauflebis

simulaciis gaziarebis safasurad aranaklebi SesTavaza. arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis politikuri bumi Jvanias damsaxurebaa, aseve, misi damsaxurebaa im

politikuri elitis Seqmna, romelic 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi – 2001 wlis noembris

ambebamde – warmatebiT eweoda simulaciis proeqtis ganxorcielebas da am proeqtSi

sxva – gare Tu Sida – aqtorebis CarTvas.

Sedegad moxda is, rac wonasworul sistemebs emarTebaT. azri, rom sistema

SeiZleba mudam iyos wonasworobaSi, da rom wonasworobis darRveva ara sistemis

Sinagani bunebidan, aramed subieqturi faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, iluziaa,

ucodinaroba Tu ara: subieqturma faqtorma SeiZleba wonasworoba Zalian didxans

SeinarCunos – amis saukeTeso magaliTia SevardnaZe, romlis wonasworulma sistemam

(rogorc iqna) 2000 wlis bolos daiwyo rRveva. verc erTi subieqturi faqtori

ver Secvlis sistemis Sinagan Tvisebas: bunebrivia, sistemis amocanaa im safrTxeebis

ganeitraleba, rac mas garedan emuqreba: sistemam safrTxe sakuTar enaze unda

“Targmnos”, garkveuli kodireba mianiWos, imisaTvis, rom misi sawinaaRmdego Zalebi

sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCinos an gamozardos. Sesabamisad, arsebulma simulaciurma

sistemam gare safrTxe sakuTar, simulaciis enaze Targmna da, Sesabamisad,

simulaciurad aqcia. anu mTeli wonasworuli sistema darwmunda, rom safrTxe

safrTxe ar aris, Tu mas simulaciis enaze daelaparakebi.

es rTuli msjeloba saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis enaze niSnavs, rom

Jvanias gundi ise kargad aTamaSda, rom yvelas, maT Soris SevardnaZis mxaresac,

daanaxa, rom safrTxe simulaciuria, da rom erTi maRali saerTaSoriso reputaciis

mqone gundis arseboba sakmarisia, rom es safrTxe ganeitraldes. maSasadame,

simulaciuri meTodebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom realuri safrTxe gaqres.

TiTqosda sistema kvlav wonasworobaSi movida. magram amjerad TamaSSi

SevardnaZis mxarec CaerTo: maT reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis SemuSaveba ukve

dawyebuli hqondaT.

am axali proeqtis mixedviT, Tuki isini aRadgendnen Zvel Zalauflebas ise,

rom simulaciur fars xels ar axlebdnen, yvelaferi kargad iqneboda. Tumca, am

proeqtiT Zalaufleba araTanabrad nawildeboda: mTeli Zalaufleba reliqtur gunds

unda dabruneboda, xolo axal gunds mTlianad simulaciis TamaSebi unda eTamaSa. es

versia gamagrebuli iyo imiTac, rom politikur scenaze sxva, gamyreliZe/gaCeCilaZis

gundic gamoCnda, romelic Jvanias daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi sixaruliT

26

Caenacvleboda mas. reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis mixedviT, jildo kargi

qcevisaTvis simulaciuri Zalauflebis samyarodan realuri Zalauflebis samyaroSi

gadayvana unda yofiliyo. ganxorcielebac daiwyo: Jvanias gundidan ramdenime kaci

dainiSna aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Tanamdebobebze: Semosavlebis, iusticiis,

finansTa ministrebi. magram amjerad procesSi is realoba CaerTo, romelic

simulaciis dros Seiqmna.

27

es mesame Sesavali imaTTvisaa, visac wakiTxuli aqvs “Zalauflebis simulaciebi” da

survili gauCnda avtors ufro mokled eTqva Tavisi saTqmeli. mesame Sesavali aris

umoklesi gza 12 niSnisaken, romelic samive Sesavlis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. . . . .

. .

III. mesame Sesavali – trul-klapaciusis sindromi

stanislav lemis fantastikuri Janris erT-erTi moTxroba, romelic trulis

da klapaciusis – mTels samyaroSi cnobili konstruqtorebis erT-erT mogzaurobas

eZRvneba, gviyveba, rogor Seuqmna trulma erT-erT gandevnil mefes saxelmwifos

miniaturuli simulaciuri modeli. Kkonstruqtori imdenad ecada, rom modeli

namdvilisaTvis daemgvanebina, rom misda uneburad axali, marTalia miniaturuli,

magram mainc, civilizacia gamouvida. miniaturuli adamianebi, sabolood, atomuri

energiis saidumloebas daeuflnen, mefe ki sakuTari asteroidis (maTTvis planetis)

xelovnur Tanamgzavrad gadaaqcies.

realoba, romelic simulaciurma procesebma gamoiwvia, iyo is minimumi,

romelic aucilebeli iyo simulirebisaTvis: imisaTvis, rom simulaciam iarsebos, mas

minimaluri realoba mainc sWirdeba – realoba, romelic daadasturebs, rom

simulirebuli realuria. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi simulirebulis realuroba eWvqveS

dadgeba.

ase, simulants sWirdeba eqimi, romelic ityvis, rom is avadaa. aseve,

simulirebul politikur sistemas sWirdeba damadasturebeli, romelic ityvis, rom

politikuri sistema marTlac aseTia da ki ar simulirebs, aramed, realurad

awarmoebs demokratias.

saqarTveloSi realobis aseTi sul mcire sami agenti iyo saWiro, romlebic

daadasturebdnen, rom arsebuli saxelmwifo-politikuri sistema marTlac is iyo,

radac is Tavs asaRebda: es sami aucilebeli agenti, romelic rogorc demokratiuli

TanamegobrobisaTvis, aseve Sida politikuri diskursisaTvis daadasturebda

simulaciis realobas, iyo 1) Tavisufali masmedia; 2) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

ZiriTadi birTvi – arasamTavrobo organizaciebis simravle, maT Soris, adamianis

uflebaTa damcveli organizaciebis siZliere; 3) Tavisufali bazari, anu Tavisufali

da Zlieri mewarmeebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT sakuTari da sakuTari daqiravebulebis

uflebebis dacva, TviT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da romlebic aseve, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen.

28

amis Sesaxeb “saqarTvelo – Zalauflebis simulaciebSi” vwerdi da aranairi

survili ara maqvs Tavidan aRvwero is meqanizmebi, romlis saSualebiTac Zalaufleba

simulirebda Tavisufal masmedias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs. aseTive

warmatebiT saxelmwifo Tavisufali mewarmeebis arsebobis simulaciasac eweoda;

ZiriTadad es xdeboda merkantilur-oligarqiuli sistemebis SeqmniT, sadac centrSi,

ra Tqma unda, prezidentis ojaxi iyo moTavsebuli. Tumca Tavisufali mewarmeebis

simulirebas e. w. demokratebTan dakavSirebuli biznesmenebic asrulebdnen. maTi

gvarebic ar emTxveoda politikos-liderebis gvarebs da oligarqiuli kavSirebisadmi

Tvalis midevneba rTuli iyo rogorc saSualo qarTvelisaTvis, aseve da miT ufro,

saqarTvelos megobari demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis. M

me aranairi survili ara maqvs es biznesmenebi “sisxlismsmel wurbelebad”

warmovadgino: ubralod, faqtia, rom am xalxisaTvis politikos-liderebTan

axlobloba aRmoCnda is gadamwyveti piroba, romelmac maT sxvebTan SejibrSi

gaamarjvebina. aseve araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi konkurencia ar

arsebobs da warmoebis da kvlavwarmoebis sferoebi mkacrad ganawilebulia17.

konkurencia mimdinareobs da mimdinareobs swored oligarqebs Soris18

magram, oligarqiuli sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri dayofa:

oligarqiuli sistemebis wevrebi TviTon qmnian sakuTar ojaxebs, agulianeben

sakuTar xalxs da a. S. resursebi ki iseT qveyanaSi rogoric saqarTveloa, sadac

oligarqiulobis xelSemwyobi kanonebi miiReba, potenciurad amowurvadia.

Sesabamisad, konfliqti “Zvelebs” da “axlebs” Soris gardauvalia. resursebi

amowurvadia im azriT, rom aravin ar aris Tanaxma Tundac hipoTezur mogebaze Tqvas

uari. es daZabuloba farulad arsebobda mmarTveli partiis konklavebs Soris,

magram afeTqda noembris movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac mmarTveli partia daiSala.

. anu SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Tavisufali bazari arsebobs mxolod rogorc oligarqebis konkurencia.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas masmediis da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qve-

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom masmedia Tavisuflad gamoiyurebodes, man am

Tavisuflebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinos. demonstrireba ki Semdegnairad unda

moxdes: konkretulma masmediis organom unda aCvenos mosaxleobas, rom is

17 Tumca 90-iani wlebis bolos mmarTvel partiaSi ZiriTadad aseT ganwyoba dominirebda.

18 iseve, rogorc ZiriTadi politikuri brZola, 2002 wlis noembramde, mxolod mmarTvelo

partiis SigniT mimdinareobda.

29

politikurad dapiripirebuli mxareebis Sesaxeb simarTles ambobs. anu simarTles

ambobs rogorc imis Sesaxeb, vinc mas simulirebs, aseve imis Sesaxeb, vinc am

simulaciis winaaRmdegia.

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom safrTxis ararsebobis aRmoCena, anu

fsiqiatriuli daskvnis gakeTeba, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde moxda, rodesac

saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisaTvis nebismier regionSi stabilurobas gacilebiT meti

mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre demokratias da sazogadoebis mowyobis liberalur

principebs. es iyo dro, rodesac Tundac teroristebis mier uzrunvelyofili

mSvidoba da siwynare misaRebi iyo rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis,

aseve, da ufro metad, evropis Zlieri saxelmwifoebisaTvis. miT umetes, Tuki es

wynari adgili geografiulad centraluri evropidanac ki sakmaod daSorebuli iyo.

amitomac, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi daiwyo mzadeba sabWoTa kavSiris

restavraciisaTvis. erTi ucnauri ram ki moxda: Tuki am dromde “reliqturi

xelisuflebis klubi” mzad iyo yvela mieRo Tavis rigebSi, risTvisac sakmarisi iyo

formaluri dartyma liberaluri demokratiis romelime wyaroze (sityvis

Tavisufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba, adamianis uflebebi, arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi), amis Semdeg es klubi daiketa, da gawevrianebis rac ar unda didi

survili gamoeTqvaT sxvebs, Tu maT genetikuri kavSiri ar hqondaT an aRsadgen

sistemasTan, an prezidentis ojaxTan, maTi miReba ar xdeboda.

Tuki xelisuflebam 2000 wlisaTvis aRmoaCina, rom demokratiuli

safrTxobela mxolod safrTxobela iyo, 2001 wlis Semodgomis movlenebma daanaxa,

rom isini aSkarad cdebodnen Tavis SefasebebSi. manamde maT Tavisi Secdomis

dadastureba telekompania “rusTavi 2”-is Jurnalistis, giorgi sanaias mkvlelobaze

Tbilisis mosaxleobis reaqciaSi SeiZleboda amoekiTxaT: giorgi sanaias mkvlelobis

gamoZiebis moTxovniT rusTavelis gamzirze mosul ramdenime aTas moqalaqes cxadad

unda eqcia demokratiis (am SemTxvevaSi xalxis mmarTvelobis) arcTu iluzoruloba

da simulirebuloba.

magram aq albaT rusuli analogiebi CaerTo movlenebis SefasebaSi – kompania

NНТВ-s lideris – listevis mkvlelobam, Tumca gamoiyvana xalxi quCaSi, magram aman

xeli ver SeuSala ruseTis xelisuflebas mogvianebiT НТВ saerTod daexura da

sakuTari mmarTveloba, marTalia arapirdapir, magram mainc, daeniSna.

swored am rusulma analogiam waaqeza 2002 wlis noemberSi e. w. Zalovani

ministrebi Seteva mietanaT “rusTavi 2”-is ofisze. konkretulad, 27 oqtombers

30

uSiSroebis saministros TanamSromlebi mividnen “rusTavi 2”-is saTao ofisSi da

finansuri dokumentaciis gadmocema moiTxoves. televiziis ukve gamocdilma

mflobelebma da Jurnalistebma erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba miiRes: am faqtidan

satelevizio Sou dadges. saqmeSi telekamerebi CaerTvnen da is, rac xdeboda

“rusTavi 2”-is ofisSi, mTel TbilisSi gadaicemoda. Tavis dasacavad mowyobili

aqcia Semtev moqmedebad iqca. “rusTavi 2”-is SenobasTan Tavmoyra daiwyes

moqalaqeebma. “rusTavi 2”-Tan Ramis gatarebis Semdeg momitingeebma ukve parlamantis

win gadainacvles SevardnaZis da mTavrobis gadadgomis moTxovniT. ra Tqma unda, es

ukve, rogorc saqarTveloSi uyvarT19 Tqma, “marTuli aqcia iyo”, magram verc erTi

mitingi ver Catardeba, Tuki ar arsebobs is, risi marTvac20

ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWire

SeiZleba. 2002 wlis

noembris movlenebis SemTxvevaSi es iyo mosaxleobis ukmayofileba da protestis

grZnoba im socialuri Tu politikuri damcirebis mimarT, romelsac mTavroba yovel

wuTs, pirdapir, Ria eTeriT, Tu iribad, sakuTari warmomadgnelebis saSualebiT,

axorcielebda.

momitingeebis raodenoba sul ufro da ufro matulobda. xelisufleba

aSkarad dabneuli iyo. arsad Candnen kaxa TargamaZis naqebi policielebi. jaris

gamoyeneba imTaviTve gamoricxuli iyo oficrebSi antiSevardnaZistuli ganwyobis

gamo, romelmac 2002 wlis gazafxulze muxrovanis batalionis gaficvaSic amoxeTqa.

mitingi daiwyo “rusTavi 2”-is ambebis iniciatorebis – Sinagan saqmeTa

ministris, kaxa TargamaZis, uSiSroebis ministris vaxtang quTaTelaZis da

generaluri prokuroris gia mefariSvilis gadadgomis moTxovniT. prezidenti ar

apirebda Tavisi erTguli xalxis gadayenebas. amitom sul ufro da ufro daJinebiT

ismoda prezidentis gadadgomis moTxovnebi. parlamentis Tavmjdomarem Jvaniam,

romlis urTierToba prezidentTan da mis garemocvasTan im droisaTvis ukve sakmaod

daZabuli iyo, gamoacxada, rom is gadadgeboda, Tuki prezidenti gadaayenebda

19 Tu ratom, ixile qvemoT.

20 “marTulobis” argumenti dRes xSirad gamoiyeneba opoziciis mier organizebuli

mitingebis Tu sxva aqciebis WinaaRmdeg. magram am erTi SexedviT uwyinari frazis ukan

imaleba marqsistul-leninuri Teoriis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs xalxis “namdvili risxva”, da

arsebobs burJuaziis mier “agorebuli”, romelic am agorebuls Semdeg gasamdidreblad

iyenebs. Zneli ar aris “marTulobis” diskursSi sabWoTa ideologiuri reliqti dainaxo.

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ministrTa sameuls. SevardnaZes Jvanias gadadgoma WkuaSi daujda. generalurma

prokurorma dawera gadadgomis gancxadeba, xolo prezidentma mTeli mTavroba

daiTxova. amiT man, marTalia, formalurad, magram mainc ar Seasrula mitingis

moTxovna. Jvania gadadga. momitingeebi mainc ar iSlebodnen. Seqmnili viTarebis

mixedviT ukve opozicia wyvetda yvelafers: maTi gadasawyveti iyo – gaaZlierebdnen

momitingeebis moTxovnas – prezidenti gadadgeboda da axali realobis Seqmnis

rTuli da albaT mtkivneuli procesi daiwyeboda. ver SeTanxmdebodnen – mitingi

adre Tu gvian daiSleboda da mxolod gadayenebuli mTavroba da gadamdgari Jvania

iqneboda mRelvarebis Sedegi.

mitingSi yvela opoziciuri partiis mxardamWerebi monawileobdnen. Tumca,

ZiriTadi sityva mainc Jvanias da saakaSvilis momxreebs ekuTvnodaT, Tundac imitom,

rom maSin maTi eleqtorati jer kidev ar iyo gayofili, da isini jer kidev erT

gundad aRiqmebodnen. Jvaniam CaTvala, rom miRweuli sakmarisi iyo da moerida

viTarebis gamwvavebas. rogorc Cans, mas surda daemtkicebina SevarednaZisaTvis, rom

Tanamdebobis datovebis miuxedavad, is mainc rCeboda parlamentis realur

ganmkargvelad. anu am SemTxvevaSi Jvaniam TamaSis nacnob sivrceSi amjobina darCena.

es iyo pirveli, marTalia, sazogadoebisaTvis jer kidev faruli, magram realuri

dapirispireba Jvaniasa da saakaSvils Soris. Jvaniam amiT aramarto ganacxada, rom is

ufro kuluaruli da ara sajaro politikis momxrea, aramed amiT isic Tqva, rom is

aris bolo inteligenti saqarTvelos politikaSi21

1. nacnob garemoSi darCenis gadaulaxavi survili;

. inteligentobis niSnebi Semdegia:

2. protestis Zlieri ganwyoba;

21 maTTvis, visac ar axsovs an arc arasdros scodnia, ra iyo inteligenti, minda gavaxseno:

es iyo adamiani, romelic ruseTis imperiaSi gaCnda, da im droisaTvis ZiriTadad or niSans

atarebda: 1. absoluturi loialoba xelisuflebisadmi, ufro sworad: protestis

verSeZleba; 2. didi informaciis floba, Sesabamisad, mTeli cxovrebis sauniveristeto an

biurokratiul samuSaoze gatareba.

inteligentis saukeTeso magaliTia maqsim gorkis (iyo aseTi mwerali) klim samgini. sabWoTa

dros inteligentis cnebas daemata ramdenime maxasiaTebli. im dros is Camoyalibda, rogorc:

1. absoluturad mibmuli konkretul politikur-socialur garemoze: darwmunebuloba rom

es garemo ara marto misTvis, aramed saerTod erTaderTia; 2. protestis grZnoba sakuTari

garemosadmi; 3. darwmunebuloba, rom gamosavali ar arsebobs.

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3. konstruqciulobaze anu ufro dialogze, vidre gadawyvetilebis

miRebaze, orientirebuloba;

Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Jvaniam Zalian gabeduli nabiji gadadga da datova

parlamentis Tavmjdomaris posti, man ver miatova is garemo, romlSic is

Camoyalibda rogorc politikosi: man arCia daemtkicebina, rom misi sakuTari

mniSvneloba metia, vidre formaluri regalia, da rom regaliebi ki ar qmnidnen mis

avtoritets, aramed TviTon qmnida regalias sakuTari avtoritetiT.

moaxerxa Tu ara es Jvaniam, misi momxreebis da mowinaaRmdegeebis

Sesafasebelia. mTavari am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom Jvania Seecada arsebuli garemos

SenarCunebas, rac, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmatebiT moaxerxa.

imas, rom Jvania bolo inteligentia qarTul politikaSi 2002 wlis

adgilobrivi TviTmmarvelobis arCevnebic adasturebs: Jvanias xma misca Tbilisis

mosaxleobis 7%-ma. Jvanias es amomrCeveli Tavisi opozicionerobis mcire xanSi ar

moupovebia: mas isini yovelTvis hyavda. anu es is xalxia, vinc warmoadgendnen da

warmoadgenen inteligencias, im jgufs, romelsac SevardnaZis nacvlad Jvania unda

prezidentad. imitom, rom Jvania maTi msgavsia, maTi sisxli da xorcia. amiT

“samarTlianoba, ra Tqma unda, aRdgeba”.

rac ar unda ifiqron inteligentebma, Tuki Jvaniam ver moaxerxa

inteligenturobis gadalaxva, ar gaxda ufro radikaluri da sistemebis Secvlaze

mimarTuli, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi is kvlav iZulebuli iqneba aRadginos simulaciis

nacadi sistemebi.

daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobs

yvela am aRdgeniTma samuSaom, romelic zogi warmatebiT, zogi ki warumateblad

mimdinareobs, migviyvana unikalur socialur viTarebamde: rogorc ukve aRvniSne,

Tuki mmarTveli partia da xelisufleba 90-iani wlebis Sua periodis aRdgenas

eswrafvis, SevardnaZis gulSi upirvelesi adgili, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa kavSirs

ekuTvnis. imdenad, ramdenadac SevardnaZe Zalauflebis teqnologiebSi da mis

praqtikul gamoyenebaSic ufro gamocdilia, vidre danarCeni mmarTveli partia da

xelisfleba erTad, SevardnaZem maT ajoba da nel-nela socialuri cvlilebis

saswori sabWoTa kavSirisaken gadaxara: danaSaulebasTan misi brZolebi TandaTan

daemsgavsa 70-iani wlebis partiul “zaCistkebs”, xolo saxelmwifo kancelariis

TanamSromlebma TandaTan partiis centraluri komitetis funqcia SeiZines:

33

organizaciulad es damsgavseba saministroebis da departamentebis dublirebuli

ganyofilebebis SeqmniT gamoixata: iseve, rogorc sabWoTa warsulSi komunisturi

partiis centralur komitetSi, dRes yvela saministros da aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis sxva damoukidebel organoebs aqvT TavianTi analogi saxelmwifo

kancelariaSi, romelic maT akontrolebs da zedamxedvelobas uwevs. rwmunebulebis

biuros Seqmnac am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji iyo: rwmunebuls, romelsac

regionebSi niSnavs prezidenti, akontrolebs kancelariis Cinovniki, romelic Tavis

mxriv mTlianad damokidebulia prezidentze. aseTi sabWoTa struqtura unikaluria:

rwmunebulebis sazogadoebrivi pasauxismgeblobis ararseboba da didi uflebebi maT

kompartiul warmomavlobaze aSkarad miuTiTebs.

sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis procesi SevardnaZes mxolod jorbenaZis

saxelmwifo ministrad daniSvnis Semdeg ar dauwyia: is am aRdgeniT samuSaoebs

Jvanias drosac awarmoebda. ubralod, im dros sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis survili

demokratiis simulaciis fonze upirobo kontrolis damyarebis mcdelobad

gamoiyureboda, rasac simulirebuli demokratia simulirebul winaaRmdegobas uwevda.

magram aq albaT isev socialur mecnierebaSi ganuswavlelobam iCina Tavi.

sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgena misi sruli aRdgenis gareSe gamoricxulia. aseT aRdgenas

ki ramdenime piroba unda daekmayofilebina:

1. unda aRdgeniliyo kontrolis da balansis sabWoTa sistema. es sistema

ki gulisxmobs Zlier partiul kontrols socialuri aqtivobis yvela

doneze, da amave dros – Zlier policiur kontrols. saqarTveloSi am

sistemis erTi nawilis – policiuri kontrolis mainc – damyareba

gamoricxuli ar iyo, magram 2002 wlis noembris movlenebis Semdeg

cxadi gaxda, rom Zalauflebis es modusi moCvenebiTia da eqstremalur

viTarebaSi ar muSaobs. rac Seexeba partiul kontrols, misi

Canasaxebic arsebobda, magram swored Jvanias mier demokratiis

simulirebisaTvis saWiro realobis CarTvam SeuZlebeli gaxada

moqalaqeTa kavSiris kontrolis totalur instrumentad qceva;

2. unda aRdgeniliyo sabWoTa nacionalizmis safuZveli, anu qarTvelebs

myari imperialisturi cnobiereba unda gasCenodaT, rac maT sakuTari,

individualuri uflebebis dacvaze – imperiis SenarCunebis fasad –

uars aTqmevinebda.

34

3. unda Seqmniliyo myari partiuli elita, romlic amave dros qveynis

ZiriTadi simdidreebis gakontrolebas SeZlebda. es yvelaferi

kanonsawinaaRmdegod unda momxdariyo, raTa partiul xelmZRvanelobas

elitis wevrebis sruli marTva SeZleboda.

samive es piroba unda Sesrulebuliyo imisaTvis, rom sabWoTa kavSiri

aRdgeniliyo. saqarTvelos bolo aTi wlis istoriaSi Caxeduli verc erTi adamiani

ver ityvis, rom am samidan romelimes danergvis mcdeloba ar yofila. magram swored

imis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebaSi am sistemis Semaryeveli elementebic

iyvnen, xolo, meore mxriv, propagandisturma manqanam kargad ver imuSava, sabWoTa

sistema saqarTveloSi veRar damkvidrda.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sabWoTa kavSiri mTlianad xelovnuli sistema

iyo da TviTregulirebad dinebad miSveba mas yovelTvis angrevda. mravalfeniani

kontrolis meqanizmebis saWiroeba amiT iyo gamowveuli. amitomac daingra sabWoTa

kavSiri mas Semdeg, rac am kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesanaxi Tanxebi aRar arsebobda.

amis sapirispirod, saqarTveloSi socialurad sruliad “bunebrivma” sistemam

daiwyo damkvidreba. cxadia, zemoT aRwerili mcdelobebis fonze liberalur-

demokratiuli wyoba ver dainergeboda. saqarTveloSi nel-nela Sua saukuneebma

daiwyo arseboba. im Sua saukuneebma, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia (an

hqonda Zalian cota xani – im erTianobis dros – manam, sanam monRolebi

Semovidodnen da maTTvis Cveuli Cinuri biurokratiis daxmarebiT qveyanas orad –

dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad gahyofdnen).

35

IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSi

sabWoTa kavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga

1. politikuri sistema – Zalauflebis tipi

Zalian xSirad, saqarTvelos mmarTveloba/xelisuflebas eqspertebi aRweren

rogorc susts. maT amis gasamarTleblad mniSvnelovani argumentebi mohyavT.

amboben, rom

I. kanonebi ar sruldeba. ufro zustad, ar sruldeba mTel

teritoriaze erTnairad;

II. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelSi Tavmoyrilia mTeli

Zalaufleba. es aris ukiduresad centralizebuli sistema, romlis

mixedviTac, xelisuflebas regionebSi prezidentis mier daniSnuli

warmomadgenlebi e. w. gubernatorebi axorcieleben. maTi Zalaufleba

SeuzRudavia;

III. qveyanSi aris daumorCilebeli regionebi, maT Soris Sida omebis

Sedegad gandgomili afxazeTi da oseTi; aseve aWara, romelic

mxolod formalurad eqvemdebareba centrs;

IV. cxovrebis saerTo done Zalian dabalia. mTeli fuli da simdidre

ramdenime samTavrobo klanis xelSia, romelTa Sorisac prezidentis

ojaxur klanebs mTavari poziciebi ukavia;

V. konkurencia da Sejibri arsebobs, magram mxolod elitur wreebSi:

politikosebi ibrZvian sakuTari adgilebisaTvis da

urTierTCanacvlebisaTvis. mosaxleobas es naklebad exeba da awuxebs.

aseTi brZolis yvelaze cxadi magaliTi iyo moqalaqeTa kavSirSi

gamarTuli brZola, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da

sabolood Jvanias da saakaSvilis gundebis opoziciur partiebad

gardaqmniT damTavrda;

VI. arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT xelisuflebis agentebs SeuZliaT

TviTon gansazRvron da areguliron, vin ramdeni gadasaxadi unda

gadaixados. Sesabamisad, msxvil bizness xelisufleba akontrolebs.

amitomac ukanono Semosavlebi fantastikur masStabebs iRebs.

am niSnebis SemCnevisas nebismieri eqsperti daaskvnis, rom saxelmwifo, romelsac

aseTi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, sustia. magram, es marTebulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis

36

mimarT. saqme imaSia, rom Sua saukuneebSi es parametrebi Zlieri saxelmwifos

maxasiaTeblebi iyo.

Sua saukuneebis evropul saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifosa da centraluri

xelisuflebis siZliered iTvleboda is, Tuki nobilebi, Tavadebi, provinciebis

mflobelebi mefes aRiarebdnen TavianT siuzerenad. mefes ar hqonda arc unari, arc

survili, emarTa saxelmwifos is mxareebi, sadac misi uSualo batonoba ar

vrceldeboda. sadamsjelo eqspediciebi ewyoboda, Tuki vasali mefis brZanebebs da

miTiTebebs sistematurad ar Seasrulebda.

ra Tqma unda, Sua saukeneebis saxelmwifoebis provinciebSi arsebobdnen

centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi da sxva moxeleebi,

romlebic, adgilobriv mmarTvelebTan garigebebSi Sediodnen da saukeTeso

SemTxvevebSi ori batonis msaxurni iyvnen.

xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rom romelime vasali TiTqos ar emorCileboda

mefes, magram garkveul pirobebSi centralur xelisuflebas aseTi vasalic awyobda,

Tuki is mis saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebulad aRiarebda Tavs.

Sua saukuneebSi, iseve, rogorc axla, biznesis geografia ar emTxveoda arc

saxelmwifos da arc regionebis sazRvrebs. amas kargad iyenebda nebismieri

xelisufleba da gadasaxadebs TviTneburad da sakuTari saWiroebis mixedviT

awesebda. mogvianebiT, swored mmarTvelTa es TviTneboba gaxda uflebebis dacvis

pirveli redikaluri moTxovnis safuZveli, ris Sedegadac Sua saukuneebis

farglebSi axali drois urTierTobebma daiwyo Camoyalibeba. Mmagram es ukve sxva

istoriaa da Cvens saganTan da qveyanasTan saerTo ara aqvs.

rogorc vxedavT, Zneli ar aris Cven mier aRweril Sua saukuneebis

saxelmwifosa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris gadamwyveti msgavsebis danaxva:

centrisa da regionis urTierToba, gadasaxadebis formirebis SemTxveviTobaze

damyarebuli wesi, Zalauflebis tipi – zustad iseTia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi

iyo.

Suasaukuneobrivi urTierTobebis cxadi magaliTia 2003 wlis dasawyisSi

uSiSroebis saministrodan gavrcelebuli kanonproeqti “eqstremistul da ucxour

kontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa da gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis,

likvidaciisa da akrZalvis Sesaxeb”. es kanonproeqti zRudavs aramarto

organizaciebis moqmedebebs, aramed pirovnebis sityvis da TviTgamoxatvis

Tavisuflebasac. am proeqtis mixedviT, gamonaTqvamebic ki, mimarTuli “ideologiuri

37

jgufebis” winaaRmdeg SeiZleba jer uSiSroebis saministros gamoZiebis sagani

gaxdes, xolo Semdeg ki – uzenaesi an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier _ im

organizaciis moqmedebis SeCerebis safuZveli, romlis wevrsac es gamonaTqvami

ekuTvnis.

am kanonproeqtis momzadebis da Semdeg gamomzeurebis mizezebi bevri SeiZleba

iyos da yvela maTgani ukve gamoiTqva: zogis versiiT es aris xumroba, zogis azriT

ki _ ara. zogma CaTvala, rom xaburZania, uSiSroebis ministri, am

kanonproeqtiTYxalxs mouwodebs ajanyebisaken22

“eqstremistul da ucxour kontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa da

gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis, likvidaciisa da akrZalvis Sesaxeb” kanonproeqti

Tavisi arsiT inkviziciuria, da gulisxmobs mtrebis likvidaciis potencialis erT

damsjel organoSi Tavmoyras. debulebac, rom saboloo verdiqts gansasjelis mimarT

sasamarTlo gamoitans, saocrad waagavs Sua saukuneebis inkviziciis ganCinebas,

rodesac is gansasjels braldebis damamtkicebeli sabuTebiT samoqalaqo

sasamarTlos gadascemda: “daisajos usisxlod” iyo naTqvami inkviziciis mimarTvaSi.

es ki, ubralod, braldebulis cocxlad dawvas niSnavda.

. iyo ufro “SeTqmulebiTi” versiac,

rom ministri aiZules, aseTi kanonproeqti daewera da man am gziT scada Tavi

aeridebina amisaTvis. Tumca Sua saukuneebis versia ufro Seesamabeba sinamdviles:

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis garemo imdenad Suasaukuneobrivia, rom is TviTon iwyebs

Sua saukuneebis cxovrebis wesis Sesabamisi kanonebis producirebas. am SemTxvevaSi

xaburZanias pirovneba arafer SuaSia: yvelaze cnobili inkvizitorebi Tavisi drois

uaRresad ganaTlebuli xalxi iyo. isini Teologiur traqtatebsac werdnen da

xandaxan amave traqtatebiT eretikosebis cecxliT dasjiskenac mouwodebdnen.

M magram xom SeiZleba es mxolod politikur qve-sistemas exebodes da sxva qve-

sistemebi Sors iyos am arc Tu ise saxarbielo msgavsebisagan. vnaxoT, rogoria

socialuri sistema:

2. socialuri sistema

Sua saukuneebSi gadaadgileba erTi geografiuli wertilidan meoremde

problematuri iyo: cudi gzebi, yaCaRoba, romelsac rogorc wesi, is eweoda, visac

22 aseTi versiis safuZveli TviTon xaburZanias gaministrebis droindeli interviu iyo,

sadac is aRtacebiT hyveboda aSS konstituciaSi dafiqsirebul xalxis uflebaze ZaliT

gadaayenos mmarTvelebi, Tuki isini arRveven maT uflebebs da a. S.

38

gzebis dacva evaleboda, mogzaurebis sruli daucveloba SemTxveviTobebisagan da

sruli gaurkvevloba, ramdeni dro dasWirdeboda mogzaurobas. mogzaurobas bedavdnen

mxolod a) kargi dacvis TanxlebiT; b) an isini, visac wasarTmevi araferi hqonda, g)

anda visac uRirda es mogzauroba riskad. mokled, mogzaurobdnen mxolod saeklesio

pirebi, mdidrebi, vaWrebi da studentebi.

Sesabamisad, kavSiri geografiul wertilebs Soris am mogzaurebiT

ganpirobebuli, da amdenad, SemTxveviTi iyo. dasaxlebuli punqtebi, qalaqebi,

soflebi – avtonomiurad cxovrobdnen da rac ufro Sors iyvnen centrisgan, miT

ufro meti miTebi da legendebi icodnen centris Sesaxeb, miT ufro naklebi

konkretuli informacia hqondaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda iq, sadac simboluri

da realuri Zalaufleba iyo Tavmoyrili.

centridan periferiisaken mogzaurobebisas sagnebi kargavdnen maT centralur

mniSvnelobebs da periferiul mniSvnelobebs iZendnen. igive mosdiodaT RirebulebaTa

sistemebsac. yvelas – vaWrebs, studentebs, saeklesio pirebs – ambebis Tavisi

interpretacia CahqondaT. es interpretacia ki, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida cvlilebas da

momxdari ambavi xSirad sruliad sapirispiro SemTxvevad yalibdeboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSirebi centrebsa da periferiebs Soris SemTxveviTi

iyo, isini manc erTgvarovanni iyvnen: soflebis, dasaxlebebis mcxovrebni mTlianad

TavianT mmarTvelebze iyvnen damokidebulebi. mmarTvelebic sakuTar upirobo

xelisuflebas axorcielebdnen.

mmarTvelebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen centris struqturebis analogebi SeeqmnaT

Tavis samflobeloSi. es ramdenime faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. Zalauflebis

vertikaluri tipi, romelic aiZulebda yvela mmarTvels, imperia iqneboda Tu

sagrafo, erTnairad emarTad; 2. subieqturi baZva centrisadmi provinciis mxridan; 3.

Zalauflebis legitimacia, anu imisaTvis, rom Zalaufleba ecnoT, is imave tipis da

imave tipis garemoSi unda yofiliyo. es sami faqtori, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc

sainformacio saSualebebi da arc migraciebi Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebs ar

ganawyobda msgavsebisaken, maT erTgvarovani tipis struqturebad inarCunebda.

Sesabamisad, Tumca periferiis romelime socialurad dabal safexurze myofs

verasodes ver eqneboda Sexeba centris ierarqiul wverosTan, ierarqiac mkacrad iyo

daculi.

am yvelafris Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoeba

ierarqiuli iyo, kavSirebi am ierarqiis fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar arsebobda. garda

39

amisa, es ierarqia geografiul mdebareobazec iyo damokidebuli: centri ierarqiis

wveros adgili iyo, periferia ki Ziris. Tanac, ierarqiis yoveli Semdegi safexuri

ireklavda da imeorebda mTel ierarqias. daaxloebiT ase:

naxazze yoveli konkretuli samkuTxedi lokalur ierarqias warmoadgens.

punqtiriT aRniSnuli sibrtyeebi aris fenebi, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom

samkuTxedebi erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebulni, maT erTgvarovnad da

homogenurad aqcevs. rogorc naxazidan Cans, daqvemdebareba pirobiTia da ar aris

struqturulad erTmniSvnelovani.

naxazze samkuTxedebis araTanabarzomieroba imas miuTiTebs, rom centris

ierarqiis arekvla ar iyo zusti da Tav-Tavisi mcire gadaxvevebi yvela periferiul

anarekls axlda23. Sua saukuneebSi socialuri garemo iyofoda ara warmomavlobis

(rogorc bevrs gonia), ara fulis raodenobis, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vis hqonda

Zalaufleba da vis ara. isini, ar hqondaT Zalaufleba, qveda punqtiriT

SemosazRvrul sivrceSi unda warmovidginoT. isini, ra Tqma unda, monawileobdnen

mcire da did ojaxur, Temur an sxva gaerTianebebSi, Zalauflebis ierarqebTan

Sexebac hqondaT, magram maTi wili ZalauflebaSi Zalian mcire iyo; miuxedavad imisa,

rom gars ekverodnen nebismier Zalauflebis ierarqias, ZalauflebaSi monawileoba da

gavlenis moxdena maT ar SeeZloT24

23 SeniSvna maTTvis, vinc filosofiis istoria icis: socialuri struqturis am mowyobam

xom ar ubiZga laibnics monadebis miseuli aRwerisaken?

. Tumca, ZalauflebaSi monawileobac ar iyo

24 Zalauflebis ganviTareba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc am samkuTxedebis SeerTeba erT

naxazad. dRes Tanamedrove, modernuli da modernulobis Semdgomi saxelmwifo mmarTveloba

mimarTulia, yvelas miaRebinos ZalauflebaSi monawileoba an (memarcxene SefasebiT) imis

40

erTnairi yvela wertilSi: iyvnen qalaqebi, sadac moqalaqeebs didi roli da

mnSvneloba eniWebodaT da marTavdnen qalaqebs. aseTi qalaqebi ar iyvnen aucileblad

damoukideblebi: aseTi qalaqi xSirad amave dros mefis rezidenciasac warmoadgenda.

Zneli ar aris am zogad aRwerasa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris aramc Tu

msgavsebis, identurobis danaxvac: arafers vityvi gzebze da mogzaurobebze.

socialuri sistemebic iseve muSaoben, rogorc zemoT aRweril Sua saukuneebSi:

regionebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis institutebi romlebic baZaven centris marTvis

wesebs. centris anarekli, rac ufro periferiisaken moZraobs, saxes icvlis da es

saxecvlileba kulminacias aWaraSi, tipur Sua saukuneebis sagrafo/safaSoSi aRwevs.

imis gamo, rom eleqtroenergia TiTqmis ar aris – satelevizio sivrciT

qveynis gaerTianeba ar xdeba. imis gamo, rom gazeTebi fuli Rirs, xolo periferia

fulis niSnebis fizikur naklebobas ganicdis, centraluri gazeTebi SezRudulad

vrceldeba. amitom, regionSi centris Sesaxeb miTi da legenda moZraobs. amitom –

qveyanas, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Zalauflebis tipi da ierarqiis erTgvaroba

aerTianebs, da ara – sainformacio-sakomunikacio sivrce, rogorc es Tanamedrove

saxelmwifoebSia. mosaxleobis didi nawili gagdebulia Zalauflebis ierarqiidan.

politikuri brZola, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, ori tipisaa: 1) “ubralo”

urTierTCanacvlebisaTvis brZola (sasaxlis intrigebi), 2) Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi

sxva, manamde ucxo agentebis CarTvis da am gziT arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTari

TaviT Secvlis gza (reformacia, ajanyebebi, a. S.).

3. ganaTlebis sistema

formalurad saqarTvelos ganTlebis sistema imis adekvaturi da Sesabamisia, rac

dasavleT/centralur/CrdiloeT evropaSi da aSS-Si gvxvdeba. anu – arseboben

universitetebi, specialuri umaRlesi saswavleblebi, skolebi, profesiuli

saswavleblebi, sabavSvo baRebi. rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve, yofiT doneze

arseboben am qve-sistemebis formalizebuli makavSireblebi.

magram am, erTi SexedviT, mwyobr sistemaTa erTianobis uknidan Sua saukuneebi

iWyiteba. amis gamosaaSkaraveblad sakmarisia swavlis procesis aRwera. XX saukunis

dasawyisSi jon diuim Tqva, rom ganaTleba aris is, Tu rogor xdeba swavla, da ara

iluzias qmnis, TiTqos yvela iziarebdes Zalauflebas. principuli gansxvavebac dRevandel

da Sua saukuneebis marTvis tipebs da ierarqiebs Soris esaa.

41

is, Tu ras swavlob da sad. anu ganaTleba aris procesi. vnaxoT, ra saxe aqvs am

process saqarTveloSi:

imisaTvis, rom skoladamTavrebulma moswavlem swavla gaagrZelos, man

misaRebi gamocdebi unda Caabaros. rogorc wesi, skolaSi miRebuli codna da Cvevebi

sakmarisi ar aris. amitom saWiro xdeba repetitorebTan, anu moswavlis mSoblebis

mier specialurad daqiravebul adamianebTan momzadeba. es specialurad daqiravebuli

adamianebi amzadeben moswavles im sagnebSi, romelSic sasurvel umaRles

saswavlebelSi misaRebi gamocda unda gaimarTos. aris SemTxvevebic, rodesac

umaRles saswavlebelSi erTi safexuridan meoreze gadasasvleladac aseTi xalxis

daqiraveba xdeba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, es xalxi imave saswavleblebis

leqtorebi arian.

profesiuli ganaTleba naklebad aris standartebze orientirebuli da,

ZiriTadad, specialistis mier Tavisi codnis moswavlisTvis pirdapiri gadacema

xdeba, dakvirvebis da monawileobis (Segirdobis) gziT.

Tuki saqarTveloSi karieris moZraobas davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom Zalian cota

politikosis Tu biznesmenis dRevandel mdgomareobas aqvs safuZveli maT

ganaTlebaSi. profesional politikosebs da bizensmenebs Soris Zalian cotaa

iuristi, ekonomisti, socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli. maTi warmateba,

sazogadoebis da maTive TvalSic, SeWidulia ara ganaTlebasTan, aramed, sasargeblo

kavSirebTan, naTesaobasTan, da a. S. saswavlebelSi SeZenili codna da unarebi

warmatebul karierasTan nakleb, an saerTod aranair kavSirSia.

zemoT moTxrobili saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis mxolod erTi mxarea. rac

Seexeba mis marTvas, is mTlianad centralizebulia: skolebi mTlianad eqvemdebareba

ganaTlebis saministros da ganaTlebis saministros Tanxmobis gareSe arcerTi met-

naklebad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba ar xdeba. skolebi warmoadgenen

ganaTlebis saministros nawils, maT sakuTari biujetic ki ara aqvT. skolis

biujetebi isazRvreba ganaTlebis saministros warmomadgenlis da adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobis organoebis SeTanxmebiT.

rac Seexeba saxelmwifo universitetebs, isinic mTlianad centralur

xelisuflebaze arian damokidebulni. marTalia, nominalurad isini avtonomiurni

arian, magram maTi bedis gadawyveta, survilis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis umaRles ierarqebs

yovelgvari sakanonmdeblo winaaRmdegobis gareSe SeuZliaT.

42

aRwerili viTareba identuria imisa, rac Sua saukuneebSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT:

ganaTlebis miRebas hqonda rogorc Sinauri, aseve, formaluri, tradiciis saxe:

Sinauri iyo imdenad, ramdenadac xdeboda ostati/Segirdis sqemis gaTamaSeba yvela

doneze – rogorc glexebis da xelosnebis, aseve, didgvarovanTa wreSi: glexebi

codnas Svilebs uSualod gadascemdnen, xelosnebi – Segirdebs, didgvarovnebi

TavianTi SvilebisaTvis maswavleblebs qiraobdnen. xSirad ganaTleba aqve mTavrdeboda

da danarCeni dro praqtikas eTmoboda: rogorc politikaSi, aseve vaWrobaSi,

gamocdilebis da unarebis SeZena saqmianobasTan erTad xdeboda da miRebul

ganaTlebasTan aranair pirdapir kavSirSi ar iyo. verc iqneboda, imdenad, ramdenadac

imdroindeli universitetebi mxolod iuridiul, samedicino da saRvTismetyvelo

kolejebs warmoadgendnen da profesiaTa farTo speqtrTan ar iyvnen dakavSirebuli.

skolebi mxolod saeklesio iyo, iswavleboda is, rac eklesiis ideologias ar

scildeboda. Sesabamisad, saeklesio skolebSi mxolod wera-kiTxvis swavlas da

bibliis kiTxvas eTmoboda dro.

rac Seexeba dRevandel qarTul universitetebs, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom

maTSi mniSvnelovani dResac igive specialobebia, oRond RvTismetyvelebas ekonomikis

fakultetebi anacvlebs. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqac am fakultetebis

damTavreba sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara sabuTs da uflebas muSaobis dawyebisaTvis.

danarCeni, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, gzadagza SeiZineba.

maSasadame, saskolo da profesiuli ganaTlebis Sinauri xasiaTi, sauniversiteto

ganaTlebis formaluroba, da kidev erTi – universitetebis da skolebis Zlieri

daqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da misi ideologiisadmi, ar unda tovebdes eWvs, rom

Cveni ganaTlebac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobriv yalibSia moTavsebuli.

4. sasamarTlo sistema

Zalian bevri adamiani dRevandel saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis Sesaxeb

laparakobs. politikis mwarmoebel fenebSi midis kamaTi da imis mtkiceba, Tu vin

aris reformis avtori. sasamarTlo reformis avtorobis miwera/dabraleba

saakaSvili–Wanturia–SevardnaZis Skalaze moZraobs. am mxriv mxolod erTi ramis

Tqma SeiZleba: imdenad, ramdenadac amdeni gavleniani politikosi reformis mamobas

iCemebs, Cans, rom mniSvnelovani ram ganxorcielebula.

dRes saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb mxolod erTi ramis Tqma

SeiZleba: mosamarTleebi aRar arian uSualod da ganuyoflad daqvemdeberebulni

43

partiul mmarTvelobas, rogorc es sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo. Sesabamisad, gaizarda

maTi warmomavlobis “socialuri geografia” da, maSasadame, maTi kavSirebis sivrcec.

anu Tuki adre, ssrk-Si mosamarTleze gavlena mxolod partiul xelmZRvanelobas

hqonda, dRes am gavlenis SesaZlebloba ganuzomlad didia. es ki, sabWoTa kavSiris

sasamarTlo sistemasTan SedarebiT, ganuzomlad ukeTesia, ufro humanuri da win

gadadgmuli nabijia. ZiriTadi – rac sasamarTlo sistemaSi Seicvala – es aris.

arsebobs kidev ramdenime iuridiuli niuansi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, uzenaesi

sasamarTlo, rogorc saboloo instancia da a. S. magram ZiriTadi, rac “xalxma

igrZno” da es marTla moxda, aris gavlenis SesaZleblobis gazrda.

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis mowyobis socialuri wesi arafriT ar

gansxvavdeba misi Suasukuneobrivi analogisgan: sasamarTlo sistema

centralizebulia, eqvemdebareba uzenaes sasamarTlos25

am bolo dros sasamarTlo sistemas moulodneli damcvelebic gamouCdnen:

xSirad, gansakuTrebiT iuristebis wreSi, gaigonebT frazas, rom sasamarTlo

safrTxilo Temaa da masze frTxiladaa laparaki saWiro. imitom, rom sasamarTlo

isaa, razec saxelmwifo dgas da ar SeiZleba xalxs movuspoT rwmena da a. S. saqme

isaa, rom e. w. “xalxs” sasamarTlos rwmena didi xania aRara aqvs da mas iseve

aRiqvams, rogorc saxelmwifos. xalxi ufro xSirad mimarTavs sasamarTlos, magram

ara imitom, rom samarTlianobis rwmena ganumtkicda, aramed imitom, rom maT ician,

rom am gziT garkveuli saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRwevaa SesaZlebeli.

, mosamarTleebi Tavs daculad

grZnoben, naklebad awuxebT mosaxleobis ganwyoba maT mimarT. xSirad ikvrebian

centris adgilobriv warmomadgenlebTan da am SemTxvevaSi maTi gavlena Zlierdeba.

imasac amboben, rom mxolod iseTi saqmis samarTliani gansjaa mosalodneli,

romelSic dainteresebuli mxare an ar arsebobs, an Zalian sustia.

“sasamarTlos ar Seexo” iseTive tipis gamoTqmaa rogorc “cudi ar unda Tqva

qarTvel xalxze, qarTul saxelmwifoze”, “ar unda daabezRo qarTuli saxelmwifo”.

rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve sasamarTlos SemTxvevaSic saqme erTnairadaa: aravin ar

abezRebs saxelmwifos da cuds ar laparakobs qarTvel xalxze, ramdenime naklebad

25 iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi – mefis xelisuflebas. dRevandeli saqarTvelos

sasamarTlo sistemis da uzenaesi sasamarTlos realuri damoukideblobac politikuri

mmarTvelobisagan sakamod saeWvoa – Tundac im politikuri da administraciuli

gadawyvetilebebis gamo, romlebsac mas bralad uyeneben (Jvania-mamalaZis, meqrTame

mosamarTlis saqmeebi).

44

ganaTlebuli inteleqtualis garda (es inteleqtualebi SeiZleba amoicnoT

frazebiT: “saxelmwifod ver SevdeqiT”, “qarTveli eris mentalitetia aseTi da ra

vqnaT”). yoveli realuri sayveduri da e. w. “dabezReba” konkretul adamianebs

miemarTeba. am adamianebs sruliad arasworad aigiveben im institutebTan, romelTa

warmomadgenlebadac isini gvevlinebian mocemul momentSi. anu – mosamarTlis

(Tundac ramdenimes) mxileba ar niSnavs sasamarTlos ideis mxilebas. iseve, rogorc

SevardnaZis, narCemaSvilis da xaburZanias mxileba adamianis uflebebis darRvevis

mcdelobebSi ar niSnavs qarTveli xalxis (waikiTxe – saqarTvelos) mxilebas imave

saqmeSi.

es yvelaferi im Sua saukuneebis diskursis bralia, romelmac ise warmatebiT

Caanacvla sabWoTa ena, rom misma matareblebma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma adamianebma,

verc gaiges am Canacvlebis ambavi26

5. jari da policia

. es ena mokled aRiwereba mefe-mzis fraziT

“saxelmwifo es me var”.

sakmaod Znelia gaigo, ratom arsebobs saqarTveloSi SeairaRebuli Zalebi im

saxiT, rogoriTac is arsebobs: mudmivi naxevrad mSieri mdgomareoba, sabWoTa

periodidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli “dedovSCina”, aRWurvilobis faqtiuri arqona.

aseTi arsebobis erTaderTi gamarTleba aris erTis mxriv is, rom biujetis

garkveuli raodenoba unda daixarjos, xolo meore mxriv – SesaZlebelia

jariskacebis gamoyeneba muSa Zalad. ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebaSi jars aravin

uyurebs seriozulad – is raRacnairad – aucilebeli borotebis saxiT arsebobs da

ZiriTadad mowodebulia is xalxi Seinaxos, romelic am jars unda emsaxurebodes.

garda amisa, arian jaris nawilebi, romlebsac mTavroba seriozulad ufrTxis,

maTi cxel wertilebSi gamocdilebis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mowodebiT samxedroobis

gamo. esec aris erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom xarjavs qveyana biujetis nawils,

Tundac Zalian cotas, iseT jarze, romlic mas arasodes araferSi gamoadgeba: es

26 Sua saukuneebis diskursis mier sabWoTa enis Canacvleba SeiZleba istoriuli

kanonzomierebiTac aixsnas: sabWoTa imperia Tavisi arsiT Sua saukuneebs ekuTvnoda, oRond

unikaluri teritoriis da gansxvavebuli saxelwifo mowyobis gamo ise iyo Secvlili, rom

misi amokiTxva SeuZlebeli xdeboda. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg – patar-patara saxelmwifoebi –

sabWoTa tipis Zalauflebis SenarCunebis SeuZleblobis gamo – TandaTan daemsgavsnen im

garemos, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris ideas edo safuZvlad.

45

aris faqtiurad, sabrZolo jgufebis iseTive Senaxva, iseTive xarkis gadaxda,

rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda: mTavroba maT minimums aZlevs imisaTvis, rom

isini ar ajanydnen, ise, rogorc es 2002 wlis gazafxulze moxda.

sxva mxriv, mTeli saqarTvelos mmarTveloba daqiravebuli jaris imedzea. es

daqiravebuloba sxvadasxva saxisaa: dawyebuli aSS-s daxmarebiT momzadebuli

qarTveli “wvrTnis da aRWurvis programis” monawileebidan, e. w. komandos

batalionidan, damTavrebuli aWaraSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro baziT, romelic,

faqtiurad, aWaris reJimis SenarCunebis garantiaa.

garda amisa, yvela “Tavisi Tavis pativismcemel” regionalur mmarTvels hyavs

Tavisi xalxi, romelic mas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daicavs. es xalxi, rogorc wesi,

adgilobrivi policiaa, Tumca, SeiZleba ramdenime gamonaklisic arsebobdes

gaurkveveli SeiaraRebuli formirebis saxiT.

policia arsebuli sistemis mTavari damcvelia. amitomac, saxelmwifo

dafinansebis lamis yvelaze didi wili policiaze modis. aqac Sua saukuneebis

“daqiravebul meomrebTan” gvaqvs saqme, romlebsac ufleba aqvT micemuli, Zarcvon

mosaxleoba, ra Tqma unda, gonierebis farglebSi, oRond saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

mmarTveloba daicvan.

rogorc cnobilia, aseTma wesma ar gaamarTla: daqiravebulni Tavs anebebdnen

samsaxurs imav wuTs, ra wuTsac maTi Semosavali wydeboda.

6. sagareo urTierTobebi

Sua saukuneebSi, imis gamo, rom sainformacio saSualebebi ar iyo ganviTarebuli,

informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda sazRvargareT, sakmaod gadRabnili da

gaurkveveli iyo. marTalia, arsebobdnen werilebi, romlebsac dainteresebuli

mxareebi erTmaneTs swerdnen, magram imis gamo, rom am werilebis daniSnulebis

adgilamde miRwevas didi dro sWirdeboda, aravin iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, rom

mosuli ambavi, Tundac Zalian didi sizustiT, Tundac prustiseburad, aRwerili,

jer kidev sinamdviles Seesabameboda.

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Sua saukuneebSi informacia icvleboda manam, sanam

daniSnulebis adgils miaRwevda. amitom, Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebebi undoblobiT

uyurebdnen mezobeli qveynebis mcxovreblebs. maTi Sinauri miTebi mezoblebis

sisastikis, borotebis, araadamianurobis damadasturebeli ambebiT iyo savse. es ki

46

mxolod xels uwyobda rogorc qveynis Sida, aseve gare procesebis marTvas

xelisuflebis mier sakuTari, viwro da moklevadiani interesebis Sesabamisad.

SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom raRac SemTxvevebSi sagareo politika naTeli momavlis

imediT da masze orientaciiT iyo nakarnaxevi, magram is arasodes ar iyo mimarTuli

qveynis ubralo mcxovrebis yofiTi pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.

utyuari sabuTi ori qveynis erTmaneTisadmi damokidebulebisa, iyo an omSi

mekavSireoba, an omSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mxares dgoma.

didwilad saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebi waagavs aRweril viTarebas: sruli

gaurkvevlobaa, ra mimarTebaSi arian didi saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelosTan: TiTqos

cnobilia, rom aSS megobaria da ruseTi mteri, magram sul ismis brZnuli

mosazrebebi, rom saqarTvelo an ukve gaicvala (an eraySi, manamde – baltiis

qveynebSi), an unda gaicvalos.

saqarTvelos mTavrobac, imisaTvis, rom sakuTar TavSive sicxade Seitanos,

cdilobs, rac SeiZleba swrafad da rac SeiZleba formalurad Caebas yvela

dawyebul Tu dauwyebel omSi27

rac Seexeba sagareo urTierTobebs – xelisuflebisgan Zalian xSirad

urTierTsawinaaRmdego ganmartebebi moedineba. sul erTia, exeba es saqarTvelos

megobari qveynebis jgufs, savizo reJims Tu sxva rames. ra Tqma unda, amas

sainformacio saSualebaTa CamorCenilobas ver daabraleb. Sedegi ki zustad iseTivea,

rogorc Sua saukuneebSi – sazogadoebebis mkveTri Caketiloba da undobloba

rogorc axlo, aseve Soreuli qveynebis mimarT. es ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

xelisuflebas ubiZgebs sakuTari viwro an didi erovnul miznebisaken mimarTos

qveynis politika, magram arasodes – sakuTari moqalaqis cxovrebis pirobebis an

SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebisaken.

. es mis mdgomareobaSi, Tundac cota xniT, Sua

saukuneobriv garkveulobas Seitans.

7. ekonomika

ekonomikis magaliTze yvelaze kargad Cans, Tu rogori Sua saukuneebi dadga

saqarTveloSi. amis magaliTebia:

27 aq me aSS-erayis da aSS-avRaneTis oms vgulisxmob. 2003 wels, aSS-erayis omis dawyebamde,

ise, rom aSS-s mTavrobas saqarTvelosTvis arc uTxovia, SevardnaZem gamoacxada, rom is

mzadaa qveynis samxedro aerodromebi aSS-s samxedro Zalebs SesTavazos. avRaneTSi aSS-s

samxedro operaciis dros daaxloebiT msgavsi mzadyofna gamoiTqva.

47

1. biznesmenebi mkveTrad arian orietirebulni mTavrobasTan kargi

urTierTobis damyarebaze. xSir SemTxvevebSi TviTon mTavrobis da

mmarTvelobis wevrebi warmoadgenen msxvili korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebs.

2. biznesmenebi ver xedaven TavianT adgils samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, anu

maTTvis dResdReobiT ufro momgebiania saxelmwifosTan da mis

warmomadgenlebTan mWidro kavSirSi yofna.

3. Sedegad, saqarTveloSi mxolod iseTi biznesi (sulerTia, msxvili, saSualo

da wvrili) arsebobs, romelsac kargi kavSirebi aqvT saxelmwifosTan, anu

rogorc umaRles, aseve umdablesi rangis moxeleebtan, policielebis

CaTvliT, romelTa gareSec nebismieri wvrili biznesis warmoeba

SeuZlebelia. kanonmdeblobac, romelic gadasaxadebs da sxva biznesTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebs aregulirebs, isea mowyobili, rom saxelmwifo

moxeleebs did gasaqans aZlevs. Sesabamisad, zRudavs konkurenciis

SesaZleblobas. amitom, biznesebis ricxvic Seesabameba ara moTxovnis da

miwodebis kanonebs, aramed, saxelmwifos gavleniani moxeleebis ricxvs da

maT Soris konkurencias. eqspertebis SefasebiT, iseve rogorc politikaSi,

ekonomikaSic brZola erTi ojaxis, erTi dajgufebis farglebSi

mimdinareobs da sabazro moTxovnebTan kavSiri ara aqvs. bolo wlebis

yvelaze STambeWdavi brZola, rogorc amboben, prezident SevardnaZis

ojaxis farglebSi moxda: SevardnaZis Svilis simamr – guram axvlediansa

da SevardnaZis ZmisSvil – nugzar SevardnaZes Soris. rogorc amboben,

gaimarjva guram axvledianma da iseT mniSvnelovan eqsportze, rogoricaa

benzini da sxva sawvavi, erTpirovnuli kontroli daawesa. aseTi brZolebi

imarTeboda da imarTeba, magram cota maTgani Tu gamodis samzeoze.

saqarTvelos ekonomika albaT mxolod 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sadRac 1995-97

wlebSi) cdilobda Tavisufali bazris principebze gadasuliyo. Semdeg

xelisuflebis wevrebma da maTTan axlo kavSiris mqone pirebma Caigdes xelSi

ZiriTadi saSualebebi da konkurencia Tavis wreSi gadaitanes, sadac man mkveTri

politikuri Seferiloba miiRo da Tavisufali bazris formebs saerTod daSorda.

Tuki saqarTveloSi raime Tavisufali konkurencia arsebobs, es albaT, isev

wvril movaWreebs Soris, romlebsac sakuTari riskis fasad CamoaqvT an

saqarTveloSive yiduloben kontrabandul produqts. Tumca es konkurencia uSualod

did bazrobebze imarTeba; aqac gavleniani pirebis Carevaa saWiro, wvrili movaWre

48

rom daxlTan miuSvan. Zalian xSirad, mewarmeebs Soris brZola jer bazris

segmentis lamis kanonis ZaliT xelSi CagdebisaTvis imarTeba28

magram, miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, ekonomika ZiriTadad damyarebulia

unikalurobis principze, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo, da ara moTxovnis

dakmayofilebis wesze. anu sabWoTa kavSirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnebebiT rom

vTqvaT, ekonomika deficituria: Semosavali agebulia produqtis unikalurobiT da

Znelad wvdomadobiT gamowveul fasis zrdaze, da ara produqtis tiraJirebiT

miRebul Semosavalze. aseTi produqtebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. TiTqmis yvela

produqti, romelic saqarTveloSi iwarmoeba, deficituria, imdenad, ramdenadac, maTi

fasis regulireba ara uSualod mwarmoeblis, aramed politikuri gavlenebis

sferoSi Zevs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es nawilobriv exeba bazrobebze gamotanil

saqonels da mTliand exeba sxvadasxva dargebis ekonomikebs.

, da mxolod amis

Semdeg, Tuki bazarze ramdenime Zlieri mimwodebeli dafiqsirda, romelTac erTmaneTi

ver CaZires, iwyeba konkurencia.

magaliTisaTvis, aseTia saqarTvelos rkinigza, romlic mTlianad awyobilia

deficiturobaze da monopolistobaze: mas uzarmazari Tanxebi Semosdis

gadazidvebidan, da amave dros, is arafers ar akeTebs imisaTvis, rom samgzavro

matareblebi gaaumjobesos: rkinigza jer kidev rCeba gadaadgilebis ZiriTad

saSualebad, Sesabamisad, deficituri Semosavali garantirebulia.

aseve, deficituri ekonomikis magaliTia ganaTleba: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi

formaluri saxe ar Seesabameba mis Sinaarss: rogorc saSualo, aseve, umaRlesi

skolebi ZiriTadad mxolod garkveul sabuTebs (diplomebs) awarmoeben, romelic

SeiZleba Semdgom karieras daedos safuZvlad. im codnas, romelsac moswavle

saxelmwifo universitetebSi Tu skolebSi iRebs, naklebad Tu endoba vinme da

ZiriTadad isev calke specialur momzadebas, unarebis ganviTarebis pirad

SesaZleblobebs da sasargeblo kavSirebs eyrdnobian. aseTi warmoeba ver miebmeba

Tavisufal bazars imitom, rom realurad sabuTis (skolis, an umaRlesis

damTavrebis mowmobis) fasi ganuzomlad cotaa im safasurTan SedarebiT, rac am

sabuTis gacema Rirs: mis RirebulebaSi Sedis profesor-maswavleblebis xelfasebi,

Senobebis, inventaris Rirebuleba da a. S. amave safasurSi Sedis yvela im pirovnebis

socialuri dacva, romelic CarTulia am procesSi.

28 amisaTvis ki sakanonmdeblo Sesworebebic gamoiyeneba, sxva xerxebTan erTad.

49

Sesabamisad, raki bazarze fasi mxolod dokuments aqvs, misi gacemis procesi

aRaravis ainteresebs. amitom swavlebis xarisxi ZiriTadad nulzea dasuli.

konkurencia mimdinareobs, magram am SemTxvevaSi, konkurencia aris ara moTxovnis da

miwodebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanisaTvis, aramed im safasuris gazrdisaTvis, romelsac

damamTavrebel mowmobaSi ixdian: am Teoriuli msjelobis yvelaze kargi ilustracia

saxelmwifo univeristetebis magaliTia: Tavi rom davaneboT im fuls, romelsac

mdidari mSoblebi aralegalurad ixdian imisaTvis, rom maTi Svili sabiujeto (e. w.

ufaso) adgilze moxvdes, dResdReobiT saxelmwifo umaRlesi ganaTlebis donori

oria: kerZo pirebi, romlebic safasurs ixdian, da saxelmwifo, romelic

yovelwliurad adgilebis garkveul raodenobas afinansebs29. saxelmwifo TiToeul

studentSi mizerul Tanxas ixdis, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar aris sakmarisi evropis

universitetebis swavlebis xarisxTan odnav miaxloebisTvisac ki. kerZo piris

gadasaxadi, romelsac unversitetis xelmZRvaneloba awesebs, aseve Zlier CamorCeba

saWiro raodenobas, magram, orjer an metjer metia im safasurze, rac saxelmwifo

mxridan modis. maSasadame, miRebulia Semdegi sqema: arc saxelmwifo da arc kerZo

piri fulis sakmaris raodenobas ar ixdis. orive es fuli Seadgens garkveul

moculobas, romelic Semdeg eZleva im profesor-maswavleblebs, romelebic orives –

“fasiansac” da “ufasosac” aswavlian. Sesabamisad, xdeba im fulis, romelsac kerZo

piri ixdis, gamoyeneba “ganaTlebis” imaTTvis misacemad, visac fuls saxelmwifo

uxdis. ase viRebT saxelmwifos mxridan fulis gamoZalvis sqemas, romlic yvela

saxelmwifo universitetSi xorcieldeba. xolo mTeli am sqemis foni – deficituri

ekonomikis principia: saxelmwifo universitetebi jerjerobiTY mainc monopolistebi

arian: isini aweseben iseT safasurs, romlis gadaxdac TiTqmis yvelas SeuZlia. es

xdeba imitom, rom saxelmwifo universitetebi naklebad an saerTod ar zrunaven

swavlebis xarisxze30

29 yvelaze ucnauri is aris, rom isini, vinc aralegalurad ixdian fuls ufaso adgilebze

moxvedrisaTvis, amas mxolod tradiciis da prestiJis gamo sCadian. sxva safuZveli amas ara

aqvs. fasiani adgili bevrad ufro iafi Rirs.

. is safasuri romelsac isini aweseben, sabolood mainc sabuTis

30 amas ver akeTebs kerZo umaRlesi saswavlebeli, radgan misi sazrunavi swored swavlebis

xarisxia da man realuri fasi unda daados swavlas. amitom jerjerobiT kerZo umaRlesi

saswavleblebi saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis amindze ver axdenen gavlenas da

elitarulebad rCebian.

50

safasuria da naklebad moqmedebs im codnaze, romelsac isini am sabuTis misaRebad

kanoniT dadgenil procesSi monawileobis gziT iReben.

sqemaze rom gamovsaxoT aseTi ekonomikis muSaobis wesi, Semdegs miviRebT:

1. sawyisi viTareba

2. moTxovnis seleqcia warmoebis saSualebis mier

3. seleqciis Semdeg moTxovnis miwodebiT dakmayofileba

am naxazze naCvenebia, rom rodesac warmoebis saSualebebi SezRudulia da amave

dros monopolisturi, xdeba ara miwodebis gazrda, aramed moTxovnis xelovnuri

gadarCeva. igulisxmeba, rom warmoebis saSualeba am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos

warmoadgens. es sabWoTa ekonomikis sqemaa, magram amave dros Sua saukuneebis

ekonomikasac Seesabameba: rodesac sawarmoebeli produqti unikaluria da misi

raodenoba bevrad CamorCeba moTxovnas, mwarmoebeli “iZulebulia” awarmoos

moTxovna miwodeba

warmoebis saSualeba

warmoebis saSualeba

moTxovna

miwodeba

moTxovna

warmoebis saSualeba

miwodeba

51

momxmarebelic31. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis safuZveli SeiZleba imaSic davinaxoT,

rom raRac etapze iseTi raodenobis da gavlenis mqone moTxovna warmoiSoba, rom

warmoebis saSualebis32

magram es jer kidev ar aris saqarTvelos ekonomikis sruli aRwera. jerjerobiT

Cven reliqturi komponentebi aRvwereT, da mTavari maxasiTeblis aRweraze ar

gadavsulvarT: saqme isaa, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikis mTavari RerZi, iseve,

rogorc Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebSi – omis ekonomikaa:

mier moTxovnis seleqcia SeuZlebeli xdeba.

xSirad amboben, rom qveynis erTianobis safuZveli erTiani ekonomikaa. es

safuZveli saqarTveloSi marTlac arsebobs, Tanac iseTi, romelic Tavis TavSi

aerTianebs rogorc aWaras, aseve oseTsac da afxazeTsac. magram, isic unda iTqvas,

rom es ekonomika danaSaulebrivia da moicavs rogorc “ubralo” kontrabandas, aseve

narkotikebis da iaraRiT vaWrobis gzebsac, romelic saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT

iwyeba da ruseTis sazRvrebTan mTavrdeba. kontrabandis sayovelTaoba eWvs ar iwvevs:

kontrabanduli saqonlis Semosvlis ori ZiriTadi gza arsebobs: TurqeTidan da

samxreT oseTidan, erT-erTi gandgomili regionidan. Tumca es gzebi SedarebiT

uwyinaria, da realurad, garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos teritorias kveTs, aseve,

saSualebas aZlevs gaWirvebaSi myof mosaxleobas mdgomareoba odnav mainc

gamoisworos. ra Tqma unda, kontrabanduli saqonlis gzebiT aramarto mosaxleoba,

aramed am gzebis sabaJoebi da sxva makontroleblebic ikvebebian, magram es saqmis

viTarebas ar cvlis.

ufro sainteresoa narkotikebiT da iaraRiT vaWroba, romelSic mosaxleobis

didi nawilia CarTuli. am kargad damuSavebul gzas xan Txilis biznesi ebmeba, xan

kidev sxva ram. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi ram faqtia: dRes afxazeTic da samxreT

oseTic gacilebiT ufro mWidrod arian saqarTvelosTan integrirebulebi, vidre es

maT undaT aCvenon. narkotikebis da iaraRis gzebis kvalis naxva yvelgan SeiZleba,

mosaxleobis didi nawili CarTulia masSi, magram, ra Tqma unda, did mogebas isev

politikuri elita iRebs.

faqtia, rom omis ekonomika afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi omis dros daiwyo da

mas Semdeg ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo. dRes is mWidrod aris instalirebuli

31 sxvadasxva xerxiT: qrTamis aRebiT, CawyobiT, fizikuri gamoxSirviT.

32 farTo azriT. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis warmoebis

saSualebebic.

52

mosaxleobis saarsebo garemoSi da faqtiurad erTaderTi ramaa, rac dasavleT da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aerTianebs.

aravin ar malavs (rogorc iqna), rom saqarTvelos centralurma

xelisuflebam afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan warmoebuli omebi waago. magram is,

rac am omis Sedegad miiRes gandgomilma regionebma, aSkarad ar hgavs mogebis Sedegs:

is, rac afxazeTma da samxreT oseTma moaxerxa, aris Sua saukuneebSi Cavardna. isini

nel-nela, aWarasTan erTad, sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebisgan gadaiqcnen

patara Suasaukuneobriv samTavroebad, da am mdgomareobidan gamosavali kidev ufro

naklebia, vidre saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi.

8. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

Sua saukuneebSi TviTgamoxatvis ZiriTadi forma gaerTianebebis Seqmna da maTi

saSualebiT politikur, inteleqtualur Tu sxva saxis cxovrebaSi monawileoba iyo.

aseTi mowyobis da mimarTebis safuZveli albaT, aramarto antikur tradiciaSi,

aramed Sua saukunebis saxelmwifoebis da msoflmxedvelobebis organizebis wesSi

unda veZioT, sadac jgufs da mis warmomadgenels ufro meti mniSvneloba hqonda,

vidre erT calkeul adamians, Tuki am adamianis ukan oficialuri an araoficialuri

qarizma ar idga – saRvTo kurTxevis saxiT. metic: albaT, mxolod jgufis wevrobiT

SeiZleboda raimes miRweva, iseve, rogorc amas qristes mowafeebma qristes

mociqulebad gaerTianebiT miaRwies. Sua saukuneebi unikaluri adamianebis da maT

garSemo Seqmnili dajgufebebis samyaro iyo. jgufis gavliT xdeboda Cveulebrivi

adamianebis ziareba unikalurobasTan. jgufs hqonda erTaderTi mniSvneloba da misi

warmomadgeneli iyo aramarto jgufis, aramed im unikaluris warmomadgenelic,

romlis garSemoc Tavis droze jgufi Seiqmna.

rogor iqmnebodnen es jgufebi, istoriaa, Sua saukeneebisTvisac ki. sabolood

ki Sua saukuneebis samyaro warmoadgenda gaerTianebebis gaerTianebas, romelTaganac

zogs ordeni erqva, zogs gildia, zogs loJa, zogs kidev universiteti33

33 universitetebi ufro gildiebis (profesorTa da studentTa) erTianobas warmoadgendnen,

vidre calke avtonomiur gaerTianebebs.

. es

gaerTianebebi rogorc qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobaSi, aseve samefo karzec seriozul

rols asrulebdnen: ordenebi da gildiebi bevri mniSvnelovani politikuri da

socialuri movlenis saTaveSi idga. Tuki vinmes, ubralo warmoSobis adamians,

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis miReba surda, is aseT gildiaSi anda

53

ordenSi unda gaerTianebuliyo. gildiis wevroba ki advili ar iyo: is mowafe-

Segirdis institutis garda sxva, ufro rTul farul Tu Ria meqanizmebsac

iTvaliswinebda.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi mTlianad gildiuria. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi mxolod arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani

organizaciebi warmoadgenen. es ki iwvevs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tavis TavSi

Caketvas da misi ganviTarebis stagnacias: arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani organizaciebis

arsebobis materialuri wyaro is finansuri daxmarebaa, romelsac ucxoeli donorebi

an pirdapir, an adgilobrivi fondebis saSualebiT awarmoeben. rogorc wesi, am

daxmarebis mizani keTilSobiluria, da xSirad amarTlebs kidevac mizans, iqneba es

uflebebis dacva Tu sxva romelime konkretul sferoSi gamWvirvaleobis da

angariSvaldebulebis danergva.

magram, meore mxriv, swored es finansuri daxmarebaa, romelic samoqalaqo

sazogadoebas organizaciebis sazRvrebSi ketavs da ar aZlevs saSualebas

moqalaqeebs, yovelgvari organizaciuli CarCos gareSe, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi

CaerTon: finansuri resursebi SezRudulia, Tavisufali bazris elementaruli

kanonebi karnaxoben arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, ar gazardon sakuTari ricxvi, arc

monawileebis da arc axali aqtorebis – axali organizaciebis _ Seqmnis xarjze.

meore mxriv ki, mxolod axali organizaciebis Seqmnis xarjze aris SesaZlebeli

samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTva da im materialuri Tu socialur-kulturuli

sargeblis miReba, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrs saqarTveloSi aqvs.

amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ricxvis zrda

saqarTveloSi miuTiTebs ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, aramed piriqiT,

misi ganviTarebis SeCerebas.

marTalia, am bolo dros, mosaxleobis gaaqtiureba da mis mier sakuTari

samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva SeimCneva (yvelaze mZafrad es TviTdacva 2002 wlis

TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis dros gamovlinda). magram es ara arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis daxmarebiT, aramed, ufro xSirad, maTi gverdis avliT mimdinareobs.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi aris ara sazogadoeba, aramed, iseve,

rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, mediatori sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebas Soris. Sua

saukuneebSi xelisufleba gildiebis warmomadgenlebs elaparakeboda da maT ukan,

marTalia bundovnad, magram mainc, gildiebis wevrebs, maT ojaxebs, sazogadoebas

54

xedavda. dRes saqarTvelos xelisufleba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

warmoamdgenlebs esaubreba, im imediT, rom isini sazogadoebas warmoadgenen.

ekonomikuri jgufebi ar arian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebi. amis mizezi ki

sul ubraloa: dRes maTTvis ufro momgebiania saxelisuflebo wreebTan urTierToba

da maTi keTilganwyobis mopoveba am jgufebSi fulis “dabandebiT”, vidre samoqalaqo

sazogadoebaSi dacvis Zieba. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, amis droc saqarTveloSi

mogvianebiT dadgeba: rodesac xelisuflebaSi fulis dabandeba wamgebiani gaxdeba,

xolo kanonierebis dacva da ganviTareba ufro perspeqtiul danaxarjad gamoCndeba.

es ki SeiZleba ramdenime sababis gamo moxdes: 1. saxelisuflebo wreebis raodenobis

gazrda ise, rom maTSi dasabandebeli fulis raodenoba gaizrdeba da es dabandeba

ararentabeluri gaxdeba; 2. saxelisuflo wreebis mier biznes-mimarTulebebis

dablokva; 3. analogiuri biznesebis magaliTi axlo Tu Soreuli qveynebidan –

“iqauri” da “aqauri” mogebis araTanabarzomieroba34

amis niSnebi, Tumca jerjerobiT mxolod niSnebi, ukve gamoCnda. yvelaze Zlieri

iyo “borjomis saqme”: saqarTvelos mTavrobam e. w. saukunis proeqtSi “baqo-jeihanis

navTobsadenSi” CarTvis gadawyvetileba jer kidev 90-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi

miiRo. marTalia, es navTobsadeni saqarTvelos did finansur mogebas ver moutans,

magram saxelmwifosa da arsebuli reJimis usafrTxoebsTvis marTlac SeuZlia

samsaxuris gaweva. proeqti wlebis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda. proeqtis momzadebaSi

yvela, visac ar ezareboda, CarTuli iyo. gakeTda aTasnairi eqspertiza, samTavrobo

da arasamTavrobo garemosdacviTi da samecniero organizaciebis monawileobiT.

yvelaferi TiTqos kargad midioda.

.

ucbaT, am sayovelTao harmoniaSi, zustad navTobsadenis gayvanis dawyebis win,

disonansi Seitana ara romelime garemosdacviTma arasamTavrobo organizaciam, aramed

biznesmenma, mamuka xazaraZem, romlis warmatebuli biznesis didi nawili borjomis

34 2003 wlis aprilSi msxvilma biznesmenebma gaakeTes gancxadeba, rom isini SevardnaZis

xelisuflebiT ukmayofiloni arian. amas SevardnaZis mZafri reaqcia mohyva da erT-erT

gamosvlaSi oligarqebs gamdidrebaSi sakuTari damsaxureba gaaxsena. rogorc badri

patarkaciSvilma Tqva, is momavals “axlebs” da “gaerTianebul demokratebs” ukavSirebs. es

fraza SeiZleba gavigoT ise, rom biznesmenebs imedi aqvT, rom maT iseTive “samoTxe” eliT am

partiebisgan, rogoric Tavidan SevardnaZisagan miiRes. aseve, SeiZleba gvegonos, rom

biznesmenebi ukve Tanabari SesaZleblobebisaTvis ibrZvian. nebismier SemTxvevaSi – erTianobas

– arsebuli xelisufleba_biznesmenebi _ bzari gauCnda.

55

mineraluri wylis CamosxmasTan da distribuciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. xazaraZem

gamoacxada, rom navTobsadeni katastroful Sedegebs moitans borjomis xeobisaTvis,

iq dabinZurdeba wyali, ganadgurdeba ekosistema. xazaraZe ar malavda, rom misi

biznesi did safrTxeSi iyo, magram es iyo SemTxveva, rodesac biznesi iRupeboda

regionis ekosistemis daRupvis Sedegad. am gancxadebis Semdeg garemosdacviTma

organizaciebmac amoiRes xma da rogorc mTavrobas, asev British Petrolium-s, romelic

navTobdsadenis gayvanazea pasuxismgebeli, didi problemebi SeeqmnaT. rogor

damTavrdeba es dapiripireba aravin icis. SeiZleba navTobsadenma gadaswios sxva

teritoriaze, SeiZleba ara. sainteresoa is aris, rom am SemTxvevSi ramdenime axal

da moulodnel aqtorTan gvaqvs saqme:

1. arcerTi mxare, arc mTavroba, arc British Petrolium-i ar eloda biznesmenis

mxridan winaaRmdegobas, imdenad uigivdeba qarTuli (zogadad kavkasiuri)

warmatebuli biznesi mTavrobis mxridan daculobas;

2. miuxedavad imisa, rom British Petrolium-ma TiTqos gadawyvita arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis problema maTi saeqsperto samuSaoebSi CarTviT, da

maSasadame, yidviT, Sida, dauwereli kodeqsis mixedviT, xazaraZis

gancxadebis Semdeg arasamTavroboebs protestisadmi SeerTebis garda sxva

araferi darCenodaT;

3. biznesmenma moaxerxa borjomis xeobis mcxovreblebis protesti gamoewvia,

rac aseve moulodneli iyo mTavrobisaTvis, Tundac imitom, rom maTi

azriT, “wurbela” biznesmenis da “Cagruli” xalxis sabWoTa opozicia

mosaxleobaSi jer kidev myarad muSaobda. maT, ubralod, ar icodnen, rom

sabWoTa kavSiri Sua saukuneebma Secvala, sadac “sisxlismwoveli”

kapitalisti samuSaos mimcemma da mfarvelma nobilma Caanacvla.

9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebi

Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifo ideologia da eklesia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

jgufebs sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da gasavrceleblad iyenebda. yvelaze

ufro moxerxebuli forma berebis ordenebi iyo. berebis pirveli ordeni francisk

asizelma Camoayaliba. ordenis kodeqsi, garda RmerTis msaxurebisa, Seicavda

sakuTrebis, piradi grZnobebis da midrekilebebis uaryofas. bunebrivia, aseT xalxs,

romelic simdidris uaryofas da RvTiuri samarTlianobisaken swrafvas sakuTari

magaliTiT aCvenebda, kontrolis SemTxvevaSi, kargi samsaxuris gaweva SeeZloT

56

xelisuflebisaTvis. berebis ordenebi Camoyalibda rogorc saeklesio xelisuflebis

alternativa, Tumca sabolood yvela ordeni xelisuflebis kontrols qveS moeqca.

amave dros, maT sazogadoebrivi momxibvleloba mTlianad ar daukargavT.

sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis erT-erTi saidumloa, Tu romelma partiulma

funqcionerma gadawyvita berebis ordenis analogi Seeqmna sazogadoebaze kontrolis

gaZlierebis mizniT. es proeqti warmatebiT ganxorcielda da misi Sedegi Cvens

garemoSi dRemde aqtiurad cocxlobs. es aris socialuri instituti, romelic

kanonieri qurdis saxeliTaa cnobili.

Tavidan kriminaluri avtoritetebis gamoyeneba sabWoTa xelisuflebam iseve

scada, rogorc yvelam – cixeebSi da gadasaxlebis adgilebSi kontrolisaTvis.

kriminalebs lagerebSi da cixeebSi politpatimrebis kontrolisaTvis iyenebdnen.

kriminalebi faqtiurad policiur funqcias asrulebdnen da lagerebSi da lageris

tipis cixeebSi stabilurobis garantebi iyvnen. xom SeiZleboda politpatimrebs

ajanyeba gamoewviaT an, kidev uaresi, sxvagvarad azrovneba daenergaT. rogorc

yofili politpatimrebi igoneben, lagerebSi specialuri terminologiac ki

arsebobda: CB – “socialni vrag” (socialuri mteri) – eseni iyvnen politpatimrebi,

da СБ – “socialno bliJni” (socialurad axlo) – kriminalebi.

dRemde burusiTaa moculi, kriminalebis gaerTianebisaTvis beruli ordenis

saxis micema lager-cixeebSi moxda Tu “Tavisuflebaze”, rodesac partiuli

inteleqtualebi mixvdnen, rom yvela ukmayofilos daWeras, daxvretas an

gadasaxlebas ver SeZlebdnen. kriminalurma gaerTianebebma ucbad SeiZines berobis

niSnebi: kanonieri qurdebis kodeqsi Seicavs yvela im kanons, romelic berebs

hqondaT: celibati, sakuTrebaze uaris Tqma, gaWirvebulebis da miusafrebis

TanagrZnoba, politikaSi Caurevloba da sxva. Tumca, TandaTan, sabWoTa kavSiris

istoriis manZilze, qurdebis kodeqsis dacva sul ufro da ufro formaluri

xdeboda. Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebrivi sivrce berebis mier wesdebis darRvevebis

Sesaxeb WorebiT Tu namdvili ambebiT iyo savse. miuxedavad amisa, beri mainc rCeboda

Tavmdablobis, morCilebisa da RvTismsaxurebis simbolod. aseve, CvenSic, miuxedavad

imisa, rom kanonieri qurdebi sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolomde inarCunebdnen da

axlac inarCuneben xibls, mravladaa legendebi/Worebi kodeqsis erTguli da

uarmyofeli berebis/qurdebis Sesaxeb.

kanonieri qurdebis institutis saSualebiT warmatebiT moxerxda

ukmayofiloTa re-orientacia politikuridan kriminalur samyaroze: ukmayofilo da

57

samarTlianobaze orientirebuli axalgazrdebi advilad Tavsdebodnen, xelis SeSlis

gareSe, qurdul ierarqiaSi. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa xelisufleba or kurdRels erTad

iWerda: 1. Tavidan icilebda momaval politikur oponentebs; 2. sakuTar

kontrolqveS aqcevda maT. es kontroli xan faruli, umetes SemTxvevebSi ki Ria iyo

da kanonier qurdebsa da samarTaldamcavebs Soris mWidro kavSiriTac gamoixateboda.

ra Tqma unda, kanonier qurdebs Sorisac iyvnen daumorCileblebi da maTze

legendebis warmoeba da kvlavwarmoeba isev da isev sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis

daxmarebiT xdeboda imisaTvis, rom kanonier qurdTa ordenis xibli gaeZlierebinaT.

iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, sabWoTa kavSirSic, politikuri orientirebis

da taqtikis cvlileba berebis ordenebze/kanonier qurdebze xelisuflebis

Setevebs/represiebs iwvevda. partiul funqcionerebs es represiebi rogori

taqtikuri mosazrebebiTac ar unda ewarmoebinaT, isini nebismier SemTxvevaSi

ordenebis popularobas zrdida da, Sesabamisad, sistemis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.

socialuri kontrolis arcerT farul meqanizms ar umuSavia ise warmatebiT,

rogorc berebis ordenebma imuSava Sua saukuneebSi da kanonieri qurdebis ordenma

sabWoTa kavSirSi. garda sxva faqtorebisa, kanonieri qurdebi Seadgendnen im

socialur jgufs, romelic uzrunvelyofda sistemis SenarCunebas.

marTalia, dRevandel saqarTveloSi kanonieri qurdebis gavlena iseTi aRar

aris, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris dros, magram ordenuli xibli, romlis erT-erTi

mTavari momenti politikaSi “Rirseuli” Caurevlobis principia, kvlavac

SenarCunebulia. am princips xSirad iyeneben samTavrobo Zalebis warmomadgenlebi,

ZiriTadad ise, rom misi warmomavlobac ar ician – rodesac opozicias

“xelisuflebaSi mosvlis” da “Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis” survils abraleben.

is, rom kanonieri qurdebis instituti partiuli elitis pirvelma talRam

moifiqra, eWvs ar iwvevs – sxva Tu ara, vis unda scodnoda ase zustad Sua

saukuneebis socialuri kontrolis faruli meTodebi, garda im xalxisa, visac

sauniveristeto da sasuliero ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli.

10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebi

bunebrivia, aseT sistemas sakuTari ideologiuri da sulieri

institucionalizebuli mxardamWeri unda hyavdes. Sua saukuneebSi am funqcias

Teologebi asrulebdnen, romelTaganac yvela wesrigis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda,

magram maTi nawili adre Tu gvian eretikosis tituls imsaxurebda. Teologebi

58

arsebuli sistemebis myar safuZvels qmnidnen da maT naazrevze sulac ar iyo

damokidebuli, Tu romeli maTgani gaxdeboda eretikosi an netari.

amis gadawyveta sxvagan xdeboda da am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad ara

Teologiuri aramed socialur-politikuri motivebi hqonda. CvenSi es funqcia

warmatebiT aiRes e. w. samTavrobo politikurma partiebma: aseTi partia, romelic

xelisuflebis mxardamWerad aRiarebs sakuTar Tavs, ramdenimea da isini erTi da

imave cnebebiT operireben. “socialistebis”, “moqalaqeTa kavSiris”, “aliansi erTiani

saqarTvelosaTvis”, “mrewvelebis” leqsikonebSi demokratias, xelfasebs, pensiebs,

ekonomikur aRmavlobas a. S. mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. magram, amave dros, yvela

es cneba am politikuri partiebis programebSi sxvadasxva raimes niSnavs. romeli

mniSvneloba gaxdeba wamyvani da romeli mniSvneloba daigmoba – es aravin icis, da

damokidebulia ara am mniSvnelobebze, aramed imaze, Tu vin ukeTes urTierTobas

daamyarebs da visi kavSirebi ufro damarwmunebeli aRmoCndeba SevardnaZisaTvis. anu

xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mamalaZiseuli da xazaraZiseuli versia gaxdeba wamyvani,

romlebic apireben opoziciuri partiebi amxilon danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi, Tu

jorbenaZiseuli xaverdovani gadasvlis da adamianis uflebebis damcvel

arasamTavroboebTan urTierTobis damyarebis politika gaimarjvebs, es mxolod

SevardnaZis kabinetsa da masTan mimdebare ramdenime oTaxSi wydeba. iseve, rogorc

Sua saukuneebSi, arc erTi gadawyvetileba saboloo ar aris da SeiZleba dadges

dro, rodesac eretikuli moZRvreba kvlav WeSmaritad aRiaron. eretikosebsac sxva

raRa darCeniaT, morCilad unda daelodnon saqmis maTTvis sasikeTod Semobrunebas.

rac Seexeba opoziciur partiebs, isini aSkarad iyofian or jgufad:

cvlilebis partiebi, romlebic amomrCevels arsebuli sistemebis cvlilebebs

hpirdebian, da Camnacvlebeli partiebi, romlebic sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis da misi

mmarTvelebis Canacvlebas sTavazoben mosaxleobas. amis analogi, Tuki Sua

saukuneebSi maT Zebnas daviwyebT, SeiZleba protestantuli religiebis (sistemis

Semcleli) da am protestantuli religiebis wiaRSi warmoSobil revoluciur

moZraobebs (sistemis aqtorebis Camnacvlebeli) SevadaroT. revoluciuri moZraobebi

mxolod arsebul mmarTvel adgilebze Tavisi liderebis dasmas sTavazobdnen

mosaxleobas, protastantuli religiebi ki arsebuli wesrigis sxva wesrigiT

Secvlas hpirdeboda maT. revoluciuri, rogorc wesi, glexTa, moZraobebi agebdnen

im SemTxvevebSic ki, romdesac isini protestantuli religiuri mimdinareobebis

wiaRSi warmoiSobodnen. protestantuli religiebi ki, rogorc wesi, imarjvebdnen,

59

axal wesrigs ki axali cxovreba mohqonda, rogorc amas wina saukuneSi yvela

saxelis mqone veberi (maqs, endriu loid, da a. S.) amtkicebda.

aq avtors kiTxva gauCnda: aqamde saqme kargad midioda, magram am bolo, meaTe

argumentis gadmocemisas35

avtor-ego: SeiZleba. Tumca, saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri procesebis

rogorc, erTi mxriv, Sua saukuneebis naxevrad saeklesio, naxevrad saero

xelisuflebis da, meore mxriv, protestantuli religiuri da glexTa moZraobebis

urTierTobebis aRwera ar unda iyos gonebamaxvilobas moklebuli.

, zedmetad xom ar gautie, Cemo avtor-ego?

avtori: eg SeiZleba egrec iyos, magram, Sen aq mkiTxvels namdvilad abnev:

gansakuTrebiT opoziciuri partiebis interpretaciebSi. ra gamodis – glexTa

moZraoba “gaerTianebuli demokratebia”, xolo “nacionaluri moZraoba” protestanti

luTeranebi?

avtor-ego: aba ra. ise, xom moxdenili da paradoqsuli interpretaciaa: am dros ki

maTi qceva sul sapirispiroa: nacionaluri moZraoba ise iqceva, rogorc Sua

saukuneebSi ian husis mimdevrebi, Jvaniam ki lamis samelne esrolos kedels. ise,

aseTi gansazRvreba erTmniSvnelovani ar aris, Tumca isic xom cxadia, rom rac ufro

Canacvlebazea mimarTuli moZraoba, miT ufro cota Sansi aqvs, rom gamarjvebis

Semdeg Zalaufleba SeinarCunos, xolo sistemis Semcvlelebi – perspeqtivaSi ufro

stabilurebi arian.

avtori: mere ar SeiZleboda, ase dagewera?

avtor-ego: rogor ar SeiZleboda, magram CemTvis mosawyeni iqneboda, albaT,

mkiTxvelisTvisac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis Semdeg saqme, rogorc erT rusul

anekdotSia, iseve gasrialdeba, rogorc karaqze (anu kargad wava). miT umetes, rom

iseTi aSkarad kargad dasamuSavebeli da Sua saukuneebTan kargad gasaanalogiebeli

Temebi axlovdeba, rogoricaa arCevnebi da eklesia. isic unda vTqva, rom am 12

argumentis dasrulebamde arc Tu ise bevri gverdi darCa.

Sua saukuneebSi arCevnebi xdeboda, magram, mxolod iseT qalaqebSi sadac Zlieri

gildiebi, anu TviTmmarTveloba iyo. es arCevnebi mxolod gildiebs Soris

35 aba Cven avtori xom ver mogvatyuebs: cxadia, aq mas SeeSinda, rom mkiTxveli Tavs

daanebebda wignis kiTxvas da avtors da avtor-egos mouxmo gadasarCenad. cxadia, rom

avtori ori kurdRlis daWeras cdilobs: Tan cota gagvarTos da wignis kiTxvis gagrZeleba

gvaiZulos, Tan mogvagonos, rom saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebSi Cavardnis 12 arguments

vkiTxulobT.

60

tardeboda: isini irCevdnen qalaqis Tavs, qalaqis mmarTvelobas. oRond, yvela es

TviTmmarTvelobiTi aqcia im hercogebis, baronebis, mefeebis da princebis nebarTviT

unda momxdariyo, romlebic am qalaqebs an kanonierad, anda de faqto ganagebdnen.

bevri ityvis, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosTan Zalian cota Tua saerTo, garda

imisa, rom arCevnebi ZiriTadad qalaqebSi tardeba, da isic yvelaSi ara. aseTi

qalaqebi, sadac arCevnebi tardeba Zalian cotaa: Tbilisi, gori, SeiZleba quTaisi.

soflebi ki mTlianad mowyvetilia am demokratiul fufunebas. TiTqos isic sworia,

rom arCevnebi realurad iq tardeba, sadac samoqalqo sazogadoeba, Cven rom

gildiuri vuwodeT, Zlieria. magram, gansxvavebiT Sua saukuneebisagan, metyvis

kritikulad ganwyobili mkiTxveli, es arCevnebi tardeba ara xelisuflaTa

TanxmobiT, aramed maTi survilis winaaRmdeg.

es TiTqos marTalia, magram saqme isaa, rom xelisufleba yvelafers akeTebs

imisaTvis, rom arCevnebi zustad iseTi gaxdes, rogorc es Sua saukunebSi iyo: amis

niSnebi 2002 wlis zafxulis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze gamoCnda: xelisuflebam

ar (da ver) gaiyvana moqalaqeTa kavSiri, magram yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom

kontroli ar daekarga. Semdeg es kontroli dakarga, magram DdRevandel

saqarTveloSi Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis uzrunvelmyofi pirobebi arsebobs da

Zlierdeba:

rogorc amboben, xelisufleba naTelaSvils daexmara imiT, rom samxedro

nawilebis xmebi leiboristebs gadauloca. aseve, amboben, man gamoiyena Tavisi gavlena

maswavleblebze da ganaTlebis sxva muSakebze. marTalia, am daxmarebam naTelaSvils

bevri veraferi Sehmata (xmebis 7-8 procenti), magram “mogebulebSi” pirvel adgilze

namdvilad gaiyvana.

mkiTxvels axsovs, rom mas Semdeg, rac nacionalurma moZraobam da leiboristebma

gaimarjves, didxans mimdinareobda sakrebulos gauqmebis, an moqmedebis dawyebis

gadavadebis mcdelobebi. es ar moxerxda, magram jerjerobiT araferi momxdara iseTi,

rac migviTiTebs, rom xelisuflebam Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis Catarebis

mcdelobebze uari Tqva.

mokled, arsebuli procesebi migviTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi arCevnebi mxolod

qalaqebSi SeiZleba Catardes, garegnulad unaklod, magram mxolod imaTi

monawileobiT, visac xelisufleba amis uflebas miscems. anu iseve, rogorc es

ekonomikis SemTxvevaSi iyo, xelisufleba aqac mowodebulia TviTon awarmoos

amomrCeveli. iseve, rogorc ekonomikis SemTxvevaSi, deficituri produqtis

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warmoebisas, momxmarebeli iwarmoeba. es arc ise fantastikuri momavalia, rogorc

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos.

11. eklesia da masmedia

albaT, mkiTxveli Seecdeba am qveTavs gadaaxtes. Tuki man am qveTavs kiTxviT da

ara furcvliT miaRwia, mas sul ar gauWirdeba gonebis Tvali gadaavlos

saqarTveloSi eklesiebis da religiebis mdgomareobas da Tqvas, rom Tu sadme aris

Sua saukuneebi, is rwmenis institucionizirebul formebSia. magram, minda giTxraT,

rom saCqaro araferia. win saintereso socialuri deteqtivia, Tavisi damnaSaveebiT,

gamomZieblebiT, mowmeebiT da bolos, msxverpliT:

90-iani wlebis meore naxevramde eklesiebi saqarTveloSi, maT Soris

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia, sakmaod gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi iyo.

sabWoTa kavSiris damTavrebis Semdeg maT SezRudvebTan erTad is privilegiebic

dakarges, rasac sabWoTa kavSiri aniWebda. amitom, daaxloebiT 95-97 wlebamde

rogorc qarTuli marTlmadidebeli, aseve sxva eklesiebi cdilobdnen Caweriliyvnen

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konteqstSi. amisaTvis qarTulma marTladideblobam

raodenobrivi gavrcelebis gza airCia: maT gadawyvites maqsimalurad bevri

RvTismsaxuri ewarmoebinaT da am simravliT daebrunebinaT is 70 wlis winandeli,

Tu 70 wlis periodSi SeZenili privilegiebi. daaxloebiT am periodze da, albaT,

swored am “raodenobrivi zrdis” gzis arCevis gamo, modis eklesiaSi

ganxeTqilebebis dawyeba: cnobili damrbevi vasil mkalaviSivli swored 1995 wlis

31 ivliss gankveTes eklesiidan. am dros, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom qarTuli

marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavidan iwyebda arsebobas da mas swrafad unda gaevlo is

etapebi, romlebic marTlamdidebelma eklesiam Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli

ganvlo. sqizmebs da dapirispirebebs ganaTlebis da siwynaris etapi unda

mohyoloda36

36 Tuki dainteresebuli mkiTxveli basil mkalaviSvilis gankveTis oqms gaecnoba, naxavs, rom

misi gansja xdeba marTlmadidebluri saeklesio samarTliT, romelic adreul Sua

saukuneebSi Seiqmna da romlis oqmSi citirebuli nawilebic TiTqos zustad mkalaviSvilis

SemTxvevisTvisaa dawerili. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imas, rom qarTul marTladidebel

eklesiaSi 1995 wels swored is procesebi iwyeboda, ramac adreul Sua saukuneebSi

saeklesio pirebi aiZula Sesabamisi saeklesio samarTali SeemuSavebinaT.

da a. S. magram, am procesSi Careva moxda. es Careva, ra Tqma unda, ar

iyo mxolod garedan mosuli – ar arsebobs warmatebuli Careva, Tu SigniT ar aris

62

amisaTvis mzadyofna – magram mainc – es Careva iyo is, ramac qarTuli

marTmadidebeli eklesia Sua saukuneebSi gadaisrola, an, gnebavT, gayina:

1997-98 wlisaTvis moqalaqeTa kavSirSi gaCnda idea, rom marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis politikaSi gamoyeneba upriani iqneboda. gegma Semdegnairad aewyo:

xelisufleba miscemda marTladidebel eklesias SeRavaTebs, eklesias es moewoneboda

da mTlianad dauWerda mxars moqalaqeTa kavSirs. am proeqtis aqtorad xan Jvania

saxeldeba, xan SevardnaZe. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is faqtia, rom am ideis xorcSesxma im

parlamentSi daiwyo, romelsac Jvania Tavmjdomareobda.

didxans rom ar gavagrZeloT, Sedegad miviReT saxelmwifosa da eklesiis

SeTanxmeba, ramac eklesia politikis damxmared ki ara, politikis subieqtad

gadaaqcia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo. anu rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Cven miviReT

saxelmwifo, romlic Tavis politikas atarebs da eklesia, romelsac aseve Tavisi

politika aqvs. Zalian xSirad es ori politika erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.

magaliTisaTvis isic sakmarisia, rom 1999 wels saqarTvelos evrosabWoSi

gawevrianebis paralelurad, saqarTvelos marTladidebelma eklesiam msoflio da

evropuli saerTaSoriso saeklesio kavSirebi datova. eklesiis da mrevlis

urTierTobac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobrivia: xSirad eklesiebs kanonieri qurdebi Tu

yofili an axlandeli funqcionerebi aSeneben. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqac

sarwmunoebis administracias ar ainteresebs, rogor moipova fuli im adamianma,

visac eklesiis mSeneblobisaTvis Tanxmoba misces. xSirad aseTi mSenebloba

marTlmadidebluri indulgenciaa da damatebiT fars qmnis amSeneblisaTvis, romelic

mas Tu aSenebis momentSi ara, momavalSi mainc, samarTaldamcavi organoebisagan Tavis

dasacavad aucileblad dasWirdeba.

saeklesio sivrce sakmaod Caketilia gareSe TvalisaTvis, magram is Worebi Tu

CurCulebi, romlebic am tabudadebul kedlebs scdebian, Sua saukuneebSi utyuari

yofnis grZnobis momgvrelia: cxondeba Tu ara msaxiobis suli, mounaTlavi bavSvi

jojoxeTSi moxvdeba da a. S. es is Temebia, razec dRes saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi azrovneben. sul sxva Temaa is

darRvevebi, romlis gamoc sasuliero pirebis saqmeebi samarTaldamcav organoebSi

xvdeba _ humanitaruli saqonlis komerciul fasebSi gayidva da a. S. aseve, xSiria

miTqma-moTqma marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi mravalricxovani dajgufebebisa da rusuli

specsamsaxurebis mWidro kavSiris Sesaxeb. mokled, am yvelafers im droSi

gadavyavarT, rodesac eklesia yalibdeboda rogorc organizmi da sazogadoebrivi

63

sivrce, oRond ara qarTuli istoriisa, aramed evropis istoriis monakveTisa,

rodesac gabatonebuli eklesia zogierTi Crdiloevropuli qveynisaTvis politikur

mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda37

iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, dResac gabatonebuli eklesia saero

xelisfulebis sawinaaRmdegod iqceva da sawinaaRmdego gzavnilebs avrcelebs.

religiuri eqstremizmi, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi monawileoba, damnaSaveebis

mfarveloba – es yvelaferi aris is, rac Sua saukuneebis eklesias axasiaTebs.

gamosavali, romlic evropaSi axali drois dadgomasTan erTad ipoves, da ramac

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba moaxdina rogorc evropis saxelmwifoebis, aseve evropuli

eklesiebis Camoyalibebaze – gadaaqcia isini konkretuli adamianis cxovrebaze da

socialur problemebze orientirebulad – iyo reformacia. Tuki qarTuli

marTlamdidebeli eklesia ar Seicvala, ar moxda misi Sinagani cvlileba, reformacia

gardauvalia. gardauvalia Tundac imitom, rom sabolood TviTon saxelmwifo

daiwyebs reformaciis xelSewyobas. sxva finali Sua saukuneebis am scenars ara aqvs,

Tuki Sua saukuneebidan gamosvla unda moxdes. Sua saukuneebSi darCenis an Sua

.

37 aq mkiTxvels, ra Tqma unda, SeniSvna da kiTxva gauCndeba: mkiTxveli ikiTxavs: ki magram,

es avtori, Tavisi avtor-egoTi, am evropul Sua saukuneebs rom gvaxvevs Tavs, sad aris

Cveni erovnuli, qarTuli Sua saukuneebi? es xom cxadia, raki saqarTvelo varT, Sua

saukuneebic Cveni unda iyos – rkiniseburi, argumentirebuli nacionalizmi gamoereoda

mkiTxvels azrSi. avtori avtor-egos mier uflebamosilia ganacxados, rom Sua saukuneebSi

saqarTvelo arc cxovrebis wesiT da arc arsebuli institutebiT, arc socialuri fenebiT

ar iyo evropuli qveyana. is SeiZleboda gangvexila rogorc sazRvarze mdgomi, anda

aRmosavluri, anda gansakuTrebulad qarTuli, magram, aramc da aramc, evropuli qveyana. mas

Semdeg saqarTveloSi evropa ara mxolod ruseTis gavliT, aramed, pirdapirac Semovida. isic

unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSiri marTalia diqtatura iyo, magram evropuli, kanonze da ara

aRmosavlurad mTlianad pirovnebaze damyarebuli. anu XVIII saukunidan saqarTvelo nel-

nela evropul qveyanad gadaiqca, anu daSorda Tavis warsuls. institutebi, socialuri

fenebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi evropuli gaxda. Sesabamisad, rodesac XX saukunis

bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi qveyana Sua saukuneebSi gadavarda, is ver gadavardeboda iq,

sadac gadasavardni ar hqonda – “namdvil”, istoriul, qarTul Sua saukuneebSi. is

gadavarda im Sua saukuneebSi, rac axlandel, evropis nawil, evropuli institutebis da

Rirebulebebis saqarTvelos unda hqonoda. (avtor-egom Caicina, warmoidgina ra

inteleqtualebis siame da politologebis aRSfoTeba am abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg. xolo

Semdeg gaicina, warmoidgina ra inteleqtual-politologi, romlic am abzacs kiTxulobs).

64

saukuneebis/demokratiis simulaciis qanqarSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi araferi ar

Seicvleba.

Tumca, iseTi scenaric SesaZlebelia, rom sazogadoeba mTlianad

sekularizebuli gaxdes, xolo marTlmadidebeli eklesia iZulebuli Seiqnes erT-

erTi reliqtis saxiT iarsebos, gavlenisa da mrevlis gareSe, manam, sanam fizikurad

ar gaqreba.

cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi masmedia ar iyo, magram, iyo media institutebi,

romlebic Suamavlobdnen saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. media

institutebis rols rogorc eklesiebi, aseve gildiebi, loJebi da universitetebi

asrulebdnen. rogorc eklesiebs, aseve gildiebs hqondaT Temebi, romlebsac isini

exebodnen da romlebic maTi mediatorobis mandatSi iyo Casmuli, da aseve, iyo

Temebi, romelzec maTi mediatorobis uflebamosileba ar vrceldeboda.

es media institutebi awarmoebdnen ganwyobebs, viTarebebs, molodinebs. magram,

iyo sferoebi, romelTa mimarT aranairi ganwyoba ar yalibdeboda, imitom, rom maTze

arcerTi media instituti ar laparakobda. aseTi tabuirebuli Temebi ar iyo bevri:

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sida wesebi, eklesiis Sida da gare politika, saidumlo

savaWro garigebebi mmarTvelobebTan – es iyo is Temebi romlebsac mediatorebi,

eklesia da gildiebi, ar exebodnen, da romelTa Sesaxeb laparakis dawyebac axali

mediatoris gamoCenas da gadatrialebis dasawyiss niSnavda. aseTi gadatrialeba

moaxdina savonarolam, rodesac man arsebuli movlenebis axali interpretacia

miawoda mosaxleobas, aseve, ian husma, aseve, SeiZleba, luTermac. aseTi mediatoruli

Carevisa da gamonaTebis kidev bevri magaliTebis monaxva SeiZleba.

saerTo ki Sua saukuneebis mediatorebs da Cvens masmedias erTi aqvs: arsebobs

tabuebi, da es imdenad bunebrivad iTvleba, rom am tabuirebis uzrunvelmyofi

meqanizmebi daviwyebulia, anda sruliad gamqrali. amitom, rodesac raRacis gamo,

tabuze laparaki da mediatoroba iwyeba, es, rogorc wesi, seriozul cvlilebebs

iwvevs, radganac yvela, vinc tabus arseboba icoda da amitom mis arsebobas

Seguebuli iyo, erTveba momavali cvlilebis procesSi.

saqarTvelos masmediaSi didi xania igive mdgomareobaa. arsebobs tabuirebuli

Temebi. rodesac garRveva xdeba, es, adre Tu gvian, am tabudadebulis mkveTr

cvlilebas iwvevs. aseTi Tema iyo kaxa TargamaZis droindeli Sinagan saqmeTa

saministro, policielebis Zaladoba, prostitucia, ganaTlebis saministro da

65

saxelmwifo universitetebi. maTma gan-tabuirebam am sferoebis Tu institutebis

cvlilebebic gamoiwvia, an uaxloes momavalSi gamoiwvevs.

tabuebi kvlavac arsebobs, dRevandel saqarTveloSi esenia – narkobiznesi,

iaraRiT vaWroba, eklesia, kazinoebis (ukacravad, samorineebis) biznesi. albaT, maTi

gan-tabuirebac male daiwyeba. Sua saukeneebidan gamosvla albaT am SemTxvevaSi

tabuebis moxsnas niSnavs. gan-tabueba ar niSnavs kritikas. gan-tabuireba zrdasrul

asakSi Sesvlis dasawyisia, rac TavisTavad cvlis garemos. Sesabamisad, sanam Cvens

masmediaSi tabu iarsebebs, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlaze laparakic zedmetia. Tumca,

gan-tabuireba, tabusagan dacla, sasruli procesia da odesRac mTavrdeba. mTavrdeba

maSin, roca tabuirebas azri aRara aqvs.

12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebi

rogorc ukve vTqviT, CvenSi, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, oligarqebi da biznes-

jgufebi mTavrobaze arian mibmulebi. maTTvis jerjerobiT wamgebiania samoqalaqo

sazogadoebasa da sasamarTloze dayrdnoba. bunebrivia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

sazrunavia iseTi garemos Seqmna, rodesac biznesmenisaTvis sakuTari Tavisa da

warmoebis dasacavad saxelmwifoze dayrdnoba wamgebiani gaxdeba. Sua saukuneebidan

gamosvlisaTvis es “sayrdenis gamocvla” aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes, radganac

sanam biznes-jgufebi ar gaxdebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis “gildiuri” wevrebi,

Sua saukuneebidan ver gamovalT.

es gamosvla ki daiwyeba maSin, rodesac, swored imitom, rom saxelmwifosTan

kavSiri da omis ekonomika wamgebiani gaxdeba, biznesis subieqtebi daiwyeben

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebasa da ganviTarebaze zrunvas. rodesac biznesmeni

Tavis fuls ara mxolod sakuTari biznesis dacvisTvis gamoiyenebs, aramed im

kanonebis da struqturebis danergvisTvisac, romlebic zogadad biznesis usafrTxo

da stabilur arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.

magram swored am dros gaxdebian oligarqebi realurad saSiSni – raRac

momentSi isini aucileblad CaTvlian, rom maTze Zlieri ukve aRaravin aris da

moindomeben Zalis demonstrirebas. amitom es iqneba erT-erTi pirveli da

mniSvnelovani safrTxe, rodesac Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlas daviwyebT.

kiTxva, romelic am 12 argumentis moyvanis Semdeg unda davsvaT, aris is, Tu ra

gvemuqreba, rogoria ganviTarebis scenarebi da rogor aisaxeba Cveni aseTi

mdgomareoba Cvens garemoze.

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saqarTveloSi arsebuli Sua saukuneebidan orgvari gamosavali arsebobs da

orive mcired gansxvavdeba istoriuli analogidan. TiTqosda cxadia arCevani: an

darCena Sua saukuneebis qveynad, an axal droSi gadasvla, ZiriTadi sistemebis

mTlianad gamocvla da Tanamedrove saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba.

meore, ufro dafaruli SesaZlebloba, aris kvlav Zalauflebis simulaciaSi

dabruneba. amis ganxorcieleba TiTqosda ufro advilia: sakmarisia is niSnebi

movaSoroT sistemas, romelic man bolo wlebSi SeiZina, da kvlav simulirebulebis

samyaroSi amovyofT Tavs. magram, imdenad, ramdenadac Zalauflebis simulaciebi

socialuri garemos mxolod mcire fenebs Tu exeba, xifaTi da realoba imisa, rom

kvlav Sua saukuneebSi CavvardebiT, iarsebebs, da xSir SemTxvevebSi ganxorcieldeba

kidec. Semdeg, kvlav mosalodneli iqneba gamosvla da Tuki politikosebs da

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtorebs Soris ZiriTadi cvlilebebisTvis saWiro Zala da

SesaZlebloba kvlavac ver moinaxa, kvlavac Zalauflebis simulaciebSi aRmovCndebiT.

am Caketili wridan gamosvlis Sansi sul ufro da UufroO Semcirdeba yovel

gameorebasTan erTad. bolos mivalT mdgomareobamde, rodesac sakuTar Tavs

aRmovaCenT mudmivad mimoqceuls Sua saukuneebsa da demokratiis simulaciebs Soris,

gamosavlis yovelgvari imedis gareSe.

samwuxarod, dRevandeli qarTuli politika ise gaewyo, rom masSi Zalian

cota Zalaa Zireul cvlilebebze orientirebuli. ZiriTadi mowodebebi, romlebic

gvesmis, gvTavazoben arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTari TaviT Canacvlebas. es

mowodeba ki orive mxridan gaismis, rogorc opoziciis, aseve xelisuflebis im

nawilis mxridan, vinc SevardnaZis Semdeg apirebs mmarTvelobaSi darCenas.

Sua saukuneebis kvalad, albaT, avtoris valia mkiTxvels universaluri

sazomi – anda filosofiuri qva SesTvazos, romelsac, iseve rogorc Sua

saukuneebSi, albaT, aravin da veravin gamoiyenebs.

67

V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs da

mimsgavsebul qveynebSi

rogorc wina Tavidan gairkva, gamosavali mxolod cvlilebaSi unda iyos. magram,

rogor unda gavigoT, ra aris es cvlileba? bolos da bolos, mkiTxveli-

amomrCeveli mkiTxavs, rogor gavigo, politikoss, romelsac me arCevnebSi xmas

mivcem, sulerTia is maRali da aSS-Si ganaTlebamiRebuli iqneba, saSualo tanis da

ganaTlebiT biologi, Tu saSualo tanis da gaunaTlebeli, yofili sabWoTa

prokurori, ra unda – cvlileba Tu sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis Canacvleba? Tumca,

albaT, SevardnaZis Canacvleba yvelas unda. maSin, rogorc gavigo vis unda

cvlileba, xolo vis ki – yvelafris isev ise datoveba da qanqaris Sua

saukuneebi/Zalauflebis simulaciebi marTva? sakiTxavi ai es aris.

politikosebi Cveulebrivi adamianebi arian, da amitomac maTdami

gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebis wayenebas azri ara aqvs38

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi oficialuri, da xSir SemTxvevebSi opoziciuri

politikac aseTi moTxovnebiT emaslaaTeba sakuTar Tavs da erTmaneTs. xelisuflebis

formirebis wesi, sulerTia, saparlamento da samTavrobo doneze erTi da imave rames

gulisxmobs: oficialur politikaSi mosulebma ar unda ifiqron araferze garda

politikisa, rac gamoixateba maT xelfasebSi da im samuSao pirobebSi, romlebiTac

maT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. es meqanizmi yvelam icis da, rogorc wesi, miCneulia

sabWoTa marTvis principis gadmoRebad, rodesac sistema aiZulebda politikoss,

equrda da Semdeg am faqtiT “yurebiT eWira”

. uazrobaa politikoss

mosTxovo ifiqros da imoqmedos mxolod demokratiisaTvis, ar ifiqros da araferi

ar gaakeTos sakuTari TavisTvis, karierisaTvis, aseve gaugebaria moiTxovo, rom man

ar ifiqros garTobaze da ar hqondes seqsi, rakiRa politikosoba airCia, yovelive

piradulze uari unda Tqvas da yvelaferi qveynis, demokratiis, partiis da a. S.

msaxurebas daumorCilos.

39

38 qvemoT vnaxavT, rom am gansakuTrebul moTxovnebsac aqvs Rrma da saxifaTo safuZveli.

igi. magram es monetis erTi mxarea:

meore mxare ki is aris, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazogadoebebi darwmunebulni

arian imaSi, rom politikosi marTlac aseTi, saqmisTvis Sewiruli da asketi unda

39 am sistemas Tavisi naklic aqvs; dRes SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelas erTmaneTi uWiravs, ase

rom “yurebiT Weris” faqtma devalvacia ganicada.

68

iyos, ubralod “eseni”, “vinc axla arian”, cudebi da borotebi arian, da mova dro,

rom maT kargebi da keTilebi Secvlian.

TavisTavad am bolo msjelobis diskursic miuTiTebs, rom saqme mTlad

zrdasrul gansjasTan ar unda gvqondes. meore mxriv, aucilebelia kiTxvis dasma,

rom Tuki politikosebi “bunebrivad” arian karieristebi da maTTvis Wama da seqsic

ar aris ucxo, sad aris is kriteriumi, romliTac Cven unda gavigoT, vin aris kargi

da vin cudi? anu ufro zrdasrulad rom gamovTqvaT, vin aris is, visac arCevnebSi

mxari unda davuWiro?

dRes saqarTveloSi ori politikuri programa ebrZvis erTmaneTs: erTni,

romlebic amboben, rom mTavaria kargi xalxi movides xelisuflebaSi, nebismieri

meTodebis gamoyenebiT, swori gamocdilebiT, da Semdeg daiwyos demokratiis da

Tavisuflebebis damyareba da meore, romelic ambobs, rom saWiroa dResve vizrunoT

demokratiisaTvis da TavisuflebebisaTvis, da mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebebi

moeqcevian demokratiul sistemebSi, an daiwyeben amgvar sistemebSi moqcevas, isini

TviTon gansazRvraven, samarTliani arCevnebis saSualebiT, Tu vis unda hqondes

xelisufleba.

politikosTa am or jgufad gayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, imdenad,

ramdenadac arc erTi qarTveli politikosi arc erT am programas srulad ar

axorcielebs. Tumca es ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom dRes saqarTveloSi mxolod es

ori politikuri programa arsebobs da sxva rac xdeba, aris meoreuli da am

programebTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo.

arc erTi politikosi da politikosTa jgufi am strategias altruistuli

mosazrebiT ar SeimuSavebs. orive taqtika xelisuflebaSi mosvlis gzaa. orive gzas

aqvs Tavisi upiratesoba da nakli, orive Seicavs xifaTebs da xafangebs, riskebs da

garantiebs. orives hyavs Tavisi mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi, rogorc

mTavrobaSi, aseve mis gareT, politikosTa, politologTa, arasamTavro

organizaciaTa wreebSi, orive eZebs mokavSireebs sazRvargareT da poulobs kidec da

a. S.

saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc albaT yvelgan, politikosebisadmi midgoma

orgvaria: warsulze da momavalze orientirebuli. warsulze mimarTuli midgoma

ukavSirdeba politikosis warsuls, mis gamocdilebas, mis wres da a. S. am

SemTxvevaSi imas, Tu ras akeTebs an ras hpirdeba es politikosi sazogadoebas,

naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. momavalze orietirebuli midgoma ukavSirdeba imas, Tu ras

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akeTebs politikosi da ra unda, rom gaakeTos, risTvis ibrZvis da a. S. iseve,

rogorc arc erTi es damokidebuleba arc erT amomrCevelSi wminda saxiT ar

arsebobs, iseve ar arsebobs warmatebuli saarCevno programa, romelic mxolod erT-

erTi grZnobis gaRvivebas cdilobs amomrCevelSi; Tu cdilobs, is ganwirulia

marcxisaTvis (“moqalaqeTa kavSiris” bedi bolo, 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis

arCevnebze). yoveli kandidatis arCevisas gadamwyvetia, Tu romel midgomas Tvlis

amomrCeveli mniSvnelovnad, romeli midgomaa gabatonebuli qveyanaSi, da ara is, ra

dReSi arian moqalaqeebi da rogoria maTi Semosavali.

orive midgomas aqvs arsebobis ufleba, magram saqarTvelos pirobebSi, anu Sua

saukuneebis daZlevisas, mniSvnelobas arCeuli gzis gardauvloba iZens da ara gzis

amrCevis principuloba da sityvis kacoba. Tanamedrove qarTveli politikosis

universalur sazomi unda iyos is, Tu ramdenad uzrunvelyofs esa Tu is

politikuri programa ZalauflebaSi mosvlis universalurobas, anu sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, ramdenad gadis ama Tu im politikosis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis gza Cemi,

rogorc rigiTi amomrCevlis keTildReobaze da dadebiT momavalze.

pirveli poziciis (“jer Zalaufleba, Semdeg demokratia”) pasuxi am kiTxvaze

gaurkvevelia, radganac is Zalauflebis miRwevis gzaze rigiT amomrCevelTan

TanamSromlobas ar gulisxmobs, da apirebs garkveuli jgufebis saSualebiT movides

qveynis saTaveSi. am SemTxvevaSi radikaluri reformebis gardauvloba saeWvoa xdeba,

radganac valebs gastumreba unda, kudebs moSoreba da a. S.

meore pozicia (“jer demokratia, mere Zalaufleba, anda, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, orive erTad”) gulisxmobs rigiT amomrCevelTan TanmSromlobas da mas

centralur rols aniWebs Tavis momavalSi. amitom, bunebrivia, am politikuri

programebis dapirispirebaSi, rigiTi moqalaqis, qveynis momavlisa da keTildReobis

interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT, meore pozicia imarjvebs, ara imitom, rom meore pozicia

unakloa, aramed imitom, rom politikuri pragmatizmis mixedviT iq moqalaqe

arsebobs, rasac pirvel poziciaSi ver vamCnevT.

daiwyebs gaqrobas Tu gaagrZelebs arsebobas is xuTi ZiriTadi umsjelo40

40 avtorma da avtor-egom bevri ifiqres, Tu ra sityviT unda Caenacvlebina pre-judice,

предрассудок, Vorurteil, da gadawyvites, rom yvelaze kargi axali sityvis gamogonebaa,

imdenad, ramdenadac aqamde arsebuli qarTuli Sesatyvisi “crurwmena” mxolod, nawilobriv

azri, romlic saqarTveloSi rom arsebobs da faqtiurad kravs yvela diskurss da

70

teqsts, am proeqtebidan erT-erTis gamarjvebazea damokidebuli. es xuTi

umsjeloba, romlebic Cveni qveynis yvela kuTxeSi da yvela gzaze gvxvdeba, imdenad

zedapirze Zevs, rom maT arsebobas verc ki vamCnevT.

asaxavs am azris Sinaarss. Prejudice naklebad aris rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli da ufro metad

– ukritikod raimes miRebas da mis mixedviT moqmedebas niSnavs. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT

vnaxavT, xuTi umsjelo azri, romelsac saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba upyria,

semantikurad da istoriulad rwmenas ukavSirdeba.

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VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs

1. kariera da karieraze mimarTuloba cudia. Tavmdabloba, mcireTi

dakmayofileba – maRali Rirebulebaa;

es crurwmena/devizi ambobs, rom karieraze Sen ar unda izruno. is Sen

mogecema, Tuki Sen kargad moiqcevi. Seni kargad qceva ki aris Seni saqmisadmi, Seni

ufrosebisadmi erTguleba. Seni kargad qceva aucileblad dafasdeba. am crurwmenis

yvelaze xSiri arekvla gvxvdeba mTavrobis warmomadgeneli politikosebis

diskursSi, romelTac xSirad wamoscdebaT xolme opoziciis mimarT – “magaT xom

xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba undaT”. aseve, arc Tu ise iSviaTia am umsjelo azris

gamonaTeba opoziciuri partiebis mxridanac, romlebic erTmaneTs Zalauflebisaken

swrafvaSi adanaSauleben. cota xnis winaT Zalian xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac

Jurnalistis mier braldebis toniT dasmul SekiTxvaze _ “Tqven xelisuflebaSi xom

ar gindaT mosvla?” _ opoziciuri partiis warmomadgeneli ibneoda da xSirad

wiTldeboda.

aseTi ganwyobis mizezi mnisvnelovanwilad formaluri da araformaluri

ganaTlebis sistemaSia saZiebeli. saswavlo wignebi da literatura savsea karieraze

orientirebuli uaryofiTi gmirebiT da Tavmdabali, morcxvi dadebiTi

protagonistebiT. qarTveli mwerlebi da kinoreJisorebi, sabWoTa periodSi da

Semdegac, gatacebiT asuraTxatebdnen am binarul opozicias.

sabWoTa xelisufleba am umsjelobis damkvidrebas aqtiurad uwyobda xels.

amisaTvis is socialuri kontrolis farul meqanizmebsac iyenebda. erT-erTi aseTi

meqanizmi kanonieri qurdebis instituti iyo, romelic, rogorc zemoT ukve

aRvniSneT, Tavmdablobas, politikaSi Caurevlobas, anti-karierizms, berul cxovrebas

qadagebda.

2. saqmis Cumad, CaZiebulad (siyvaruliT) keTebaa saWiro; gakeTebul an

gasakeTebel saqmeze yvirili, anu PR-i sircxvilia;

aranakleb gavrcelebulia es meore umsjelobac, romelic pirvelidan gamomdinareobs

da saqmisadmi upirobo erTgulebas qadagebs. aq isev wina debulebis damsabuTebeli

struqturaa gameorebuli: adamiani imdenad unda iyos Tavisi mowodebis erTguli,

Cafluli masSi, rom sircxvilia ifiqros anazRaurebaze an TviTreklamaze. es mas

TavisiT miuva, Tuki Tavs Seaklavs Tavisi saqmis keTebas. yoveli saqme aris

TviTkmari fenomeni, romlis Rirebuleba maradiulia da is ar aris damokidebuli

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arc yoveldRiurobaze, arc istoriul pirobebze, arc anazRaurebaze. am umsjelobis

anarekls da kvals Tanamedrove41

aseTi ganwyobis safuZveli erTis mxriv, marTalia, socialuri

indiferentizmia, magram meores mxriv, am ganwyobis ukan aSkarad Cans Tavis saqmes

Sewiruli adamianis/asketis landi, romelic mcirediT unda dakmayofildes, magram is

saqme, romelic mas avalia, unda Seasrulos. aseve, aseTi landebis gamoa, rom arc

erTi opoziciuri partia ar fiqrobs seriozuli programis SemuSavebaze, romelic

saxelmwifo moxeleebis anazRaurebas gazrdis. saxelmwifo

moxelis/asketis/saqmisTvis Sewiruli adamianis sameba mkvidrad aris dafuZnebuli

meore umsjelobaze.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxuris gamarTlebis

ideologiaSi vpoulobT: is, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi ministris xelfasi odnav

Tu aRemateba 100 aSS dolars, korumpirebulobaSi cxadad artikulirebul

brladebas arasodes warmoSobs. aravin kiTxulobs, rogor unda SesZlos ministrma,

sxva, ufro dabalanazRaurebian saxelmwifo samsaxurze rom araferi vTqvaT, am

xelfasiT arseboba. es ar warmoSobs sazogadoebriv wuxils da, Sesabamisad, ar

gardaiqmneba arc Jurnalistur SekiTxvad, arc Jurnalistur gamoZiebad.

rac Seexeba sakuTari miRwevebis Sesaxeb laparaks – es qedmaRlobaa da

sircxvilia. is, rac CV-s safuZvelSia, ar aris swori, imitom, rom qedmaRlobis

niSania. yvelaze kargad sxvebma ician, rac gaakeTe, da saqmenman Senman unda

warmogaCinos. ara sityvebma. miT umetes, Senma sityvebma.

3. politika saSinelebaa. igi Cveulebrivi xalxis saqme ar aris. politikaSi

ar unda Caerio (dauSvebelia vinmes _ mag., studentebis _ politizireba);

politizacia uaryofiTi, lamis eSmakeuli cnebaa;

bunebrivia, wina ori umsjelobidan pirdapir gamomdinareobs azri, rom politika –

es gansakuTrebuli adamianebis saqmea, romelic arc unda gansajo, arc unda Caerio

masSi. RmerTma dagvifaros xelisuflebaSi mosvlis an misi mopovebis survilisagan.

politikas miaRwev, Tuki mTeli cxovreba Tavdauzogavad iSromeb, Tavs Seaklav

saqmes. bolos cidan etli mogevlineba da zecaSi agiyvans, sadac iseTive

damsaxurebis xalxSi, rogoric Sen xar, poveb adgils. manam, sanam es ar moxdeba,

uzneobaa zecaSi asvlis survili. kidev ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki vinmes

41 saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi am sityvis gamoyeneba am wignSi TandaTan sul ufro da ufro

uxerxuli xdeba.

73

axalgazrdebis gareva moundeba politikaSi – es xom igivea, rom patara bavSvebs

kama-sutra ukiTxo. politikaSi Careva mxolod garkveuli asakidanaa SesaZlebeli. es

asaki ki namdvilad ar emTxveva studentobis asaks.

garda amisa, politikaSi Careva gagsvris. sakuTar Tavs, suls dagaviwyebinebs.

4. ar unda miiRo monawileba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. ar unda gaisvaro;

aravis ar unda emxrobode, unda icavde samarTlianobas, obieqturobas;

magram mainc, umaRlesi Rirebuleba – araferSi monawileobaa. mTavari sazrunavi Seni

suli da kulturulobaa42

ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi iReb monawileobas da

ambob, rom es asea da ara sxvagvarad. es calmxrivoba da sibrZnis naklebobaa.

WeSmariteba mudam sadRac SuaSia, da mxolod SuaSi yofna aris Rirseuli adgili

. ar unda gaisvaro yoveldRiurobaSi da

simdidrisken/cnobilobisken swrafvaSi. es uRirsi sacielia: am dros, bunebrivia, Sen

iviwyeb sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar Sinagan bunebas fulze cvli da hyidi.

43

5. sakuTari pozicia arasodes ar unda daafiqsiro mkveTrad, araferi ar unda

Seafaso, gadawyvetileba ar unda miiRo;

.

arc erT mxares ar unda aRmoCnde. radikalizmi miuRebelia da araferi kargi ar

moaqvs.

xSirad es umsjeloba saqarTveloSi radikalizmis dagmobis saxeliT aris cnobili.

radikalizmi aris upirveles yovlisa imis gancxadeba, Tu ra mogwons da ra ar

mogwons. es ki sircxvilia, radganac Sen ar ici (sanam ar gaizrdebi) ra mogwons da

ra _ ara. radikalizms, anu poziciis mkveTr dafiqsirebas moaqvs ubedureba, ZmaTa

Soris sisxlisRvra. bolos da bolos sul ar aris saWiro ibrZolo, imitom rom

yvelas yvelaferi miezRveba odesme.

es xuTi umsjeloba tradiciuli qristianuli rwmenis, maT Soris

marTlmadideblobis, interpretacias warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi es

interpretacia warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda sazogadoebis kontrolisaTvis da

formaluri Tu araformaluri ganaTlebis da ideologiis saSualebiT

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis qvakuTxedad iyo qceuli.

42 rac, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, eklesiasTan da “qarTul rwmenasTan” igivdeba.

43 aseTi cnobierebisaTvis idealur viTarebad qanqaraSi – Sua saukuneebis/demokratiis

simulacia – moxvedra moCans.

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bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi kaTolikur religias didi gavlena hqonda da

isic warmatebiT iyenebda am gavlenas sakuTari politikuri interesebis

gasatareblad. romis politikuri interesebi ZiriTadad patara saxelmwifoebis

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. germaniis samTavroebSi reformaciis mxardaWeris

safuZveli swored politikuri interesebis Widili gaxda: bibliis sxvagvari

wakiTxvis da zemoT moyvanili xuTi umsjelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma luTerma

mxolod imitom moipova politikuri mxardaWera, rom misi – religiuri reformis

lideris _ da politikuri subieqtebis interesebi emTxveoda erTmaneTs. es

interesebi ki mokled SeiZleba erTi fraziT gamovxatoT: avtonomiurobisken swrafva

da gare gavlenisagan Sida politikis maqsimaluri ganTavisufleba.

istorikosebi, sociologebi da kulturis Teoretikosebi am politikuri

faqtidan gamomdinare Sedegebs sxvadasxvanairad aRweren. me ar daviwyeb kamaTs,

protestantuli eTika Tu romis gavlenisagan politikuri ganTavisufleba gaxda

axali drois44

ra Tqma unda, axali interpretacia, romelic axal evropas daedo safuZvlad,

ar mouwodebda qedmaRlobisaken, ampartavnebisaken da radikalizmisaken. is ubralod

sakuTari qmedebis realuri Sefasebis, miznis dasaxvis da miRwevis, socialur

cxovrebaSi pasuxismgeblobis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis da arCevanis

mniSvnelobis/gardauvlobis debulebebs amkvidrebda Zveli umsjelobebis nacvlad.

safuZveli, magram faqtia, rom amis Semdeg tradiciuli

interpretaciis politikuri gamoyeneba, romelic pasiurobisaken, umoqmedobisaken da

saero mmarTvelebisadmi upirobo morCilebisken mouwodebda, socialur cxovrebaSi

gamoiricxa.

saqarTvelos socialur sivrceSi umsjelobebi, romlebic zemoT aRvwereT, iseve,

rogorc evropis Sua saukuneebSi, myaradaa fesvgadgmuli. isev da isev, Tu Cven mier

zemoT naxseneb or politikur programas davubrundebiT, am xuT umsjelobas emyareba

pozicia, romelic ambobs, rom me moval da cxovrebas gagiumjobesebT. gansxvavebiT

meore programisagan, romelic gveubneba, rom mxolod Cven SegviZlia sakuTari

cxovrebis Secvla.

Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tuki Cveni socialuri sivrcis

mosaxleTa umetesoba xuT umsjelobas Seupyria, gamarjvebis mosurne politikosma,

44 maT Soris, aSS-s safuZveli, romelic protestantebma aaSenes.

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imanac ki, romelic mTlianad meore, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlis proeqtis momxrea,

Tavis diskursSi blomad unda gaurios “qanqarisTvis”45

Sesabamisad, ar unda velodoT, rom winasaarCevno sityvebSi da dapirebebSi am

or programas cxadad amovicnobT da martivad davadgebiT Sua saukuneebidan

gamosasvlel gzas.

damaxasiaTebeli elementebi.

gamosavali isev gadawyvetilebis miRebaSia, romelic ukve TavisTavad

ewinaaRmdegeba CvenSi arsebul umsjelobebs da crurwmenebs, da mcdari arCevnis

SemTxvevaSic ki mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba Sua saukuneebidan Tavis dasaRwevad.

45 pozicia, romelic “Sua saukuneebi/demokratiis simulaciebs” Soris mudmivi qanqariskenaa

mimarTuli.

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VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyos

da rogori ar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, da

ara marto is, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul

(regresirebul) versiad46

“eg iseTi kacia, erTi wesieri

proeqtic ar eqneba dawerili”

xalxuri

dRes ukve TiTqmis aravis ar epareba eWvi, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba qveynis

politikis da socialuri arsebobis aucilebeli komponentia. am aRiarebamde rogorc

CvenTan, aseve dasavleTis ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSic, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebas rTuli gzis gavla dasWirda. marTalia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

cnebis Zirebi da amosavali jer kidev hegelTan gvxvdeba, magram didi dro unda

gasuliyo, vidre samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifo/sazogadoeba diqotomiaSi

sazogadoebas Caanacvlebda.

Tumca CvenTan samoqalaqo sazogadoebam gareSe TvalisaTvis ucnauri forma

miiRo: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis farglebi emTxveva arasamTavrobo aramomgebiani

organizaciebis farglebs. bolo dros SeimCneva tendencia, rom samoqalaqo

sazogadoebaSi CaerTon ara mxolod arasamTavrobo aramomgebiani organizaciebi,

aramed samoqalaqo aqtivistebic, romlebic ar arian romelime organizaciuli

CarCoebiT SemozRudulni. magaram jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi saqme isea, rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba emTxveva “samoqalaqo da moqalaqeebis uflebebis

dacvis” cnebas. anu is, vinc icavs adamianis uflebebs da ar aris saxelmwifo

organizaciis warmomadgeneli – aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan moicavs yvela im aqtivobas da

organizaciul formas, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo: gildiebs, romlebic Sua

saukuneebSi Seiqmna, qmnidnen rogorc profesorebi, aseve studentebi da vaWrebi,

xelosnebze rom araferi vTqvaT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris organizebuli

moqmedeba, romelic ar momdinareobs saxelmwifo institutebidan da ar eyrdnoba

saxelmwifo institutebs. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawilebi, jer kidev

46 maT sayuradRebod, vinc, sruliad samarTlianad, amCnevs rom saqarTveloSi bevri ram

Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg, da miaCnia, rom es neli, magram utyuari demokratizaciis

da qveynis sasikeTo momavlis niSania.

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Sua saukuneebidan, arian – profesiuli jgufebi, korporaciebi, uflebadamcveli

organizaciebi, da aseve, yvela is moqmedeba, romelic garkveuli mizniT warmoiSoba

(ar eyrdnoba saxelmwifos romelime instituts) da Semdeg, am miznis SesrulebasTan

erTad – qreba. qreba albaT imisaTvis, rom kvlav moaxdinos sxva mizniT gaerTianeba.

ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gansxvavebis mkveTri xazi gadis

ara pirovnebebze, aramed – institutebze. pirovnebebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen

ganmsazRvrelni iq, sadac institutebi da Rirebulebebia gamijvna-gancalkevebis

safuZveli. Tumca swored pirovnebebi aqceven am gamijvnas aqtualurad.

Cveni yurisaTvis am gansazRvrebas TiTqos ara uSavs, da emTxveva imas, rac

saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, an riskenac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi miiswrafis.

magram es samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebis xelovnuri da mavne SezRudvaa:

sainteresoa, rom aseTi SezRudva xels maT unda aZlevdes, vinc ar apirebs

saxelmwifos yvelganCamrevis da yvelafrismkeTeblis roli gauSvas xelidan.

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi imis Sebrunebuli viTareba SeimCneva, rac

liberalur/demokratiul qveyanas unda hqondes da saiTkenac miemarTeba

demokratiuli qveynis ganviTareba: “dasavleTSi” saxelmwifo arsebobs imisaTvis, rom

swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebis moqmedebaTa kontroli moaxdinos, anu

Tvalyuri adevnos, rom maT ar daarRvion mTeli rigi kanonebisa da amiT

moqalaqeebis cxovreba ar gaarTulon. amisaTvis saxelmwifos gankargulebaSia

makontrolebeli da damsjeli organoebi da sabolood saxelmwifo negatiuri

Zalauflebis mflobeli xdeba: anu is zRudavs da ar qmnis, is Tavis Zalauflebas

iyenebs ara SeqmnisaTvis, aramed farglebis, CarCoebis, sazRvrebis dadgenisaTvis.

Tanamedrove idealuri saxelmwifo – sagadasaxado sistemebis CaTvliT – Nnegatiuri

Zalauflebis mflobelia.

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amis Semdeg mkiTxveli kvlav sami dasasrulis winaSe amohyofs Tavs. es

konkretuli, pirveli dasasruli imaTTvisaa, visac socialuri Teoria ainteresebs

da unda Cveni qveynis magaliTze naxos, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos Sua saukuneebidan

gamosvlis Tu gamousvlelobis mizezi.

VIII. dasasruli pirveli – Zalauflebis mokle istoria

saerTod, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis evropuli da aSS-s istoria SeiZleba

daiweros rogorc moZraoba pozitiuri Zalauflebidan negatiurisaken: albaT,

mxolod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi iyo Zalaufleba is, rasac dRes Zalauflebad

miiCneven sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT. manamde, Sua saukuneebSi, is iyo

formaluri, Zalauflebis mkacri da sastiki afeTqebebiT, da Semdeg – aris

negatiuri.

is, rasac dRes Zalauflebad miiCneven arSemdgari diqtatorebi TavianT

sizmrebsa da ocnebebSi, aris saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebis — dawyebuli

ideologiis formirebiT, damTavrebuli ojaxSi mimdinare procesebiT — warmarTva

yvela saSualebebiT. anu es aris daaxloebiT iseTi Zalaufleba, evropaSi rom iyo

XVIII-XIX saukunemde. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic qmnis, angrevs, ganmartavs, sjis

da a. S. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic awesebs kanonebs sakuTari saqmianobis

legitimaciisaTvis, es Zalaufleba met-naklebad Tanabrad aris gavrcobili qveynis

yvela nawilze da misi kanonebis wamieri darRvevis winaaRmdegac ki arsebobs Zviri

da mouxeSavi institutebi: sasamarTlo, policia a. S. es iyo is, ramac warmoSva

komunisturi partiis manifesti – igi warmoSva zewolam, romelsac Zalaufleba

awarmoebda sakuTari proeqtebis ganmxorcieleblebze, da am zewolis Sedegad

socialur horizontze gamoCenilma kasturma sistemam.

im dros Tavisufali bazari arsebobda rogorc saxelmwifos nawili da aseve

msxvili kapitalic, YTavisi moqmedebebiT da ganwyobiT, saxelmwifos nawilad iyo

miCneuli. Tavis mxriv, msxvil kapitalsac ar SeeZlo uari eTqva saxelmwifosTan

daqvemdebarebul TanamSromlobaze, radganac misi bazari jer kidev saxelmwifo

sistemebiT, maT Soris sazRvrebiT da saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobiT iyo

SemozRuduli.

79

Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo XVII-XIX saukuneebamde warmarTvada procesebs,

romlebic masSi mimdinareobdnen: rogorc ekonomikurs47

Zalauflebis tipis gamocvla pozitiuridan negatiurisaken ekonomikuri

jgufebis kvlav samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi dabrunebis Sedegia – es moxda maSin,

rodesac didi korporaciebi ufro gaZlierdnen, vidre saxelmwifoebi da maT aRar

sWirdebodaT saxelmwifoebTan sasicocxlo kavSiri. Sesabamisad, Sesustda moraluri

kontrolis moTxovnac, imdenad, ramdenadac Zlieri ekonomikuri jgufebis samoqalaqo

sazogadoebaSi dabrunebam cxadi gaxada, rom sazogadoebrivi filosofiebis

(“sulieri” moTxovnilebebis da maTi aRsrulebis wesebis) sivrcec iseve (Tu ufro

meti ara) mzardi bazaria, rogorc yvela sxva.

, aseve ideologiurs –

saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo sistemebiT da mkacri moraluri klimatis, anu

moraluri sazRvrebis SenarCunebiT. amis yvelaze ufro cxadi magaliTia

merkantilizmis periodi, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalian mWidrod iyo biznes-

korporaciebTan dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom praqtikaSi merkantilizmi

meqrTameobas uigivdeboda, amboben, rom im periodSi es ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis

aucilebeli iyo. Tumca adam smiti, pirveli politekonomiuri TeoriiT, ukve

moiTxovda merkantilizmis gauqmebas. Zalauflebis istoriaSi es periodi imdenadaa

mniSvnelovani, rom evropis da aSS-s istoriaSi warmoadgens pozitiuri Zalauflebis

bolo SemTxvevas.

am dabrunebis Sedegad – XIX da XX saukuneSi – cxadi gaxda sazogadoebrivi

sivrcis, anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebis topologia, romelic daiyo or – procesze

da mizanze orientirebuli jgufebad.

dRes samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori tipis jgufisagan: is jgufebi,

romlebic mizanze arian orietirebulebi, da isini, vinc procesze arian mimarTulebi.

es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, iseve, rogorc yvela klasifikacia, pirobiTia, da Tuki

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis socialuri jgufebis Seswavlas daviwyebT, saeWvoa, rom

zedapiruli gamokvleviT iq romelime jgufi wminda – mxolod mizanze an mxolod

procesze orietirebuli _ saxiT aRmovaCinoT. rodesac jgufebi da dajgufebebi

iwyenen muSaobas, anu rogorc filosofosni ityodnen, aqtualurni xdebian,

gonebamoqnili mkvlevari maT moqmedebaSi mizanze mimarTulobasac SeniSnavs da

47 aramarto gadasaxadebis dawesebis da amoRebis kontrolis meSveobiT, aramed did

korporaciebTan mWidro kavSiriTac.

80

proceszec mimarTulobasac. magram me es klasifikacia Tavad klasifikaciis

gulisaTvis ar momixmia: Cemi mizania principuli gansxvavebis monaxva, rac cxadad

dagvanaxebs, Tu ra aklia Cvens sakuTar garemos da ra unda gaxdes misi aucilebeli

nawili.

rogori xangZlivic ar unda iyos mogebaze orientirebuli organizaciis

konkretuli saqmianoba, mxolod misi miznis aRsrulebiT izomeba misi moqmedebis

dadebiToba-uaryofiToba. magram es mxolod ekonomikis/warmoebis/biznesis sivrceSi

dakavebul organizaciebs da jgufebs ar exeba: mizanze orientirebulia nebismieri

lobisturi organizacia/jgufi, rogori iuridiuli formac ar unda hqondes mas.

aq upriani iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom mizanze orietirebuloba Sedegze

orientirebulobaSi ar unda agverios. yoveli konkretuli adamianis moqmedeba

Sedegzea orientirebuli da verc movifiqrebT da verc davasaxelebT moqmedebas,

romelic aseTi ar aris: cocxali arseba cdilobs sakuTari moqmedebis Sedegi

nebismieri formiT miiRos – sasurvelia iseTiT, rogorsac elodeba.

principulad sxvaa socialuri jgufis mizanze orientirebuloba: mizanze

orientirebuloba niSnavs, rom moqmedebas aqvs mizani, da es mizani iqvemdebarebs

mTel process. procesis yoveli gverdiTi Sedegic ki an exmareba aqtorebs miznis

ganxorcielebaSi, an ewinaaRmdegeba amas. mizanze mimarTuloba homogenuri fenomenia

da Tu rame ar emsaxureba miznis ganxorcielebis amocanas, is mas ewinaaRmdegeba.

zemoT moyvanili ori magaliTi, rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba, aseve, lobisturic,

swored mizans daqvemdebarebuli jgufebis moqmedebebia.

magram sazogadoeba mxolod aseTi organizaciebiT/jgufebiT ar amoiwureba:

mniSvnelovani adgili masSi procesze orietirebul jgufebs/organizaciebs uWiravT.

es jgufebi (Sedegze orientirebuli) adamianebis kidev erTi samyofelia. es iseTi

organizaciebia, romelTa mier warmoebul saqmianobis process ufro meti

mniSvneloba aqvs da ufro metad Rirebulia, vidre mizani, romelic am saqmianobas

aqvs dasaxuli. es iseTi saqmianobaa, romlis gacxadebuli, racionaluri,

Camoyalibebuli mizani Zalian wvrilmania im SedegebTan SedarebiT, rac am saqmianobis

process Tan sdevs.

magaliTad: saqarTvelos erT-erT raionSi gaxsnili sportuli klubis mizania

kargi sportsmenebis aRzrda. sworad warmoebuli sawvrTneli programa da sportis

saxeobis propaganda ki iwvevs axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawilis CamoSorebas

kriminalur samyaroSi CaTrevis SesaZleblobisgan. aseve, adamianis uflebebis

81

damcveli organizaciebis yoveli konretuli saqmianobis mizani konkretulia: an

konkretuli adamianis dacva, an diskriminaciuli kanonis winaaRmdeg brZola,

romelic an warmatebit mTavrdeba, an warumateblad, xolo es procesi –

warmoebuli PR kampania da a. S. _ mosaxleobaSi sakuTari uflebebis dacvis

survils iwvevs, zrdis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis moZraobaSi moqalaqeTa

integraciis xarisxs, rac sabolood mTlianad liberaluri demokratiis da,

maSasadame, saxelmwifos ganviTarebaze axdens gavlenas.

zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom Zalauflebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi safexuria mizanze

orietirebuli jgufebis samoqalaqo sivrceSi dabruneba saxelmwifo/biurokratuli

sivrcidan. es procesi aucilebelia Zalauflebis negatiurad gadaqcevisaTvis, anu

Zalauflebisa da socialuri sistemis im tipis miRwevisaTvis, sadac Zalaufleba

aris ara mCagvreli, aramed Cagvris prevencia. amisaTvis ki sul mcire ori piroba

unda Sesruldes: 1. ekonomikis agentebi unda gaTavisufldnen saxelmwifos

pozitiuri (CareviTi) gavlenisagan; 2. ekonomikis agentebma sargebeli unda naxon

saxelmwifosgan ganTavisuflebaSi.

saqarTveloSi politikosebi, zemoTmoyvanili daxasiaTebebidan da aRwerebidan

gamomdinare, jer kidev pozitiuri Zalauflebis Rirebulebebze arin mimarTulebi.

SedarebisaTvis SeiZleba mokled ase davaxasiaToT Cveni socialur-

politikuri garemo: CvenSi negatiuri Zalaufleba arasamTavro organizaciebs aqvT,

xolo pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki kvlav saxelmwifos xelSia. anu zustad imis

ukuRmadaa saqme, vidre ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveyanaSi unda iyos. es ki niSnavs,

rom mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, Zalauflebis buneba mTlianad da radikalurad

unda Seicvalos.

Zalauflebis bunebis SecvlisaTvis ki ekonomika/biznesi unda gamovides

saxelmwifos mfarvelobidan. magram es ar moxdeba manam, sanam xelisufleba

pozitiuri Zalauflebis matarebelia, xolo arasamTavrobo seqtori – anu

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba – negatiuris. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes saqrTveloSi

aravis ar mosdis TavSi bizness an biznesmens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawili

uwodos, imitom, rom isini ar arian da arc SeiZleba iyvnen negatiuri Zalauflebis

nawilebi. erTaderTi pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki saxelmwifos xelSia.

amocana am mxriv TiTqos martivia – biznesi unda iqces samoqalaqo

sazogadoebad. magram es unda moxdes – da sirTulec aq iwyeba – ara PR kampaniebiT

da bizensmenTa Segneba-cnobierebis aweva-amaRlebiT – aseTi dasawyisi garda imisa,

82

rom Sedegs ar moitans, saxifaTocaaa – SeiZleba NGO proeqtebis bumis kidev erT

sababad iqces – aramed Sesabamisi garemos SeqmniT. garemos Seqmna ki aris im

kanonebis miReba romlebic uzrunvelyofen: 1. mcire biznesis umtkivneulo

ganviTarebas: amiT biznesmenad gaxdomis saSualeba eZleva yvelas, anu samoqalaqo

sazogadoebaSi pozitiuri Zalauflebis Seqmna iwyeba; 2. saSualo da did biznesze

saxelmwifo ze-kontrolis saSualebebis anulirebas: anu saxelmwifo dainteresebis

mxolod saxelmwifo dakveTebiT Semofargvlas.

yovelive zemodTqmuli ki lobirebas gulisxmobs: mxolod sakanonmdeblo

lobirebiT aris SesaZlebeli, arsebul ZalTa ganawileba Sua saukuneebisaken

midrekilidan Tanamedroveobaze mimarTuliT Seicvalos. SeiZleba gviTxran,

“yvelaferi rom miuSva” – Sua saukuneebidan Tanamedroveoba istoriuli

aucileblobiT Camoyalibdeba. magram es mxolod istoriis magaliTia, da sul ar

aris aucilebeli, ase ganmeordes Cvens sinamdvileSic: Sua saukuneebis evropaSi,

rodesac Tanamedroveobis Camoyalibeba daiwyo, socialuri sivrce met-naklebad

erTgvarovani iyo. procesi “bunebrivi” iyo imdenad, ramdenadac maT, vinc am process

saTaveSi edgnen – bankirebs da biznesmenebs – Zlieri poziciebi hqondaT da

faqtiurad, sakuTari uflebebisaTvis ibrZodnen. garda amisa, swored evropis

erTgvarovnebis gamo es procesebi met-naklebad Tanabrad mimdinareobda da

gaerTianebul winaaRmdegobas, Tundac Zlier politikurs, aseTive gaerTianebuli

fronti xvdeboda. dRevandel saqarTveloSi saqme sxvagvaradaa – Zalian bevri gareSe

faqtori48 saqarTvelos modernizaciis mimarT indiferentulia. Tuki

gaviTaliswinebT, rom am faqtorebs emateba Sida Zalebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian

modernizacias49

“TavisiT” am procesis mogvareba, anu TanamedroveobaSi gadasvla

TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da dRiTidRe sul ufro da ufro fantastikuri xdeba.

48 maT Soris ruseTs ar uWiravs maindamainc gansxvavebuli pozicia.

49 maT Soris arian ara mxolod politikosebi (opoziciis CaTvliT) aramed biznesmenebic.

83

dasasruli meore – maTTvis, visac maindamainc ar moewona da arc daujera

Sua saukuneebTan analogiebs. Aam dasasrulSi demokratiis im axal ganzomilebebze

iqneba laparaki da Tanac mkiTxveli fantastikis Janris siuJetsac waawydeba

VIII. dasasruli meore – rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis,

aryofnis da yofna-aryofnis xarisxi

Tanamedrove samyaros ZiriTadi problema

ar aris nacionalizmi, is faqtia.

problema isaa, Tu rogor unda iqnes

miRweuli liberalur-demokratiuli,

sistema nacionalizmis pirobebSi.

ernst gelneris suli erT-erTi demokratiuli forumis mier

Catarebuli spirituli seansis dros (TefSis saSualebiT).

bolo dros sul ufro da ufro xSirad ismis kiTxva demokratiis sazomis

Sesaxeb. anu ra aris is, romelze dayrdnobiTac SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ama Tu im

qveyanaSi aris an ar aris demokratia. amisaTvis ki jer pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvas,

ra igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi demokratiis cnebaSi.

pirveli, rac XXI saukunis adamians mosdis TavSi sityva “demokratiis”

gagonebisas, aris arCevnebi. anu viTareba, rodesac xalxi, moqalaqeebi sakuTar

Tanamoqalaqeebs parlamentis wevrebis, prezidentis, premier-ministris, kancleris da

sxva msgavs Tanamdebobebze irCeven. rodesac yvela aseTi Tanamdeboba arCeviTia, maSin

sakiTxi TiTqos garkveulia, da SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am qveyanaSi demokratia

arsebobs. magram ra unda vTqvaT maSin, rodesac am Tanamdebobebis mxolod nawili

aris arCeviTi MmTeli mosaxleobis mier, xolo nawili ki am arCeulebis mier

airCeva, anda zog SemTxvevaSi iniSneba kidec? aris Tu ara es demokratia, da xom ar

SeiZleba warmovidginoT viTareba, sadac aseTi naxevradarCeviToba sruliadac ar

ganapirobebs mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianobas, anda

sulac aseTi mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, raRac sxva mizezebis

gamo principulad da gardauvlad usamarTloa?

aseTi magaliTebi, rodesac umaRlesi mmarTvelobebis arCeviToba ar

uzrunvelyofs am mmarTvelobebis samarTlianobas, bevria. qveyana, romelSic Cven

vcxovrobT, aseTi qveynebis siaSi mowinave adgils daikavebs. aseve, visac ar axsovs

sabWoTa kavSiri, minda vuTxra, rom mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSic arCeviTi iyo,

84

rogorc aRmasrulebeli, aseve partiuli. arCevnebi sabWoTa kavSirSi daaxloebiT

iseve tardeboda, rogorc dRes aWaraSi.

magram, es aris viTareba, romelsac Zala da Zaladoba ganapirobebs. am

SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia Tavi davimSvidoT, rom rogorc ki sabWoTa stilis

xelisuflebis mier warmoebuli Zaladoba moixsneba, arCevnebi kargad Catardeba.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gavizardeT, msgavsi imedi gvqonda. ar

aris gamoricxuli, rom msgavsi imedi hqondeT imaTac, visac msoflmxedveloba bolo

10-12 wlis ganmavlobaSi Camouyalibda: maT mravali saSualeba hqondaT enaxaT da

ganecadaT Zalis da Zaladobis gamoyenebiT warmoebuli arCevnebi.

magram, aranaklebia SemTxvevebi, rodesac “sworad” Catarebuli arCevnebi

aSkarad diskriminaciul, sxvisi uflebebis damTrgunvel da sxvisi sicocxlis

xelmyof xelisuflebas (e. i. Sedegebs) iZleva. aseTi arCevnebis Sedegebi aravis

“brali” ar aris, magram faqtebi jiutia. aseTi arCevnebi iyo warsulSic da ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom momavalSic Catardes Cvens da aramarto Cvens garemoSi.

rogorc wesi, arCevnebis demokratiulobis sazomad damkvirveblebis angariSebi

gamoiyeneba, magram gamomdinare Tavad am institutis mouqnelobidan da Tundac Cveni

qveynis im gamocdilebidan, rom 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi aWaraSi

sanimuSo wesrigiT mimdinareobda, aseTi Sefaseba ver iqneba Tundac minimaluri

sarwmunoobis matarebeli.

metic, Tuki SevadarebT Tbilisis da baTumis arCevnebs, da vityviT, rom

Tbilisis arCevnebi 2002 wels fardobiTad mainc ufro demokratiuli iyo, vidre

baTumis, maSin vinme SeiZleba mivides daskvnamde, rom rac ufro meti areuloba xdeba

arCevnebze, miT ufro demokratiulia qveyana. sabolood ki am daskvnis avtori miva

debulebamde, rom CaSlili arCevnebi qveynis demokratiulobis utyuari niSania.

es marTlac SeiZleba ase iyos saqarTveloSi, anu vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros,

rom Tuki arCevnebi ar Catardeba, es Riaobis da gamWvirvalobis niSani iqneba. magram

am SemTxvevaSi Cven yoveli qveynis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva kriteriumis dadgena

mogviwevs, rac usasrulo Sromaa da veRarasodes migviyvans saerTo mniSvnelamde.

amitom kiTxva X qveynis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb iqceva kiTxvad, Tu rogor

gaizomos qveyanaSi aramarto demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba,

aramed am gadawyvetilebeblis liberalurobac. anu ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom

demokratiuli gziT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi amave dros iyvnen liberalurnic, ar

85

arRvevdnen adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs, anda, rogorc XVII-XVIII

saukuneebis evropaSi ambobdnen, ar unda laxavdnen50

imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvas pasuxi gavceT, kargi iqneba erTi mcire siuJeti

gamovigonoT, da misi saSualebiT movaxdinoT CvenTvis saintereso viTarebaSi

garkveva.

sxvisi Tavisuflebis sazRvars.

Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein Volk

warmovidginoT, rom X planetaze erTi saxelmwifo arsebobs.

ucxoplanetelebma51

Sesabamisad, ucxo (da ara X) planetaze socialur sivrceSi sruli

konsensusi sufevs. Cvenma Tanaplanetelma zogierTma gonebasxartma adamianma SeiZleba

daaskvnas, rom am SemTxvevaSi teqnologia am planetaze ar unda ganviTarebuliyo.

Tumca es ase ar moxda, imdenad, ramdenadac ucxo planetaze arsebobs universaluri

komunikaciuri sivrce da problemebi, romlebic dedamiwaze socialuri daZabulobiT

warmoiSoba da xandaxan teqnikaSi povebs gadawyvetas, iq, im planetaze telepatiur-

verbaluri komunikaciis dros ibadeba da wydeba, rogorc im planetis

konstituciaSi weria:

(“am komunikaciur sivrceSi potenciurad yvela

moqalaqis CarTvis SesaZleblobis arsebobiT”).

isini sakmaod velur mdgomareobaSi aRmoaCines. davuSvaT, rom

ucxoplanetelebi telepatebi arian da imisaTvis, rom TavianT qveyanaSi miiRon

demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebi, ar sWirdebaT rTuli institutebis gamogoneba:

yoveli maTganisaTvis maTi Tanamoqalaqis azri, zraxva, crurwmena da umsjeloba

cnobilia da isini telepatiuri dialogis saSualebiT – konsensusiT – iReben yvela

gadawyvetilebas. amis warmodgena CvenTvis Znelia, magram sityvaze unda davujeroT

siuJetis avtors.

rogorc mixvdiT, iq, ucxo (da ara X) planetazec mxolod erTi saxelmwifo

arsebobs, ubralod metis saWiroeba ar aris. Sesabamisad, X planeta, sadac maT erTi

saxelmwifo ipoves, maTTvis TiTqosda Cveuli aRmoCnda. magram isini gaakvirva

velurobis im donem, rac maT daxvdaT: daSlili saxelmwifo, mouwesrigebeli da

dauregulirebeli politikuri da socialuri urTierTobebi, separatizmi,

50 orive, Selaxvis da gadalaxvis azriT.

51 am planetis mimarT ucxoplanetelebma.

86

danaSaulis maRali done, gabatonebuli meqrTameoba, socialuri da politikuri

Rirebulebebis devalvaciis procesi da a. S.

amitom, ucxo (ara X) planetelebma gadawyvites gamoegonebinaT iseTi

socialuri meqanizmebi, romlebic, marTalia, ver gautoldeboda, magram

daemsgavseboda mainc maT mSobliur sazogadoebaSi arsebul moqmedebis wesebs da

odnav mainc uzrunvelyofda universaluri komunikaciuri sivrcis msgavsi raRacis

arsebobas X planetaze. anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ucxoplanetelebs undodaT iseTi

socialuri meqanizmebi daenergaT X planetaze, romlebic omebis, danaSaulis da

qrTamebis gareSe uzunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, iseTi mdgomareobis

miRweva surdaT, rodesac yvela monawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi da miRebul

gadawyvetilebebs Tu yvela ar eTanaxmeba, aravin ewinaaRmdegeba mainc.

pirveli, rac ucxoplanetelebis mikrokomunikaciur sivrces TavSi mouvida52

magram cota xanSi ucxoplanetelebma, romlebic mcire drois Semdeg isev

mofrindnen X planetaze, raTa Tavisi namoqmedaris Sedegi enaxaT (mogexsenebaT, azrs

uWirs vakuumis gadalaxva, amitom maT ar SeeZloT sakuTari planetidan

telepatiuri saSualebebiT gaegoT X planetis ambebi), arc Tu ise saxarbielo

suraTi daxvdaT: zogierTi ucxoplanetelis azriT, X planetaze saerTod araferi

Secvlila, Tumca zogi maTgani aRniSnavda, rom, marTalia, X planetelTa

umetesobisaTvis yvelaferi Zveleburad darCa – anu policia isev ise Cagravda

xalxs, mmarTvelebi isev ise iyvnen CarTulebi qrTamebis aRebaSi, qveyana kvlav

iyo X planetis saxelmwifos mmarTvelebis arCevnebis mowyoba. marTalia, X

planetis mosaxleobas telepatiuri unari ar gaaCnda, magram isini kargad

eqvemdebarebodnen ucxoplanetelebis komunikaciuri sivrcis mier gamoSvebul

impulsebs, ise, rom egonaT, es maT TavebSi gaCenili ideebi da konstruqciebi iyo.

amitom es problema advilad gadaiWra: arCevnebi moewyo da X planetelebma airCies

mmarTveli organoebi. istorias ar Semounaxavs, Tu ra saxis mmarTveloba daamyares

ucxoplanetelebma, magram raRac parlamentis da raRac prezidentis msgavsi

namdvilad iyo arCeuli.

52 mikros imitom, rom isini erT kosmosur xomaldSi isxdnen da amitom komunikaciuri

sivrce ekipaJis wevrebiT da xomaldis sazRvrebiT Semoifargleboda. kosmosuri

mogzaurobebisas ucxoplanetelebma aRmoaCines, rom azrs uWirs vakuumis gadalaxva. am

aRmoCenis gverdiTi Sedegi is iyo, rom ucxo planetaze universitetebi ar arsebobs.

87

gaxleCili iyo separatizmiT, mainc SeiniSneboda ramdenime cvlileba: 1.

inteleqtualTa fenebis gavlenis zrda, 2. mosaxleobis ufro meti

gaTviTcnobierebuloba sakuTar uflebebSi, 3. ori Tu sami kanoni, romelic

mmarTvelebs aiZulebda nebismieri informacia gaecaT msurvelTaTvis, 4. masmedia,

romelic mmarTvelobis diqtatisagan Tavisufali iyo da amitom – saintereso, 5.

mdidari xalxis raodenobis zrda – da mdidari kaci = Cinovniks – tolobis

gauqmeba.

Tumca, kvlav SeuZlebeli iyo iseTi mdidari kacis monaxva, romelsac ar

hqonda Zlieri kavSirebi mmarTvelebTan.

magram rogorc mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem daaskvna, es sulac ar iyo is,

risi miRwevac maT undodaT: X planetis mosaxleobis didi nawili, 80-90 % mainc

isev Zveleburad, Tu ufro uaresad ara, cxovrobda. metic, X planetis mosaxleobam

ramdenime iseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo, romlebic mTels saxelmwifoSi garkveuli

jgufebis uflebebis gauqmebas/daCagvras iwvevda. es ki Semdegnairad moxda: arCeulma

mmarTvelebma, romlebic, marTalia, airCies, magram grZnobdnen, rom Semdeg arCevnebSi

mosaxleoba maT xmas aRar miscemda, daiwyes qveynis mtrebis gamogoneba imisaTvis,

rom mosaxleobas sakuTari ukmayofileba sxvebze, da ara mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg

miemarTa. Sedegad maT referendumic ki Caatares, romlis Sedegebsac am warmosaxviTi

mtrebis uflebebi unda SeezRuda, da miaRwies kidec amas. Sedegad, X saxelmwifos

masStabiT umciresobebi iCagrebodnen da mTeli umravlesoba (anu visac kvadratuli

yurebi hqonda) Tanaxma iyo daCagruliyvnen isini, visac mrgvali sasmeni organoebi

hqonda.

rodesac SeZrwunebulma ucxoplanetelebma gamoikvlies arsebuli viTareba,

aRmoaCines, rom im adgilebSi, sadac kvadratulyurianebi da mrgvalyurianebi erTad

cxovrobdnen, referendumma uaryofiTi an TiTqmis uaryofiTi Sedegebi aCvena. Tumca

referendumis Semdeg saerTo dasaxlebis adgilebSic iseve iCagrebodnen

mrgvalyurianebi, rogorc sxvagan.

Semdegi nabiji, romelic ucxoplanetelebma gadages, X saxelmwifos nawilebad

dayofa da am nawilebSi SedarebiT avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis SemoReba iyo.

samwuxarod, nawilebis mmarTvelebs arCeuli mmarTvelebi niSnavdnen da amitom

arCeuli mmarTvelebi maT mier daniSnul xalxs sakuTari Zalauflebis

ganmtkicebisaTvis da mosaxleobis CagvrisaTvis iyenebda.

88

logikuri iyo, rom ucxoplanetelebs mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad

mikrommarTvelebis arCevnebi SemoeRoT. maTi azriT, romelic mikrokomunikaciur

sivrceSi Camoyalibda, mikrommarTvelebis arCeva makrommarTvelebis Zalauflebas

SezRudavda, aiZulebda mosaxleobas ufro gaazrebuli gadawyvetilebebi mieRo da

momaval arCevnebSi Tu referendumebSi sakuTari mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT mieca

xma.

am Sinaarsis impulsis gaSvebis Semdeg ucxoplanetelebma SeniSnes, rom

makrommarTvelebis qcevaSi sifrTxilem iCina Tavi, opoziciurma partiebma

programebis momzadeba da PR kampaniebi daiwyes, xalxmac ufro didi imedebi daamyara

arCevnebze da a. S. kmayofilma ucxoplanetelebma xomaldi Tavisi planetisaken

mimarTes da makrokomunikaciur sivrceSi CasarTavad gaeSurnen.

garkveuli drois Semdeg ucxoplanetelebi isev dabrundnen, magram mainc ar

daxvdaT is suraTi, rasac moelodnen: marTalia, mosaxleobis aqtiuroba gazrdiliyo

– xalxi monawileobda arCevnebSi, ewinaaRmdegeboda makro da mikro mmarTvelebis

Zaladobas, magram, amave dros, da rogorc am samoqalaqo aqtiurobis gazrdis

moulodneli Sedegi, umciresobis Cagvris moTxovnebic gazrdiliyo.

marTalia, referendumebis mowyobas aravin iTxovda, magram Zalian gaizarda

mrgvalyurianebis cemis, angariSsworebis da uflebebis sxva darRvevis SemTxvevebi.

marTalia, mikrommarTvelebis arCevnebma Seasusta makrommarTvlebis Zalaufleba,

magram amave dros, Sesustdnen is Zalebic, romlebic adre mosaxleobis mier

urTierTZaladobis SemTxvevebs gamoricxavdnen. mikrosivrceebSi policia

makrodaqvemdebarebaSi iyo da marTalia mTlad ara, magram nel-nela kargavda

gavlenas.

mogvianebiT am problemas X planetis mcxovreblebma TviTon mixedes da

mikropolicielebis arCevac TiTonve daiwyes. magram arc es aRmoCnda saSveli: xSirad

arCeuli mikropoliciac iseve iqceoda, rogorc makro, ubralod, meti ufleba

hqonda, imitom rom arCeuli iyo: iseve arRvevda adamianis uflebebs da xSirad am

darRvevebs amomrCevlebis Tanxmobac erTvoda.

Sesabamisad, ucxoplanetelebma cxadad dainaxes, rom sayovelTao

keTildReobamde (anu maTi planetis mdgomareobamde) kvlavac Sors iyo: marTalia,

odnav gaizarda im xalxis ricxvi, vinc realurad monawileobda gadawyvetilebebis

formirebaSi, anu imaTi, vinc inteleqtualebis, mdidari xalxis da biurokratebis

simravleSi Sedioda, magram am procesma ukve uaryofiTi Sedegebis motana daiwyo:

89

inteleqtualebma, mdidarma xalxma, biurokratebma erTad daiwyes arsebuli

viTarebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunva. es gansakuTrebiT moulodneli iyo

intelqtualebisagan, romlebic manamde Cagrulebis/uflebadarRveulebis damcvelebi

da reformebisaTvis mebrZolebi iyvnen. cxadi gaxda, rom Seiqmna fena, romelsac ar

undoda mkveTri cvlilebebi da mzad iyo mTeli Tavisi cxovreba Cagrulebis dacvisa

da kanonmdeblobis farglebSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebisaTvis brZolisaTvis

mieZRvna.

ra Tqma unda, maT es gacnobierebuli ar unda hqonodaT, magram albaT

miaCndaT, rom imdenad, ramdenadac maT sasurveli Tavisufleba miiRes, sxvebi am

Tavisuflebas mxolod maTi meSveobiT unda ziarebodnen. Sesabamisad, X planetaze

Seiqmna viTareba, rodesac Cagrulebis dacvisTvis brZola arc win wavidoda, arc

ukan, is ubralod SenarCundeboda. es ki rogorc mmarTvelebs, aseve marTulebis

nawils xels aZlevda, vinaidan marTulebis es nawili nel-nela da SeumCnevlad ukve

mmarTvelebad gadaqceuliyvnennen, oRond gansakuTrebuli tipis. . . . . .

ucxoplanetelebi TiTqosda CixSi moemwyvdnen: erTis mxriv, maT ar datoves

arc erTi mmarTvelobiTi mdgomareoba, romlis arCevac ar SeiZleboda, magram meore

mxriv, mmarTvelobebis xarisxi ar gaumjobesda da ise Canda, rom yvelaferi gayinva-

gaCerebisaken, arsebuli mdgomareobis maradiulad SenarCunebisaken midioda.

saswrafod Seiqmna mikro-komunikaciuri sivrce, romelic dasawyisSi sakmaod

WrialiT warimarTa: erT-erTi hipoTeza, romelic SemuSavda, moiTxovda, rom

inteleqtualebic da uflebebis damcvelebic aerCiaT – jer regionul, xolo Semdeg

qveynis donezec. meore hipoTezis mixedviT – gamosavali X planetis X saxelmwifos

patar-patara saxelmwifoebad daSlaSi da iq yvelafris Tavidan dawyebaSi

mdgomareobda. ganviTarebis mesame modeli arsebuli sistemebis gauqmebas da

ganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis institutis SemoRebas iTvaliswinebda, eyrdnoboda ra X

planetis cnobili moazrovnis, notalpis cnobil Txzulebas. samive es modeli

damuSavebisas kidev ufro uaresi gamodga, vidre arsebuli:

pirveli modelis ganviTarebis gaTamaSebisas aRmoCnda, rom arCeuli

inteleqtualebi da adamianis uflebebis damcvelebi mTlianad gauigivdnen arsebul

biurokratias da TavisuflebiT marTvis Canasaxic ki moispo.

meore modelma aCvena, rom sindromi, romelic maTTvis “kvadratulyurianebis

mier mrgvalyurianebis Cagvris” saxeliT iyo cnobili, Zlierdeboda da Zalauflebis

mTavari ganmsazRvreli xdeboda.

90

mesame modelirebisas ganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis mesame Taobam iseTi terori

daiwyo, rom mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce TavisiT gamoirTo.

magram, ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, mesame modelma miuTiTa gamosavalze:

ucxoplanetelebi ukve mixvdnen, rom mTavaria sazogadoebis didi nawili

ZalauflebiT marTvidan TavisuflebiT marTvaze53

ra Tqma unda, mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce imis SesaZleblobasac uSvebda, rom

romelime aseT konkretul marTvaSi SeiZleba ZalauflebiT marTvis xarisxi

gazrdiliyo TavisuflebiT marTvis Semcirebis xarjze. magram arsebul struqturas,

kanonebs da qcevis miRebul wesebs aseTi saxecvlilebis totaluri gavrceleba unda

SeeCerebinaT. mokled, rogorc amas ucxoplanetelebi ambobdnen, unda momxdariyo

zrunvis institucionalizacia. marTalia, maT kargad ar esmodaT, ra azri iyo

Cadebuli am sityvebSi

gadarTo. Sesabamisad, maTTvis

saWiro iyo TavisuflebiT marTvis iseTi formis povna, sadac, marTalia, mTlianad

ara, magram minimumamde iqmeboda dayvanili ZalauflebiT marTva. aseTi formis

maxasiaTeblebi ki Semdegi unda yofiliyo: 1. mmarTvelebs ver unda enaxaT verc axlo

da verc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi piradi sargebeli; 2. marTva unda yofiliyo

damyarebuli arCevanze; 3. mokle vadaSi misaRwevi piradi sargebeli, romlis

gamoricxvac SeuZlebeli iyo, minimumze unda yofiliyo dayvanili; 4. miuxedavad

zemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceulad unda yofiliyvnen

dainteresebulni; 5. garda amisa, aucilebeli piroba iyo, rom aseTi marTva yvela

sxva marTvis mowyobis modeli unda gamxdariyo, ise unda Seesisxlxorcebina igi

yovel X-planetels.

54

mas mere, rac es xuTi piroba Camoyalibda, ucxoplanetelebma daiwyes Zieba,

Tu sad iyo SesaZlebeli am pirobebis ganxorcieleba X planetaze arsebul

struqturebSi. jer scades es makrommarTvelobis da mikrommarTvelobis doneze

ganexorcielebinaT. ra Tqma unda, sruli kraxi ganicades, imdenad, ramdenadac am

doneze mxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli, Sesabamisad, TavisuflebiT

, magram es sityvaTSexameba X-planetelebis srul

aRfrTovanebas iwvevda.

53 anu rodesac marTva aris Tavisuflebis instituciuri gavrceleba: rodesac marTulebi

aZleven mmarTvels Tavisuflebis instituciuri marTvis uflebas da instituciurad ufleba

aqvT marTvis es ufleba ukanve daibrunon.

54 mogexsenebaT, ucxo planetaze telepatiuri makrokomunikaciuri sivrcis arsebobis gamo

institucionalizacia rogorc calke instituti ar arsebobs.

91

marTvis xarisxi katastrofiulad dabali iyo: ra Tqma unda, demokratiuli

gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda, magram es gadawyvetilebebi sakmaod Sors idga

samarTlianobisagan da, rogorc wesi, sargeblis miRebas emsaxureboda. im

SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac es gadawyvetileba samarTlianobiT gamoirCeoda, es

SemTxveviTobis wyaloba ufro iyo, vidre aucileblobisa. sargebeli, romelsac

gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni moelodnen, yovelTvis ar iyo uaryofiTi, magram am

doneze arafriT ar moxerxda arCevanis procesSi sargeblisken swrafvis minimumamde

dayvana: nebismieri gadawyvetileba gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis mier axlo momavalSi,

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki Soreul momavalSi, sargeblis miRebis molodinebis

urTierTSejerebiT miiReboda. Sesabamisad, marTva Zalauflebis gaziarebiT, gadacemiT

da warTmeviT mimdinareobda.

anu aravin aravis Tavisuflebas ar gadascemda: Tuki es ase xdeboda,

Tavisufleba minimaluri iyo, da Tu kanoniT ara, tradiciebiT, crurwmenebiT,

umsjelobebiT da SiSiT iyo ganpirobebuli. bolos da bolos, am yvelafris

dasaZlevad aravinac ar iwuxebda Tavs, Tuki es pirad sargebels ar exeboda. unda

aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc wesi, ar exeboda.

ucxoplanetelebi gasaWirSi Cavardnen. mikro-komunikaciuri sivrce ver

poulobda gamosavals. zrunvis institucionalizacia vera da ver xerxdeboda.

bolos ucxoplanetelebi mixvdnen, rom maT TavianTi gardaqmnebis impulsTa

warmarTvaSi raRac mniSvnelovani gamorCaT, anu iseTi raRac gamorCaT, rac X-

planetelebis cxovrebas gasdevda, mniSvnelovnad iyo CarTuli X-planetelebis

cxovrebaSi, magram kvlav totalitarul-diqtatoruli iyo da Tanac erTsa da imave

dros, dafarulic da zedapirze myofic.

ra eqnaT ucxoplanetelebs! kidev erTxel Causxdnen maTTvis sruliad ucxo

socialuri struqturebis analizs. sakuTar komunikaciur sivrceSic Caixedes, rom

zrunvis safuZvel-elementi epovaT. da ai, dadga momenti, rodesac mikro-

komunikaciuri sivrce abazanidan amoxta da evrikas ZaxiliT Semourbina kosmosur

xomalds. maT rogorc iqna ipoves adgili, sadac zrunvis institucionalizacia iyo

SesaZlebeli, da romelic TiTqos zemoTCamoTvlil xuTive kriteriums

akmayofilebda: es iyo ganaTleba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom mmarTvelobiTi institutebis

gademokratiulobaze zrunvis procesSi ucxoplanetelebs gamorCaT is, rac X

planetis sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZveli iyo, is, rac ayalibebda sazogadoebis

wevrebs, uviTarebda ZiriTad Sexedulebebs da warmodgenebs, mokled rom vTqvaT,

92

gadascemda im ZiriTad Rirebulebebs da idealebs, romlebic Semdeg sazogadoebriv

da yvela sxva cxovrebaSi vlindeboda.

ucxoplanetelebma gadaxedes ganaTlebas da didad imedgacruebulni darCnen:

saqme is iyo, rom rogorc skolebSi, aseve umaRlesi ganaTlebis SenobebSic yvela im

Rirebulebebis da struqturebis daswavla/axsna xdeboda, romlebsac isini amdeni

wlis ganmavlobaSi X planetaze wvalebiT nergavdnen: arCevnebi, xelisuflebis

gayofa, pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis winaSe, qrTamis aRebis damRupveloba,

sasamarTlos samarTlianoba da Zala, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, – es is iyo, rasac

ganaTlebis procesSi didi yuradReba eqceoda, SeedginaT saswavlo kursebi,

maswavleblebi specialurad emzadebodnen am sagnebis swavlebisaTvis. magram saSveli

mainc ar Canda. qveyana kvlav ixliCeboda winaaRmdegobebiT, separatizmiT da

SeuwynareblobiT.

is-is iyo, ucxoplanetelebi yureb, xeleb, fexeb, saceceb, borbleb da kud-

Camoyrili xomaldis ukan, Tavisi planetisaken daZvras apirebdnen, rom uceb

mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce kvlav ayvirda: marTalia, swavlebebis procesi TiTqosda

sasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTuliyo, magram TviTon organizaciebi, anu

instituciuri mowyoba kvlav totalitaruli iyo, anu yvela iniSneboda, sazogadoeba

ar iyo CarTuli aranair gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (an CarTuli iyo mxolod

gaSualebulad, ramdenadac irCevda imaT, vinc Semdeg ganaTlebis xelmZRvanelebs

niSnavda).

Sesabamisad, yoveli bavSvi, romelic skolaSi midioda, Tavs amoyofda iseT

sistemaSi sadac mas araferi ekiTxeboda da mxolod viRacis davaleba unda

Seesrulebina. mSobeli, romelic bavSvs skolaSi uSvebda, verc ki warmoidgenda, rom

ramenairad Careuliyo saswavlo procesSi da sakuTari pirobebi wamoeyenebina. Semdeg

es bavSvi, romelic totalitarul garemoSi izrdeboda, xvdeboda sistemebSi, sadac

misgan arCevanis gakeTebas iTxovdnen. es ki misTvis rTuli gaxldaT da rogorc

skolaSi da sxva saswavleblebSi iyo miCveuli, davalebis Sesrulebas iwyebda. ar

SeiZleboda imis Tqma, rom X planetaze ar arsebobdnen iseTi skolebi, sadac

aramarto mSobels ekiTxvebodnen, ra surda mas, rom mis Svils eswavla, aramed

moswavleebis azrsac iTvaliswinebdnen, magram aseTi skolebi gamonaklisi iyo da

aminds ver cvlida. X planetis mosaxleobis umravlesoba ganwiruli iyo saxifaTo,

usamarTlo da umciresobebis damCagvreli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis, imdenad,

ramdenadac mas arc arCevanis Cveva hqonda da arc zrunvis gamocdileba, anu mis

93

kompetenciaSi arasodes Sedioda mis gverdiT myofis bedis gadawyveta: is yovelTvis

misgan Zalian daSorebul problemebs wyvetda: mmarTvelebis arCevis sakiTxs, sadRac

Sors arsebuli umciresobebis beds. . . X planetis mosaxleobis gamocdilebiT

mxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli. maTi gamocdilebis mixedviT

SeuZlebeli iyo aramarto erTmaneTze, aramed sakuTar Svilebzec zrunvac ki: es

viRacas, maT mier gaSualebulad arCeuls, unda gadaewyvita, TviTon ki am

gadawyvetilebas unda damorCilebodnen.

es TiTqosda problemis gadawyveta iyo, magram ucxoplanetelebma aqac kinaRam

Secdoma dauSves, magram mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce risi sivrce iqneboda, es rom ar

SeemCnia: sakuTari ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis sruli Tavisufleba –

anu aramarto maswavleblebis da mmarTvelebis SerCeva, aramed saswavlo procesis

Sinaarsis gansazRvrac – mxolod ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba

ganxorcielebuliyo. amitom, ucxoplanetelebma gadawyvites X planetaze zrunvis

institucionalizacia nabij-nabij daewyoT: jer mSoblebisaTvis da

maswavleblebisaTvis miecaT skolis direqtorebis, maswavleblebis da damatebiTi

sagnebis arCevis Tavisufleba, Semdeg nel-nela gaezardaT sagnebis arCevis es

Tavisufleba da bolos mieRoT viTareba, rodesac yoveli moswavlis saswavlo

programis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas mSobeli, maswavlebeli da moswavle erTad

miiRebdnen. saboloo zrunvis institucionalizacia am gziT ganxorcieldeboda. amis

Semdeg aseT sazogadoebaSi aRarc samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba iqneboda

rTuli.

skolis sistemis arCeviT institutad gadaqceva ucxoplanetelebis

SemuSavebul xuTive kriteriums akmayofilebda. anu: 1. mmarTvelebi (romlebSic

arCeuli mSoblebi umravlesoba unda yofiliyo) ver naxulobdnen verc axlo da

verc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi pirad sargebels: maTi gadawyvetilebebi exeboda

maT Svilebs; 2. marTva arCevanze iyo damyarebuli – mmarTvelebi irCevdnen swavlebis

ganmxorcieleblebs da swavlebis mimarTulebebs; 3. ra Tqma unda, piradi gamorCena

SesaZlebeli iyo, Tundac skolis saxsrebis gamoyeneba piradi miznebisaTvis, magram am

SemTxvevaSi sxva mSoblebis mxridan kontrolis meqanizmi amoqmeddeboda. garda amisa,

nakleb mosalodneli iyo, rom romelime mSobeli sakuTari bavSvis momavals Tavisi

gamorCenis mizniT sasworze Seagdebda; 4. imdenad, ramdenadac saqme mmarTvelebis

bavSvebs exeboda, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceulad

iyvnen dainteresebulebi; 5. aseTi marTva, anu marTva, ganpirobebuli zrunvis

94

institucionalizaciiT, yvela sxva marTvis mowyobis modeli gaxda: skolis

moswavleebi socializaciis pirveli nabijebidanve eCveodnen arCevas da zrunvas.

zrunviT da TavisuflebiT marTviT ganpirobebuli qceva X sazogadoebis safuZvlad

iqca.

es yvelaferi ar uzrunvelyofda, ra Tqma unda, arc ZalauflebiT marTvis

Sesustebas da arc problemebis gaqrobas. magram sazogadoebis mowyobis safuZveli,

romlic totalitaruli iyo, zrunvaze da arCevanze damyarebuli gaxda, ramac X

sazogadoeba maqsimalurad dauaxlova ucxo planetis makrokomunikaciur sivrces.

zrunvis institucionalizacia iyo garanti, rom mcire (erT jgufSi, qve-

sazogadoebaSi) da didi (planetis masStabiT) gadawyvetilebebi samarTlianobasTan

maqsimalurad yofiliyo miaxloebuli. e. w. “saSualo”, konkretul-mmarTvelobiTi

gadawyvetilebebi X planetaze, ra Tqma unda, kvlav rCeboda problematurad, radgan

subieqtebis angarebisagan da ZalauflebiT marTvisagan ganTavisufleba SeuZlebelia.

metic, es arc aris saWiro, radganac, swored individualuri Tavisufleba aris

zrunvis institucionalizaciis SesaZlebloba55

meore mxare, romelic mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem aRmoaCina da romelic

aseve gamorCa mas sareformo impulsebis siidan, iyo masobrivi komunikaciisa da

informaciis saSualebebi, rac uaxloes momavalSi ganaTlebasTan erTad meore

yvelaze mniSvnelovani instituti unda gamxdariyo masSi CarTuli mosaxleobis

raodenobis mixedviT. marTalia, teqnikis ganviTarebas sul male Tavad unda

uzrunveleyo saiformacio sivrcis demokratiuloba da arCeviTobaze damyareba,

magram sanam es “sul male” dadgeboda, televizia rCeboda sazogadoebis formirebis

.

55 bunebrivia, qarTvel mkiTxvels ramdenime eWvi gauCndeba, rac dakavSirebulia, ZiriTadad,

separatizmTan, anu somxebi somex direqtors airCeven, azerebi azerbaijanels da a. S. rac

sabolood qarTul enaze mimdinare ganaTlebas sul gaauqmebs. am Tvalsazrisis damcvelebs

minda vuTxra, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri somxebiT dasaxlebul regionSi –

samcxe-javaxeTSi somxuri ganaTlebis sistema ki ar ejibreba qarTuls, aramed rusuli, da

isic imitom, rom regionis mcxovreblebi sakuTar momavals ruseTs ukavSireben da ara

saqarTvelos. saqarTvelos mmarTveloba ki yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloze

orientacia mouspos am regionis moqalaqeebs – dawyebuli gzis SeukeTeblobiT,

damTavrebuli im mxareSi navTobsadenis milis gayvanaze uaris TqmiT, risi faruli

argumentic aris, rom “iq somxebi cxovroben”. .

95

Zalian mniSvnelovan instrunmentad, magram ara Sinaarsis mixedviT56

sainformacio komunikaciis momavali bedi, ucxoplanetelebis varaudiT,

waagavda saskolo ganaTlebisas: aqac, momavalSi TiToeul moqalaqes miecemoda

saSualeba gadaewyvita, romeli arxebisaTvis da sainformacio sistemebisaTvis

edevnebina Tvali, da TviTon Seedgina, magaliTad, sakuTari satelevizio programa.

magram, iseve rogorc ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac saWiro iyo sawyisi pirobebis

Seqmna, romelic Semdeg axal stadiaze gadasvlas gaaadvilebda.

, aramed

mravalferovnebiT da mraval potenciur momxmarebelze orientaciiT. es problema,

bunebrivia, telegadacemebis uzrunvelmyofi resursebis arCevanze damyarebuli

gamanawilebeli sistemiT unda gadawyvetiliyo.

ucxoplanetelebi mixvdenen, rom amis metis gakeTebas isini ver SeZlebdnen,

rom es iyo maTi planetis da X planetis msgavsebis maqsimumi. SvebiT amoisunTqes da

gauCinardnen.

56 rogorc es X planetis zogierT politikoss egona, rom satelevizio gadacemebze

cenzuris dawesebiT SesaZlebeli iyo mavne zegavlenisagan sazogadoebis dacva.

96

mesame dasasruli – maTTvis visac male unda es wigni damTavrdes, Tanac ise,

rom cxadi warmodgena hqondes, ra aris avtoris azriT saqarTveloSi gasakeTebeli

imisaTvis, rom Sua saukuneebis 12 niSani sabolood daiZlios. amave dros es

dasasruli gankuTvnilia imaTTvisac, visac demokratiis da saxelmwifos marTvis

Sesaxeb didi wignebis kiTxva uyvars.

VIII. dasasruli mesame – aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdeg

demokratiulobis Tanamedrove sazomi principulad igivea, rac 150 wlis

winaT iyo da mis ucvlel wyaros aleqsis de tokvilis “demokratia amerikaSi”

warmoadgens. bunebrivia, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi kriteriumebis ucvleloba eWvs

unda iwvevdes, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, dRemde politikuri mecniereba tokvilis

SemuSavebuli struqturiT xelmZRvanelobs.

rogorc cnobilia, tokvilisaTvis, mis mier safrangeTSi dakavebuli

Tanamdebobis gamo, amerikuli demokratiis Sefasebis sababic da empiriuli

amosavalic penitencialuri sistema iyo, ufro zustad ki cixeebi, romelTa

Seswavlac misi da misi megobari bomonis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamgzavrebis

oficialuri sababi Seiqna. Sesabamisad, iuridiul sistemas mis wignSi “demokratia

amerikaSi” gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs: pirveli wigni mTlianad eZRvneba qveynis

federalur mowyobas da sasamarTlo sistemas. meore nawili sazogadoebis

struqturis aRweraa. meore wignis sagania demokratiis gavlena yoveli amerikelis

cxovrebaze, demokratiis gavlena inteleqtualur cxovrebaze, amerikelebis

grZnobebze, Cvevebze, politikur sazogadoebaze.

Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria am, tokvilis mier dasaxul, paradigmas ar

gascilebia: XX saukuneSi demokratiis da ekonomikuri sistemebis urTierTobis

ganxilvac ar midis Sors tokvilisagan (Tavi: “rogor aZvireben miwis rentas da

amcireben miwis rentis vadebs demokratiuli institutebi da Cvevebi” da sxva).

anu Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria, demokratiis aRwerisas, Sefasebisas da

dagegmvisasac ki, isev tokvilis mier SemuSavebuli paradigmiT xelmZRvanelobs.

ra Tqma unda, tokvili wers ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. metic, misTvis didi

mniSvneloba aqvs samoqalaqo ganaTlebas (rogorc Cven mas dRes vuwodebT) da didi

simpatiiT laparakobs amerikelebis unarze, Tavisuflad da naTlad ilaparakon

sakuTari qveynis konstituciur safuZvlebze, sakuTar uflebebze, maTi sistemis

97

upiratesobaze, amerikelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel azris SemuSavebisa da gamoTqmis

wesebze57

Tumca, impliciturad, ra Tqma unda, rodesac is TviTmmarTvelobaze

laparakobs, igulisxmeba, rom ganaTlebis organizaciaSic TviTmmarTvelobis xarisxi

maRali unda iyos. magram es Tema (ganaTlebis TviTmmarTveloba) wignSi “demokratia

amerikaSi” sruliad ar aris Tematizebuli.

. magram is gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ganaTlebis Sinaarss aniWebs, rogorc

Tanamedrove politikis mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa umetesoba, da arafers ambobs

ganaTlebis organizaciis Sesaxeb.

aseve, imdenad, ramdenadac informaciul-teqnologiuri sivrcis cneba

tokvilis dros saerTod ar arsebobda, ubralod, sainformacio eleqtronuli

saSualebebis ararsebobis gamo, tokvili arafers ambobs sainformacio saSualebebis

flobis da ganawilebis demokratiuli principebis aucileblobaze.

es arc aris gasakviri: XX saukunemde demokratiis da, saerTod,

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis problema iyo iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, romelsac

unda Seeqmna sayovelTao CarTulobis uzrunvelmyofi marTvis instituti. im dros

eklesiis garda ar arsebobda arcerTi socialuri da administraciuli erTeuli,

romelSic mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba rogorc tradiciis ZaliT, aseve iZulebiT

iqneboda CarTuli. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis sistemebidan Tanamedroveobaze

gadasvlis dasaxuli politikuri amocana eklesiis tradiciuli Sinaarsis Secvlis

garda, marTvis iseTi sistemis SemoReba iyo, romelic yoveli moqalaqis pirdapir

monawileobas uzrunvelyofda.

amis miRweva, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiisTvis

tradiciuli eTikuri normebis ZiriTadi interpretaciebis SecvliT. ramac, Tavis

mxriv, iseTi religiebis popularobas Seuwyo xeli, romlebic azris gamoxatvis

SezRudvebisagan maqsimalurad Tavisufalni iyvnen. meore mxriv, iseTi religiebi,

romlebsac Sinaganad aseTi gademokratiuloba ar SeeZloT, maqsimalurad Ria gaxdnen

gare samyarosadmi (mag., kaTolicizmi, anglikanuri eklesia). Sesabamisad, eklesiebi

ase Tu ise gademokratiuldnen, maTi gavlena da Zalaufleba demokratiis samsaxurSi

Cadga. eklesiis problema moixsna, religia da religiuri ganwyobebi samarTlianad

57 ix. Tavebi: wigni I, nawili II: “rogor exmareba demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebas

amerikelebis ganmanaTlebloba, Cvevebi da praqtikuli gamocdileba”; wigni II nawili III:

“SeerTebul StatebSi gogonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb”.

98

iqcnen qveynis da demokratiulobis kriteriumad. esec swored tokvilis

damsaxurebaa, romelmac mniSvnelovani adgilebi miuZRvna eklesiis da religiebis

rols demokratiuli sazogadoebis aRwerisas. dResac saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

fokusirebis erT-erT punqtad (sruliad samarTlianad) aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebaa

miCneuli.

magram Semdeg, rogorc Cans, Cvens samyaroSi viTareba Seicvala: gaCnda

ramdenime instituti, romelmac mTlianad da maqsimalurad, rogorc Cans, iseve,

rogorc adre eklesiam, moicva qveynis mosaxeloba. zogadi ganaTlebis

universalurobis principma unitarul saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo Camoyalibeba da mizani,

rogorc wesi, ideologiis gavrceleba da biurokratiuli aparatis uzrunvelyofa

iyo. damatebiTma faqtorebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, nacionalizmi da sabazro

ekonomika, zogad ganaTlebaze moTxovnileba sayovelTao da aucilebeli gaxada.

zogadi ganaTlebis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomobis safuZveli demokratiuli tipis

moTxovnaa, rom yvelam icodes is, ris gareSec mas gauWirdeba Tanamedrove samyaroSi

cxovreba. meore mxriv, zogadi ganaTlebis sistema, rogorc sayovelTao instituti,

sakmaod erTmmarTvelur anda TviTmmarTvelobamoklebul saxelwifoebSi gaCnda.

Sesabamisad, TiTqosda TavisTavad igulisxmeboda, rom zogadi ganaTlebis

mmarTveloba centralizebuli an centralizebulTan miaxloebuli unda yofiliyo.

amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom zogadi ganaTlebis dabadebidan yuradReba

mis Sinaarss eqceoda da ara mis mowyobas58. anu is, rom sakmaod Znelia aswavlo

demokratiulobis da pasuxismgeblobis unar-Cvevebi sistemaSi, romelic

erTmmarTvelobas da pasuxismgeblobebis urTierTmiweras emyareba, jerac ar aris

socialurad da amitom inteleqtualurad cxadi idea. Tumca es winaaRmdegoba

empiriul doneze gacnobierebulia da ganaTlebis im sistemebSi, sadac

TviTmmarTvelobis principebi ar arsebobs, an arasruladaa ganxorcielebuli,

negatiuri pasuximgeblobis meqanizmebia danergili59

daaxloebiT asevea saqme komunikaciebis sferoSi: absoluturad demokratiuli

meqanizmis – internetis ganviTareba – male saSualebas miscems am qselSi yovel

.

58 socialur struqturebSi Sinaarsis da formis Sesabamisoba sakmaod axali ideaa da masze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba ZiriTadad frankfurtis skolis damsaxurebaa. es idea jer kidev

elodeba Sesabamis damuSavebas.

59 anu moswavles da mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, uari Tqvan garkveul gakveTilebze daswrebaze.

aseve, ufleba aqvT, uSualod mimarTon politikosebs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis moTxovniT.

99

CarTul yovel adamians TviTon Seadginos misTvis sasurveli TV programa da

Semdeg cvalos, rogorc unda. magram manam, sanam es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba,

sazogadoebebi SezRuduli resursebiT – satelevizio sixSireebiT – arian

gaerTianebulebi. rac ar unda izrunos calke sazogadoebriv aqtivistTa, xolo

calke kanonmdebelTa korpusebma, televiziis programebi mxolod maSin gaxdeba

“sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo” biznesi, rodesac rogorc SezRuduli resursebis

(sixSireebis) ganawilebis, aseve televiziebis mmarTvelobebis sistemebi

demokratiul, Ria, gamWvirvale principebze iqneba agebuli60

magram, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, yoveli konkretuli eklesia, ekonomika da

televiziac Sinaganad vertikaluri struqturebia. anu moTxovna, rom isini Sinaganad

demokratiulni gaxdnen sakmaod gulubryviloa, arasamarTliania da xandaxan –

damRupveli. swored amitom aris SesaZlebeli totalitarul sistemebSi sabazros

mimsgavsebuli ekonomika, oRond cota xniT. Tumca es cota xani SeiZleba ara erTi

da ori Taobis sicocxles udrides.

. ra Tqma unda,

zemoTqmuli gulisxmobs saxelmwifo televiziebis gaqrobas da maTi sazogadoebrivi

televiziebiT Canacvlebas.

eklesiebis, ekonomikebis da televiziebis SemTxvevaSi ar unda avurioT

erTmaneTSi marketingi, romelic momxmareblis azris gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs

(televizia – mayureblis, eklesia – mrevlis), da demokratia, romelic aiZulebs

sistemas imarTos arCevnebis da gamWvirvalobis saSualebiT. es gansxvaveba Cans

gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis Semowmebisas: episkoposis an biznesmenis miRebuli

gadawyvetileba SeiZleba efuZnebodes an ar efuZnebodes umravlesobis mosazrebas

60 saqarTvelosTvis satelevizio sixSireebis gadanawilebis samarTliani da gamWvirvale

sistema aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla: SeuZlebelia imas, rac

Tavisi SinaarsiT totalitarulia da erTpirovnul mmarTvelobazea damyarebuli,

liberaluri diskursiT metyveleba mosTxovo. Sesabamisad, socialuri da politikuri

garemo ise unda moewyos, rom, magaliTad, unda gamoiricxos ideologiis propaganda

televiziiT (winaamRdeg SemTxvevaSi misi mayureblis raodenoba Semcirdeba, mas Seumcirdeba

Semosavali da sabolood daixureba), monopolistoba ekonomikur sistemaSi (ar unda iyos

iseTi viTareba, romelic uflebas miscems mewarmes, mxolod sakuTari surviliT daadginos

fasebi da amiT mogeba miiRos) da fundamentalizmi eklesiebis da religiebis mxriv (aravis

unda mieces saSualeba, sxva religiebis da aRmsareblobebis CagvriT an adamianebze

ZaldatanebiT gazardos sakuTari gavlena da mrevli).

100

(marketingul gamokvlevas), xolo arCevnebis Sedegebi upiroboa da maTi darRveva

mmarTelobiTi sistemis darRvevas iwvevs.

amitomac demokratia Tanamedrove samyaroSi qveynis konkretul institutebSi

ideologiis, fundamentalizmis da oligarqobis arsebobis gazomviT unda dadgindes,

miT umetes, rom samive es faqtori advilad da lamis maTematikuri sizustiT aris

gazomvadi, Tundac mxolod kanonmdeblobis da sxva normatiuli aqtebis analiziT.

101

IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvis

avtor-ego: viTareba, romlis aRwera vcade am wignSi, miuTiTebs, rom Cven

dabrunebuli Sua saukuneebis Zalauflebis sivrceSi aRmovCndiT. isic TiTqosda

cxadia, rom radikaluri cvlilebebis gareSe Cveni momavali istoria SesaZloa, erTi

mxriv, Zalauflebis da demokratiis simulacias, xolo meore mxriv, dabrunebul,

“pozitiur” Zalauflebas Soris qanqariT Semoifarglos.

avtori: me TiTqos vcade is gzebi momeniSna, saiTkenac wasvla am cud usasrulobaSi

gadagvagdebs, magram, vfiqrob, rom cxadi aRwera imisa, Tu riTi unda moxdes

arsebuli totaluri mimarTulebebis Canacvleba, ar momicia. erTaderTi, rac

SevZeli, iyo im istoriebis mokle gadmocema, Tu rogor gamovida evropa Sua

saukuneebidan, da imis Tqma, rom mxolod arsebuli sistemebis da Rirebulebebis

cvlilebisken mimarTulobaze gvmarTebs fsonis Casvla.

avtor-ego: ki magram, es xom gadarCenis diskursia, me amas mesianur da moseanur

diskurss davarqmevdi. me, rogorc avtor-ego, ara var winaaRmdegi, erTxel xom ase

ukve moxda, magram xom SeiZleboda, simartivisaTvis da mkiTxvelisTvis holividuri

Tavgzaabnevis nacvlad, wignisTvis “Zalauflebis dabrunebis” magivrad kvlav

holivuduri, oRond ufro zusti – “rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad” dagerqmia?

avtori: daviwyoT Tavidan – ratom ar hqvia am wigns “rigiTi saqarTvelos

gadasarCenad” (ix. gverdi 1).