giuseppe “camica rossa” garibaldi - kouroo · 2015. 1. 4. · giuseppe garibaldi giuseppe...

GIUSEPPE “CAMICA ROSSA” GARIBALDI

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Giuseppe Garibaldi

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GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI

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Our national birthday, Saturday the 4th of July:1 In AN ORATION, PRONOUNCED AT BROOKFIELD, UPON THE ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, ON THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1807; BEFORE A NUMEROUS ASSEMBLY OF THE REPUBLICANS OF THE COUNTY OF WORCESTER, Levi Lincoln, Jr. applauded Thomas Jefferson, “the sublimity of whose mind first ken’d American Independence and whose pen impressed the solemn Declaration.”

In Richmond, Skelton Jones delivered a funeral oration over the men of the USS Chesapeake who two weeks earlier had lost their lives due to an attack by the British warship Leopard.

In Petersburg VA, people marched through the streets with an “effigy of George III on a pole” and later burned their effigy on Centre Hill.

The new eagle decoration crowning the gate of the Navy Yard in Washington DC was unveiled to a federal salute and the sound of music.

In Nizza near Nice, which at the time was part of the French empire, Giuseppe Garibaldi was born (he would be baptized as “Joseph Marie Garibaldi le” at the church of Saint-Martin-Saint-Augustin in the district Vieux-Nice).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal:

7 day 4 of 7 M 1807 / There has been much noise about our Streets of Guns, Drums &c as they have passed along my mind was affected with Seriousness under the consideration of the depravity of the human mind. I consider all this parade & extravagance as the result of depraved minds, & many times when I have Seen Such conduct I have Said in my soul “Surly [Surely] the Lord taketh no delight herein” -Towards evening walked to Portsomouth & lodged at Cousin Z Chases. - The next morng walked up to P Lawtons where I found my precious H in good health & satisfied that she is in her right place, which to me is cause of greatful acknowledgements of thanksgiving - from there to meeting where I sat under much leaness & want of ability to get to the right sorce till a few minutes before it concluded when the precious life arose & was like a Sweet morsel to my poor roving mind, & I concluded I was

1807

1. This was Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, or Hathorne’s 3rd birthday.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

CELEBRATING OUR B-DAY

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not Sent quite empty away. I dined at Joseph Motts & after dinner went into the chamber to see my dear old cousin Elizabeth whom I have long wanted to see, for She is one that I loved when a boy & well remember her when I lived with my Aunt Martha Gould, & also her excellent testimonies in our public meetings She recited Some Anecdote of my boyhood which were very interesting to my feelings, her conversation in general was very instructing which made my visit a truly proffitable Season. She Said she was thinking of me the day before but did not expect so soon to see me. She appeard to be much pleased with my coming, & I am Sure I’m glad I went & hope Some of her excellent remarks may never be forgotten but treasured up in my mind as long as I liveSpent the remainder of the afternoon with my precious H & in the evening walked home

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Giuseppe Garibaldi “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project

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According to page 4 of Larry J. Reynolds’s influence study EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS AND THE AMERICAN LITERARY RENAISSANCE (New Haven CT: Yale UP, 1988), the attitudes of Professor Jules Michelet were at this point having such an adverse influence upon the stability of France –owing entirely to his having been influenced by the thought of Waldo Emerson– that the government was being forced to cancel his lectures at the Collège de France:

Ironically, Emerson, who viewed the French revolution of 1848with skepticism, had, unbeknownst to himself, contributed to itsoutbreak. Three famous professors of the Collège de France —Michelet, Edgar Quinet, and Adam Mickiewicz— became during theearly forties great admirers of Emerson, and they in turnthrough their lectures cultivated revolutionary impulses intheir students. Michelet, historian of the great FrenchRevolution, apparently appreciated Emerson’s apology forsubjectivism in history, which seemed to justify the republicanbiases in his own lectures and writings. Quinet, a reformer andphilosopher, was attracted to Emerson’s ethical ideas andincorporated striking phrases from Emerson’s works into hislectures. Mickiewicz, the Polish poet and mystic who wouldbecome the godfather of Margaret Fuller’s child,enthusiastically accepted Emerson’s idealism as his own, and hetoo quoted Emerson frequently in his lectures. Together, thesethree, because they opposed the materialistic spirit of the ageand advocated a democratic idealism associated with the 1789French Revolution, posed a threat to Louis Philippe’sgovernment, which canceled their lectures —Mickiewicz’s in 1844,

Quinet’s in 1846, and Michelet’s in 1848. Notbefore their influence had been felt, however. As Daniel Stern(the comtesse d’Agoult) put it in her HISTOIRE DE LA RÉVOLUTION DE1848, “At the College of France, the courses of Michelet,Quinet, and Mickiewicz gave life to the republican tradition ofthe colleges, spread among the youth a sense of love for thepeople, of contempt for the church and ‘official’ society, andthus prepared the union of students and workers that wasdestined to manifest itself on the barricades.”

1848



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The Associated Press news wire service began in New-York. One of the events they may have reported was the revolution in Paris, an event in which many, many were interested. Certainly the wire service carried the death of John Quincy Adams, although the fledgling reporters may have missed the beginning of the Oneida Institution in upstate New York. It is also unlikely that the wire service reported that the revolution of 1848 was being condemned by Arthur Schopenhauer as an eruption of humankind’s primitive nature. (Another of the events they may have reported but probably did not report was that some 600 Waldenses, suddenly granted freedom of conscience and freedom of worship by King Charles Albert, walked down from their mountain fastnesses near Monte Viso to hold a legal, public worship within the city of Torino, Italy — it is hard to imagine how such an event would have been of interest to anyone other than those people, who were suddenly taking part in the first legal, public worship which they had experienced in their entire lives!) Giuseppe Mazzini returned to Italy to prosecute his revolution, was initially welcomed in Milano, and would serve for

a short period with an irregular force under Giuseppe Garibaldi before he would flee the peninsula.



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The Hungarian revolution of Lajos Kossuth began.



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The United States and the 1848 Revolutions (Timothy M. Roberts)Americans entered the year 1848 flushed from military successin Mexico. The US Senate ratified the Mexican peace treaty onlya few days before transatlantic steamers brought the first newsof the 1848 upheavals in Europe. The events together seemed tosymbolize rising American power. American soldiers in Mexico,for instance, rejoiced that the “refulgence of their gloriousstars” had penetrated the “noxious fogs of European despotism.”It was easy to envision an American republican mission unfoldingin the European upheavals.Some northern journalists and Democratic politicians,enunciating this national mission under the moniker of “youngAmerica,” saw the time ripe for an aggressive American policyin Europe. They supported military assistance to revolutionarygovernments in Germany and Hungary, and suspension of diplomaticrelations with Prussia and Austria, whose rulers refused tosubmit to or cooperate with popular authority. Besides hastilyrecognizing the French Second Republic, the US also accordedrecognition to short-lived regimes in Sicily and Frankfurt.Outside official channels, moreover, support for radical Europeshowed in various ways. Americans paraded, wore revolutionarycockades, and staged banquets to evince sympathy with Europeanrebels. Protestant ministers preached, especially with theousting of Pope Pius IX from the Vatican, that the downfall ofCatholicism, and perhaps the beginning of the millennium, wasnear. Mexican war veterans and recent Irish and Germanimmigrants organized volunteers and gathered arms and money toreturn to Europe to assist in its liberation.Yet support for vigorous pro-revolutionary American action inEurope was far from universal. In politics, Whigs and manysouthern Democrats opposed all but the most symbolic of Americanshows of support. American businessmen took interest in Europeanturbulence, but mainly in hopes that shaken European financierswould buy American securities, and American exports of cottonand tobacco would gain in more open European markets. Apologistsfor American slavery frowned on support for European liberationmovements, especially with the abolition of feudal labor incentral Europe and slavery in the French West Indian colonies.But while the 1848 Revolutions did not foster majority Americaninterest in intervention in Europe, the revolutions did have animpact in the US. Advocates of various reform movements —urbanlabor organization, women’s rights, and most prominently,antislavery— perceived that transatlantic reform was indeedgaining momentum, and used upheavals in Europe to argue thatanalogous change should occur in the United States.Revolutionary Europe, these groups declared, was an indicatorof American defects, and a warning of what awaited the UnitedStates if inequities went unattended. After passage of theFugitive Slave Law in 1850, requiring the national governmentto help recapture runaway slaves, the antislavery pressdescribed episodes of slaves’ flight and apprehension in terms



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of Hungarian freedom-fighters succumbing to Austrianoppression. Land reform in the western United States in partstemmed from pressure brought by immigrant and native laborerswho used revolutionary Europe as a foil.Many European revolutionary refugees came to America, some tosettle permanently, others to raise funds to rejoin the strugglein Europe. Of the latter type, the most celebrated was theHungarian lawyer Lajos Kossuth, whose 1852 speaking and fund-raising tour was sensational if quixotic. Kossuth pleaded forboth private financial support for the Hungarian struggle, whichhe received, and military intervention in Europe, which he wasrefused. Kossuth spent most of the money he raised before heleft the United States; perhaps the most lasting impact of histour was in the realm of personal attire, as “Kossuth” hats,cloaks, and, for men, beards, became popular.With the collapses of the 1848 Revolutions many Americans tookcomfort in the idea that the United States was different fromEurope in its stability achieved via a republican revolution.But a decade later this would prove hubris. Then America wouldundergo a conflict whose upheavals and attendant sufferingdwarfed the preceding conflicts in Europe. In their failedquests for greater liberty the 1848 Revolutions did not so muchfollow the American example of a republican revolution as theythemselves provided a glimpse of coming, more comprehensiveconflicts of democracy and nation-building on both sides of theAtlantic.

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.


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April 15, Saturday: Giuseppe Garibaldi had been in Uruguay to avoid a death sentence. He, 56 men, two cannon, and 800 muskets donated by the government of Uruguay sailed from Montevideo for Italy. At this point they were unaware that there had been an uprising in Milan, but they would acquire this news in mid-Atlantic from a passing ship.

Daniel Drayton and Captain Edward Sayres were attempting to smuggle 76 (77?) slaves on the 54-ton bay schooner Pearl down the Potomac River from Washington DC to some land of freedom and justice for all. Captain Edward Sayres, owner of the Pearl, was in charge of the ship and its 1-man crew, a young sailor and cook named Chester English. Drayton, who had chartered the small schooner for $100 and was in charge of

arranging for the “cargo,” later wrote in his memoirs that he always believed in the nobility of the cause although he was being paid for his services. Two days before departure, the three white men had brought the Pearl to a secluded spot near the Seventh Street wharf. The slaves belonged to “41 of the most prominent families in Washington and Georgetown and were valued at $100,000.” Among those aboard were Mary and Emily Edmondson, black, sisters. The Pearl would need to travel undetected more than 100 miles down the Potomac River to the Chesapeake Bay, then another 120 miles up the bay, across the Delaware Canal and along the Delaware River to New Jersey, a free state.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENTJune 24, Saturday: The French Assembly voted to end the Executive Commission and appoint General Louis Eugène

Cavaignac dictator to deal with the insurrection. Furious fighting continued with neither side gaining an advantage.

Giuseppe Garibaldi and his men arrived in Nice to general rejoicing. Giuseppe Garibaldi “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project



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July 3, Monday: Giuseppe Garibaldi offers his sword to King Carlo Alberto of Sardinia. The King refuses his help, fearing his radical views.

In the Danish West Indies (now the Virgin Islands), Governor General Peter von Scholten read out an Emancipation Proclamation.

Washington Goode, seaman, was indicted at 2 Richmond Street in Boston for the murder of Thomas Harding. There was excellent circumstantial evidence such as that one of the stab wounds on Harding’s body was nine inches deep — and Goode, who had served under General Zachary Taylor through all the Florida War, had been captured with a knife in his possession the blade of which measured some ten or eleven inches!2

2. What damning evidence this would have been, if it could have been demonstrated that Goode’s knife was the only one in the world with a blade longer than nine inches! –However, in all likelihood Garibaldi’s sword also had a blade longer than nine inches.



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May 11, Friday: Madame Julie Récamier née Bernard died in Paris, France.

After a cathedral choir concert, Otto Nicolai suffered a stroke and died in Berlin at the age of 38. He never had a chance to learn that earlier in the day he had been elected as a member of the Royal Academy of Arts.

The Schumann family moved into the small village of Kreischa.

Giuseppe Garibaldi entered Rome.

July 2, Monday: Prussian troops surrounded the revolutionary army in Rastatt. Their cause hopeless, Giuseppe Garibaldi led his 4,500 men out of Rome into the Apennine Mountains.

July 3, Tuesday: As French troops entered Rome, Giuseppe Garibaldi began his retreat across Italy.

July 31, Tuesday: “The darkest hour I ever lived.” Nathaniel Hawthorne’s mother died in Salem.

The remnants of Giuseppe Garibaldi’s army, after a month of avoiding Austrian troops in the Apennine mountains, crossed into San Marino and disbanded.

The Hungarian army was defeated at Segesvar.

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD?— NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES.

LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

1849

MADAME RÉCAMIER




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June 27, Thursday: Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Liverpool toward New-York, aboard the US packet Waterloo.

Queen Victoria was riding in her carriage when an ex-army officer Robert Francis Pate, Jr. (1819-1895), possibly insane, whacked her on the bonnet with a short cane having a brass ferule, raising a bruise and producing a little blood. Pate would fail to prove insanity in court and would be sentenced to the maximum under the 1842 act, seven years in Tasmania. (Upon his return from the prison colony he would marry an heiress and lead a quiet life in London. The New York Times would report in 1899 that this had inflicted “a wound upon her Majesty the scar of which she still carries.”)

Lafcadio Hearn was born on the island of Santa Mauria off the east coast of Greece, product of a marriage between a Irish soldier, Surgeon-major Charles Bush Hearn, and a local girl, Rose Cerigote.

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

July 31, Thursday: Giuseppe Garibaldi arrived in New-York harbor aboard the US packet Waterloo. After passing through the Quarantine Ground he would be taken to Staten Island, where he would remain for a few days, nursing a case of rheumatism.

Henry Thoreau squared the cellar of the Court House. The outside ground framing measured 74.5 yards by 74.5 yards and he dug out 606½ cubic yards of dirt.

Thoreau was written to by Charles Sumner in Boston.

Boston July 31st ’50My dear Sir, I desire to thank you [for] yr kindness in writing me with regard to the remains

1850


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of a human body foundon the beach last Sat-urday.From what you write

Henry D. Thoreau

Page 2& from what I hear fromothers, it seems im-possible to identify them. If the body of my [brother] could be [found], itwould be a great satis-faction to us to buryhim with those of his family who have gone

Page 3before him.

Believe me[,] dear [S]ir, faithfully & gratefully Yours, Charles Sumner

August 4, Monday: Giuseppe Garibaldi was brought to Manhattan Island to consult with Dr. Valentine Mott, Jr., his physician. He was greeted at the ferry landing by a number of Italian and German friends, and put up at the home of a friend named Ferrero in Hastings-on-Hudson.

August 7, Thursday: Upon the advice of Judge John W. Edmonds, Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to the Italian Committee, declaring his wish to cancel a planned public recognition on the 10th due to ill health and a desire that no fuss be made.

August 8, Friday: The New-York Tribune printed the letter that Giuseppe Garibaldi had sent to the Italian Committee, declaring his wish to cancel a planned public recognition on the 10th due to ill health and a desire that no fuss be made.



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August 10, Sunday: An issue of Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal:

L. Mossi, Sardinian Minister in Washington, reported to Massimo D’Azeglio, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Turin. He discussed the new US Cabinet, slavery, Cuba and Giuseppe Garibaldi’s reception in New-York.

August 12, Tuesday: New-York Italians meet at Monteverde’s Restaurant on Barclay Street. With Dr. Mott acting as president and Quirico Filopanti (Giuseppe Barili) as secretary, they decided to donate the funds they would not be using to fete Giuseppe Garibaldi to a Doctor Bovi who had lost a hand during the siege of Rome.

August 13, Wednesday: The Cincinnati Gazette printed Giuseppe Garibaldi’s letter explaining his ill health and expressing a desire that no fuss be made about his arrival in America.

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

CHAMBERS’ EDINBURGH JOURNALISSUE OF AUGUST 10


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August 14, Thursday: US Senator Lewis Cass wrote to Giuseppe Garibaldi, welcoming him to America.

Abba Alcott opened an “intelligence service” on Atkinson Street. That is, what we would refer to as an upscale and decent “employment agency,” one not preoccupied with a project of attracting poor young girls off the street and into brothels, or making promises to poor people and working them and then discharging them without their pay. Abba began to talk about how the relation between mistress and maid was a “false relation” with which she hated to be in any way associated.

Middle of August: {One leaf missing} unexpected pleasure.I knew a clergyman who when any person died was wont to speak of that portion of mankind who survived asliving monuments of Gods mercy. A negative kind of life to live!I can easily walk 10 15 20 any number of miles commencing at my own door without going by any house–without crossing a road except where the fox & the mink do. Concord is the oldest inland town in New England,perhaps in the States. There are square miles in my vicinity which have no inhabitant.– First along by the river& then the brook & then the meadow & the wood-side– Such solitude from a hundred hills I can see civilization& abodes of man afar. These farmers & their works are scarcely more obvious than woodchucksAs I was going by with a creaking wheelbarrow, one of my neighbors who heard the music ran out with hisgrease pot & brush and greased the wheelsThat is a peculiar season when about the middle of August the farmers are getting their meadow hay. If you sailup the river you will see them in all meadows raking hay and loading it onto carts great lorry teams–under whichthe oxen stand like beetles chewing the cud waiting for men to put the meadow on–with the heaviest load theydash aside to crop a daisy.–(the half-broken steersThere was reason enough for the first settlers selecting the elm out of all the trees of the forest with which toornament his villages It is beautiful alike by sunlight & moonlight–and the most beautiful specimens are notthe largest– I have seen some only 25 or 30 years old, more graceful and healthy I think than any others. It isalmost become a villageous tree–like martins [Purple Martin Progne subis] & blue birds.The high blue-berry has the wildest flavor of any of the huckle-berry tribe– It is a litle mithridatic– It is likeeating a poisonous berry which your nature makes harmless. I derive the same pleasure as if I were eating dogwood berries & night-shade wild parsnip with impunity.–Man & his affairs–Church & state & school trade & commerce & agriculture–Politics for that is the word forthem all here today–I am pleased to see how little space it occupies in the landscape–it is but a narrow field–that still narrower highway yonder leads to it– I sometimes direct the traveller{One leaf missing}

Best American and Foreign Help.Families provided, at the shortestnotice, with accomplished COOKS,good PARLOR and CHAMBER GIRLS,NURSERY MAIDS, SEAMSTRESSES,TOILETTE WOMEN, and DRESS MAKERS.Any person paying the Subscriptionof $1 shall be furnished with aticket, entitling her to a choiceof Help for six months from Mrs.Alcott’s rooms.



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And once againWhen I went a maying–For there grow the May flower

Epgaea repens& the Mt Cranberry

——Jake Lakin!3——

O whither doest thou go?Which way dosest thou flow

Thou art the way–Thou art a rodeWhich Dante never trode

Not many they beWho enter therein

——For thou leadest nowhere

But to the Irish man Quin:——

Only the guests of theIrishman Quin

There was a crossed-eyed fellow used to help me survey–he was my stake-driver–and all he said was–at everystake he drove–“There, I should’nt like to undertake to pull that up with my teeth.”It sticks in my crop–thats a good phrase–many things stick there.

3. In the birth records for the town of Lincoln there is a 1777 entry for a Jacob Lakin. It appears that nobody has any idea why Thoreau jotted this name down in his journal at this point.



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The man of wild habitsPartridges [Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus (Partridge)] & Rabbits

Who has no caresOnly to set snares

Who liv’st all aloneClose to the bone–

And where life is sweetestconstantly eatest.

——Where they once dug for moneyBut never found “any”——To market faresWith early apples & pears.——When the spring stirs my blood

With the instinct to travelI can get enough gravelon the Old Marlboro’ Road.

If you’ll leave your abodeWith your spirits unfurled

You may go round the worldBy the old Marlboro Road.

Nobody repairs it–For nobody wears it–It is a living wayAs the Christians say–What is it–what is itBut a direction out thereAnd the bare possibilityO going somewhere–

Great guide boards of stoneBut travellers none.It is worth going there to seeWhere you might be

They’re a great endeavorTo be something for ever.They are a monument to somebodyTo some select manWho thought of the planWhat king (did the thing)I am still wondering–Cenotaphs of the townsNamed on their CrownsHuge as Stone hengeSet up how or whenBy what select men?Gourgas or LeeClark or Darby?Blank tablets of stoneWhere a traveller might groanAnd in one sentencegrave all that is knownWhich another might readIn his extreme need.I know two or threeThat might there be.Literature that might stand

All over the land.Which men might rememberTill After December.And read again in the springAfter the thawing.



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——Old-meeting-house bellI love thy music wellIt peals through the airSweetly full & fairas in the early timesWhen I listened to its chimes.

I walk over the hills, to compare great things with small, as through a gallery of pictures–ever and anon lookingthrough a gap in the wood, as through the frame of a picture, to a more distant wood or hill side, painted withseveral more coats of air– It is a cheap but pleasant effect.To a landscape in picture, glassed with air.——What is a horizon without Mts!——A field of water betrays the spirit that is in the air– It has new life & motion. It is intermediate between land &sky.– On land only the grass & trees wave–but the water itself is rippled by the wind. I see the breeze dashacross it in streaks & flakes of light. It is somewhat singular that we should look down on the surface of water.–We shall look down on the surface of air next–& mark where a still subtler spirit sweeps over it

When I go out of the house for a walk uncertain as yet whither I will bend my steps, and submit myself to myinstincts to decide for me {Two leaves missing} {Two-thirds page missing}

Is consigned to the nine.I am but the Jackes of myself.

Without inlet it liesWithout outlet it flowsFrom & to the skiesIt comes & it goesI am its source–& my life is its courseI am its stoney shore,& the gale that passes oer

{Two-thirds page missing} {MS torn}s man & womans {MS torn}All that the money digger had ever found was a pine-tree-shilling. Once as he was dunging out. He was paidmuch more for dunging out–but he valued more the money which he found. The boy thinks most of the cent hefound–not the cent he earned– {One leaf missing}

Among the worst of men that ever livedHowever we did seriously attendA little space we let our thoughts ascendExperienced our religion & confessed’Twas good for us to be there–be anywhereThen to a heap of apples we addressed& cleared a 5 rail fence with hand onBut by a natural law our thoughts returned to groundAnd we went on to heaven by the long way round.——

What’s the rail-road to me?I never go to seeWhere it endsIt fills a few hollowsAnd makes banks for the swallowsIt sets the sand a flowingAnd blackberries a growing

——

August 19, Tuesday: Primo Ranchivecchi, Tuscan Delegate Extraordinary at Leghorn, wrote to government consuls in London and New-York, seeking confirmation that Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi were in the two cities and requesting they be watched for revolutionary activities.



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September: Giuseppe Garibaldi came to Manhattan Island for the funeral of his friend Avezzana’s wife.

According to pages 114-16 of Larry J. Reynolds’s influence study EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS AND THE AMERICAN LITERARY RENAISSANCE (New Haven CT: Yale UP, 1988), Herman Melville would base his characterization of Captain Ahab largely upon Thomas Carlyle’s and Waldo Emerson’s analyses of Napoleon Bonaparte:

The 3rd edition of THE SCARLET LETTER, printed from stereotype plates which did not correct the errors of the 2nd edition (again Nathaniel Hawthorne had not bothered himself to read proof, and yet further errors had been introduced).

September 2, Sunday: The Diet of the German Confederation met for the 1st time since July 1848.

Giuseppe Garibaldi’s letter explaining his ill health and expressing a desire that no fuss be made about his arrival in America appeared in Turin, Italy’s Concordia.

The Schumanns reached Düsseldorf from Dresden and were greeted by a welcoming committee headed by Ferdinand Hiller. They were serenaded by the local choral society and found their hotel rooms filled with flowers.

Nevertheless, for many of the details of Ahab’s character, especiallythose that distinguish him from traditional tragic heroes and make hima modern (that is, a nineteenth-century) protagonist, Herman MelvilleI think drew upon a particular account of Napoleon, that of WaldoEmerson in “REPRESENTATIVE MAN,” a book Melville probably read in NathanielHawthorne’s small sitting room during a September morning in 1850.Emerson, fascinated in spite of himself by Napoleon, describes him asa representative of the “class of industry and skill,” someone able to“carry with him the power and affections of vast numbers,” because “thepeople whom he sways are little Napoleons.” Unlike the effete kings hedefeated, Napoleon was, according to Emerson, “a worker in brass, iniron, in wood.... He knew the properties of gold and iron, of wheelsand ships, of troops and diplomatists, and required that each shoulddo after its kind.” He “would not hear of materialism,” however, andfondly indulged in abstract speculation, especially concerningreligion and justice. Although Emerson attributes to Napoleon Bonapartea deadly “absorbing egotism” and admits he has no scruples, henevertheless defends him from the charge of cruelty, claiming he mustnot “be set down as cruel, but only as one who knew no impediment tohis will; not bloodthirsty, not cruel, — but woe to what thing or personstood in his way!... He saw only the object: the obstacle must giveway.” ...Some of [the characterization of the shaggy old whale hunter]resulted from another book Melville turned to in the summer of 1850,Thomas Carlyle’s HEROES AND HERO-WORSHIP, which contained a treatment ofNapoleon and the French Revolution that supplemented Emerson’s chapterand showed Melville an intriguing way of perceiving and presentingpolitical revolt as ontological heroics.



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September 2: The Roman Wormwood –Pig Weed– a stout coarse red-topped? weed AmaranthusHybridus–(& spotted Polygonum) These are the lusty growing plants now Sept 2nd.Tall slender minute white flowered weed in gardens Annual Flea Bane Erigeron CanadenseOne of my neighbors of whom I borrowed a horse-cart and harness today which cart was in a singularlydilapidated condition considering that he is a wealthy farmer – half suspected that I would make a book about itAs I was stalking over the surface of this planet in the dark tonight – I started a plover resting on the ground &heard him go off with whistling wings.My friends wonder that I love to walk alone in solitary fields & woods by night. Sometimes in my loneliest &wildest midnight walk I hear the sound of the whistle & the rattle of the cars. where perchance some of thosevery friends are being whirled by night over as they think a well known safe & public road I see that men donot make or choose their own paths whether they are railroads or trackless through the wilds – but what thepowers permit each one enjoys. My walk has the same sanction that the Fitchburg rail-road has. If they have acharter from Massachusetts – and what is of much more importance from Heaven to travel the course and in thefashion they do – I have a charter though it be from Heaven alone to travel the course I do. It is by the grace ofGod in both cases.Now about the 1st of Sept. You will see flocks of small birds forming compact and distinct masses – as if theywere not only animated by one spirit but actually held together by some invisible fluid or film – and will hearthe sound of their wings rippling or fanning the air as they flow through it, flying, the whole mass, ricochet likea single bird – or as they flow over the fence Their mind must operate faster than man’s in proportion as theirbodies do. ——

October: To earn funds Giuseppe Garibaldi went to work for Florentine Antonio Meucci at his candle factory on Staten Island, moving back there from Manhattan Island.

October 10, Thursday: Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to his friend Specchi in Havana, Cuba, describing his life on Staten Island.



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November 27, Wednesday: Stuck near San Mateo in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, various members of the abandoned foraging party, including Eugene Ring, became sick with cholera. Within days one of them would die.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, down on his luck for the moment, was working in a friend’s candle factory on Staten Island. Moses Hicks Grinnell, president of the New-York Chamber of Commerce, wrote to his friend Secretary of State Daniel Webster, requesting that government employment be found for this Italian patriot.

Henry Thoreau surveyed a portion of a road between Acton Center and North Acton and made a plan of this for Cyrus Hubbard.

December 10, Tuesday: Moses Hicks Grinnell’s letter requesting that government employment be found for the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi was received at Secretary of State Daniel Webster’s office. Nothing would come of the request.

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MINDYOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF




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January: Italian revolutionary Francesco Carpanetto’s ship S. Giorgio sailed from Genoa, bound for Lima, Peru on a speculative voyage. Carpanetto would stop at the harbor of New-York to talk to Giuseppe Garibaldi.

1851



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February 10, Monday: Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to Specchi in Havana, complaining of the cold and of hunting restrictions that were in effect on Staten Island.

Henry Thoreau wrote to the university librarian, Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, who had taught him Entomology and Botany during his senior year at Harvard College, at Harvard Library, to check out “Alfred ‘Hawkins’ PICTURE OF QUEBEC’ and ‘Silliman’s TOUR TO QUEBEC’” (contrary to what had been thought by some Thoreau scholars, he requested neither Hawkins’s THIS PLAN OF THE CITY OF QUEBEC, of 1835, nor Hawkins’s THE ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC, of 1844).

This would have amounted to, specifically, Alfred Hawkins’s HAWKINS’S PICTURE OF QUÉBEC, WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS (1834), and Benjamin Silliman, Sr.’s REMARKS MADE, ON A SHORT TOUR, BETWEEN HARTFORD AND QUEBEC IN THE AUTUMN OF 1819 (1824, 2d edition).

QUÉBEC



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Concord Feb 10th 1851Dear Sir,I return by the bearer De Laet’s “Norvus Orbis” &c Will you please send me Alfred “Hawkins’ Picture of Quebec” and “Silliman’s Tour to Quebec”?If these are not in — then Wytfliet’s “Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Argumentum &c” and Lescarbot’s “Les Muses de la Nouvelle France.”Yrs respectyHenry D. Thoreau

(It may well be that on this day he also returned to Harvard Library the checked out Volume 1 of François André Michaux’s THE NORTH AMERICAN SYLVA, OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST TREES, OF THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND NOVA SCOTIA..., 1817-18-19.

March 10, Monday: The New-York Evening Post dismissed reports that Italian dictators were concerned that Giuseppe Garibaldi might be raising an invasion force in New York.

March 11, Tuesday: At Milan, Giuseppe Verdi performed Rigoletto.

The Boston Daily Evening Telegraph downplayed the rumors that Giuseppe Garibaldi was raising an invasion force to go back and make trouble in Italy.

April 28, Monday: Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed on the liner Prometheus to Nicaragua on a business venture with his friend Franceso Carpanetto.



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November 4, Thursday: Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour became the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia (which would soon expand and, with Giuseppe Garibaldi handing over southern Italy and Sicily to King Victor Emmanuel II in Naples in 1861, would become Italy).

Samuel Langhorn Clemens, Mark Twain confided to his Hannibal journal the sentiment “What a world of trouble those who never marry escape! There are many happy matches, it is true, and sometimes “my dear,” and “my love” come from the heart; but what sensible bachelor, rejoicing in his freedom and years of discretion, will run the tremendous risk?”

In Vermont the Reverend Alpheus Bigelow confided to his diary that “Election returns already received by telegraph in Burlington render it almost certain that the State of New York has gone Democratic by a large majority, and that the Pierce-King electoral ticket prevails nearly without exception.”

Nov. 4. Autumnal dandelion and yarrow.Must be out-of-doors enough to get experience of wholesome reality, as a ballast to thought and sentiment.Health requires this relaxation, this aimless life. This life in the present. Let a man have thought what he will ofNature in the house, she will still be novel outdoors. I keep out of doors for the sake of the mineral, vegetable,and animal in me.How precious a fine clay early ill the spring!-less so in the fall; less still in the summer and winter. Chimaphilasheds its pollen now. Saw witch-hazels out of bloom, some still fresh.The winds of autumn draw a few strains from the telegraph, after all. At this post it is only a musical hum, butat the next it attains to clearness and reminds me of the isles of Greece. I put my ear to the post. Every fibreresponded with the increasing inflatus, but when it rose into a more melodious and tenser tone it seemed to retireand concentrate itself in the pith of the wood.There was also Thorer of Steige, in Magnus Barefoot’s reign, who was “old and heavy.” He gained somevictories, but when it went against him could not run. He told his foe, “I am well in hands, but ill on my feet.”He “was a man exceedingly stout, both high of stature and thick.” So that, when he was hung, his neck gaveway and his body fell to the ground. The poet sings: —

“How the king’s thralls hung on the gallowsOld Thorer and his traitor-fellows.”

My thought is a part of the meaning of the world, and hence I use a part of the world as a symbol to express mythought.4

1852

4. Clearly, Henry Thoreau had been continuing to study in Samuel Laing’s CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. He was placing the bulk of his notes in his Indian Notebooks #5 and #7, in his Fact Book, and in his 2d Commonplace Book.

THE HEIMSKRINGLATHE HEIMSKRINGLATHE HEIMSKRINGLA

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Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had returned to Italy in 1854 after several years working at Staten Island and in Nicaragua, founded the Italian National Association to promote the unification of Italy.

According to the folks at the Garibaldi/Meucci Museum on Staten Island, which is housed in the former home of Antonio Meucci, it was he rather than Alexander Graham Bell who developed the 1st working telephone — and the creation of this apparatus dates to this year. Meucci, it seems, also fashioned his own furniture, which is currently on display. (There has also been a claim made, that a mechanic named Manzetti already had the bare concept of the electric telephone, before any such working models could be fabricated.)

1857



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May 25, Monday: Italian forces under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeated the Austrians at Varese, 50 kilometers northwest of Milan.

It was Waldo Emerson’s 54th birthday. In New Bedford, Friend Daniel Ricketson wrote in his journal:

1859

Rode to the Tarkiln Hill station at noon in expectationsomewhat of seeing Mr. R.W. Emerson, but he did notcome. At the depot in town while awaiting the arrivalof the P.M. train from Boston, had an adventure with acoachman who abused his horse. Rather successful on mypart. Mr. Emerson arrived, took him to brother Joseph’sto tea, heard his lecture before the Lyceum. He cameout with me and spent the night. His lecture without aname very good.

JOSEPH RICKETSON

http://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/thumbnails/T/HDT.pdfhttp://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/explanation.pdfhttp://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/ActiveIndex.pdfDANIEL RICKETSON AND HIS FRIENDS. LETTERS POEMS SKETCHES ETC. EDITED BY HIS DAUGHER AND SON ANNA AND WALTON RICKETSON WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1902.


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Friend Daniel also completed his journal entries about his recent stay in Concord:

Meanwhile, Emerson was making some comments to his journal about what Ricketson had told him:

May 25. P. M.—With Ricketson to my boat under Fair Haven Hill. In Hubbard’s Grove, hear the shrill chattering of downy woodpeckers, very like the red squirrel’s tche tche.Thermometer at 87° at 2.30 P. M. It is interesting to hear the bobolinks from the meadow sprinkle their livelystrain along amid the tree-tops as they fly over the wood above our heads. It resounds in a novel manner throughthe aisles of the wood, and at the end that fine buzzing, wiry note. The black spruce of Holden’s, apparentlyyesterday, but not the 23d. What a glorious crimson fire as you look up to the sunlight through the thin edgesof the scales of its cones! So intensely glowing in their cool green beds! while their purplish sterile blossomsshed pollen on you. Took up four young spruce and brought them home in the boat. After all, I seem to have distinguished only one spruce, and that the black, judging by the cones,—perhaps thedark and light varieties of it, for the last is said to be very like the white spruce. The white spruce cones arecylindrical and have an entire firm edge to the scales, and the needles are longer.Though the river is thus high, we bathe at Cardinal Shore and find the water unexpectedly warm and the air alsodelicious. Thus we are baptized into nature.

Fine and warm summer weather. Walked through thevillage, over the river, north to the hills, andreturned by the Battleground and the old ParsonageHouse. On the river with Thoreau in his boat this P.M.The excursion upon the Concord River this P.M. withThoreau in his boat was very pleasant, although whenwe started I hardly felt able to walk to the boat,which was upon the shore, some distance up the river,near Fairhaven Bay. But after a bath and swim with T.I felt much refreshed and my dull headache passedgradually off. Walked alone after tea as far as the oldred-painted house beyond the railroad crossing west.Halted on my return at the railroad depot, and was muchinterested in an ingenious young fellow who was earninghis livelihood selling humming-tops, of whom Ipurchased one for Joseph’s little boy Frank. Thoreauaccompanied me to my room, and after a long talk uponcharacter, &c., I retired at 10.

At home, Daniel Ricketson expressed some sad views of life& religion. A thunderstorm is terror to him, and his theism wasjudaical. Henry thought a new pear-tree was more to purpose, &c.but said better, that an ecstasy was never interrupted.A theology of this kind is as good a meter or yardstick as anyother. If I can be scared by a highwayman or a thunderclap,I should say, my performances were not very high, & should atonce be mended.

http://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/thumbnails/T/HDT.pdfhttp://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/explanation.pdfhttp://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/ActiveIndex.pdfDANIEL RICKETSON AND HIS FRIENDS. LETTERS POEMS SKETCHES ETC. EDITED BY HIS DAUGHER AND SON ANNA AND WALTON RICKETSON WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1902.


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May 27, Wednesday: Italian forces under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeated the Austrians at Como, 20 kilometers east of Varese.

In the afternoon Henry Thoreau went to Lee’s Hill on the western side of Concord and from there noticed that he could hear the sound of fife and drum on the eastern side of the village, in the training ground between the Common and the Cemetery. This reminded Thoreau that “May Training” was going on for the local militia.

May 27. P. M.—To Hill. I hear the sound of fife and drum the other side of the village, and am reminded that it is May Training. Somethirty young men are marching in the streets in two straight sections, with each a very heavy and warm cap forthe season on his head and a bright red stripe down the legs of his pantaloons, and at their head march two withwhite stripes down their pants, one beating a drum, the other blowing a fife. I see them all standing in a row bythe side of the street in front of their captain’s residence, with a dozen or more ragged boys looking on, butpresently they all remove to the opposite side, as it were with one consent, not being satisfied with their formerposition, which probably had its disadvantages. Thus they march and strut the better part of the day, going intothe tavern two or three times, to abandon themselves to unconstrained positions out of sight, and at night theymay be seen going home singly with swelling breasts. When I first saw them as I was ascending the Hill, they were going along the road to the Battle-Ground far awayunder the hill, a fifer and a drummer to keep each other company and spell one another. Ever and anon the drumsounded more hollowly loud and distinct, as if they had just emerged from a subterranean passage, though itwas only from behind some barn, and following close behind I could see two platoons of awful black beavers,rising just above the wall, where the warriors were stirring up the dust of Winter Street, passing Ex-Captain AbelHeywood’s house, probably with trailed arms. There might have been some jockey in their way, spending hiselegant leisure teaching his horse to stand fire, or trying to run down an orphan boy. I also hear, borne down theriver from time to time, regular reports of small arms from Sudbury or Wayland, where they are probably firingby platoons. Celtis occidentalis, perhaps yesterday. How the staminate flowers drop off, even before opening! I perceivedthat rare meadow fragrance on the 25th. Is it not the sweet-scented vernal grass? [Think not, but perceive thatin any case.] I see what I have called such, now very common. The earliest thorn on hill, a day or more.Hemlock, apparently a day or two. Some butternut catkins; the leaves have been touched by frost. This isblossom week, beginning last Sunday (the 24th). At evening, the first bat.

May 28. Rain again in the night, and this forenoon, more or less. In some places the ground is strewnwith apple blossoms, quite concealing it, as white and thick as if a snow-storm had occurred.



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Giuseppe Garibaldi and C. di Cavour: Final battles for Italian unification; Garibaldi took southern Italy; most of Italy was unified; an Italian parliament met in Turin. Although Giuseppe Mazzini was not involved in this expedition to Sicily, he had plotted out how such an operation could be performed. While Garibaldi was dictator of Southern Italy, he visited Mazzini in Naples.

Savoy and Nice were ceded to France. Tuscany, Modena, Parma, most of the States of the Church, and Naples were joined to Sardinia.

At about this point Richard Hildreth prepared a biographical sketch of his father the Reverend Hosea Hildreth, for ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN PULPIT. The tuberculosis had progressed to the point at which he was unable any longer to put pen to paper. Hoping that a warmer climate would again restore him, as it had helped so much in the past on the slave plantation in Florida and then in British Guiana, his wife Caroline Gould Negus Hildreth enlisted the aid of US Senator Charles Sumner and the Massachusetts Governor to get her husband appointed as consul to Trieste (more or less an honorary position). William Dean Howells, visiting him in Italy, would report that his friend had been reduced to “a phantom of himself, but with a scholarly serenity and dignity amidst the ruin.”

May 6, Sunday: The Olympic Club, 1st athletic club in US, was founded.

About a thousand poorly armed men under Giuseppe Garibaldi boarded two steamers in Genoa and sailed for Sicily.

A declaration appeared in the Berliner Musik-Zeitung Echo signed by Johannes Brahms, Joseph Joachim, Julius Otto Grimm, and Bernhard Scholz attacking Wagner’s ideals and the “Music of the Future.” It offered, in part, “The undersigned ... declare ... that they can only lament and condemn the productions of the leaders and pupils of the so-called New German School ... which necessitate the constant setting up of new and exorbitant theories which were contrary to the very nature of music” (their declaration has been leaked, and already was being parodied in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik).

Die Pariserin op.238, a polka française by Johann Strauss, was performed for the initial time, in Ungers Casino.

“There is so fine a ripple on White Pond that it amounts to a mere imbrication, very regular.”

May 6. River three and one fourth inches below summer level. Why is it only three eighteenths of aninch lower than last Sunday (April 29)? For we are in the midst of a remarkable drought, and I think that if therehad been any rain within a week near the sources of the river I should have heard of it. Is it that theseinnumerable sources of the river which the springs in the meadows are, are able to keep up the supply? The riverhad been falling steadily a good while before. Why, then, has it not fallen more the past week? The dog’s-tooth violet was sent from Cambridge in flower, May 1st.

2 P. M.—To Second Division.74°; wind southeast; and hazy.A goldfinch apparently not quite in summer dress; with a dark-brown, not black, front.

1860

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See a song sparrow’s nest with four eggs in the side of a bank, or rather ditch. I commonly find the earliest onesin such sheltered and concealed places. What did they do before the white man came here with his ditches andstone walls? (Methinks by the 13th I hear the baywing sing the oftenest.)As I go down the warm sandy path in the gully behind J. P. Brown’s, I see quite a number of Viola pedata,indigo-weed shoots six inches high, a prenanthes leaf eight inches high, and two-leaved Solomon’s-seal pushingup,—all signs of warm weather. As the leaves are putting forth on the trees, so now a great many herbaceousplants are springing up in the woods and fields.There is a peculiar stillness associated with the warmth, which the cackling of a hen only serves to deepen,increasing the Sabbath feeling.In the Major Heywood path see many rather small (or middle-sized) blackish butterflies. The Luzula campestrisis apparently in prime.Oryzopsis grass well out, how long?Now at last we seek the shade these days, as the most grateful. Sit under the pines near the stone guide-post onthe Marlborough road. The note of the pine warbler, which sounded so warm in March, sounds equally coolnow. The Second Division rush is not yet out. It is the greatest growth of what you may call the grass kind as yet, thereddish tops, say sixteen inches high (above the now green), trembling in the wind very agreeably. The darkbeds of the white ranunculus in the Second Division Brook are very interesting, the whitish stems seen amidand behind the dark-brown old leaves.The white-throated sparrow, and probably the 28th of April. The large osmunda ferns, say one foot high, someof them; also a little brake one foot high. Hear probably a yellow-throated vireo in the woods. A creeper (blackand white) yesterday.Sit on the steep north bank of White Pond. The Amelanchier Botryapium in flower now spots the brown sprout-land hillside on the southeast side, across the pond, very interestingly. Though it makes but a faint impressionof color, I see its pink distinctly a quarter of a mile off. It is seen now in sprout-lands half a dozen years old,where the oak leaves have just about all fallen except a few white oaks. (It is in prime about the 8th.) Others areseen directly under the bank on which we sit, on this side, very white against the blue water.Many at this distance would not notice those shadbush flowers on the hillside, or [would] mistake them forwhitish rocks. They are the more interesting for coming thus between the fall of the oak leaves and theexpanding of other shrubs and trees. Some of the larger, near at hand, are very light and elegant masses of whitebloom. The white-fingered flower of the sprout-lands. In sprout-lands, having probably the start or preëminenceover the other sprouts, from not being commonly, or [at] all, cut down with the other trees and shrubs, they areas high or higher than any of them for five or six years, and they are so early that they feel almost the fullinfluence of the sun, even amid full-grown deciduous trees which have not leafed, while they are considerablysheltered from the wind by them.There is so fine a ripple on White Pond that it amounts to a mere imbrication, very regular.

The song of the robin heard at 4.30 P. M., this still and hazy day, sounds already vespertinal. Maple keys an inchand a half long.Mists these mornings.Our second shad-bush out, how long? It is generally just beginning in the woods.My chamber is oppressively warm in the evening.

May 11, Friday: Giuseppe Garibaldi’s makeshift army landed at the westernmost point of Sicily, Marsala.

May 11. The river no lower than yesterday.Warbling vireo.

2 P. M.—77°. Very warm. To factory village.



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Redstart. Red-wings do not fly in flocks for ten days past, I think.I see at Damon’s Spring some dandelion seeds all blown away, and other perfectly ripe spheres (much more atClamshell the 13th). It is ripe, then, several days, or say just before elm seed, but the mouse-ear not on the 13thanywhere.The senecio shows its yellow.The warmth makes us notice the shade of houses and trees (even before the last have leafed) falling on thegreened banks, as Harrington’s elm and house. June-like.See some large black birch stumps all covered with pink scum from the sap.The Ranunculus abortivus well out; say five days? Red cherry in bloom, how long? Yellow violet, almost; sayto-morrow.William Brown’s nursery is now white (fine white) with the shepherd’s-purse, some twelve to eighteen incheshigh, covering it under his small trees, like buckwheat, though not nearly so white as that. I never saw so much.It also has green pods. Say it is in prime.E. Hosmer, as a proof that the river has been lower than now, says that his father, who was born about the middleof the last century, used to tell of a time, when he was a boy, when the river just below Derby’s Bridge did notrun, and he could cross it dry-shod on the rocks, the water standing in pools when Conant’s mill (where thefactory now is) was not running. I noticed the place to-day, and, low as the river is for the season, it must be atleast a foot and a half deep there.

May 15, Tuesday: Giuseppe Garibaldi’s army defeated Neapolitan royalist forces at Calatafimi, which would allow them to advance on Palermo, 50 kilometers to the northeast.

May 15. P. M.—To sedge path and Cliffs.Yesterday afternoon and to-day the east wind has been quite cool, if not cold, but the haze thicker than ever. Toocool, evidently, and windy for warblers, except in sheltered places; too cool in tops of high exposed trees.The Carex stricta and C. vulgaris both are common just beyond the English brook cress, and many of both arestill in bloom.I noticed on the 13th my middle-sized orange butterfly with blackish spots.Noticed on the 6th the largest shrub oak that I know in the road by White Pond, just before getting to the lane.The Salix humilis is going to seed as early as the discolor, for aught I see; now downy.Oaks are just coming into the gray.Deciduous woods now swarm with migrating warblers, especially about swamps.Did I not hear part of a grosbeak’s strain?Lousewort flower some time, and frost-bitten.Under the Cliffs, edge of Gerardia quercifolia Path, the C. varia, gone to seed (vide press), and, on top of Cliffsnear staghorn sumach, C. Pennsylvanica, gone to seed and ten or more inches high, also still apparently inbloom (vide press). Looking from the Cliffs through the haze, the deciduous trees are a mist of leafets, against which the pines arealready darkened. At this season there is thus a mist in the air and a mist on the earth.Rye is a foot or more high, and some [?] two feet,— the early. The springing sorrel, the expanding leafets, thealready waving rye tell of June.Sun goes down red, and did last night. A hot day does not succeed, but the very dry weather continues. It isshorn of its beams in the mist-like haze.Ranunculus bulbosus begins in churchyard to-day.

May 27, Sunday: Giuseppe Garibaldi’s army entered Palermo.

Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha replaced Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

In a letter to her sister Anna “Meg” Alcott Pratt, Louisa May Alcott described the family’s reception for the Browns:

Thursday we set our house [Orchard House] in order, and at twothe rush began. It had gone abroad that Mr. M [the Reverend



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Samuel Joseph May] and Mrs. Captain Brown [Mary Ann Day Brown]were to adorn the scene, so many people coolly came who were notinvited, and who had no business there. People sewed andjabbered till Mrs. Brown, with Watson Brown’s widow [IsabellaThompson Brown] and baby came; then a levee took place. The twopale women sat silent and serene through the chatter; and thebright-eyed handsome baby received the homage of the multitudelike a little kind, bearing the kisses and praises with theutmost dignity. He is named Frederick Watson Brown, after hismurdered uncle and father [Frederick Brown was killed in 1856in “Bleeding Kansas”, Watson Brown at Harpers Ferry], and is afair, heroic looking baby with a fine head, and serious eyesthat look about him as if saying, “I am a Brown! Are thesefriends or enemies?” I wanted to cry once at the little scenethe unconscious baby made. Some one caught and kissed himrudely; he didn’t cry, but looked troubled, and rolled his greateyes anxiously around for some familiar face to reassure himwith its smile. His mother was not there; but though many handswere stretched to him, he turned to Grandma Bridge, and puttingout his little arms to her as if she was a refuge, laughed andcrowed as he had not done before when she danced him on her knee.The old lady looked delighted, and Freddy patted the kind face,and cooed like a lawful descendant of that pair of ancient turtledoves.When he was safe back in the study, playing alone at his mother’sfeet, C. and I went and worshipped in our own way at the shrineof John Brown’s grandson, kissing him as if he were a littlesaint, and feeling highly honored when he sucked our fingers,or walked on us with his honest little red shoes, much the worsefor wear.Well, the baby fascinated me so that I forgot a raging headacheand forty gabbling women all in full clack. Mrs. Brown, Sen.,is a tall stout woman, plain but with a strong, good face, anda natural dignity that showed she was something better than a“lady” though she did drink out of her saucer and used theplainest speech.The younger woman [Isabella Thompson Brown] had such a patient,heart-broken face, it was a whole Harpers Ferry tragedy in alook. When we got your letter, Mother [Abba Alcott] and I raninto the study to read it. Mother read aloud, for there wereonly C, A, I and Mrs. Brown Jr. in the room. As she read thewords that were a poem in their simplicity and happiness, thepoor young widow sat with tears rolling down her face; for Isuppose it brought back her own wedding-day, not two years ago,and all the while she cried the baby laughed and crowed at herfeet as if there was no trouble in the world.The preparations had been made for twenty at the utmost; so whenforty souls with the usual complement of bodies appeared, wegrew desperate, and our neat little supper turned out a regular“tea fight”. A., C, B, and I rushed like comets to and fro tryingto fill the multitude that would eat fast and drink like sponges.I filled a big plate with all I could lay hands on, and with two



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cups of tea, strong enough for a dozen, charged upon Mr. E [WaldoEmerson] and Uncle S [the Reverend Samuel Joseph May] tellingthem to eat, drink, and be merry, for a famine was at hand. Theycuddled into a corner and, feeling that my mission wasaccomplished, I let the hungry wait and the thirsty moan for teawhile I picked out and helped the regularly Antislavery set.We got through it but it was an awful hour; and Mother wanderedin her mind, utterly lost in a grove of teapots, while B.pervaded the neighborhood demanding hot water, and we girlssowed cake broadcast through the land.When the plates were empty and the teapots dry, people wipedtheir mouths and confessed at last that they had done. Aconversation followed, in which Grandpa B. and EPP [ElizabethPalmer Peabody] held forth, and Uncle and Father [BronsonAlcott] mildly upset the world, and made a new one in which everyone desired to take a place. Dr. Bartlett [Dr. Josiah Bartlett],Mr. B., Thoreau [Henry Thoreau], etc, appeared and the rattlecontinued till nine, when some Solomon suggested that theAlcotts must be tired, and everyone departed by C. and S. We hada polka by Mother and Uncle, the lancers by C. and B. and anetude by S., after which scrabblings of feast appeared and wedrained the dregs of every cup, all cakes and pies we gobbledup, etc., then peace fell upon us, and our remains were interreddecently.

May 27. Fire in house again.The Sylvia striata are the commonest bird in the street, as I go to the post-office, for several days past. I see six(four males, two females) on one of our little fir trees; are apparently as many more on another close by. Thewhite bars on the wings of both sexes are almost horizontal. I see them thus early and late on the trees about ourhouses and other houses the 27th and 28th and 29th also,—peach trees, etc., but especially on the firs. They arequite tame. I stand within seven or eight feet while they are busily pecking at the freshly bursting or extendingglaucous fir twigs, deliberately examining them on all sides, and from time to time one utters a very fine andsharp, but faint tse tse, tse tse, tse tse, with more or less of these notes. I hear the same in the woods. Examiningthe freshly starting fir twigs, I find that there are a great many lice or aphides amid the still appressed leafets orleaves of the buds, and no doubt they are after these. Occasionally a summer yellowbird is in company withthem, about the same business. They, the black-polls, are very numerous all over the town this spring. Thefemale has not a black, but rather, methinks, a slate-colored crown, and is a very different bird,—more of ayellowish brown.Eleocharis acicularis, not long, on the low exposed bank of the river; if [?] it is that that greens the very lowmuddy banks.J. Farmer found a marsh hawk’s nest on the 16th,—near the Cooper’s hawk nest,—with three fresh eggs.

July 20, Friday: Garibaldist forces defeated the Neapolitans at Milazzo, 25 kilometers west of Messina.

July 20: 2 P.M.–To Walden.Warm weather,–86 at 2 P.M. (not so warm for a good while).Emerson’s lot that was burnt, between the railroad and the pond, has been cut off within the last three months,and I notice that the oak sprouts have commonly met with a check after growing one or two feet, and smallreddish leafets have again put forth at the extremity within a week or so, as in the spring. Some of the oaksprouts are five to six feet high already.On his hill near by, where the wood was cut about two years ago, this second growth of the oaks, especially

THE ALCOTT FAMILY



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white oaks, is much more obvious, and commenced longer ago. The shoots of this year are generally about twofeet long, but the first foot consists of large dark-green leaves which expanded early, before the shoot met witha check. This is surmounted by another foot of smaller yellowish-green leaves. This is very generally the case,and produces a marked contrast. Dark-green bushes surmounted by a light or yellowish-green growth.Sometimes, in the first-mentioned sprout-land, you see where the first shoot withered, as if frost-bitten at theend, and often only some large buds have formed there as yet. Many of these sprouts, the rankest of them, arefated to fall, being but slightly joined to the stump, riddled by ants there; and others are already prostrated.Bathing on the side of the deep cove, I noticed just below the high-water line (of rubbish) quite a number oflittle pines which have just sprung up amid the stones and sand and wreck, some with the seed atop. This, then,is the state of their coming up naturally. They have evidently been either washed up, or have blown across theice or snow to this shore. If pitch pine, they were probably blown across the pond, for I have often seen themon their way across.Both Seirpus subterminalis and debilis are now in bloom at the Pout’s Nest, the former the longest time, thewater being very low and separated from the pond. The former out for some time, the latter not long.Great numbers of pollywogs have apparently just changed into frogs. At the pondlet on Hubbard’s land, nowseparated from the main pond by a stony bar, hundreds of small frogs are out on the shore, enjoying their newstate of existence, masses of them, which, with constant plashing, go hopping into the water a rod or more beforeme, where they are very swift to conceal themselves in the mud at the bottom. Their bodies may be one and ahalf inches long or more. I have rarely seen so many frogs together. Yet I hardly see one pollywog left in thispool.Yet at the shore against Pout’s Nest I see many pollywogs, and some, with hind legs well grown beside theirtails, lie up close to the shore on the sand with their heads out like frogs, apparently already breathing air beforelosing their tails. They squat and cower there as I come by, just like frogs.

August 8, Wednesday: During this night, 200 members of Giuseppe Garibaldi’s forces would make a crossing from Faro on Sicily to Altifiumara on the Italian mainland.

In regard to the visit and speech by fugitive editor Sherman M. Booth, the Milwaukee, Wisconsin Sentinel offered a brief editorial:

This is a base libel upon the people of Ripon. There is not, inall Wisconsin, a more intelligent, moral, and orderly populationthan in Ripon. That a large majority of the electors of the townare zealous Republicans is very true; but that fact furnishesno excuse for the partisan slanders of the News and itscorrespondent.

Quoting the News, the Waupun, Wisconsin Times printed:

In the following style talks the News of what Marshal Lewis done[sic] and how he acted after Booth had left Salsman’s: “Boothhad gone, and the Marshal stood looking at the hole which he wasseen last to pass through, in a state of delicious uncertaintyas to the Martyr’s whereabouts, and what to do regarding it. Asa dernier resort, however, he stationed three or four small boysaround the house to watch it, while he went to consult hispolitical confreres and order out the military. Previous tothis, Salsman had announced that Booth would speak from thesteps of that building at four o’clock; but he couldn’t fool theofficers with such stuff as that. — As he departed an anxiousspectator inquired of Jehu [U.S. Marshal Jehu H. Lewis] whatcourse he was going to pursue, when he feelingly replied with adeep drawn sigh: “I’ll be d----d if I know what to do,” and weare fully convinced that he didn’t.



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August 8, Wednesday: 8.30 A. M. Walk round the west side of the summit. Bathe in the rocky poolthere, collect mountain cranberries on the northwest side, return over the summit, and take the bearings of thedifferent spurs, etc. Return to camp at noon.Toward night, walk to east edge of the plateau.

August 18, Saturday: During this night, Giuseppe Garibaldi and 3,400 of his troops would make a crossing from Giardini in Sicily to Melito on the Italian mainland.

The Chinese Christian Army besieged Songjiang. Despite the fact that the area outside the city’s walls comprised the bulk of the Chinese city, to frustrate the invading Christians the foreign devils in charge of the defense put everything outside those walls to the torch. (The defense of what remained of this city would persist for some time, and then the Christians would desist and march upon Hangchow.)

August 18, Saturday: The note of the wood pewee sounds prominent of late.

August 20, Monday: British and French land and naval forces pushed back the Taiping Chinese Christian Army at Shanghai.

During this night, 1,500 of Giuseppe Garibaldi’s men crossed in rowboats from Faro in Sicily to Favazzina on the Italian mainland.

Henry Thoreau surveyed, for Nathaniel Hawthorne, his estate on Lexington Road known as “The Wayside.” Julian Hawthorne, then 14 years of age, watched him, and on three occasions in his later life he would write about his having watched Thoreau during this survey. This survey shows two pieces of land and measures about 20 acres in all. Thoreau made a note that there was a hedge of osage orange.



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View Henry Thoreau’s personal working drafts of his surveys courtesy of AT&T and the Concord Free Public Library:

http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Thoreau_Surveys/Thoreau_Surveys.htm

(The official copy of this survey of course had become the property of the person or persons who had hired this Concord town surveyor to do their surveying work during the 19th Century. Such materials have yet to be recovered.)

View this particular personal working draft of a survey in fine detail:

http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Thoreau_Surveys/51a.htm[THOREAU MADE NO ENTRY IN HIS JOURNAL FOR AUGUST 20]

http://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/thumbnails/T/HDT.pdfhttp://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/explanation.pdfhttp://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/ActiveIndex.pdfhttp://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Thoreau_Surveys/Thoreau_Surveys.htmhttp://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Thoreau_Surveys/51a.htm


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On three successive confabulations in later life, Julian Hawthorne would report about his having watched Thoreau survey on this day. We can see how utterly fabulistic these progressive confabulations were, by noticing that Julian backdates a survey made on August 20, 1860, after his return to Concord from Liverpool when he was at the age of 16 and about to enter Harvard College as a student of civil engineering, to the year 1852, while he was at the tender age of 8, prior to his sailing for Liverpool:

Pasadena Star-News, December 12, 1923: “My first distinctrecollection of him was when he surveyed our little estate atConcord, some twenty acres of hill, meadow and woodland. I sawthe rather undersized, queer man coming along the road with hislong steps carrying on his shoulder a queer instrument andlooking very serious. I got down from the mulberry tree in whichI was perched and watched his doing in silent absorption.Wherever he went I followed; neither of us spoke a word fromfirst to last. Up the terraces with their apple trees, over thebrow of the hill, into the wood and out again, down into themeadow to the brook, and so back to the house again. Finally myfather came out and they talked a little, and my father paid himten dollars, and Thoreau strode away, after remarking, with aglance at me, ‘That boy has more eyes than tongue.’”5

Dearborn Independent, August 20, 1927: “‘Good boy! sharp eyes,and no tongue!’ On that basis I was admitted to his friendship.”

THE MEMOIRS OF JULIAN HAWTHORNE (as reprocessed by his widow EdithGarrigues Hawthorne for Macmillan in 1938): “Once, when I wasnearly seven years old, Thoreau came to the Wayside to make asurvey of our land, bringing his surveying apparatus on hisshoulder. I watched the short, dark, unbeautiful man withinterest and followed him about, all over the place, neverlosing sight of a movement and never asking a question oruttering a word. The thing must have lasted a couple of hours;when we got back, Thoreau remarked to my father: ‘Good boy! Sharpeyes, and no tongue!’ On that basis I was admitted to hisfriendship; a friendship or comradeship which began in 1852 andwas to last until his death in 1862.6

In our walks about the country, Thoreau saw everything, andwould indicate the invisible to me with a silent nod of the head.The brook that skirted the foot of our meadow was anothertreasure-house which he discovered to me, though he was too shyto companion me there; when he had given me a glimpse of Naturein her privacy, he left me alone with her ... on a hot Augustday, I would often sit, hidden from the world, thinking boythoughts.I learned how to snare chub, and even pickerel, with a loop madeof a long-stemmed grass; dragon-flies poised like humming-birds,and insects skated zigzag on the surface, casting odd shadows

5. It is extremely unlikely that Thoreau actually said anything at all like “That boy has more eyes than tongue,” because although one might imagine such a comment being made about one or another tongue-tied 8-year-old, it is not the sort of remark that anyone would ever make about any teener — no matter how sullen and comatose.6. Actually we do not know of a single other occasion on which Julian came within eyesight of Thoreau.



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on the bottom.... Yes, Thoreau showed me things, and though itdidn’t aid me in the Harvard curriculum,7 it helped me throughlife.Truly, Nature absorbed his attention, but I don’t think he caredmuch for what is called the beauties of nature; it was her wayof working, her mystery, her economy in extravagance; hedelighted to trace her footsteps toward their source....He liked to feel that the pursuit was endless, with mystery atboth ends of it....

September 6, Thursday: 5,000 Bavarians, constituting the Royal Neapolitan Army, fled from Naples before an Italian army of about a tenth their size led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Friedrich Wilhelm replaced Georg Wilhelm as Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

At about this point Henry Thoreau was being written to by Charles P. Ricker in Lowell, Massachusetts.

Lowell, Sept. [6.] ’60Mr. H. D. Thoreau: Yours of the 3lst[ ]is re-cieved. We shall expect you to address our people next Sab- bath. Arriving at Lowell, you will find me at No 21 Cen-tral Street, or at residence No. 123 East Merrimack Street, or you can take a [coach] direct to Mr. Owen’s, No 52 East Merrimack Street, who will be in readiness to entertain you, and with whom you will find a pleasant home during your stay among us[.] Hoping to see you soon I remain Yours Respectfully Charles P. Ricker

September 6, Thursday: The willows and button-bushes have very rapidly yellowed since I noticedthem August 22d. I think it was the 25th of August that I found the lower or older leaves of the willow twigsdecidedly and rapidly yellowing and decaying on a near inspection. Now the change is conspicuous at adistance.

7. Julian became a student of civil engineering, but the college asked him to leave and there would be no diploma.



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September 7, Friday: Anna Mary “Grandma Moses” Robertson was born. (At the age of 92 she would publish an autobiography, My Life’s History.)

Only a few hours after King Francesco II fled to Gaeta, Giuseppe Garibaldi’s forces entered Naples:

Garibaldi’s government would begin to allow people to view the pornographic images excavated at Pompeii. (The Savoy kings, and, in a later timeframe, Benito Mussolini’s government, would suppress such embarrassing images from the time of the Roman empire.)

On a Friday, two days before Henry Thoreau was scheduled to deliver Sunday lectures at Welles Hall in



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Lowell, Massachusetts, the Lowell Weekly Journal ran this article:

September 7, Friday: P.M.–To Cardinal Shore.I see many seedling shrub oaks springing up in Potter’s field by the swamp-side, some (of last year) in the openpasture, but many more in the birch wood half a dozen rods west from the shrub oaks by the path. The formerwere dropped by the way. They plant in birch woods as in pines. This small birch wood has been a retreat forsquirrels and birds. When I examine the little oaks in the open land there is always an effete acorn with them.Common rose hips as handsome as ever.

October 1, Monday: Bedrich Smetana reopened his music institute in Göteborg.

Giuseppe Garibaldi’s forces defeated the royal army of Naples at the Volturno.

In Syracuse, New York, the 9th annual “Jerry Celebration” sponsored by the Unitarian congregation of the Reverend Samuel Joseph May, honoring the freeing of Jerry McHenry from the federal marshals who had been seeking to “return” him to his “owner” on October 1, 1851.Henry Thoreau sketched, for Mr. Rhodes representing the Town of Concord, the boundaries of the eight towns in Concord area (Concord, Carlisle, Bedford, Lincoln, Wayland, Sudbury, Maynard, and Acton, totaling 127.49 square miles).

HENRY D. THOREAU, one of the most original and radicalthinkers and free-speakers that we know anythingabout, is expected to lecture at Welles Hall nextSunday, September 9th. Mr. Thoreau is the author ofseveral volumes of some note, and is an attractivecontributor to the Atlantic Monthly. One of his booksrelates his experience, while living one year solitaryand alone, on the shores of Walden Pond, a body ofwater lying in the towns of Concord and Lincoln. Duringthe period named, he proved to his own satisfactionthat a man could live and have all the real necessariesof life, for $15 a-year. The volume is an entertainingone, and no contributor to the Atlantic writes moreinterestingly. We shall expect to hear somethingoriginal at least in the two lectures he will read nextSunday before our Spiritualistic friends. We do notknown [sic], however, that Thoreau is a Spiritualist;rather think he is not; but, the believers in thatdoctrine said that they did not employ Mr. Emerson tocome here and talk their ideas and beliefs, but hisown. The same, we suppose, is the condition on whichMr. Thoreau lectures to them. [page 2, column 6]

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