g]kfndf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] l:ylt

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

cg';Gwfg ljefu

@)&^ k';

k|fSsyg

g]kfnsf] jfx\o If]q ;Gt'ngsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljut bz jif{df

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;+usf] cf};t cg'kft @% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ul/aL

Go"gLs/0f nufot ;fdflhs Pjd\ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍdf ePsf] pNn]Vo ;'wf/df ;d]t j}b]lzs

/f]huf/Ldf uPsfx?sf] cfh{gsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj, ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;'wf/ Pjd\ dfgj k"FhL lgdf{0fdf k'¥ofPsf]

of]ubfgsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt, ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] kl5Nnf] cj:yf / ljk|]if0fsf]

b]zut ljj/0f o; cWoogdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljk|]if0fsf] nfut tyf vf8L d'n's nufot ljk|]if0fsf

lx;fjn] dxTjk"0f{ d'n'ssf cy{tGqdf 36g] 36gfn] g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f

;d]t o; k|ltj]bgdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] klxnf] rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ s'n /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/dWo] &%=#

k|ltzt vf8L d'n'stkm{ uPsf 5g\ eg] vf8L d'n'sx?af6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0f s'n ljk|]if0fsf] sl/a %)=#

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f g]kfn k7fpFbf nfUg] cf};t nfut ljZjsf] cf};t eGbf sd b]lvPtfklg ef/t /

a+Ufnfb]zsf] eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0fnfO{ /fli6«o k'FhL lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf pkof]u ub}{ ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf

cfpg ;Sg] sdLn] cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efjsf] lgoldt cfFsng / jfx\o If]q ;Gt'ngsf] a}slNks cfwf/sf]

lj:tf/ plQs} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

ljk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw kIfx?sf] cWoog u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] of] cWoog ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf nflu

pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{x'g] o; ljefusf

lgb]{zs >L bL3{ axfb'/ /fjn, pk–lgb]{zsåo >L gljgf 9sfn tyf >L vu]Zj/ e08f/L / ;xfos lgb]{zs

>L clgn nfdf nufot zf]wgfGt/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljQ zfvfsf ;a} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

8f= u'0ffs/ e§

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

ljifo–;"rL

kl/ro ................................................................................................................ 1

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg tyf tof/ ug{] ljlw ............................................ 2

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf k|d'v uGtJox? ................................................................................ 2

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] b]zut l:ylt ...................................................................................4

ljk|]if0fsf] nfut .....................................................................................................4

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx k|efljt x'g ;Sg] cfwf/x? ....................................................................... 5

ljk|]if0fsf] cy{tGqdf k|efj.......................................................................................... 7

lgisif{ ................................................................................................................ 9

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

cg'';"rLx?

1

kl/ro

1. ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv z'? ePsf] ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/ / To;n]

NofPsf] cfly{s PsLs/0f (Economic Integration) ;Fu;Fu} ljZjJofkL ?kdf cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/,

cfk|jf;g / j}b]lzs k'FhL k|jfxdf j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnaf6 klg ljut b'O{ bzsotf t];|f] d'n's

-vf;u/L dn]lzof / vf8L d'n's_ tkm{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg]sf] ;+Vof / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6

k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

2. g]kfndf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] k|j[lQ cWoog ubf{ cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ df ?=@)( ca{ ljk|]if0f

cfk|jfx /x]sf]df o:tf] cfk|jfx qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df ?=*&( ca{ k'u]sf] 5 .

tyflk, j[l4b/sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ kl5Nnf jif{x?df ljk|]if0fsf] j[l4b/ sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{

@)&)÷&! df @% k|ltztn] a9]sf] ljk|]if0fsf] j[l4b/ To;kl5sf jif{x?df qmdzM 36\b} uO{ cfly{s

jif{ @)&!÷&@ df !#=^ k|ltzt, cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷&# df &=& k|ltzt, cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ df

$=^ k|ltzt, cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% df *=^ k|ltzt / cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df !^=% k|ltztn]

a9]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] bf];|f] dlxgfb]lv eg] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx /sddf s]lx sdL

cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] rf/ dlxgfdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf]

t'ngfdf @=# k|ltztn] sdL cfO{ ?=#)$ ca{ (& s/f]8 sfod ePsf] 5 .

3. cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ df s'n ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft @!=@ k|ltzt

/x]sf]df o:tf] cg'kft qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷&# df @(=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] . cfly{s

jif{ @)&%÷&^ df ;f] cg'kft @%=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

-

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1,000.0

k|lt

ztdf

ca{df

rf6{ ! M ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] l:ylt

ljk|]if0f -afofF_ k|ltzt kl/jt{g -bfofF_ *rf/ dlxgfsf]

21.2 19.4 18.5 23.5

25.6 27.7 29.0 29.6 26.3 24.9 25.4

0.0 5.0

10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

k|lt

ztdf

rf6{ @ M ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft

2

4. kl5Nnf jif{x?df g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x?sf] ;+Vofdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . o;sf

;fy} ;g\ @)!( df ljZj cy{tGqsf] lj:tf/df cfPsf] sdL tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df 7"nf b]zx?

aLr b]lvPsf] Jofkfl/s tgfj nufotsf sf/0fn] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx k|efljt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

5. o; k|ltj]bgdf g]kfndf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] kl5Nnf] cj:yfsf] ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f ub{} ljk|]if0fsf] b]zut

l:ylt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogsf qmddf ;a} jfl0fHo a}+s / 5gf}6df k/]sf /]ld6\ofG;

sDkgLx?n] k]z u/]sf ljk|]if0f ;DaGwL tYofÍ Pjd\ ljj/0fsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L

ljk|]if0fsf b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ b]zx?af6 g]kfndf ljk|]if0f k7fpFbf nfUg] nfutsf] kl5Nnf]

cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\b} oL d'n'ssf cy{tGqdf ljsl;t kl/b[Zon] g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf kg{ ;Sg]

k|efjsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg tyf tof/ ug{] ljlw

6. g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cf=j= @)#)÷#! b]lv ljb]zL d'b|f v/Lb÷laqmL] nufotsf sf/f]jf/x?sf] tYofÍ

;+sng / k|zf]wg u/L lgoldt ?kdf zf]wgfGt/ tYofÍ k|sflzt ub}{ cfPsf] ePtfklg ljk|]if0f

cfk|jfx ;DaGwL] tYofÍ eg] cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* af6 dfq k|sfzg ug{ yflnPsf] xf] .

7. ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx ;DaGwL tYofÍsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf ;a} jfl0fHo a}+sx?, ljb]zL d'b|fdf sf/f]af/ ug{]

ljsf; a+}s tyf g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfhtkqk|fKt dlgr]~h/x?nfO{{ lng] ul/Psf] 5 . ljk|]if0f

sDkgLx?n] leq\ofpg] ljk|]if0fsf] tYofÍ eg] jfl0fHo a}+sdfkm{t k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L jfl0fHo

a}+s, ljk|]if0f leq\ofpg] sDkgL tyf dlgr]~h/af6 ;+slnt tYofÍsf cfwf/df ef/t nufot cGo

b]zx?df juL{s[t u/L ljk|]if0fsf] b]zut ljj/0f tof/ ul/G5 .

8. g]kfnn] k|fKt ug]{ s'n ljk|]if0fdf ef/taf6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0fsf] lx:;f pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/

;DjGw / v'nf ;Ldfgfsf sf/0f ef/taf6 cgf}krfl/s dfWodåf/f ;d]t ljk|]if0fsf] ?kdf /sd

lelqg] cj:YffnfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ljk|]if0fsf] tYofÍ tof/ ubf{ ef/tjf6 cgf}krfl/s

dfWoddfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0fsf] ;d]t cfFsng ug]{ ub{5 .

9. ef/taf6 cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0fdf ef/t afx]ssf b]zaf6 a}+lsË

dfWod dfkm{t k|fKt ePsf] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ hf]8]/ dfl;s ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] tYofÍ tof/ u/L

k|sfzg ug]{ ul/G5 -tflnsf !_.

tflnsf 1 M cf=j= @)&%÷&^ df k|fKt s'n ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx

ljj/0f /sd -?= cj{df_

s= ef/taf6 k|fKt s'n ljk|]if0f !@*=%

ef/taf6 cf}krfl/s dfWoddfkm{t k|fKt ljk|]if0f ()=%

ef/taf6 cgf}krfl/s dfWoddfkm{t k|fKt ljk|]if0f cg'dfg 1 #*=)

v= ef/tafx]s cGo d'n'sx?af6 cf}krfl/s dfWoddfkm{t k|fKt ljk|]if0f &%)=*

s'n ljk|]if0f cfo -s + v_ *&(=#

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf k|d'v uGtJox?

10. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] tYofÍ x]bf{ cfly{s jif{ @)%)÷%! df #,^)% g]kfnLnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf

nflu :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf]df of] ;+Vof qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! df clwstd

%,@&,*!$ k'u]sf] lyof] . kl5Nnf jif{x?df >d :jLs[lt lnO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x?sf]

;+Vof 36\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df @,$#,*^* hgfn] o:tf] :jLs[lt lnPsf]

b]lvG5 .

11. xfn ;+:yfut ?kdf g]kfnn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu !!) b]zx? v'Nnf u/]sf] 5 eg] * b]zx? -

stf/, o"=P=O{=, hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of, ax/fOg, Oh/fOn, hf]8{g, / dn]lzof_ ;Fu låkIfLo >d

1 ;j]{If0fdf cfwfl/t

3

;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . JolQmut >d :jLs[ltdf !&@ d'n'sdf g]kfnLx? sfdsf nflu j}b]lzs

/f]huf/Ldf uPsf] kfOG5 .2 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ v'nf ul/Psf] d'n'sdWo] blIf0f sf]l/ofdf ;/sf/L

;Demf}tf (Government to Government, G2G) cg'?k sfdbf/ k7fOPsf] kfOG5 . hfkfg;Fu klg

/f]huf/Lsf] nflu G2G dfkm{t sfdbf/ k7fpg] >d ;Demf}tf ul/;lsPsf] 5 eg] pQm ;Demf}tf

sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

;|f]tM j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu

12. >d :jLs[ltsf cfwf/df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] k|d'v uGtAo vf8L d'n'sx?

g} /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍsf] cfwf/df s'n /f]huf/Ldf hfg]

sfdbf/dWo] &%=# k|ltzt vf8L d'n'sdf3 uPsf] b]lvG5 . ljutdf dn]lzofdf ;d]t pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf

sfdbf/x? /f]huf/sf nflu hfg] u/]sf]df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf nfUg] z'Ns nufotsf sf/0f s]lx ;do

dn]lzofdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L aGb ePsf]n] sfdbf/x?sf] ;+Vofdf sdL cfPsf]] b]lvG5 -tflnsf @_ .

cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍsf] cfwf/df s'n sfdbf/sf] !@=% k|ltzt dfq

dn]lzofdf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu uPsf 5g\ .

tflnsf 2M j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x?sf] b]zut ljj/0f

cfly{s jif{ dn]lzof stf/ ;fpbL c/]laof o"PO{ s'j]t cGo hDdf

2065/66 35,070 76,175 48,749 31,688 2,291 25,992 219,965

2066/67 113,982 55,940 63,400 33,188 8,255 19,329 294,094

2067/68 105,906 102,966 71,116 44,464 15,187 20,477 360,116

2068/69 98,367 105,681 80,455 54,482 24,575 21,105 384,665

2069/70 156,770 90,935 86,276 52,295 14,401 52,866 453,543

2070/71 214,149 128,874 86,876 54,965 19,353 23,597 527,814

2071/72 202,828 124,368 98,246 53,699 9,668 24,078 512,887

2072/73 60,979 129,038 138,529 52,793 10,049 27,325 418,713

2073/74 98,437 125,892 76,884 56,526 13,576 27,663 398,978

2074/75 104,207 103,174 40,963 60,243 17,555 35,881 362,023

2075/76 9,999 75,024 46,080 62,776 15,995 33,994 243,868

2076/77* 9,993 12,274 15,593 26,102 3,850 11,868 79,680

k|ltzt lx:;f* 12.54 15.40 19.57 32.76 4.83 14.90 100.00

-;|f]tM j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu_ *rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df

2 cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&%÷&^

3 vf8L d'n'sdf o"PO{, ;fpbL c/]laof, stf/, s'j]t, jx/fOg / cf]dg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

-40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

-

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

k|lt

ztdf

rf6{ # M j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x?sf] ;+Vof

sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof -afofF_ k|ltzt kl/jt{g -bfofF_ *rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍ

4

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] b]zut l:ylt

13. /]ld6\ofG; sDkgL tyf jfl0fHo a+}sx?af6 k|fKt ljj/0fsf4 cfwf/df ljk|]if0fsf] b]zut l:ylt tof/

ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf #_. cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] klxnf] rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ vf8L

d'n'sx?af6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0f s'n ljk|]if0fsf] %)=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . oL d'n'sx?dWo] ;aeGbf j9L

ljk|]if0f stf/ -!&=& k|ltzt_ af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] bf]>f] :yfgdf o"=P=O{= -!#=$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf]

5 . ;fpbL c/]laof tyf dn]lzofaf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f s'n ljk|]if0fsf] qmdzM !@=% k|ltzt / (=&

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ax/fOg tyf s'j]t h:tf vf8L d'n'sx?af6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0f /sd s'n

ljk|]if0fsf] $ k|ltzt eGbf sd /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

14. k|d'v >d uGtJo dn]lzofdf sfdbf/ hfg] qmd aGb ePsf sf/0f cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df

dn]lzofaf6 k|fKt ljk|if]0f klg 36]sf] 5 . dn]lzof;Fu låkIfLo ;Demf}tf kZrft\ cfufdL lbgdf

dn]lzof hfg]sf] ;+Vofsf ;fy} ToxfFaf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0fdf j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

15. vf8L d'n'sx? / dn]lzof afx]s ljk|]if0f k|fKt x'g] cGo d'n'sx?df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, hfkfg /

blIf0f sf]l/of dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf 3 M ljk|]if0fsf] b]zut l:ylt

-cf=j=@)&^÷&& sf] klxnf] rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍ_

d'n's

s'n ljk|]if0f

-?=ca{df_ c+z -k|ltztdf_

1 stf/ 53.93 17.7

2 ef/t 43.16 14.2

3 o"PO{ 40.87 13.4

4 ;fpbL c/]laof 38.15 12.5

5 dn]lzof 29.66 9.7

6 ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf 25.42 8.3

7 hfkfg 22.87 7.5

8 s'j]t 11.52 3.8

9 ax/fOg 8.79 2.9

10 sf]l/of 6.15 2.0

11 a]nfot 5.04 1.7

12 c:6«]lnof 1.34 0.4

13 cGo 18.07 5.9

hDdf 304.97 100.0 ;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

ljk|]if0fsf] nfut

16. ;g\ @)!( sf] t]>f] qodf;sf] tYofÍ 5 cg';f/ k|d'v >d uGtJo d'n'sx?af6 g]kfndf Ps k6sdf

cd]l/sL 8n/ @)) / cd]l/sL 8n/ %)) ;Ddsf] /sd k7fpFbf nfUg] vr{ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

4 cWoogsf nflu ljleGg /]ld6\ofG; sDkgL tyf jfl0fHo a+}sx?af6 gd"gf 5gf}6 u/L k|fKt tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx¿sf] cfwf/df

ljk|]if0fsf] b]zut l:ylt tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . s'n gd"gfdf of] 5gf}6 ul/Psf ;d"xsf] lx:;f sl/j *) k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljb]zL

jhf/df >dsf] dfu / uGtJo d'n'ssf] cfly{s l:ylt, uGtJo d'n'sdf cGo d'n'sx?af6 cfpg] >lds;+u x'g] g]kfnL sfdbf/sf]

k|lt:kwf{ cflbsf cfwf/df of] k|ltztdf kl/jt{g x'g] ub{5 .

5 The World Bank, Remittance Prices Worldwide, available at http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org

5

Tfflnsf 4 M ljk|]if0f ;DaGwL nfut

b]zx?

cd]l/sL 8n/ @)) ;Dd

-k7fOPsf] /sdsf] k|ltzt_

cd]l/sL 8n/ %)) ;Dd

-k7fOPsf] /sdsf] k|ltzt_

dn]lzof 3.4 2.9

o'"PO{ 4.0 2.3

stf/ 4.3 3.0

;fpbL c/]laof 4.6 2.5

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf 5.4 3.9

cf};t 4.3 2.9 ;|f]tM ljZj a}+s (Remittance Prices WorldWide, September 2019)

17. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf sfdbf/x?n] cd]l/sL 8n/ @)) jf ;f] eGbf sd ljk|]if0f k7fpFbf nfUg]

nfutdf sdL Nofpg ;s] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ cf}krfl/s dfWodtkm{ cfslif{t ug{ yk of]ubfg k'Ug]

b]lvG5 .

18. cd]l/sL 8n/ @)) eGbf sd k7fpg ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L / dn]lzofaf6 ;a}eGbf

sd nfut nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] k|d'v uGtAo /x]sf vf8L d'n'saf6 g]kfndf /sd

k7fpg dn]lzofeGbf j9L nfut nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5 .

19. g]kfn lelqg] ljk|]if0fsf] cf};t nfut ljZjsf] cf};t -^=*$ k|ltzt_ eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . tyflk

l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t / a+Ufnfb]zsf] t'ngfdf ljk|if]0f nfut s]lx j9L /x]sf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf %_.

tflnsf 5: ljk|]if0fsf] t'ngfTds nfut

ljk|]if0f k7fpg] b]z

ljk|]if0f kfpg] b]zdf ljk|]if0f k7fpbf nfUg] vr{

-k|ltztdf_

g]kfn ef/t a+unfb]z

dn]lzof 3.4 2.9 3.1

o'"PO{ 4.0 2.3 2.0

stf/ 4.3 4.5 4.1

;fpbL c/]laof 4.6 4.4 3.5

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf 5.4 2.7 4.8 ;|f]tM ljZj a}+s (Remittance Prices WorldWide, September 2019)

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx k|efljt x'g ;Sg] cfwf/x?

20. ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] l5d]sL d'n's ef/tsf] cfly{s j[l4b/df cfPsf] sdLsf

sf/0f ef/taf6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx k|efljt x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 -tflnsf ^_.

tflnsf 6 M s'n ljk|]if0fdf ef/tsf] c+z

cfly{s jif{

s'n ljk|]if0f

-?=ca{df_

ef/taf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f

-?=ca{df_6

s'n ljk|]if0fdf ef/tsf] c+z

-Ü_

2071/72 617.3 76.0 12.32 2072/73 665.1 70.3 10.57 2073/74 695.5 90.8 13.06 2074/75 755.1 101.1 13.38 2075/76 879.3 128.6 14.62

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

6 ef/taf6 cgf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 lelqg] ljk|]if0f ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

6

21. uGtJo d'n'ssf cy{tGqsf] ;dli6ut cj:yf, ljQLo gLlt / sRrf k]6«f]lnodsf] d"No h:tf afXo

rqmLo sf/s (Cyclical Factors) x?n] ljk|]if0fdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . g]kfn lelqPsf] s'n

ljk|]if0fsf] cfwf lx:;f vf8L d'n'saf6 k|fKt x'g] ;Gbe{df tL d'n'sx?df o:tf rqmLo sf/sx?n] kfg]{

k|efjn] g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx k|efljt x'g] b]lvG5 .

22. ;g\ @)!# b]lv ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd Shale Oil sf] pTkfbgdf k|lt:kwf{ / pNn]Vo j[l4n] cGt/f{li6«o

ahf/df sRrf k]6«f]lnodsf] d"No 36L vf8L d'n'sx?sf cy{tGqdf ;':ttf b]lvPsf] lyof] -tflnsf

&_. cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df sRrf k]6«f]lnodsf] d"No / lgof{t kl/df0fdf cfpg] lu/fj6n] k]6«flnod

lgof{tdf lge{/ vf8L d'n'sx?sf] cfly{s j[l4b/df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uO{ o;af6 g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0f

cfk|jfx ;d]t k|efljt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

tflnsf 7 M vf8L d'n'sx?sf] cfly{s j[l4 b/ / cGt/f{li6«o sRrf k]6«f]lnodsf] d"No

jif{

cfly{s j[l4 b/ -k|ltztdf_ sRrf k]6«f]lnodsf] b}lgs

d"Nosf] jflif{s cf};t

-8n/ k|lt Aof/]n_7

stf/ ;fpbL c/]laof o"PO{ s'j]t

2011 13.4 10.0 6.9 9.6 110.94

2012 4.7 5.4 4.5 6.6 111.97

2013 4.4 2.7 5.1 1.1 108.86

2014 4.0 3.7 4.4 0.5 98.94

2015 3.7 4.1 5.1 0.6 52.37

2016 2.1 1.7 3.0 2.9 44.05

2017 1.6 -0.7 0.4 -4.7 54.39

2018 1.5 2.4 1.7 1.2 71.07 ;|f]tM ljZj a}+s (World Development Indicators &World Bank Commodity Price ,October 2019)

23. ljZj cy{tGqdf cfPsf] ;':ttf;+u} ;fpbL c/]laofn] lgtfst gLlt -Saudization Policy_ cGtu{t

;fpbL sDkgLx?df ;fpbL gful/sx?nfO{ /f]huf/L k|f]T;fxg ug{ bz hgf eGbf j9L sfdbf/ /x]sf]

k|lti7fgdf lglZrt k|ltzt :jb]zL sfdbf/ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, cGo vf8L d'n'sx?n]

;d]t :jb]zL /f]huf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L ljb]zL sfdbf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ gLlt canDjg u/]sf]

kfOG5 . o;jf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vofdf sdL cfO{ ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf ;d]t

k|lts'n k|efj kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .

24. stf/, o"=P=O{= nufotsf s]xL vf8L d'n'sx?n]] k]6«f]lnod lgof{tdf lge{/tf sd ub{} Jofkf/, ko{6g /

lgdf{0f If]qtkm{ cfˆgf] cy{Joj:yfnfO{ qmdzM ljljwLs/0f ub{} nu]sf 5g\ .8 ;g\ @)@@ df cfof]hgf

x'g] ljZj sk km'6an k|ltof]lutfsf] tof/Lsf nflu stf/sf] lgdf{0f If]qdf pRr j[l4 sfod} /xg]

b]lvG5 . ljZj a}+ssf cg';f/ ;g\ @)!( df stf/sf] cy{tGq @ k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g] / dWod cjlwdf

# k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .9 o"=P=O{=sf] klg dWod cjlwdf cfly{s kl/b[Zo

;sf/fTds /x]sf] / ;g\ @)@! df # k|ltztn] cfly{s j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .10 oL d'n'sx?df

k|If]k0f ul/P cg';f/sf] j[l4b/ sfod} /x]df dWod cjlwdf ;d]t oL d'n'saf6 lelqg] ljk|]if0f

cfk|jfxsf] lg/Gt/tfdf sdL cfpg] b]lv+b}g .

7 ;|f]tM World Bank Commodity Price Data, Brent Crude Oil nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . 8 IMF 2018 9 Qatar's Economic Update (World Bank, October 2019) 10 United Arab Emirates' Economic Update (World Bank, October 2019)

7

ljk|]if0fsf] cy{tGqdf k|efj

25. cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* df ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft !)=& k|ltzt

/x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df @%=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfo tyf

ldq /fi6«x?n] k|bfg ug]{ ljsf; cg'bfg (Official Development Assistance) tyf g]kfn lelqg]

k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL (Foreign Direct Investment) sf] t'ngfdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx clws ePsf]n]

xfnsf] cj:yfdf ljk|]if0f g]kfnsf] ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f

cfk|jfxsf] j[l4b/df ;+s'rg cfpbf cy{tGqsf ljleGg If]qdf kg{ ;Sg] k|efjx?sf] ljZn]if0f o;

efudf ul/Psf] 5 .

26. ljk|]if0fn] kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL j[l4 u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf k|ToIf k|efj kfb{} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn

hLjg:t/ ;j{]If0f @)^&÷^* -NLSS 2010/11_ cg';f/ sl/a %^ k|ltzt g]kfnL 3/kl/jf/n] ljk|]if0f

k|fKt ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)^)÷^! df ul/aLsf] /]vfdl'g /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof #)=( k|ltzt

/x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% df !*=& k|ltzt k'Ug'df ljk|]if0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5

-tflnsf *_ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] lbuf] ljsf; nIo cg';f/ ;g\ @)#) ;Dd lg/k]If ul/aLnfO{ Psn

c+sdf emfg{ ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxn] d2t k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf 8 M dfgj k'FhL lgdf{0fsf] ;"rs / ljk|]if0fsf] k|j[lQ

cfly{s jif{

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg

/x]sf] hg;ª\Vof

-k|ltztdf_

% jif{ d'lgsf] afn

d[To'b/

-k|lt xhf/ hLljt

hGddf_ 11

;fIf/tf b/

-^ jif{ dfly_

s'n ljk|]if0f

cfk|jfx

-ca{df_

ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug{]

3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof

-k|ltztdf_

2060/61 12 30.9 64.6 51 58.6 31.9

2067/68 13 25.2 44.4 65.9 253.6 55.8

2074/75 18.714 32.2 78 755.1

;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu÷g]kfn /fi6« a}+s÷ljZj a+}s

27. g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j{]If0f @)^&÷^* cg';f/ ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug{] 3/kl/jf/sf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] #!

k|ltzt lx:;f ljk|]if0fn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] k|fKt ljk|]if0f /sd dWo] &*=( k|ltzt /sd 3/fo;L

pkef]udf, &=! k|ltzt C0f ltg{, #=% k|ltzt lzIffdf / $=% k|ltzt 3/fo;L ;DklQdf vr{ eO{

ljk|]if0f /sdsf] )=^ k|ltzt dfq art ug{] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

28. g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cfly{s jif{ @)&!÷&@ df !^ lhNnfsf HfDdf #@) 3/kl/jf/df u/]sf] :ynut

;j{]If0f / ;f]sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] cWoog æljk|]if0f k|fKt ug{] 3/kl/jf/sf] art tyf nufgL

k|j[lQÆ cg';f/ ljk|]if0f /sdsf] @%=# k|ltzt c+z C0f ltg{df, @#=( k|ltzt vfBfGg tyf

nQfsk8f nufotsf b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'df, (=& k|ltzt lzIff tyf :jf:Yodf, #=% k|ltzt ljjfx,

j|taGw nufotsf ;fdflhs sfo{df / #=) k|ltzt 3/fo;L ;DklQsf] vl/bdf k|of]u ug{] u/]sf]

b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ljk|]if0f /sdsf] @*=) k|ltzt art / !=! k|ltzt pTkfbgd"ns If]q -

Jofkf/÷Joj;fo_ df nufgL ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

29. ljk|]if0fsf] ?kdf lelqg] /sdsf] clwsf+z lx:;f pkef]Uo j:t'df vr{ eO/x]sf] b]lvPtfklg o;n]

:jf:Yo, lzIff nufot 3/ kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] nufgL / k'FhL

lgdf{0fsf] dfWodaf6 k|ToIf ?kdf cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf

sdL cfPdf oL ;"rsx?df ;d]t k|lts'n c;/ kg{] hf]lvd /xG5 .

11 World Development Indicators 2019- World Bank 12 NLSS II 2003/04 df #(!@ 3/kl/jf/nfO{ gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 13 NLSS III 2010/11 df &)@) 3/kl/jf/nfO{ gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]

14 cfly{s ;j{]If0f @)&%÷&^

8

30. a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lgIf]k ;+sng / lghL If]qtkm{sf] shf{ k|jfxdf ljk|]if0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ df ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft

@!=@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df @%=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, cfly{s jif{

@)^%÷^^ df lgIf]k / lghL If]qdf k|jflxt shf{sf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft qmdz %%=&

k|ltzt / $$=$ k|ltzt /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df oL cg'kftx? qmdzM (#=$ k|ltzt /

*$ k|ltzt k|ltzt k'u]sf 5g\ . ljut !) jif{df ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf ePsf] j[l4sf sf/0f ljQLo

;fwg kl/rfngsf] bfo/f ;d]t la:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

31. a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6fsf sf/0f rfn' vftf C0ffTds /x]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf afXo ljQsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t

ljk|]if0fn] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt / ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltdf 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf sdL

cfPdf zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt / ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt ;d]t k|efljt x'g] hf]lvd /xG5 .

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

100.0

rf6{ $ M a}+s lgIf]k / lghL If]qdf k|jflxt shf{sf] s'n ufx{:Yo

pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft -k|ltztdf_

lgIf]ksf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft lghL If]qdf k|jflxt shf{sf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

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-1000.0

-500.0

0.0

500.0

1000.0 ca{df

cj{df

rf6{ % M ljk|]if0f, Jofkf/ 3f6f / zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt

Jofkf/ 3f6f -afofF_ ljk|]if0f -afofF_ zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt -bfofF_

9

lgisif{

32. ljk|]if0f g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . jfx\o If]q ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ dfq

geO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ul/aL lgjf/0f, ljQLo ;fwg kl/rfng / /fli6«o k'FhL lgdf{0fdf ;d]t ljk|]if0f

cfk|jfxsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

33. ljut s]xL jif{otf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x?sf] ;+Vof 36\b} cfPsf] 5 . >d :jLs[lt lnO

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x?sf] ;+Vof cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! df clwstd %,@&,*!$ k'u]sf]

lyof] eg] of] ;+Vof cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df @,$#,*^* /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] klxnf]

rf/ dlxgfsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ s'n /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/dWo] &%=# k|ltzt vf8L d'n'stkm{ uPsf

5g\ . pQm cjlwdf vf8L d'n'sx?af6 k|fKt ePsf] ljk|]if0f s'n ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] sl/a %)=#

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

34. /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs dxTjsf of]hgfdf ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] kl/rfng ug{] ;+oGq ljsf; ug{], cf}krfl/s

dfWodaf6 ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx cfslif{t ug{ ljk|]if0f k7fpbf nfUg] nfutdf sdL Nofpg] / ljQLo kx'Fr

la:tf/ ug]{ nufotsf sfo{n] ljk|]if0f /sdsf] pTkfbgzLn pkof]u a9fpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

cy{ dGqfno -@)&^_ cfly{s ;j{]If0f @)&%÷&^

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s -@)&#_, ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] art tyf nufgL k|j[lQ

Central Bureau of Statistics (2011, November), NEPAL LIVING STANDARDS SURVEY 2010/11

Central Bureau of Statistics (2004, November), NEPAL LIVING STANDARDS SURVEY 2003/04

International Monetary Fund. (2019). 2018 Article IV Consultation Report, UAE.

International Monetary Fund. (2018). 2018 Article IV Consultation Report, Qatar.

World Bank. (2019, October). Commodity Prices. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.

org/en/research/ commodity-markets.

World Bank. (2019). Qatar's Economic Update.

World Bank. (2019, November). Remittance Prices Worldwide. Retrieved from

https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/en.

World Bank. (2019). United Arab Emirates' Economic Update.

World Bank. (2019, November). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.

org/indicator.

cg';"rLx?

cg';"rL !

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x?sf] b]zut jflif{s ljj/0f

;|f]tM j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu

b]zut ljj/0f 2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 2074/75 2075/76

dn]lzof 35070 113982 105906 98367 156770 214149 202828 60979 98437 104207 9999

stf/ 76175 55940 102966 105681 90935 128874 124368 129038 125892 103174 75024

;fpbL c/]laof 48749 63400 71116 80455 86276 86876 98246 138529 76884 40963 46080

o"PO{ 31688 33188 44464 54482 52295 54965 53699 52793 56526 60243 62776

s'j]t 2291 8255 15187 24575 14401 19353 9668 10049 13576 17555 15995

blIf0f sf]l/of 2909 2532 3728 5627 4299 2125 5158 7432 5808 8040 7741

ax/fOg 6360 4234 4647 5865 3390 4185 4165 3146 4007 4862 4633

hfkfg 1827 516 6003 1144 948 2098 2836 3844 2251 761 959

cf]dg 4247 3285 2442 3163 3114 3435 2300 3059 3186 3059 2722

ckmuflg:tfg 1538 735 655 823 205 605 1501 1419 1381 1442 1830

cGo 9111 8027 3002 4483 40910 11149 8118 8425 11030 17717 16109

hDdf 2,19,965 294,094 360,116 3,84,665 4,53,543 5,27,814 5,12,887 4,18,713 3,98,978 3,62,023 2,43,868

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

cg';"rL @

ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxsf] dfl;s ljj/0f

-? bz nfv_

dlxgf

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 2074/75 2075/76 2076/77

;fpg 7713.0 9364.4 12289.4 16623.0 17703.4 21873.0 33812.1 41867.3 42193.5 53272.4 51940.2 55552.8 73954.2 75401.5

eb|f} 8564.8 8973.7 16946.2 18367.7 20202.3 25453.5 31564.2 46168.5 42285.4 54396.0 62799.6 59998.9 80247.7 78331.2

c;f]h 7484.2 9504.4 17343.1 16761.7 21216.4 28555.8 32341.1 46998.1 49711.0 58752.7 57057.1 60772.0 87969.8 76510.5

sflQs 7911.3 10406.2 16877.2 15897.3 17754.0 27322.3 29631.2 43860.2 46151.4 48966.8 60340.9 52626.0 70087.2 74722.3

d+l;/ 8608.8 9131.4 15086.0 19097.1 19710.4 29986.2 36138.7 42283.1 46862.4 55983.3 55526.4 56531.0 64332.1

k''; 7987.3 9678.2 15760.0 19443.1 21861.2 29181.8 34211.3 44446.4 48755.7 52321.3 54569.3 55062.8 66773.3

df3 7728.3 11943.0 15100.6 18124.9 20456.2 25820.3 27362.2 46283.1 44975.2 51463.3 52333.6 60805.6 72190.5

kmfu'g 8353.0 13421.2 21605.4 19643.9 22713.3 29576.8 41026.0 44816.5 50060.9 52217.2 55424.5 70506.4 66636.6

r}t 8037.8 11425.7 19413.4 20970.3 20221.0 30413.4 36494.8 41075.7 55194.4 54312.7 61939.9 68521.5 70996.6

j}zfv 7890.4 14924.1 18753.8 21514.4 24817.6 33838.9 40065.5 46678.2 62879.0 57187.7 55040.3 66303.1 72121.4

h]7 10825.9 16336.5 19705.7 21978.1 22868.4 38357.8 45815.2 46475.7 62673.3 60076.8 66447.9 73051.0 73719.6

c;f/ 9040.0 17573.9 20817.7 23303.9 24027.4 39174.6 46119.4 52341.3 65536.6 66114.0 62032.7 75327.6 80242.3

hDdf 100,144.8 142,682.7 209,698.5 231,725.3 25,3551.6 359,554.4 434,581.7 543,294.1 617,278.8 665,064.2 695,452.4 755,058.6 879,271.3 304,965.5

cg';"rL #

;fs{ /fi6«df ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx -cd]l/sL 8n/ ca{df_

jif{ 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ef/t 62.5 68.8 70.0 70.4 68.9 62.7 69.0 78.8

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