glimpses from life of umar bin khatab

8/2/2019 Glimpses From LIFE of Umar Bin Khatab

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History of Islamic Civilization

GLIMPSES FROM THE LIFE OF

UMAR BIN KHATAB

By

Muhammad Hozien

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

HIS EARLY YEARS

CLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE OF UMAR

UMARS SUBMISSION TO ISLAM

THE MESSENGERS MAIN COUNSELORS AND ADVISORS

THE DEATH OF THE PROPHET and Abu Bakrs Khalifah

MAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKR

THE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMAR

CONTRIBUTIONS AND INNOVATIONS OF UMAR.

UMAR AS A LEADER

UMARS CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"

DEATH AND LEGACY

CONCLUSION

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:


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Umar is one of the few leaders of Islamic Civilization

It was Abdullah ibn Masood [1] who said of him, "W

There are many traditions that speak of the high reg

During his time many new innovations were adopted. The

There is quite number of good works on Umar in Arabic. T

While in this short thesis we can only point to some

The turning points during Umars life are in his Submi

HIS EARLY YEARS:

Umar was born in Mecca 13 years after the incident of th

We later see him as wrestler who used to attend the

Umars personality was dynamic, self-assertive, frank

CLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE OF UMAR:

Umar belonged to the Adi clan from the Tribe of Quraish.

Umars family was considered among the families that ser

UMARS SUBMISSION TO ISLAM

There are three versions of Omars conversion, the s

Umar went straight to his sisters house where he fo

What was this faith that made even weak women so

Umar went straight to the house where the Prophet was s

Shortly after the conversion Umar and Hamza had le

THE MESSENGERS MAIN COUNSELORS AND ADVISORS

There are many narrations that the Messenger was h

There are other traditions that point to the excellent quali

As-Suyuti further states that Abu Abdullah ash-Shaybani i

For the above mentioned reasons that the Messeng
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THE PROPHETS DEATH OF AND ABU BAKRS KHALIFAH [

When the Prophet died Umar was in denial and refu

Umar had convinced them that Abu Bakr was the ideal ch

MAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKR

Abu Bakr had high regard for Umar who said: "There is no

Further Abu Bakr had asked Usmah bin Zaid permission to

Although Abu Bakr did not take every advice that wa

THE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMAR

The appointment of Umar to office of Khalifah is a well re

Umar succeed Abu Bakr the day after his death. *20+ Abu

Umar rule was to last ten years which are full of acco

SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND INNOVATIONS OF U

In this area Umar would excel as no other for many r

1. Establishment of Public Treasury [23] .

2. Establishments of courts of Justice and appointment

3. Placing the reserve army on the states Payroll and or

4. Establishment of Postal service. [26]

5. Establishment of the Land Revenue department. [27]

6. Survey and assessment of lands. [28]

7. Public census. [29]

8. Punishment of those who practice Monopoly by exile

9. Establishment of and use of Jails. [31]

10. Building of Canals and Bridges. [32]

11. First to use the Whip. [33]

12. Establishment of Public Rest Areas, hostels and Wud

13. Fixing the date to the Start of the Migration of the M

14. Dividing the state and the conquered territories into

15. Founding of new cities (al-Amsar) such as Kufa16. Zakat on Produce of the sea, such as fish, Lobst

17. Use of secret reports and specially designated emiss

18. Salary for Imams, Muadhans (Callers to prayer)

19. Stipends for the poor among the Jews and Chri

20. Punishment for drunkenness, written satires an

21. Establishment of Guilds for certain trades. [41]

22. Prohibition of the mention of womens names i
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23. Holding tarawih (Ramadan night prayers) in co

24. Providing lighting in the Mosques at night. [42]

25. Persuading Abu Bakr to collect the Quran in on

26. Establishment of Military bases at strategic poi

27. Establishment of the Police department. [43]

28. Personally making nightly rounds to check on t

29. Formulation of the Principal ofQiyas (Analogic

30. Establishment of a more exact system of calcul

31. Limiting the relationship between Muslims and Non-

32. Establishing a stable for the lost camels. [45]

33. State intervention to control the price of merchandi

34. First to enlarge the al-Haram (the Sacred Mosque) a

35. Discovered the place of Isra, Ascension of the Messe

UMAR AS A LEADER

As was mentioned Umar had the respect and someti

Umar had the welfare of the Muslims in his mind at all tim

UMARS CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"

the immense power which the Caliphate had achiev

The conquests during Umars time are not to be taken ligh

The Muslims succeeded, then primarily because they w

Further Umar had an excellent organizational skills and a

Umar would also make good use of agents to keep watch

The City of Hims (Emas) was also a city that complained a

In his lifetime the following conquests were completed: [5

Fall of Damasucus in 14/635

Fall of Fahl in 14/635

Fall of Hims in 14/635

Fall of Balbak and Basrah

Fall Ublah and the bridge of Abi Ubydiah in Najran in

Fall of Yarmouk in 15/636

Fall of all of the Jordan except of Tabarias in 15 /635
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The Battle of Yarmouk in 15 / 635

The Battle of Qadisyah in 15 /636,

In 16 /637

Battle of Jaljulah and Qansreen

Fall of Ahoz

Fall of Madain

Fall of Jerusalem in 16/637

Fall of Jazirah in 16/637

In 17/638

Fall of Hims again in 17/638

Fall of Hurmuz in 17/637

In 18/638

The City of Kufah is built in 18/639

The great Plague of Amwas, Abu Ubydaih bin al-Jara

In 19/640

Fall of Qaisariah in 19/640

Battle of Sohab in 19 /640

Fall of Takrit in 19/640

An Army is sent Aremina in 19/640

In 20 /641

Fall of Egypt in 20 /641

Fall of North Africa

Fall of Alexandria in 21/642

Fall of Nahwind in 21/641


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Fall of Khorasan in 21/641

Fall of Antioch and Qalqalyia Pecefuly.

Fall of Adharbaijan in 22 /642

Fall of Masbithan in 22/642

Fall of Hamathan in 22 /642

Fall of Tabaristan in 22 /643

Fall of Armenia in 22 /643

Fall of Jarjan in 22/643

Fall of Koos and Raiy in 22/643

Fall of Tripoli (North Africa) in 22/643

Fall of Fars in 23/644

Fall of Kirman in 23/644

Fall of Sajastan in 23/644

Fall of Makran in 23/644

Fall of Khurasan (including Khawarazm, Farghanah, T

DEATH AND LEGACY

In the year 23/644 Umar was assassinated by Abu Lu

Umar appointed the office of Khalifah to one of six (

CONCLUSION

In the end Umar wanted nothing of this earth, it was

In His lifetime he had seen the Muslims go from bein

Umar had warned against such people living among

Umar continued to live simply to his final day. One o

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY


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1. al-Baladhuri. Ahmad bin Yahya Futuh al-Buldan (Con

2. al-Qarashi, Ghalib A.K.Awliyat al-Farooq fi al-Idara w

3. al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir Tarikh al-rusul wal M

4. Arnold, Thomas W. The Caliphate , Barnes and Noble,

5. as-Suyuti, Jalal ad-Din The History of the Khalifahs wh

6. Blankinship, Khalid Y. The History of al-Tabari, Volum

7. Donner, Fred M. The Early Islamic Conquests , Princet

8. Jandora, John W. The March from Medina , A Revision

9. Khatab, Mahmoud S. Bayan al-Aqeedah Wal-Qayidah

10. Numani, ShibliAl-Farooq, The Life of Omar the Grea


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that is unique other than the career of the Prophet Muhammad with whom this whole cycle of

are still noble since Omars Submission to Islam "[2] He also said "Omars Submission to Islam

rd that the companions of Muhammad had for Umar. He was the one of the two main counsel

state was expanding at a unprecedented rate and swift action needed to be taken which he did not hesi

here also seems to be quite a number of books just about him either popular or scholarly. Al-Aqads boo

f his most important contributions there are still many others that must be ignored for the she

ission to Islam and in his rule after the death of Abu Bakr the Caliph of the Messenger in 13 A.H.

Elephant, In 583 A.D. Of his early years there are not many recorded details save that he grazed camels

famed Ukaz (the annual fair.) Also due to his familys position in the Meccan Hierarchy he woul

and straight forward. He always spoke whatever was on his mind even if it displeased others.

His full name is: Umar ibn al-Khattab ibn Nufail Ibn Abdul-Uzza Ibn Riyah Ibn Qart Ibn Razah Ibn Adi Ibn K

ved as arbitrators that would settle the tribal disputes and disagreements. Also ambassadors were chose

ory Anas bin Malik relates is this version: One day, full of anger against the Prophet, he drew hi

nd her reading from pages of the Quran. He fell upon her and beat her mercilessly. Bruised an

strong of heart? He asked his sister to show him what she had been reading; he was at once m

taying and vowed allegiance to him. It is also mentioned in more than one version that before he spoke t

d the Muslims in a March on the Kabaa to worship there. [10] Later on he would openly proclai

oping that Umar would accept Islam and when Umar because of the bright future that the Mes

ties of Umar in matters of advice. One such tradition is: "Ibn Umar related that the Prophet, may Allah bl

his book Fadail al-Imamayn (the Merits of the two Imams *Abu Bakr and Umar+) had listed 20 different

r always sought the advice of Umar. It was not that the Messenger always followed Umars Con


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RULE.]

ed to believe that he died. Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that h

ice to be the successor of the Messenger. He spoke about the excellent qualities of Abu Bakr and how t

t on the face of the earth a man more beloved to me than Umar." Umar was also highly regard among th

use Umar because at the time of the death of the Messenger, Umar was part of an Invasion force that w

s given to him by Umar, namely the affairs of the Ridda Wars [17] and when the Arabs refused

orded event. It is not as troublesome as any of the others. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transiti

akr was well aware of Umars powers and of his ability to succeed him. When he was dying he consulte

mplishments. In this paper I will deal with some of them in detail. His most apparent achievem

MAR.

easons some of which are that in his time the state would be stable. He dealt with many matter

f Judges. [24]

ganization of the War department. *25+

to different lands. [30]

u (Ablution) Stations. [34]

essenger. [35]

provinces. [36]

[37] , Basarah [38] and Fustat. [39]er, shrimp etc., and appointment of a responsible official.

aries to provide first reports as what is really going on in different provinces. [40]

teachers and public lectures.

tians who lived in conquered lands.

d lampoons.

n poetry.


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ngregation, before his time it was done individually.

e book.

ts in the different provinces.

e condition of the people first hand.

l Reasoning.) for determining rulings on newly encountered matters in Fiqh (Jurisprudence.)

tion of the inheritance.

Muslims. [44]

e. [46]

Mecca. First to place a cover on the Kaaba. [47]

nger to heavens at Jerusalem. [48]

mes fear of many of his contemporaries. He personally involved himself in many of the states af

es. Umars food was simple which consisted of bread and olive oil. Rarely would he eat anything else, at

d during the reign of Umar. His armies tore from the Roman empire some of its fairest provinces in the

tly the state was expanding at an exceedingly fast rate during Umars ten year rule like at no other time i

re able to organize an effective conquest movement, and in this context the impact of the new religion

ery good knowledge of people. He would not only choose who are his Army generals but also would give

over the performance of the governors. He would also periodically ask the residents of different cities of

out its governor. Umar also took appropriate action to remedy the situation. [55]

6]

14 /635


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dies and many Muslim soliders.


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akharistan) in 23/644

aLua the Magian, who had a personal grudge against Umar. The assassin stabbed Umar in the

Uthman, Ali, Talha bin Ubiduallah, Zubair bin al-Awam, Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf, and Saad bin

as Muywiah said of him.[59] His age was the age of Justice. Later on after he passed away his h

g the meekest of the earth to being one of the major powers to be contended with. He would r

uslims. Since his warning went unheeded it was the cause of his own death. He prided himself

his companions reminiscing about Umars days he said of him: "When he walked, he did so qui


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uests of Nations).

l-Qada (Firsts of the Farooq in Adminstration and Judicial affairs), being a Ph.D. thesis, Muasast al-Kutu

uluk (History of the Prophets and Kings), 10 Vols. Ed. Muhammad Abulfadl Ibrahim. Dar Suywdan, Beirut,

New York, 1966.

o took the right way, being a portion of as-Suyutis tarikh al-Khulafah, translated by: A. Clarke, TaHa Publi

e XI: The Challenge to the Empires, Translated by: State University of New York Press, 1993.

on University Press, 1981.

ist Study of the Arab Conquests, The Kingston Press, Clifton, 1990.

(Between Creed and Leadership) Dar El-Fikr, Beirut, n.d.

t, Translated from the original Urdu by: Zafar Ali Khan, International Islamic Publishers, New Delhi, 1992.


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events started. From his early days he had shown signs of greatness and the future to come.

was a conquest, His Migration was a victory, His Immate [period of rule] was a blessing, I have s

rs of the Messenger, the other being Abu Bakr. There are many reasons for the greatness of th

ate to take or adopt. His bravery and simple life were trademarks of his era. His genius for leadership cle

is one of the popluar works so is Ali Tantanwi, the famous Muslim TV personality, book about Umar. Th

er number of them. A work of this size will only limit it self to the most evident and important o

/634 AD. He ruled for ten years and was assassinated by a Magian named Abu Lulu Feroze, who

for his father who was very harsh with him. In his reign he would recall his fathers harshness to him whe

d receive an above average education and would travel throughout Arabia and Greater Syria.

ab Ibn Luayy ibn Fihr ibn Malik. Ameer al Muminin, abu Hafs, al-Qurashi, al-Adwai, al-Farooq.*7+

n from his family as well. *8+

s sword and set out to kill him. A man from Bani Zuhrah (perhaps an acquaintance, who secretl

d bleeding, she told her brother, "Umar, you can do what you like, but you cannot turn our hear

ved to the core by the words of the Quran and immediately grasped their truth.

he formula the Messenger took him by the shirt and shook him up. [9]

his emigration to Medina and in one version he would dare the Meccans to harm him. [11]

senger was hoping. It is as if he was recruiting the right people for the future of the Islamic Stat

ess him and grant him peace, said, Allah has put the truth upon Umars tongue and in his heart." And an

points in which Umars Opinions matched the later revelations of the Quran. *13+

sultation but he still utilized him on many occasions.


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died. Abu Bakr kept his cool about him and reminded the people that the Messenger was hum

e Messenger had left some clues at to whom to lead after his death. [14]

e companions of the Messenger. Aisha has said: "He was, by Allah, skillful in managing affairs, absolutely

as led by Usamah. [16]

to pay theZakah (Alms, poor due, tax) in which Abu Bakr acted correctly and successfully. Abu

ions to power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands. When Abu Bakr was dying he only app

with Abdur-Rahman bin Awaf *21+ and Uthman bin Affan *22+ who regarded him quite highly.

nts are in two major categories namely, the conquests and the innovations in ruling.

s quickly and before they would rise to cause. It was also the sharpness of his personality and a


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fairs. He was the hands on type and if he saw anything that did not please him he made no secr

imes it is recorded that he eat meat, vegetables milk and vinegar. His dress was also simple such as a shi

East, annexed the fertile land of Egypt, and pushed their way westward along the coast of North Africa; t

n the history of the Muslim Civilization.*51+ As to the reasons for the high success rate of the conquests

f Islam, which provided the ideological underpinnings for this remarkable breakthrough in social organiz

them very detailed orders. He divided up the Empire into states and placed governors in each state that

the performance of the governors. In al-Kufa he would recall Saad bin Abi Waqas due to complaints abou


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ack and in his side below the belt with a poisoned dagger during the morning prayers. He also h

bi Waqas) to be chosen in three days. He commanded that Suhaib (the Roman) to lead the pra

ut would still be called the house of Justice. Of wealth he left nothing behind. He willed that his

member well that in his youth how he was being beaten by his father for taking a short break t

in serving not his own interest. It is said that he feared the burden of leadership and how that

ckly as to get someplace, when He spoke he was loud enough to be heard and when his hit it w


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al-Thaqafiyah, Beirut, 1990.

, copy of the Dar al-Maraf, Cairo 2nd

edition, 1960-69.

ishers, London, 1995.


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een when we were unable to pray at "the house" [Kaba] until Umar submitted, when he Submitt

is man. He was of paramount importance in the early formation of the Islamic State.

arly is shown in his many accomplishments. The great prose writer Abas Mahmoud al-Aqad, at the turn o

Fiqh Council of (al-Majmah al- Fiqhi li Jamat al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud) Muhammad bin Saud Unive

f these accomplishments. Further this thesis will also concentrate on the conquests of the Islam

had a attacked him during prayer with a dagger and stabbed him several times.

n he passed the field which caused him pains early in his life.*6+

professed Islam) met him on the way. When Umar told him what he planned to do, he inform

ts away from Islam. " These words produced a strange effect upon Umar.

. In one of the traditions that is mentioned by as-Suyuti we see the Messenger praying that Um

other is "If there were to be a prophet after me it would be Umar ibn al-Khatab" narrated by: Uqbah bin


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an. Then the Medinaites namely the Awas and Khazraj tribe were in dispute as to who would ta

unique." And Muawiyah has said: "Umar, the world wanted him and he did not want it" *15+

Bakr had said: "By Allah, I will fight whoever makes a distinction between the prayer and the Za

inted Umar as his successor and no other. [19]

usterity that quelled many of the troubles that would appear to his successors. Here is some of


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et of it. He would constantly write letters of advice and guidance to his generals.

rt only which was known to have a number of patches in it. He also wore a cap and sandals. *49+

ey overran Palestine and Syria, and after crushing the armies of the Persian King, established Arab rule o

t this time period Prof. Donner states:

tion, can be more fully appreciated. In this sense, the conquests were truly an Islamic movement. For it

he would personally assign. He would keep in constant communication with all his generals and Governo

t him. He would than look into the matter and explain to the people. [54]


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ad stabbed thirteen others seven of which died. Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf finished the prayers

ers. He made sure that his son would not get the office but made him one of the consultants. [

hut be sold to pay off his debts. Muywaih would buy his house and payoff whatever remained o

o rest to being the most powerful man in the Arabian peninsula. He was also content that in th

e might one day be asked why he did not pave the road for a stray sheep in Persia.

uld hurt." He was a man of purpose and a Mission. He left a legacy that is not easy to follow.


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ed to Islam he fought them [the antagonistic idolaters] until they left us alone and we prayed."[

f the century had written a volume dedicated to him called, Abqaryat Umar [4], [The Genius of Umar.]

rsity in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia had published a 3 volume book on the Fiqh of Umar. There is also a Ph.D. th

ic State during his rule.

d him that Umars own sister, Fatimah, and her husband had also accepted Islam and abandon

ar accept Islam.

mir. *12+


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ke charge after the Messenger, it was then that Umar gave biyah (oath of Allegiance ) to Abu B

ah " [18] It was at this point that Umar saw the error of his way, retracted and joined Abu Ba

his major achievements in list form.


32/48

ver practically the whole of the old Persian empire, until they reached the banks of the Oxus in the extre

as Islam- the set of ramifications- that ultimately sparked the whole integration process and hence was

rs. [53]


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uickly as soon as Umar fell. They rushed to the fallen Umar and knew that he was dying and th

57] His Khalifah was for a total of 10 years, six months and four days. [58]

f his debt. [60] He was Eulogized by many of his companions who remember him well. His was

end he was not killed by his own people but at the hands of a Magian.


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3]

sis that is only dedicated to the Innovations of Umar in Administration and Judicial Affairs.*5+

d your faith.


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akr.

kr in the wars.


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me north east. *50+

the ultimate cause of the conquests success. *52+


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t there was no hope of recovery. Abdallah bin Abbas came to comfort him.

time of stability and growth. Peace and constant war. It was not such a time of contradiction p


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erhaps a time of harmony.

glimpses from life of umar bin khatab

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