global education and research center for earth and ...tohoku university global coe program global...

Tohoku University Global COE Program

Global Education and Research Center

for Earth and Planetary Dynamics

東北大学グローバル COE プログラム

『変動地球惑星学の統合教育研究拠点』

Activity Report for 2008-2009

November 10th, 2009

Tohoku University

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Contents Message from the Leader ………………..………………………………………. 5

Mission of Our GCOE Program …..…………………………………………. 6

Members ……………………………………………..…………………………… 14

Activity Report for 2008-2009I. Educational Programs and Support Activities 1. Achievements of Educational Activities ………………………………………….. 21 2. Earth and Planetary Dynamics Special Training Course …………………………. 24 3. Super Doctoral Course students (SDCs) ………….………………………………. 31

4. Research Assistants (RAs) …………….……………………………. 32

II. Research Support Activities

1. Research Program and Supporting Activity …………….……………………………. 33 2. Formulations of International Exchange and Network of Education and Research ....... 34

III. Research Activities

1. Research Groups ・ Solid Earth Research Group

- Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup …………... 37- Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup …………..………. 41

・ Earth Environmental Change Research Group- Climate Change Research Subgroup …………………………………… 47- Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup ……………………………….. 51

・ Planetary Evolution Research Group …………….……………………... 552. Focus Research Groups ………………………………………………………... 57

IV．Website ………………………………………………………… 67

V．GCOE Symposiums / GCOE Workshops …………………………………… 69

VI．List of Activities

1. GCOE Symposiums / GCOE Workshops / GCOE Seasonal Schools …………… 772. Visiting Scientists from Abroad ..………………………………………… 793. Domestic Visiting Scientists ………………………………………… 854. GCOE Frontier Seminars / GCOE Special Lectures …..…….………………………… 905. Travel Support to Our Members .………………………………………… 996. Student Support for Overseas Stydies …..……..……………………………… 1027. Student Support for Attending International Conferences ….……..……………… 1038. Internship Students ………………………………………… 107

8-1. Internship Student Reports ..………………………………………. 109

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Message from the Leader Tohoku University Global COE Program "Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics" Program Leader: Eiji Ohtani

Tohoku University has conducted globally recognized research related to Earth and Planetary Sciences. Our many faculty members pursue research interests covering a broad variety of topics within these fields. In our Global COE program, we will specifically examine research targets in Earth and planetary dynamics and Earth’s environmental changes through a combination of multi-disciplinary approaches such as the following to mitigate against natural hazards: solid geophysics and Earth materials science; space and planetary science; ocean, atmosphere, and climate sciences; biogeoscience; and engineering. We completed world-class research during the 21st Century COE program (2003.2007). The Global COE program is intended to build on the achievements of that program, and to advance our knowledge of critical areas of Earth and planetary dynamics and of Earth’s environmental changes.

The objective of this Global COE program is to achieve the highest level of research and

education by further strengthening these key laboratories and by networking them to undertake pioneering work that transcends the respective boundaries of scientific disciplines.

This program can contribute successfully and strongly to creation of new vantages of the Earth

and planets and new perspectives on earth and planetary science.

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Mission of Our GCOE Program

Purpose of Our Global COE Program

Tohoku University has conducted globally recognized research into the Earth and planetary science. It has many faculty members whose research interests cover a great variety of topics within these fields. In our Global COE program, we will focus on research targets in Earth and planetary dynamics and Earth environmental change through a combination of multiple disciplines such as solid geophysics, Earth materials science, space and planetary science, ocean, atmosphere, climate sciences, biogeoscience, and engineering for the mitigation of natural hazards. We have already undertaken world-class research during the 21st Century COE program (2003-2007). The Global COE program aims to build upon the achievements of this previous program, and to advance further our knowledge in the critical areas of Earth and planetary dynamics and Earth environmental change.

Characteristics of Our Global COE Pprogram

Our COE program can be characterized by the following three significant activities.

1) We will reorganize the faculty members in the Earth and Planetary Science group, together with those scientists in engineering related to geosciences and environmental sciences, into five research-oriented groups to advance multidisciplinary collaboration. 2) A world class environment for research and education will be created by hiring active foreign scientists, inviting researchers from abroad, and by attracting outstanding international students. 3) Collaboration networks will also be developed with various key institutions in Japan and overseas such as SPring8-JASRI (Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute), Photon Factory-KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Yale University, and University of California for the study of mineral physics and geodynamics.

We will collaborate with researchers in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), MIT, University of

Alaska, and Peking University in the fields of seismology, volcanology, and geodynamics (see Figure 1 in detail). We plan to develop exchange programs for young scientists and graduate students with many leading universities and institutions in USA, Europe, and Asia.

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Objective of Our COE Program

In this GCOE, in order to support sustainable research, we try to understand, basing on integration and fusion studies,the origin and future of the changing Earth,and we support the education of the internationally recognized, with advanced ability to conduct leading-edge studies, young researchers.

This Center 1) develops the high-accuracy measurement techniques, high-resolution analytic methods, experiments beyond unexplored limits in order to advance planet and space-integrated research, 2) while integrating the multiple research topics of different departments within Tohoku University, supports the joint work with the leading edge research institutes outside Tohoku University, 3) is an integrated center of Earth and Planetary Science and Education which develops the relationship and network with the research organizations of different countries in order to advance Earth and Planetary Science.

Plan for Research Activities

In this COE, while advancing the leading edge research, top level young researchers are educated according to Tohoku University principle "Research is the first priority". Realising this research tradition, we advance the multi-discipline studies, unexplored leading-edge methods of measurement, experiments, field work as well as research based on synthetic analyis and modeling of Earth-Space system.

In this integrative research center we are devoted to formation of the skills in conducting measurements, experiments, field research as well as their technical development. We contribute to the education of creative research leaders with strong problem-solving skills by advancement and technical development of measurements, experiments, field research.

By integrated and joint research in multi-disciplinary fields, creation of the network of the educational and research institutions throughout Asia (Peking University, Jilin University, Novosibirsk University, etc.), America and Pacific Rim (University of Alaska, University of California, Yale University, USGS, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory, University of Sydney, etc.) and Europe (University of Copenhagen, Leiden University,Bayreuth University, etc.) as well as interaction and exchange of doctoral students, we educate international level specialists.

In order to understand the complicated Earth and Planetary Dynamics while advancing international collaborative research by cooperation of science and engineering, developments are made in high degree precision,high resolution mapping and unreached limits. We construct new synthetic Science of Earth and Planetary Dynamics by developing the leading edge measurement methods, experiments, field work as well as modeling of the earth-planetary and earth-environmental dynamics.

By establishing some fixed-term positions and inviting excellent researchers from Japan and abroad, using the network in each field of interest of this COE, we form the organisation, which can contribute to the solutions of unsolved and unreached problems in Earth and Planetary Dynamics.

We will create new views of evolving Earth

through a combination of the advanced mineral

physics information related to Earth materials and

global seismic tomography of the Earth’s interior. The

studies conducted in this group include the following

topics:

(1) Geodynamics based on mineral physics

information related to Earth materials and global

seismic tomography of the Earth’s interior: We

clarified the phase relations and elastic velocities of

the mantle minerals, and reactions at the core–mantle

boundary. Combining these data and the global

seismic tomography data, we will discuss the fate of

subducting slabs and generation of the mantle plumes

at the base of the mantle.

(2) Global circulation of materials from surface

to core: We clarified global water circulation in

the whole mantle from the crust to the core. We

discovered a hydrous phase that is stable under core-

mantle boundary conditions of 120 GPa and 2000 K.

(3) Ultrahigh pressure

a n d t e m p e r a t u r e

generation relevant

to the Earth’s core:

We have generated

the conditions of the

Earth’s core, i.e., 270

GPa and 3600 K, and

clarified the stable

existence of an hcp

phase in FeSi alloys, which is a candidate material of

the inner core.

(4) Structure, density and viscosity of magmas in

the deep mantle: We will study the structure, density

and viscosity of magmas in the deep mantle and will

clarify the possible existence of gravitationally stable

dense magmas in the mantle.

This research wi l l be conducted through

collaboration with several internationally prominent

institutions.

Global circulation of the Earth’s materials

From surface to core:Global circulation of materials in the Earth’s interior

Diamond anvil cell for ultrahigh pressure generation

Solid Earth Research Group

Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup

Subgroup Leader　Eiji Ohtani

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Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup

The objective of this subgroup is to study the

dynamics of earthquake rupture and volcanic eruption

that take place at subduction zones and island arcs.

For that purpose, we clarify the fine structure of island

arcs and subducting oceanic plates as environments

of these catastrophic phenomena.

During the last 21COE program, we clarified the

spatiotemporal fluctuation of interplate coupling and

generation processes of interplate earthquakes by

developing the asperity model. We also developed

studies of wave propagation in heterogeneous structures,

the dynamics of volcanic eruptions, and rheology of

crustal rocks.

Based on advanced and systematically organized

methodology of geophysics and material science,

this subgroup will advance studies in the following

subjects, thereby extending the progress that was

earned during the last 21 COE program:

(1) Dynamics of earthquake rupture in island arcs and

plate subduction zones

(2) Dynamics of volcanic eruption

(3) Structure of plate subduction zones

(4) Structure of the crust of the island-arc, including

active faults and volcanoes

(5) Tsunami Disaster

We will develop new instruments for geophysical

observations, new models for wave propagation and

earthquake fractures, and new analytical tools for

processing large amounts of digital data. We will

further improve our global tomography models to

map higher-resolution images of subducting slabs

and mantle plumes. We will study magma processes

in shallow volcanic conduits and clarify the physical

and chemical parameters that control the styles and

magnitudes of volcanic eruptions. We also intend

to develop quantitative methods for prediction of

Tsunami disasters.

Slab and mantle wedge structure of northeastern Japan, as sensed using seismic tomography

Submarine seismometer

Subgroup LeaderHaruo Sato


Suwanosejima volcano, which intermittently erupts in a short time, is one of the best field laboratories to clarify the magma ascent process and volcanic explosion mechanism.

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Climate Change Research SubgroupSubgroup Leader

Kimio Hanawa

Our group made significant achievements in the

following studies.

(1) We clarified the time-dependent nature of the

reemergence phenomenon of subtropical mode water

on winter sea surface temperature (SST) variation in

the central North Pacific, and discovered the link of

its phase shift with the Aleutian low-pressure system.

(2) Using satellite-derived data such as SST, sea

surface height, the surface wind vector, and ocean

color, large-scale anomalies with very high SST >30°

were discovered in the equatorial Indo-Pacific warm

pool region.

(3) We developed new high-precision techniques

for measuring atmospheric concentrations of

greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane,

and nitrous oxide, as well as the atmospheric oxygen

concentration and their isotopic ratios. Using these

techniques, extensive measurements of atmospheric

and oceanic components relevant to the circulation of

greenhouse gases were carried out at locations around

the world.

(4) Analyses of polar ice cores from many sites in

Antarctica and Greenland were also conducted.

Results reveal temporal and spatial variations of

greenhouse gases in

the troposphere and the

stratosphere on a global

scale.

Building upon the

achievements described

above, we will further

develop our studies of

the following topics. We

will clarify mechanisms

of global warming by

examining changes in

oceanic stratification and circulation and very high

sea surface temperature (SST) phenomena, and their

impacts on the global/regional climate and weather.

We will monitor greenhouse gases and related

atmospheric and oceanic components and phenomena

to yield an up-to-date and accurate assessment of

their global distribution. Satellite-based research

will be conducted using a network that has already

constructed among more than 10 Asian universities.

Drilling of coral

Antarctic explorationVariation in oxygen isotope ratios of reef coral from Guam (blue, monthly data; red, 25-month moving average)

Earth Environmental Change Researach Group

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Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup Subgroup Leader

Takeshi Kakegawa

Understanding the relation between the biosphere

and solid-fluid Earth in the Earth system is the main

goal for the research group of Life’s Origin and

Extinction. This research group particularly addresses

three major events as research targets: (1) the origin

of life; (2) early evolution of the biosphere; and (3)

mass extinction.

Research of target (1) is specifically intended to

examine the “origin” of life and “environments”

of the early Earth. We hypothesize that meteorite

impacts on the early oceans, followed by post-impact

plume formation, were responsible for formation

of prebiotic organic molecules. These prebiotic

molecules were polymerized into proteins and/or

nucleic acids during plate tectonic processes. We are

performing shock-recovery experiments and high-T

and high-P autoclave experiments to examine the

hypothesis described above. Syntheses of prebiotic

organic molecules and polymerization have been

successful in our laboratory.

Activities of primitive life were recorded in ancient

rocks. We are performing geological surveys in

Greenland, S. Africa, Australia, and Canada to

constrain the early evolution of life and ecosystem

(target (2)). We will specifically examine extreme

global glaciation and warming that occurred several

times on the past Earth such as the Precambrian

snowball earth event and Cretaceous extreme

warming. Our research group is identifying factors

that might have caused the past mass extinction,

including global volcanism, meteorite impacts, and

ocean anoxia (target (3)). We are performing global

geological surveys of important strata for mass

extinction.

Geological survey of 3.8-billion-year-old rocks by an international team (in Greenland) Catastrophic events caused by a minor-body impact

Strata reflecting mass extinction 230 million years ago (China)

Earth Environmental Change Researach Group

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Our group has made intensive efforts to study

planetary dynamics and evolutions. We have made

important achievements related to changes in planetary

upper atmospheres and space environments associated

with solar activities (Space Weather): (a) high-

precision velocity field measurements of Mercury’s

sodium atmosphere, (b) establishment of the lightning

mechanism toward the ionosphere ‘Sprite/Elves’, (c)

first global sounding of Lunar subsurface structure

using a state-of-art radar sounder aboard the Kaguya

spacecraft. (d) We have also proposed novel ideas

related to chondrule formation processes in primitive

meteorites based on in-situ laboratory experiments of gas

condensations and low-gravity grain formations.

We intend to expand those achievements and

promote the following studies:

(1) We shall investigate the physics of multi time-scale

dynamics in atmospheres and plasma environments

s u r r o u n d i n g t h e

planets: (a) univer-

sal electromagnetic

connec t ion in the

Sun–Planetary sys-

tem; (b) dynamics

and composit ional

variations in plan-

etary atmospheres;

(c) mechanisms of

light emissions from

planets, including auroras, lightning/sprites; and (d)

dynamics and evolutions of early solar system nebula

with plasma and magnetic effects.

(2) We shall investigate the evolution of primitive

materials in the early solar system based on theoretical

and experimental studies such as grain formation in

low-gravity environments, to clarify the thermal and

material environments in early solar system nebula.

In addition, we shall study the evolutions of materials

in the parent bodies of meteorites originating from

planetary collisions etc. expected in late eras.

(3) We shall introduce a new methodology for

planetary multi time-scale dynamics and evolution,

including (a) introduction of a new telescope dedicated

for planetary and exoplanetary studies with the

University of Hawaii, (b) development of new radar

sounders for studying subsurface evolutions of planets

and asteroids, (c) high time resolution studies using

advanced radio and optical methods, and (d) high

velocity resolution studies using state-of-the-art optical

and infrared methods.

Planetary Evolution Research Group

Group LeaderTakayuki Ono

Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) aboard the Lunar orbiter 'KAGUYA' for the first global survey of Lunar subsurface structure. It is developed by Tohoku Univ. etc. based on the ionospheric sounder technology.

Mercury Sodium tail observed by Tohoku Univ. Haleakala observatory. We also investigate those origin & dynamics by Euro-Japan BepiColombo mission to Mercury.

SpriteSat: A satellite exploring sprite developed at Tohoku University

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Research Promotion System

Educational Support System

Chair of Research CommitteeKatsuo Tsukamoto

Chair of Education CommitteeToru Matsuzawa

We will direct our research activity to fulfillment of two major goals: clarification of the dynamics of the Earth and planets, and clarification of Earth environmental change by combining multiple disciplines. We have organized the members of our Global COE program into five research groups: three groups examining the dynamics of the Earth and planets and two groups investigating Earth environmental change. The main topics of these five groups are summarized as described below. Three of these groups will specifically examine the dynamics of the Earth and planets, as follows.(1) Earthquake and volcano dynamics(2) Dynamics of the Earth and planetary interiors(3) Planetary evolution

　Two groups will study Earth environmental change.(4) Climate change(5) Origin and extinction of life

Research by these groups will be multidisciplinary. Additionally, we will identify several specific research targets, which will be studied by special research teams (Focus research groups) whose members will be selected from among the members of the five research groups explained above. Examples of such specific research targets are, for example, mantle wedge dynamics, the core–mantle boundary, and modeling of the lunar interior. Special research teams will have flexible membership and duties; they are expected to act continuously over several years to promote intensive collaboration among the five research groups.

We have developed a world-class graduate studies course that specifically examines the development of student capabilities in identifying essential research targets. Furthermore, we conduct high-quality field and laboratory studies. The development of cutting-edge methodologies is necessary for research breakthroughs in Earth and planetary science. Our GCOE program offers graduate students an educational support system that is focused mainly on (1) reorganization of the curriculum and advising system, and on (2) assistance for their research activities.(1) Reorganization of the curriculum and advising system

　We intend to develop further the "Graduate Course for Advanced Earth and Planetary Science" originally established in the past 21st Century COE Program".(a) We offer the "Earth and Planetary Dynamics Special Training

course". It comprises three courses: analysis of Earth materials, geophysical observations, and modeling of Earth’s systems.

(b) We offer the GCOE Special School composed of GCOE Special Lectures and GCOE Frontier Seminars. Furthermore, we sponsor GCOE multi-disciplinary symposia, which are organized and managed by young scholars such as post-doctorate and graduate students.

(c) We support improvement of the students’ communication and debating skills in English. An advanced educational program is created by providing high-quality lectures by our COE members and by outstanding visiting scientists from abroad.

　In addition, the GCOE program supports graduate students attending other universities and institutions in Japan and abroad. Those research activities are regarded as internships that are approved for credit from their respective courses.(2) Support for students’ research activities

　We provide financial support for all graduate students by hiring them as research assistants. We provide additional financial support for about 10% of selected students with outstanding ability. They are regarded as super doctoral course candidates.

Global COE – Earth Planetary ScienceGraduate School of Science, Tohoku University6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-8578 JapanTel: 022-795-6668E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.gcoe.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp/Educational policy and training program at the Global Education and Research Center

for Earth and Planetary Dynamics

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Members (**Sub-Group Leader)

Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup

Project Members: Department of Earth Sciences

Eiji Ohtani (**, Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc., Project Leader) Michihiko Nakamura (Assoc. Prof., Petrology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Education Com.) Akio Suzuki (Assoc. Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.) Katsuo Tsukamoto (Prof., Mineralogy, D.Sc., Chair of Research Com.)

Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department Geophysics Depeng Zhao (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.) Haruo Sato (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc.) Toru Matsuzawa (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Education Com.)

Graduate School of Environmental Studies Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Prof., Geo-Engineering, D.E., Vice-Chair of Education Com.)

Associate Members: Yasuhiro Kudoh, Motohiko Murakami, Takahiro Kuribayashi, Hidenori Terasaki, Hirokazu Fujimaki, Kenichi Ishikawa, Satoshi Osozawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Nagase Toshirou (The Tohoku University Museum), Takeshi Sakai (International Advanced Research and Education Organization), Akira Hasegawa, Junichi Nakajima (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department of Geophysics), Hiroshi Asanuma, Nobuo Hirano, Atsushi Okamoto (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup

Project Members:

Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department Geophysics Haruo Sato (**, Prof., Seismology, D.Sc.) Takeshi Nishimura (Assoc. Prof., Phys. Volcanology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Public Information Com.) Toru Matsuzawa (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Education Steering Com.) Depeng Zhao (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.) Hiromi Fujimoto (Prof., Geophysics, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Department of Earth Sciences Eiji Ohtani (Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc.) Hiroyuki Nagahama (Prof., Geodynamics, D.Sc., Chair of Public Information Com.) Toshifumi Imaizumi (Prof., Geology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Education Steering Com.) Takeyoshi Yoshida (Prof., Petrology, D.Sc.) Michihiko Nakamura (Assoc. Prof., Petrology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Education Steering Com.) Akio Suzuki (Assoc. Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

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Center for Northeast Asian Studies Motoyuki Sato (Prof., Geo-Engineering, D.E., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Graduate School of Environmental Studies Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Prof., Geo-Engineering, D.E., Vice-Chair of Education Steering Com.)

Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering Fumihiko Imamura (Prof., Tsunami Eng., D.E., Vice-Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Associate Members: Hisashi Nakahara, Mare Yamamoto (Department of Geophysics), Akira Hasegawa, Tadahiro Sato, Masaaki Mishina, Norihito Umino, Satoshi Miura, Tomomi Okada, Yasuo Yabe, Junichi Nakajima, Naoki Uchida, Sadato Ueki, Yusaku Ohta, Ryota Hino, Motoyuki Kido, Yoshihiro Ito (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Kenshiro Otsuki, Soichi Osozawa, Norihiro Nakamura, Tatsuya Ishiyama, Takeshi Kuritani, Kenichi Ishikawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari, Akio Gotoh, Tsuyoshi Miyamoto, Manabu Watanabe (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Koji Matsuki, Kiyotoshi Sakaguchi, Akihisa Kizaki, Yuko Suto, Noriaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Asanuma (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Masato Motosaka, Shunichi Koshimura, Susumu Ohno, Takeshi Sato, Kazuhisa Goto (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

Climate Change Research Subgroup

Project Members:

Department of Geophysics Kimio Hanawa (**, Prof., Phys., Oceanography, D.Sc.) Toshio Suga (Assoc. Prof., Phys. Oceanography, D.Sc.)

Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies Takakiyo Nakazawa (Prof., Climatology, D.Sc.) Hiroshi Kawamura (Prof., Climate Phys., D.Sc. Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Department of Earth Sciences

Koji Minoura (Prof., Sedimentology, D.Sc.) Kunio Kaiho (Prof., Paleontology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Associate Members: Toshiki Iwasaki, Weiming Sha, Takeshi Yamazaki, Shoichi Kizu (Department of Geophysics), Tadahiro Sato, Satoshi Miura, Toru Nakamori, Masateru Hino, Shinichi Hirano, Yoshinori Otsuki, Noritoshi Suzuki, Tsutomu Yamada （Department of Earth Sciences）, Shuji Aoki, Tadahiro Hayasaka, Hajime Okamoto, Futoki Sakaida, Teruhisa Shimada (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Osamu Sasaki (The Tohoku Univerisity Museum), Kiyotaka Sakaida, Gen Ueda, Ryohei Sekine (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Akira Mano, Keiko Udo (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies)

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Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup

Project Members: Department of Earth Sciences

Takeshi Kakegawa (**, Prof., Geochemistry, Ph.D, Chair of Budget and Finance Com.) Kunio Kaiho (Prof., Paleontology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Associate Members: Masayuki Ehiro, Shinichi Sato (The Tohoku University Museum), Atsushi Kishita, Yasumasa Ogawa, Koichi Suto, Koji Ioku, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Chihiro Inoue, Masayoshi Hatayama, Ken Hosoya, Takuya Kubo (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

Planetary Evolution Research Group

Project Members: Department Geophysics

Takayuki Ono (**, Prof., Planetary Phys., D.Sc.) Yasumasa Kasaba (Prof., Planetary Phys., D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center Hiroaki Misawa (Assoc. Prof., Planetary Phys., D.Sc.)

Department of Earth Sciences Katsuo Tsukamoto (Prof., Mineralogy, D.Sc., Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Associate Members: Naoki Terada, Yuto Kato, Hitoshi Fujiwara (Department of Geophysics), Shoichi Okano, Atsushi Kumamoto, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Takeshi Sakanoi (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center), Hirokazu Fujimaki, Norihiro Nakamura, Hidenori Terasaki, Takeshi Kuritani (Department of Earth Sciences), Isao Murata (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

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Committees (* Chairperson; ** Vice Chairperson)

Steering Committee Eiji Ohtani (*), Haruo Sato, Motoyuki Sato, Toru Matsuzawa, Hiromi Fujimoto, Fumihiko Imamura, Yasumasa Kasaba, Horoshi Kawamura, Akio Suzuki, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Michihiko Nakamura, Dapeng Zhao, Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Toshifumi Imaizumi, Shoichi Okano, Katsuo Tsukamoto, Kimio Hanawa, Kunio Kaiho, Takeshi Kakegawa, Masateru Hino

Budget and Finance Committee Takeshi Kakegawa (*), Hiroshi Kawamura, Tatsuya Ishiyama, Norihiro Nakamura

Education Steering Committee Toru Matsuzawa (*), Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (**), Michihiko Nakamura (**), Toshifumi Imaizumi (**), Haruo Sato, Toru Nakamori, Motohiko Murakami

Research Steering Committee Katsuo Tsukamoto (*), Hiromi Fujimoto (**), Fumihiko Imamura (**), Yasumasa Kasaba (**), Dapeng Zhao, Koji Minoura, Eiji Ohtani, Haruo Sato, Takayuki Ono, Kimio Hanawa, Takeshi Kakegawa

International Exchange Committee Dapeng Zhao (*), Kunio Kaiho (**), Horoshi Kawamura (**), Motoyuki Sato (**), Akio Suzuki (**), Toru Matsuzawa, Katsuo Tsukamoto, Akira Ishiwatari, Motohiko Murakami

Public Information Committee Hiroyuki Nagahama (*), Takeshi Nishimura (**), Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (**), Horoshi Kawamura, Hiroyuki Kawanobe, Jun Nemoto, Yu Tomabechi

Secretaries Fusako Kusaka, Ikue Anzai, Hiromi Sato, Yu Tomabechi, Naoko Mizuta, Yoko Takahashi (Ohtani lab.)

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COE Researchers [2008～2009]

Name Position Title Academic Advisor (Group)

Litasov Konstantin D. COE Associate Professor Eiji Ohtani (Earth and Planetary)

Masaaki Miyahara COE Assistant Professor Eiji Ohtani (Earth and Planetary)

Satoshi Okumura COE Assistant Professor Michihiko Nakamura (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Masahiro Oba COE Assistant Professor Kunio Kaiho (Origin and Extinction)

Eduardo Carcole Carrube COE Fellow Haruo Sato

(Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Koutarou Hosoda COE Assistant Professor Hiroshi Kawamura (Climate Change)

Daisuke Sugawara COE Fellow Fumihiko Imamura

Kouji Minoura (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Yuki Kimura COE Assistant Professor Katsuo Tsukamoto (Planetary Evolution)

Shun Chiyonobu COE Assistant Professor Kouji Minoura (Climate Change)

Yoshihiro Furukawa COE Assistant Professor Takeshi Kakegawa (Origin and Extinction)

Guoming Jiang COE Fellow Dapeng Zhao (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Tsubasa Otake COE Assistant Professor Takeshi Kakegawa (Origin and Extinction)

Anton Shatskiy COE Assistant Professor Eiji Ohtani (Earth and Planetary)

Hitoshi Miura COE Assistant Professor Katsuo Tsukamoto (Planetary Evolution)

Jun Muto COE Assistant Professor Hiroyuki Nagahama (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Hiromu Nakagawa COE Fellow Yasumasa Kasaba (Planetary Evolution)

Saeko Kita COE Fellow Toru Matsuzawa (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

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Special Researcher of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science


Mako Ohzono Special Researcher Hiromi Fujimoto (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Special Researcher of Tohoku University International Advanced Research and Education Organization


Shusaku Sugimoto Special Researcher Hanawa Kimio (Climate Change)

Visiting Professor (Adjunct Professor)

Name Affiliation Period

Syunichirou Karato Yale University 2008/4/1-

Hiroo Kanamori California Institute of Technology 2009/2/25-3/26

Fumiko Tajima Ludwing-Maximilians-Universitat (LMU) 2009/6-2010/3

Ho-Kwang Mao Carnegie Institution of Washington 2009/4-2010/3

Ahmed El Goresy University of Bayreuth 2009/4-2010/3

Hu Jianyu Xiamen University 2009/4-2010/3

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Activity Report for 2008-2009

I. Educational Programs and Support Activities

1. Achievements of Educational Activities

One of the most important objectives of our GCOE program is to foster the graduate students’ development into international leaders of integrated studies by training their technological development capabilities, their various skills for use in their respective fields, and their faculties to identify and pursue new research themes independently. For this purpose, it is important to provide an environment in which the students can explore interdisciplinary fields easily. It is also crucial for them to cultivate their capabilities to function professionally in an international context. From these viewpoints, we established the Education Steering Committee. We have organized the following educational programs to support the students in various ways. (1) Reorganization of Curricula and Educational Guidance Systems

In our previous 21st Century COE program, the "Graduate Course for Advanced Earth and Planetary Science" was established. Our GCOE program continues that course so that students can earn credits in the specialized subjects offered by the Department of Earth Sciences, Department of Geophysics, and Department of Environmental Studies as their related subjects. Moreover, the following programs were established as course extensions. (a) Programs for Developing Research Methods

To help students master practical techniques in different fields and to foster the ability to generate new earth sciences related to the dynamic earth, we offer the "Earth and Planetary Dynamics Special Training Course" comprising three schools: Earth and Planetary Materials Analyses, Geophysical Observations, and Earth and Planetary Physical Modeling. These schools are aimed at helping the students acquire practical skills such as chemical analyses, measurements in the fields, and numerical modeling. Each school comprises several classes. Students can choose any of them. Eight classes were offered in fiscal year 2008, with five classes offered in the first half (April-October) of fiscal year 2009. Details of the three schools are given in chapter 2. (b) Programs for Fostering Integrative Ability

We offer the GCOE Special School, composed of the GCOE Special Lectures and GCOE Frontier Seminars, given by researchers from Japan and abroad to bring up students to be researchers involved in integrated studies. The main purpose of the GCOE Special Lectures is to promote interdisciplinary studies by giving introductory lectures to help students acquire knowledge of different fields. The GCOE Frontier Seminars are mainly aimed at giving stimulations and

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suggestions to the students to open up a new field by learning leading-edge studies. In fiscal 2008, we invited 14 domestic and 29 foreign lecturers to give 18 Special Lectures and 33 Frontier Seminars. During the first half (April-October) of fiscal 2009, 5 Special Lectures and 46 Frontier Seminars were given by 11 domestic and 28 foreign lecturers. Moreover, we encourage the students to attend lectures and seminars given by Tohoku University’s Institute for International Advanced Research and Education and Career Center for Developing Human Resources with Advanced Technology and Management Skills. (c) Programs for Cultivating the Iinternationalities

Another objective of the GCOE Special Lectures and GCOE Frontier Seminars by leading scientists invited from abroad is to help students improve their English debating skills. Moreover, we invite guest professors as members of advisory boards for every doctoral student. We send students to universities and institutes in Japan and abroad and award them course credit for achievements made during internships. During fiscal 2008, seven master course students and six doctoral students earned internship credits.

We offered the following classes at which lectures were given in English, collaborating with the International Graduate Program for Advanced Science (IGPAS) provided by the Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University.

Origin of the Earth and Life I (two credits) Origin of the Earth and Life II (two credits) Advanced Lecture on Solid Earth Physics I (two credits)

(d) Programs for Interdisciplinary and Integrated Studies

We offered integrated science classes (two credits) given by leading scientists including the GCOE leaders and Dr. Koichi Tanaka, a winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, by collaborating with Institute for International Advanced Research and Education (IIARE) of Tohoku University. One of our GCOE doctoral students was accepted as a Student of Doctoral Research and Education at IIARE. Cooperating with IGPAS, we conducted an interdisciplinary class "Frontiers of Science II" (two credits) for master’s students. (e) Career Path Programs

We invited researchers working for private companies related to the earth sciences to give seminars. Cooperating with the Graduate School GP, we also offer the students a series of lectures "Frontiers at the Workplaces" (2 credits) at which invited researchers from private companies gave lectures every week. These seminars/lectures showed that the studies in the doctoral course were useful even for the general public. They provided students opportunities to become acquainted with the researchers at private companies. These activities would also be useful to encourage students wishing to proceed to studies in the doctoral courses.

(f) Publicity Activities

We set up booths at several international and domestic meetings to present our GCOE program. We produced brochures on the program and distributed them to people of various groups including high-school students. We also created a new website to convey information related to our GCOE program and tried to offer new information by updating the website as frequently as possible.

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(2) Support for Research Activities of the Graduate Students and Young Scientists

We have employed many doctoral students as Research Assistants (RAs) and have particularly encouraged excellent students as Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs) to promote their studies. We urge the graduate students to give their presentations at international meetings and support their travel expenses to attend those meetings. We also encourage the graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and young researchers to host workshops/symposia by themselves and support those expenses. Moreover, we have provided financial support for young researchers' studies. (a) Research Assistants (RAs) and Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs)

We have employed most of the doctoral students as Research Assistants (RAs) to provide financial support (around 50,000 yen per month) for their studies. Moreover, we selected particularly excellent students as Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs) and employed at a salary of 150,000 yen per month, which is 1.5 times the rate awarded in our previous 21st Century COE program. While screening applicants for the SDC, we mainly took account of the quality and number of peer-review papers written in English (first-author papers in particular), the number of the presentations at international conferences, contributions to the studies in our GCOE, and their potential as future research leaders. We accepted 36 RAs and 8 SDCs in fiscal 2008, and 31 RAs and 5 SDCs in fiscal 2009. (b) Travel Expense Support for Participation in Meetings and Promotion of Joint Studies

We supported the travel expenses for PDs, graduate students, and young researchers for participation in meetings in Japan and abroad and for the promotion of joint studies. In fiscal 2008, we sent researchers including PDs to universities and institutes abroad 36 times, and in Japan 29 times. During the first half of fiscal 2009, travel expenses abroad were supported 9 times for the researchers. Travel expense support for the doctoral students to participate in international meetings and to visit foreign institutes was provided 29 times in fiscal 2008, and 15 times in the first half of fiscal 2009. Moreover, we sent doctoral students as interns to universities and institutes overseas six times during fiscal 2008. (c) Financial Support for Young Researchers to Plan and Manage Workshops and Symposia and Support for their Studies

We encouraged the doctoral students, PDs and young researchers to promote workshops and symposia to bring them up as international research leaders. We supported them financially 14 times in fiscal 2008 and 7 times in the first half of fiscal 2009 in their efforts to plan and manage workshops and symposia. Moreover, financial support for the studies conducted mainly by young researchers was provided 10 times in fiscal 2008. (d) Invitation of Graduate Students from abroad as Interns

We invited nine graduate students in 2008, and nine in 2009 as interns from China, France, Russia, the USA, and other countries to foster young foreign researchers.

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2. Earth and Planetary Dynamics Special Training Course

GCOE Special Lab Course I in FY 2008 (School of Earth and Planetary Materials Analyses)

In the framework of GCOE educational program for graduate students to develop their researching methods, we offered six classes in the Special Lab Course I (School of Earth and Planetary Materials Analyses) in this period. The attainment targets in this course were to improve their abilities to develop original experimental techniques, to solve various on-site problems, and to open up new areas of research through multidisciplinary and practical training. An average two faculty members and GCOE-PDs were in charge of the classes and an average of five graduate students attended. Three graduate students joined from universities other than Tohoku (Univ. Tokyo, Osaka Univ. and Kyushu Univ.); their travel expenses were fully supported by GCOE. Some faculty and PDs also joined to promote future collaborative studies within GCOE.

The classes generally received favorable reviews from the participants. They worked very effectively not only in learning techniques but also in cross-laboratory communication. The classes provided the students excellent opportunities to learn more about the sources and effects of analytical error and improvement of analytical procedures. After the course, the apparatus became more than simply a black box for them. Details of the classes are summarized below.

(A) High-Pressure Experimental Petrology (B) Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis of O, C and S in Organic Matters

Contents: Lecture on theory (0.5 day); Diamond anvil cell experiments for the in-situ observation of phase transition of GaP (0.5 day); Multi-anvil apparatus experiments for a density measurement of metallic liquid (1 day).

Intended Students:

Those who have experiences of crustal pressure experiments and interested in deeper processes; those who are majoring X-ray diffraction study and spectroscopy and interested in synthetic experiments.

Date: March 3-5, 2009

Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Motohiko Murakami, Research Assoc. Prof. Tsuyoshi Sakai, R.A. Keisuke Nishida

Attendance: (Tohoku U.) Yamamoto Y. (M2), Kuritani T. (Research Assoc. Prof.) (Other organizations) Iizuka R. (M2, Univ. Tokyo)

Contents: Lecture on theory (principles of IRMS, “delta”expressions, mass independent isotope fractionation) (0.5 day); Sample preparation (0.5 day); Mass spectrometry with pyrolysis and continuous flow IRMS (0.5 day)

Intended Students:

Those who are dealing with meteoritic water, ice, water in silicate minerals and glasses; those who are doing high-pressure synthesis and interested in isotope geochemistry.

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(C) Hydrogen Isotope Ratio Analysis of Hydrous Glasses (D) Hydrothermal Experiments on Water-Rrock Interaction and ICP-MS Analysis of Solutions

(E) Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy of Silicate Glasses

Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Takeshi Kakegawa; Dr. Takahiro Watanabe (JSPS-PD) Attendance: (Tohoku U.) Ishida A.(M2),

Yoshimura S.(D2), Otomo Y.(D3), Okumura S., Furukawa Y., Otake T. (GCOE-PDs) (Other organizations) Noguchi R.(M2, Osaka Univ.)

Feedbacks: The students who are not isotope geochemistry major were interested especially in the principles of IRMS and for gas separation methods.

Contents: Off-line cryogenic extraction and manometry of water in hydrous silicate glasses by using a Toepler pump (1 day); Mass spectrometry with dual-inlet IRMS SerCon Geo20-20 (0.5 day);

Intended Students:

Those who have experiences of on-line stable isotope analyses; those who are interested in making standards for micro-FTIR and SIMS.

Date: July 27-28, 2009 Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Michihiko Nakamura Attendance: (Tohoku U.) Takeda M. (B4), Ishida A. (D1)

Contents: Reaction (elution) experiments between supercritical solution and rocks (slate, serpentine) in autoclaves (0.5 day); Lecture on the principles of ICP-MS (0.5 day); ICP-MS analysis of heavy metals in the run products (0.5 day)

Intended Students:

Those who are doing higher-pressure and temperature experiments to extend their research targets; those who need trace element analyses.

Date: Feb 17-18, 2009

Instructor: Research Associate Profs. Nobuo Hirano and Yasumasa Ogawa

Attendance: (Tohoku U.) Yoshimura S. (D2), M. Nakamura (Assoc. Prof.)

Contents: Lecture on theory (0.5 day); preparation of doubly polished thin sections of obsidian sample (0.5 day); Carl-fisher titration of the obsidian (0.5 day); FT-IR analysis of water and carbon dioxide, and data reduction with JASCO-MFT2000 (0.5 day)

Intended Students:

Those who are interested in volatiles in minerals and glasses; those who have experiences on bulk-rock analyses of water.

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(F) Some Fundamental Techniques for Experiments on Earth and Planetary Materials (Supplementation) Instruction for the Sample Preparation for Electron Microscope Observations GCOE Special Lab Course I in FY 2009 (School of Earth and Planetary Materials Analyses) Petrography of Enstatite Chondrite with Reflected Light Optical Microscope

Date: March 7-8, 2009

Instructor: Dr. Satoshi Okumura (GCOE-PD) Attendance: (Tohoku U.) Sato T. (B3), Fujioka T.

(B4), Ishida A.(M2), Kichise T. (M1) (Other organizations) Iizuka R. (M2, Univ. of Tokyo)

Feedbacks: Considerable preparation was necessary to have a smooth and time-effective class.

Contents: Lecture on the introduction to development of geophysical observation systems (0.5 day); A practice to remodel high-speed video camera (installation of an external shutter terminal, taking-off the trigger signal; 0.5 day); Test of commercial-off-the-shelf video camera (flame rate, pre-trigger time, etc; 0.5 day); Synchronization of flames with eternal signals (0.5 days).

Intended Students:

Those who are interested in fundamental experimental techniques in material sciences such as computer-control of hardware.

Date: Feb 20, 2009 Instructor: Res. Assoc. Prof. Akio Goto Attendance: (Tohoku U.) S. Nozaki (M1), Y. Yamamoto (M2), S. Okumura (GCOE-PD)

Contents: Lecture on the sample surface preparation (0.5 day) and an instruction for the use of ion-spatter Hitachi E-1045, with special emphases on the difference from the conventional carbon coater and on the adequate coating conditions for FE-SEM.

Date: March 19, 2009 Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Michihiko Nakamura, Dr. Satoshi Okumura (GCOE-PD) Attendance: (Tohoku U.) 1-2 core use(s) from each research group, Y. Kimura (GCOE-PD)

Contents: Prof. A El Goresy will teach you how to use a reflected light optical microscope in this course first. Then, we will learn how we can identify minerals under the optical microscope. We will use enstatite chondrite meteorites for this lecture. You can ensure that some minerals can be identified only by the optical microscope, and that minerals in the enstatite chondrite are variable.

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GCOE Special Lab Course II in FY 2008 (School of Geophysical Observations)

We offered two classes in FY2008. The attainment targets in this course were to improve their abilities to develop original experimental techniques mainly for digital electronics, to solve various on-site problems, and to open up new areas of research through practical and engineering trainings. As described in the following in detail, members attending to the schools include graduate and undergraduate students at Tohoku Univ. and Hokkaido Univ., with two engineers at the Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center. Some research staff members also enjoyed these chances at other activities. The classes generally received favorable opinions from the participants. They worked very effectively not only in learning electronics but also in cross-laboratory communication with engineers at companies.

We will continue to update and improve those courses during our GCOE activities.

(A) Fundamental Technology for Planetary Instruments: Data analysis (1)

(B) Fundamental Technology for Planetary Instruments: Digital Electronics (1)

Date: October 26-29, 2009 Instructor: Prof. A. El Goresy (Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth) Attendance: 15 (Students from outside 6, Students from Tohoku University 5, Internship

student 1, Researchers from Tohoku University 3)

Contents: Lecture on the data analysis tool LabView (0.5 day) Exercise and training for coding the logic analyzer with LabView (0.5 day)

Intended Students:

Students who have concerned the electronic devices in their studies, and interested in useful methods to measure digital signals.

Date: December 5, 2008 Instructor: Saku Kakibe, National Instruments

Japan Co. Attendance: (Graduate School of Science, Tohoku

U.) Takeda Mitsutaka (B3), Takeru Uno (M1), Yuki Shibazaki, Kazumasa Iwai, Akira Hashimoto (M2), Shinya Sato (Engineer), Takeshi Sakanoi (Associate Prof.)

Contents: Lecture on FPGA and the grammar of hardware language VHDL (0.5 day) Exercise VHDL programming by coding, compiling and executing a sample program with a FPGA micro kit MAX-II (0.5 day); Lecture on soldering with a text book (0.3 day); Exercise and train soldering with IC chips (0.7 days)

Intended Students:

Students who are developing electronics in their studies, and interested in hardware language for FPGA; those who need to solder small-scale (down to 0.5 mm-pitch) ICs on an electronic board.

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GCOE Special Lab Course II in FY2009 (School of Geophysical Observations) (A) Measurement School (SAR)

Date: March 12-13, 2009 Instructor: Fumihiko Kamimura (A. D. Co.) Attendance: (Graduate School of Science, Tohoku U.)

Hajime Kita (B3), Kyotaro Akizato (B4), Naoya Hoshino (M1), Kozo Yamashita, Suzuki Tomonori (D1), Yuka Sato (D2), Kota Imai, Tomonori Koshida (D3), Hiromu Nakagawa, Kato Yuto, Masato Kagitani, Eriko Ujiie (PD), Shinya Sato, Aya Koiwa (Engineer), Takeshi Sakanoi (Associate Prof.), Yasumasa Kasaba (Prof.), (Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku U.) Steve Battazzo (M1) (Hokkaido U.) Kengo Yoshida (M1)

Instructor: Taku Ozawa (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention) and Motoyuki Sato (Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University)

Attendance: Two master course students from Graduate school of science and technology; one was from Kumamoto University and the other was from Graduate school of environmental studies, Nagoya University.

Contents: The lectures covered a wide range of topics on SAR (Synthetic Aperture

Radar) such as basic theories necessary for InSAR analysis and polarimetric SAR analysis, error causes and measures against them, and current development occurring in InSAR community.

7/28 9:00-12:00 Basic principles and applications of SAR 7/28 13:00-17:00 Practice : creating SAR image by using GAMMA 7/29 9:00-12:00 Practice: creating InSAR image by using GAMMA (1) 7/29 13:00-17:00 Practice: creating InSAR image by using GAMMA (2) 8/3 9:00-12:00 Basics and theories of polarimetric SAR 8/3 13:00-17:00 Practice: analyzing polarimetric SAR using PolSARpro

Date: July 28- August 3, 2009

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(B) Measurement School (GPS) (C) Measurement School

Contents: The lectures on basic theories, error sources and their mitigation, recent developments on GPS data analysis, and so on were given with the following Schedule:

8/20 9:00-12:00 Basic principles and applications of GPS/GNSS 8/20 13:00-15:00 Basic theory of GPS/GNSS positioning 8/20 15:15-17:00 Exercise on GPS/GNSS positioning (1) 8/21 9:00-12:00 Basic theory on precise positioning (1) 8/21 13:00-15:00 Basic theory on precise positioning (2) 8/21 15:15-17:00 Exercise on GPS/GNSS positioning (2)

Date: August 20-21, 2009 Instructor: Mr. Tomoji Takasu (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology) Attendance: A master course student from Kyoto University attended.

Contents: The lectures on basis of LabView, how to use LabView, how to construct data acquisition system using LabView, and so on were given with the following Schedule:

8/26 10:00-12:00 Basis of LabView 8/26 13:00-17:00 How to use LabView (1) 8/26 10:00-12:00 How to use LabView (2) 8/26 13:00-17:00 How to construct data acquisition system using LabView

Date: August 26-27, 2009 Instructor: Associate Professor. Tetsuya Ozawa (Miyagi National College of Technology)Attendance: Not only graduate students but also faculty members and technicians attended

the lecture. LabView software package with 10 user-licenses and 10 USB-A/D converter modules were kindly donated to this program by National Instruments Inc.

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GCOE Special Lab Course III in FY2009 (School of Earth and Planetary Physical Modeling)

The aim of the lecture and practice of GCOE Special Lab Course III, titled Earth and Planetary Physical Modeling, is to learn the methods and techniques on numerical calculations using computers to model physical phenomena of the earth and other planets. Graduate students learn some concrete skills that are necessary to create physical models on the earth science by themselves by attending the classes teaching basics and applications on the numerical calculation methods and practicing the computer programming. Graduate students also learn state of the art modeling of phenomena observed in the solid earth, the fluid earth, and planets and space.

Date: October 21-23 and 26-27, 2009 Instructor: Dr. Takao Kobayashi (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral

Resources/Researcher), Dr. Toru Sugiyama (JAMSTEC)

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3. Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs)

Unquestionably, SDC is a prestigious student status. Each SDC will receive 150,000 yen/month as an assistantship stipend.

We invited applications for the SDC positions in our Global COE. Screening was performed based on the following principles:

■ Significance and importance of the student’s research, and correspondence of the research objectives to the purpose of our GCOE. ■ Publications (especially in English). ■ Presentations (especially at international conferences). ■ Potential for becoming a research leader in the future.

After the screening, the following 8 students were selected for SDCs from 37 applicants and the

decision was announced on September 1, 2008. After screening of the 38 applicants, the following 4 students were accepted as SDCs. The result was announced on June 1, 2008. We recruited the SDCs in the autumn also. From among four applicants, one student was accepted as an SDC; the result was announced on October 1, 2009.

# SDCs who resigned or were recruited in autumn are shown in parentheses.

[2008]

Name Major Field Degree Sub Group / Adviser

Takayuki Sakai Earth Science D3 Climate Change Prof. Koji Minoura

Koichi Momma Earth Science D3 Earth and Planetary Prof. Yasuhiro Kudoh

Takahiro Yajima Earth Science D3 Earthquakes and Volcanism Prof. Hiroyuki Nagahama

Shunpei Yoshimura Earth Science D2 Earthquakes and Volcanism Associate Prof. Michihiko Nakamura

Chihiro Kodama Geophysics D3 Climate Change Prof. Toshiki Iwasaki

Yuka Sato Geophysics D2 Planetary Evolution Prof. Takayuki Ono

Yuichiro Hagiwara Geophysics D3 Climate Change Associate Prof. Hajime Okamoto

Naoki Hayashi Geoenviromental Science D1 Earthquakes and Volcanism

Prof. Motoyuki Sato

[2009] Taku Umezawa

(until September 30th) Earth Science D3 Climate Change Prof. Shuji Aoki

Tomonori Suzuki Earth Science D2 Planetary Evolution Prof. Takayuki Ono

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4. Research Assistants (RAs)

Our COE Program holds specific funds to employ RAs. We made a public offering for RA positions in this Global COE. As a result, for assistance to the project members, we employed the following students as Research Assistants (RAs). The RAs receive 50,000 yen/month as a stipend. [2008] The decision was announced on September 1, 2008.

* Graduate School of Science and Faculty of Science, Earth Science Tomoko Uchida, Kentaro Kudo, Akimichi Sasaki, Toru Sasaki, Sockho JEONG, Yutaka Taketani, Ryo Nakmura

* Graduate School of Science and Faculty of Science, Geophysics Ryosuke Azuma, Hiroto Abe, Kouta Imai, Yongliang Wei, Taku Umezawa, Satoshi Kimura, Kalaee Mohammad Javad, Ryo Koiwa, Tomonori Koshida, Daisuke Goto, Tomonori Suzuki, Chikako Takamura, TiTi Anggono, Katsuya Toyama, Kozo Yamashita, Ryuhei Yoshida

* Graduate School of Enviromental Studies, Geoenviromental Science Kenkichi Sasaki, Tadayoshi Tada, Woonkyoung Park, Setsuaki Murakami

[2009] The decision was announced on June 1, 2009. We recruited the RAs in the autumn also.

* Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science Tomoko Uchida, Yoko Ohtomo, Kentaro Kudo, Tomohiro Komagino, Akimichi Sasaki, Toru Sasaki, Sockho JEONG, Hiroaki Suzuki, Yutaka Taketani, Takahito Niwa (until June 30, 2009)

* Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science Ryosuke Azuma, Hiroto Abe, Kentaro Emoto, Kalaee Mohammad Javad (until September 30, 2009), Daisuke Goto, Tadahisa Kobuna, Kouhei Shimamura, Titi Anggono, Katsuya Toyama(SDC from October 1, 2009), Asuka Nishizaka, Yukio Nishimura, Naoya Hoshino (until June 30, 2009), Midori Matsumoto, Ryuhei Yoshida

* Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Environmental Studies Ou ki (from October 1, 2009), Takashi Oda, Koji Sakashita, Tadayoshi Tada, Woonkyoung Park , YongMei, Masayoshi Matsumoto (from October 1, 2009)

# RAs who resigned or were recruited in autumn are noted in the parentheses.

Naritoshi Kitamura Earth Science D1 Planetary Evolution Associate Prof. Naoki Terada

Kenkichi Sasaki Geoenviromental Science D2 Origin and Extinction

Prof. Koji Ioku Katsuya Toyama

(from October 1st) Earth Science D3

Planetary Evolution Associate Prof. Toshio Suga

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II. Research Support Activities

1. Research Program and Supporting Activity We established new research systems and supported various research activities for

collaboration in several interdisciplinary research fields (Sciences, Engineering, and so forth) and integrated diverse discipline research fields. We elucidated the origin and future of Earth and Planetary Dynamics. We organized three research groups - including five sub-groups (SGs) - which promise strong possibilities of new developments in the previous 21st Century COE Program. We expand our research activity towards two major goals, i.e., to clarify the Dynamics of the Earth and Planets, and Earth Eenvironmental Change by combining multiple disciplines. We have organized the members of our Global COE program into five research groups; three groups on the Dynamics of the Earth and Planets, i.e., 1) Earthquake and Volcano Dynamics, 2) Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 3) Planetary Evolution, and two groups on Earth Environmental Change, 4) Climate Change, 5) Origin and Extinction of Life.

Additionally we identify several focused research targets, and members for these researches are selected from the members of the above two or more research groups and organize Focus Research Groups. (1) Five Major Research Groups in our Global COE Program

We organized three research groups including five subgroups (1, Solid Earth Research Group composed of two subcroups, Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research SG and Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research SG: 2, Earth environmental change Research Group composed of Climate Change Research SG and Origin and extinction of life Research SG: 3, Planetary Evolution Research Group). We supported 20 research subjects financially in 2008 (total 45.7 million yen). These research subjects include new developments of our advanced cutting-edge methodologies for making observations and undertaking data analyses that are the most advanced in the world. (2) Newly Organized “Integrated” Program: Focus Group

We adopted the following programs as integrated research efforts and financially supported them with 12.3 million yen: 1) Melting by planetary collision and crystallization of high pressure minerals, 2) Big mantle wedge and deep dehydration, 3) Tectonics of the fault zones and dynamics of the eco-system of the ocean floor, 4) Deep volatile cycle (carbon, hydrogen, and water dynamics), 5) Gas solid interaction on the planets, 6) Grain formation about 4.6 Ga ago. We are planning to develop these programs into new main streams of our GCOE program. These programs require not only the collaboration within Tohoku University but also cooperation with other research institutions such as JAXA, ESA, and NASA. We now promote research agreements with University of Alaska, University of Granada, University of California, Davis, Geophysical Llaboratory, CIW and so forth.

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(3) Workshops and Symposia

We organized 11 symposia including four international ones, an inter-disciplinary symposium, and a Joint and Integrated symposium (see list). The interdisciplinary symposia are those of each research field and focus group; the Joint and Integrated symposium covers wider research subjects. We financially supported these symposia with 9.83 million yen. These symposia opened our research activities to the public and promoted development of studies and reinforcements of our GCOE organization. (4) Other Research Activities and Symposia

Spring school hosted by graduate students (cosponsored with Graduate School GP grogram). We supported graduate students by organizing a spring school. The spring school was held on February 12–13, 2009. The graduate students planned and managed the spring school themselves. Such an activity is important for their transformation into future leaders of research fields. This school was cosponsored with other graduate-school supporting program for “Promotion and application of science and high-level education for young advanced scientists” of the Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University. We supported travel expenses of graduate students who participated from other universities.

2. Formulations of International Exchange and Network of Education and Research

Formulations of international exchange and networks of education and research are important objectives of the Global COE program. To further those goals, we conducted international academic exchange programs with several research institutes around the world. Additionally, we have been actively pursuing exchange programs based on existing agreements.

(1) Overseas Institutions have concluded a New International Academic Exchange Program:

• Agreement on academic exchange with Institute of Earth Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan (December 4, 2008).

• Agreement on academic exchange with Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C, U.S.A. (December 1, 2008).

• Agreement on academic exchange with V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and mineralogy SB RAS, Russia（November 7, 2008).

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(2) Overseas Institutions Planning to Organize an International Academic Exchange:

• Planning to dispatch an agreement with University of California, Davis for exchange of graduate students: We invited graduate students for internship for a period of one month.

• We are considering collaboration with THESIS program in Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany.

• We invited graduate student(s) for internship for a period of one month to assume an agreement on academic exchange with foreign institutions.

• We invited professor(s) on a short-term basis for future agreements on an academic exchange with foreign institutions with University of Gran, Spain.

(3) Institutions that Promote the Exchange based on an International Academic Exchange Conclusion:

• The Pennsylvania State University：Research for early earth environments and life’s evolution.

• ENS Lyon：Invitation of graduate student(s) for internship programs (Study of impact textures in meteorites), invitation of researcher(s) (Study of Earth core）

• The Australian National University：Students will be invited for an internship program. In addition, students will be sent for an internship (Dating of meteorites)

• University of Copenhagen：Exchange of researcher(s) (Study of evidence of the earliest life)

• Nanjing University：We invited a professor for an international symposium and had fruitful discussions on sponsorship of The Fourteenth International Summer School on Crystal Growth to be held in Dalian, China, 1st-7th August 2010.

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III. Research Activity Report

1. Research Groups Solid Earth Research Group

Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader, Leader of the GCOE Program) Eiji Ohtani (**), Michihiko Nakamura, Akio Suzuki, Katsuo Tsukamoto (Department of Earth Science), Depeng Zhao, Haruo Sato, Toru Matsuzawa (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department of Geophysics), Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

Associate Members: Yasuhiro Kudoh, Motohiko Murakami, Takahiro Kuribayashi, Hidenori Terasaki, Hirokazu Fujimaki, Kenichi Ishikawa, Satoshi Osozawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Nagase Toshirou (The Tohoku University Museum), Takeshi Sakai (International Advanced Research and Education Organization), Akira Hasegawa, Junichi Nakajima (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department of Geophysics), Hiroshi Asanuma, Nobuo Hirano, Atsushi Okamoto (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

COE Researchers: Masaaki Miyahara, Litasov Konstantin, Anton Shatskiy (Department of Earth Sciences)

Research and Education Activities

We will continue to create new views of evolving Earth through a combination of advanced mineral physics information related to Earth materials and global seismic tomography of the Earth’s interior. The research target of this group is clarification of the structure and materials of the earth’s interior, dynamics of the mantle and core including material and thermal transport in the Earth’s interior, and formation and evolution of the Earth. We also aim to clarify planet Earth’s early evolution through collaboration with the “origin and distinction of life” subgroup, the Earth’s global tectonics by collaboration with earthquake and volcanology research subgroup, and formation and evolution of planets and their satellites including the Moon and Mars. The deep volatile cycle is also an important target of this group. This group conducted the following activities related to research, education, and international exchange during April 2008-October 2009:

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① We invited seven active scientists including Prof. Ahmed El Goresy (Bayerisches Geoinsitut), Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato (Yale Univ.), Dr. Bjorn Mysen (Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington), Prof. Renata Wenzcovich (Univ. of Minnesota), and Prof. Stephane Labrosse (Univ. Lyon) and promoted research collaboration with members of our research group. They offered the GCOE Frontier Seminarｓ, the GCOE Special Lectures, and stimulated our graduate students with their world-level outstanding lectures.

② Dr. Miyahara (GCOE Research Associate) organized a one-day workshop on planetary collision for discussing the role of collision of planetesimals in the early solar system and early stage of the earth’s formation. We invited Prof. Ahmed El Goresy from Bayreuth, Prof. Makoto Kimura of Ibaraki University, and Dr. Toshimori Sekine from NIMS, and made stimulating discussion related to this topic. We are proposing the topic as a research subject of the focus group research.

③ We organized the sixth workshop on water dynamics during March 4-7, 2009 collaborating with the research group of origin and extinction of life. In all, 13 active scientists participated in this workshop. We advanced active multidisciplinary discussion related to water in geosciences, environmental sciences, and materials science.

④ Deep dehydration and intra-plate magmatism: The study of a working hypothesis of deep dehydration and big mantle wedge was accepted as a topic of focus group research in our GCOE program. Collaborative study was started by Kuritani and Nakamura (Geochemistry and Petrology), Zhao (Seismology), and Ohtani (Mineral physics).

⑤ Internship: To promote the education and research of the graduate course of GCOE program, we invited the following five graduate students from abroad to enhance the communication skills of the graduate students of our GCOE program. The internship students stayed during April 2008 - Oct. 2009 are as follows:

1) Tristan Ferroir (CNS Lyon, France): Study of the high pressure and temperature transitions of the shocked meteorites 2008/10/01-10/30 2）Lara O'Dwyer Brown (UC Davis, USA): Voscosity of komatiite magmas at high pressure and tempearture 2009/01/20-02/20 3) Igor Sharygin (V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russian Academy of

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Science): Experimental study on origin of Kimberlite, 2009/03/15-2009/06/15 4) Anna M. Dymshits (Moscow State University, Russia): Stability of Na-majorite and its application to geobatometry, 2009/06/10-2009/08/31 5) Kate Kiseeva (Australian National University, Canberra): The role of carbonated eclogite in kimberlite and carbonatite petrogenesis. 2009/08/10-2009/11/09 6) Lu Feng (Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing): Study of phase transformation textures of shocked meteorites. 2009/06/1-2009/11/30 7) Maria Polovinka (V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Nobosibirsk): Hydrogen solubility in nominally anhydrous mantle minerals coexisting with H2O-undersaturated COH-bearing fluid/melt. 2009/09/20-12/19

⑥ Following parsonells were employed as G-COE fellows: Dr. Konsantin D. Litasov, GCOE Associate Professor Dr. Masaaki Miyahara, GCOE Research Associate Dr. Anton Shatsky, GCOE Research Assoicate

Summary of Our Research during April 2008 - October2009

The main members of this group have conducted following important contributions as summarized below. Suzuki and Co-Workers measured the viscosity of NaAlSi2O6 melt and lunar high Ti basalt at high pressure. The experiments were conducted mainly at the Photon Factory, KEK, Tsukuba. Then they observed a viscosity minimum caused by the structural change in the Ti basalt melt at high pressure. Noriyoshi Tsuchiya and Co-Workers developed the in situ Raman and Infrared microscope to make in situ observations of supercritical fluids in the crust. They clarified the nature of water trapped at the grain boundary of minerals in widely various conditions from the ambient condition to 40 MPa and 400°C. Dapeng Zhao and Co-Workers made a tomographic study of the lunar interior using APOLLO seismic data. They discussed the possibility of heterogeneity in the lunar interior. They produced the “Tohoku model” of global tomography. They also conducted a tomographic study beneath the active Changbai volcano, and presented a model of deep dehydration from the stagnant slab and big mantle wedge. Testing this hypothesis will be an important topic to be addressed specifically by this GCOE program. Michihiko Nakamura and Co-Workers clarified the elemental processes of volcanic eruption. They clarified the relation between vesiculity and permeability in explosive eruptions, and showed that coagulation and connection of vesicles occur during shear deformation of the vesiculated magmas. They also showed that the grain boundary sweeping mechanism is important as a transport process of the water-rock system.

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Eiji Ohtani and Co-Workers generated 274 GPa and 2400 K conditions and showed that hcp-Fe3.4wt. %Si alloy has an hcp structure under the condition. They also generated conditions of 374 GPa and 700 K, and showed that the hcp phase is stable up to pressures existing at the Earth’s core. They determined the EOS of hcp phase of FeNiSi alloy and estimated the Si content in the inner core. Hidenori Terasaki determined the physical properties of the core forming liquid metals, such as density and interfacial energy of the molten metals at high pressure. Motohiko Murakami measured the sound velocities of lower mantle minerals and argued the origin of the seismic anomaly observed at the base of the lower mantle. Awards and Honors

Hidenori Terasaki: 2008 Incentive award of the Japan Society of High Pressure Science and Technology Eiji Ohtani and others: Elsevier 2008 PEPI Most Cited Paper Award Dapeng Zhao and others: Elsevier 2008 PEPI Most Cited Paper Award Eiji Ohtani: Awarded Distinguished Professor from Tohoku University

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Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader) Haruo Sato (**), Takeshi Nishimura (Department of Geophysics), Toru Matsuzawa, Dapeng Zhao, Hiromi Fujimoto (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Eiji Ohtani, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Toshifumi Imaizumi, Takeyoshi Yoshida, Michihiko Nakamura, Akio Suzuki (Department of Earth Sciences), Motoyuki Sato (Center for Northeast Asian Studies) Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Fumihiko Imamura (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

Associate Members: Hisashi Nakahara, Mare Yamamoto (Department of Geophysics), Akira Hasegawa, Tadahiro Sato, Masaaki Mishina, Norihito Umino, Satoshi Miura, Tomomi Okada, Yasuo Yabe, Junichi Nakajima, Naoki Uchida, Sadato Ueki, Yusaku Ohta, Ryota Hino, Motoyuki Kido, Yoshihiro Ito (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Kenshiro Otsuki, Soichi Osozawa, Norihiro Nakamura, Tatsuya Ishiyama, Takeshi Kuritani, Kenichi Ishikawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari, Akio Gotoh, Tsuyoshi Miyamoto, Manabu Watanabe (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Koji Matsuki, Kiyotoshi Sakaguchi, Akihisa Kizaki, Yuko Suto, Noriaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Asanuma (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Masato Motosaka, Shunichi Koshimura, Susumu Ohno, Takeshi Sato, Kazuhisa Goto (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

COE Researchers: Eduard Carcole Carrube (Department of Geophysics), Guoming Jiang, Saeko Kita (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Satoshi Okumura, Jun Muto (Department of Earth Sciences), Daisuke Sugawara (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

Objectives

The objective of this sub-group is to study the dynamics of earthquake rupture and volcanic eruption that take place at subduction zones and island arcs. For that purpose, we investigate the fine structure of island arcs and subducting oceanic plates as environments of these catastrophic phenomena. During the last 21 COE program, we clarified the spatiotemporal fluctuation of interplate coupling and the generation processes of interplate earthquakes by developing the asperity model. We also conducted mathematical studies of wave propagation in heterogeneous structures, the dynamics of volcanic eruptions, and the rheology of crustal rocks. Based on advanced and systematically organized methodology of geophysics and material science, this sub-group will advance studies in the following subjects, thereby extending the progress that was earned during the last 21 COE program:

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(1) Dynamics of earthquake rupture in island arcs and plate subduction zones (2) Dynamics of volcanic eruption (3) Heterogeneous structure of plate subduction zones (4) Crustal structure of the island-arc, including active faults and volcanoes (5) Prediction of tsunami hazards

We will develop new instruments for geophysical observations, new models for wave propagation and earthquake fractures, and new analytical tools for processing large amounts of digital data. We will further improve our global tomography models to map higher-resolution images of subducting slabs and mantle plumes. We will study magma processes in shallow volcanic conduits and clarify the physical and chemical parameters that control the styles and magnitudes of volcanic eruptions. We also plan to develop quantitative methods for prediction of tsunami hazards. Research Results (1) Dynamics of Earthquake Rupture in Island Arcs and Plate Subduction Zones

The northeastern Japan arc is one of the most seismically active subduction zones in the world. Large earthquakes have caused disasters by destroying buildings. For those reasons and others, studies to reveal the processes of earthquake generation are extremely important. Genesis of interplate earthquakes and seismic coupling

We have revised the “asperity model” that was originally proposed by Kanamori’s group in the 1980s. In the revised asperity model, asperity is a synonym of the “seismic patch” on the plate boundary, whereas areas other than asperities on the plate fundamentally slip aseismically. The revised asperity model can explain various characteristics of interplate earthquakes and slip deficit patterns estimated from GPS observations. Yamamoto and Hino investigated the seismic velocity structure from off-Sanriku to off-Fukushima and concluded that the interplate coupling is fundamentally controlled by the inhomogeneity of the rocks in the upper block of the plate boundary. Muto and Nagahama made a rock sliding experiment and found that frictional discharges can occur at microscopic asperities at the onsets of seismic slip, which might be one source of seismo-electromagnetic phenomena. Nagahama, Uchida, and Matsuzawa investigated the afterslip associated with large interplate earthquakes and showed that viscoelastic transient responses associated with various sizes of earthquakes can explain the afterslip characteristics. Earthquake generation process beneath the land area

To explain the generation of shallow earthquakes beneath the land area, we proposed the “lower-crust-softening model” in which the lower crust locally softens beneath active faults and the strain energy in the upper crust can easily build up immediately above the soft areas in the lower crust. Okada and Umino investigated the 3-D velocity structure around the earthquake source area and found that the lower-crust-softening model can explain the earthquake generation. Ohta, Ohzono, and Miura proposed a coseismic fault model for the earthquake using data from a dense GPS network and found that a simple rectangular fault model can explain the overall features of the observed deformation.

Nagahama et al. compared the anomalous increase in atmospheric radon concentration prior to the 1995 Kobe earthquake with that in crustal strain, and concluded that the observation of atmospheric radon is of benefit in the detection of the small anomalous preseismic strain. This study is necessary

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for understanding of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere interaction attributable to the radon emanation associated with large earthquakes. Cause of intraslab earthquakes

Lithostatic pressure in the descending slab is greater than 1 GPa at depths greater than 30 km; it is difficult to explain the cause of the intraslab earthquakes without the influence of fluids. Kita and Okada proposed a hypothesis that large earthquakes tend to occur in areas where background seismicity is higher than in other areas, assuming the high seismicity indicates the abundance of fluids. Their hypothesis can explain the occurrence of the Mj6.8 intraslab earthquake that occurred beneath northeastern Japan. Improvement of GPS/Acoustic systems for observation of seafloor crustal movement

Kido improved the repeatability of GPS/Acoustic seafloor positioning by precisely monitoring the buoy attitude with a gyro. Osada also improved it using a high rate of GPS positioning. Fujimoto has been developing a GPS/Acoustic system on a moored buoy for continuous geodetic monitoring. (2) Dynamics of Volcanic Eruption

Complex behaviors of the volcanic fluid underground generate various volcanic eruptions in style and magnitude. Because the volcanic fluid is a mixture of gases, liquids, and solid particles and because it interacts with the surrounding rocks, multi-disciplinary approaches aimed at clarifying microscale processes such as gas bubble growth and degassing and the macro-scale behaviors of the volcanic flow in the conduit and reservoir are necessary for understanding the volcanic eruption dynamics. Focusing our interests on the volcanic fluid behaviors at shallow areas, we studied the volcanic eruption dynamics mainly from laboratory experiments and geological sample analyses, theoretical modeling on volcanic flow underground and related phenomena such as seismic wave radiation and volcano deformation, and geophysical observations at active volcanoes.

Nakamura et al. clarified some important relations between the magma permeability, which is an indicator of the out-gassing efficiency and the eruption activities, from volcanic sample analyses. They also experimentally clarified that the formation process of a dense lava flow layer is controlled by changes in the permeability and microstructures of gas bubbles, and diffusion processes of water molecules in magma. Nishimura et al. theoretically clarified relations of the basic gas bubble behavior in an open conduit to the volcano inflation. They further modeled the 1-D magma motions in an open conduit and numerically calculated magma upward migrations and volcano inflation. Yamamoto et al. simulated seismic waves radiated from a crack and conduit filled with volcanic fluid. They further investigate the effects of fluid viscosity and anelasticity of the medium on the observed seismic signals. Ueki et al. made seismic and geodetic observations at Iwate volcano to elucidate magma activity at shallow areas and developed evaluation methods of the volcanic activity. Nishimura, Ueki, Ohta and others deployed geodetic stations at Semeru, Sakurajima, and Suwanosejima volcanoes to understand the stages preceding eruption by determining the spatiotemporal changes of magma in shallow areas.

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(3) Heterogeneous Structure of Plate Subduction Zones For understanding the environment of earthquake rupture and volcanism in island arcs, it is first

necessary to clarify the heterogeneous structure of plate subduction zones using seismic tomography. To measure small-scale medium heterogeneity, it is useful to analyze seismic wave scattering phenomena. We also developed a theory and analysis of the noise correlation method as a new tool. Travel-time tomography

Wang and Zhao determined 3-D P-wave anisotropy tomography under NE Japan and revealed strong anisotropy in the subducting Pacific slab and the upper mantle wedge, which might reflect the slab dehydration and corner flow in the mantle wedge. Jiang and Zhao revealed metastable olivine wedge at depths > 400 km in the subducting Pacific slab under the Sea of Japan and suggested that the occurrence of deep earthquakes might be related to the metastable olivine wedge in the slab. Nakajima et al. revealed a horizontal low-velocity zone in the aftershock area of the 1993 Kushiro-Oki earthquake (M7.8) and an inclined low-velocity zone in the lower plane of the double seismic zone within the Pacific slab. Zhao et al. determined 3-D P and S wave velocity and Poisson’s ratio images under the entire NE Japan arc from the Japan Trench to the Sea of Japan coast using P, S and sP wave data. Their results provide new insight into arc magmatism and the relation between asperities and large earthquakes along the interplate thrust zone. Seismic wave scattering

The frequency dependence and travel distance dependence of S-seismogram envelopes in short periods provide fruitful information about the medium heterogeneity and intrinsic absorption. Applying the multiple-lapse time window analysis to Hi-net data, Carcole and Sato mapped the scattering strength and intrinsic absorption in Japan, which shows clear correlation with tectonic settings. Takahashi, Sato, and Nishimura analyzed the path dependence of the peak delay of S-waves in Tohoku, Japan. They found strong heterogeneity, especially beneath the Quaternary volcanoes. They further developed a tomographic method to reveal the power spectral density of random velocity fluctuation from the peak delay data. This method is anticipated as a new tool to reveal quantitative aspects of the medium heterogeneity. Nagahama studied the seismic ray theory in nonisotropic inhomogeneous media based on non-Euclidean geometry called Finsler geometry. Sato developed a theoretical synthesis of vector wave envelopes in nonisotropic random elastic media.

Monitoring the spectral ratio of coda waves of local earthquakes registered at the ground surface to those of the downhole, Sawazaki, Sato, Nakahara, and Nishimura identified a long period recovery of the shear modulus that dropped suddenly during the strong earthquake ground motion. Monitoring autocorrelations of ambient seismic noises, Nakahara et al. detected phase delays in correlations of ambient noises in the source region of the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu, Japan earthquake. They found that the velocity change is localized not only in shallow parts, but also in deeper parts.

(4) Crustal Structure of the Island Arc, Including Active Faults and Volcanoes

We investigated intracrustal structure, including the distribution of fault systems and magma plumbing systems of volcanoes, and tectonics and dynamics of island arcs. In particular, we studied a large intraplate (inland) earthquake: the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake (M7.2). Volcanic system and its dynamics

Yoshida et al. reviewed recent geological and petrological studies and synthesized the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the late Cenozoic NE Honshu arc. Interactions between the NE Honshu

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arc and the surrounding plates and the related magmatism appear to have been the main controls on tectonic evolution, including the transition of the regional stress field and the subsidence history of the sedimentary basin of the NE Honshu arc. The change in magmatic compositions mainly reflects the thermal structure of the mantle and overlying crust and the distribution of the source materials via changes of the magma segregation depth. Change in the structure of magma plumbing system and the mode of volcanic activity reflects an intracrustal stress regime controlled mainly by plate motion. Changes in the eruption volumes are related to both the thermal structure and the regional stress regime. These relations result from a close link between tectonic and magmatic evolution of the island arc.

Okada et al. revealed the inhomogeneous distribution of seismic low-velocity zones in the focal area of the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake (M7.2) and the surrounding volcanic areas,which can be interpreted as the crustal fluid or the magma. They suggested that the magma system and the fluid released from it strongly affect and promote this earthquake occurrence. Fault structure and island arc dynamics

Otsuki, Imaizumi, Ishiyama, and Nakamura conducted field mapping of coseismic surface ruptures associated with the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake. Their studies indicate that the ruptures are east-verging and west-verging thrust faults and are located along the eastern flank of the Ou Mountains, where geologic evidence for recent fault activity are poorly understood prior to the 2008 event. Seismic reflection surveys conducted by ERI, Imaizumi, and Ishiyama revealed that the 2008 hypocenter is overlain by pairs of middle Miocene west-dipping normal faults that were reactivated as reverse faults during the Quaternary times. A thick accumulation of Pliocene to Pleistocene volcaniclastic sediments overlying these reactivated normal faults possibly blurred evidence for the recent activity of Quaternary faults.

Okada and his co-workers revealed the aftershock distribution and detailed seismic velocity structure of the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake (M7.2) and suggested that the earthquake is possibly a fluid-driven, compressional inversion earthquake formed along the Quaternary volcanic front. Ishiyama and Imaizumi also conducted seismic reflection profiling and borehole transects across the Kakuda Mountain thrust, which is buried beneath Neogene sediments that are more than 7-km thick. They showed that the structure deforms Holocene strata at ca. 3 mm /yr. Detailed structure of fractures in the crust

Sato et al. developed the borehole-radar system for estimating 3-D distribution of cracks by field survey. This system can visualize the distribution of cracks within about 20 m from the borehole in crystalline rock. They also developed a directional borehole radar system. Using that system for subsurface fracture imaging at Kamaishi test field in Iwate, they visualized the 3-D orientation of subsurface fractures up to 10 m from a borehole. (5) Prediction of Tsunami Hazards Prediction of a tsunami along the coast

The Imamura and Hino group tried to develop a numerical method to predict a tsunami along the coast using earthquake and tsunami data observed by a GPS buoy and bottom pressure gauge in real time for the cases of the 1896 Sanriku and 2008 Ibaraki and off-Fukushima tsunamis as examples. Two methods using databases and real-time forecasting were proposed by taking consideration of available input data, the CPU time and its accuracy for estimating the tsunami behaviors along the

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coast. The forecasting system stored in the database along with the several scenarios with the appropriate fault parameters provided reasonable results including the tsunami heights as well as the inundation area.

Regarding real-time tsunami forecasting based on ocean-bottom pressure gauges, they developed a new inversion scheme that allows the use of the bottom pressure data acquired in the focal area of tsunamigenic earthquake for estimating spatial distribution of initial tsunami height. The new algorithm improved this deficiency using appropriate Green’s function in the tsunami source inversion. It has proven to be valid by modeling of the tsunami accompanying the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake. Study of the pre-historical and historical tsunami deposits

Along the Sanriku Rias coast to the Joban coastline, facing the Japan Trench, many tsunami events have been recorded through history. The Imaizumi group investigated the historical and pre-historical tsunami deposits to clarify the timing and the recurrence intervals of great earthquakes occurring in and around the Japan trench, using a geoslicer and handy drilling machine under the back swamp of the alluvial lowland and the backshore on the raised Holocene marine terraces. Along the Joban coast during the past 1000-5000 years, many layers of tsunami deposits have been recognized, respectively, in Namie, Matsukawaura, and Iwaki. The last event deposit probably derived from the AD 869 Jogan Tsunami. The recurrence interval of these tsunami events is estimated as 500-1000 years. International Workshops

During the first year of the GCOE program (fiscal 2008), two international workshops were held at Tohoku University: one was Seismic wave scattering and earth heterogeneity (2/16-17/2009, Conveners, H. Sato and M. Korn) which specifically addressed seismic wave scattering in the heterogeneous earth and the seismic interferometry method; the other was Circum-Pacific subduction zones: Insights from geodesy, seismology, and volcanology (2/18-19/2009, Conveners, S. Miura et al.) which focused on the tectonics of subduction zones and the mechanisms of earthquake rupture and volcanic eruption. Awards Nishimura, T., H. Nakahara, and H. Sato: 2007 Excellent Paper Award of the Seismological Society of Japan. Imamura, F.: The 2007 Continuing International Contribution Award of Japan Society of Civil Engineering. Nakajima, J.: 2007 Young Scientist Award of the Seismological Society of Japan. Sato, T.: The Earth Tide Commission Medal of International Association of Geodesy. Zhao, D.: 2008 Most Cited Paper Award of PEPI, Elsevier. Goto, K. and F. Imamura: 2009 Best paper Awards by the Sedimentological Society of Japan.

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Earth Environmental Change Research Group Climate Change Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader) Kimio Hanawa (**) (Department of Geophysics), Takakiyo Nakazawa （Department of Earth Sciences）, Hiroshi Kawamura (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies), Toshio Suga (Department of Geophysics), Koji Minoura, Kunio Kaiho (Department of Earth Sciences)

Associate Members: Toshiki Iwasaki, Weiming Sha, Takeshi Yamazaki, Shoichi Kizu (Department of Geophysics), Tadahiro Sato, Satoshi Miura, Toru Nakamori, Masateru Hino, Shinichi Hirano, Yoshinori Otsuki, Noritoshi Suzuki, Tsutomu Yamada （Department of Earth Sciences）, Shuji Aoki, Tadahiro Hayasaka, Hajime Okamoto, Futoki Sakaida, Teruhisa Shimada (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Osamu Sasaki (The Tohoku Univerisity Museum), Kiyotaka Sakaida, Gen Ueda, Ryohei Sekine (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Akira Mano, Keiko Udo (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies)

COE Researchers: Shun Chiyonobu (Department of Earth Sciences), Kotaro Hosoda (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies)

Special Researcher: Shusaku Sugimoto (International Advanced Research and Education Organization, Tohoku University)

Research Purpose and Targets

Based on the achievements made in the 21st Century COE program, we will further develop our studies of the following topics. We will clarify mechanisms of global warming by examining changes in oceanic stratification and circulation, and very high sea-surface temperature (SST) phenomena (Hot Events) and their impacts on global/regional climate and weather. We will monitor greenhouse gases and related atmospheric and oceanic components and assess their global distribution accurately. Satellite-based oceanographic and atmospheric research will be conducted using a network that has already been constructed among more than 10 Asian universities. Several research targets are described specifically as follows.

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(1) We clarify the time-dependent nature of the reemergence phenomenon of subtropical mode water on winter sea-surface temperature (SST) variation in the central North Pacific, and the link of its phase shift with the Aleutian Low.

(2) Using satellite-derived data for SST, sea surface height, the surface wind vector, and ocean color, large-scale anomalies with very high SSTs greater than 30° (Hot Events) are investigated in the equatorial Indo-Pacific warm pool region.

(3) We develop new high-precision techniques for measuring atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as the atmospheric oxygen concentration and their isotopic ratios. Using these techniques, extensive measurements of atmospheric and oceanic components related to the circulation of greenhouse gases will be conducted at locations around the world.

(4) Analyses of polar ice cores from many sites in Antarctica and Greenland are also conducted. Results will reveal temporal and spatial variations of greenhouse gases in the troposphere and the stratosphere on a global scale.

Summary of Our Research during April 2008 - October 2009

Five program members of the group have made the important contributions summarized below. See the detailed reports prepared by each of the program members. (1) Kimio Hanawa and Co-Authors have maintained

high-resolution XBT/XCTD (HRX) monitoring between Hawaii and Japan three times a year since 1998 to the present (this monitoring line is internationally designated as PX-40). Using these monitoring data, yearly mean heat and freshwater transport are estimated respectively as 0.32 ± 0.17 pW and 0.08 ± 0.07 Sv. These values are in line with those estimated using the surface flux method with atmospheric reanalysis data.

Figure. Estimated northward heat (a) and freshwater (b) transports and comparison with those estimated by the surface flux methd using the atmospheric reanalysis data and the direct method using the hydrographic data.

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(2) Takakiyo Nakazawa and Co-Workers reconstructed temporal variations of the CO2, CH4, and N2O concentrations, the O2/N2 ratio, and the air content of ice over the last 720 kyr using the Dome Fuji deep ice core. They also developed a high-precision analysis technique for δ13C and δD of CH4, then analyzed the present atmosphere and air samples extracted from two Antarctic ice cores for both isotopic ratios. The results showed not only secular changes in δ13C and δD attributable to human activities, but also temporal variations in response to interstadial-stadial variations that occurred during the glacial period.

Figure. Variations of atmospheric CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations over the last 580000 years deduced from the Dome-Fuji deep ice core, Antarctica. The δ18O values of ice are also shown.

(3) Hiroshi Kawamura and Co-Workers identified a Hot Event in the tropical western Pacific in

November 2006. A case study of this HE is conducted using satellite products and in-situ measurements from the TAO/TRITON mooring array. Two parts (EAST and WEST) with very high SST connected to form the HE SST in the WEST increase quickly with large diurnal SST variations, which are caused by large solar radiation and suppressed latent heat loss. The increase of the mixed-layer heat content is clearly accounted for by the accumulated heat gain through air-sea interaction. The formation mechanism of EAST is completely different; its very high SST is supported by a subsurface high SST anomaly associated with El Nino.

Figure. Distributuion of Hot Event (HE) intensity, which is the period mean of residual (MGD-SST minus 30ºC). This HE occurred in November 2006 (HE0611).

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(4) Toshio Suga and Co-Workers calculated the annual subduction rate of the North Pacific based on isopycnally averaged hydrographic climatology (HydroBase), high-resolution winter mixed-layer climatology (NWMLC), and various wind stress climatologies from ship reports, numerical weather prediction products, and satellite products. The subduction rate census for density classes showed peaks corresponding to subtropical mode water (STMW), central mode water (CMW), and eastern subtropical mode water (ESTMW). Diagnosis of the potential vorticity (PV) of the subducted water demonstrated that the low PV of STMW was mainly attributable to the large subduction rate, whereas that of both ESTMW and CMW was due mainly to the small density advection rate (cross-isopycnal flow). Additionally, a large subduction rate probably contributes to the low PV of part of the lighter CMW (ESTMW) formed in the region around 38°N and 170°W (28°N and 145°W), as characterized by a thick winter mixed layer and an associated mixed-layer front, causing a large lateral induction rate.

(5) Koji Minoura and Co-Workers have tried to present last-glacial to postglacial records of

paleoclimate proxies from Lake Hovsgol. Their results revealed the following. Increasing summer radiation caused the atmospheric-pressure gradient between continents and oceans to decrease. The summer monsoon that developed because of increased solar-energy absorption of the ocean surface transported moisture from the ocean onto the land, thereby producing warm, wet climatic conditions in the Asian interior as orbital-scale insolation gradually increased. The authors associate this response with high-altitude terrestrial processes via the changing atmospheric desiccation-precipitation reactions, and suggest that the enhanced solar radiation activity accelerated deglacial warming through feedback caused by increasing vegetation with resulting albedo decreases.

Awards and Honors

Tadahiro Sato: The Earth Tide Commission Medal 2008, International Association of Geodesy

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Earth Environmental Change Research Group Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader) Takeshi Kakegawa (**), Kunio Kaiho (Department of Earth Sciences)

Associate Members: Masayuki Ehiro, Shinichi Sato (The Tohoku University Museum), Atsushi Kishita, Yasumasa Ogawa, Koichi Suto, Koji Ioku, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Chihiro Inoue, Masayoshi Hatayama, Ken Hosoya, Takuya Kubo (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

COE Researchers: Masahiro Ohba, Yoshihiro Furukawa, Tsubasa Otake (Department of Earth Sciences)

Outline

This group is the smallest research sub-group. This research group particularly addresses scientific problems of (1-1) the origin of life and early evolution of biosphere and (1-2) mass extinction and surrounding environments. Profs. Kakegawa and Kaiho are the principal leading scientists of this sub-group. We also have associate members from the Department of Environmental Sciences. Research subjects of associate members, mostly engineering aspects, differ greatly from the major goal of Global COE. For that reason, the research achievements of associate members are not listed here. (1-1) Studies of the Origin of Life

This group has a unique working hypothesis that bio-essential organic molecules, including amino acids, originated in primitive oceanic environments from meteorite impacts that occurred during the late heavy bombardment. Such bio-essential organic molecules were polymerized into “big” molecules and then connected to the origin of life. This hypothesis differs greatly from the popular Panspermia hypothesis. To examine our hypothesis, we performed shock experiments to simulate oceanic impact circumstances. Technical difficulties arose in addressing aqueous water in the shock experiments, but we overcame such difficulties through the great efforts of a graduate student. For the shock-recovery experiment, we were successful the first time in simulating the water-rock interaction, which had been impossible in prior studies. Results showed that many mineral phases dissolved into supercritical water and then formed new mineral phases with characteristic shape and chemistry.

We synthesized an amino acid (glycine) and other organic molecules (several carboxylic acids and amines) using an oceanic impact condition. This was the first success in synthesizing organic

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molecules through shock conditions. These results were published in Nature (Geoscience) and other Japanese journals. The impact of the reports was tremendous and broadcast all over the world by international media, such as the Discovery Channel, USA Today, and so on. The Japanese national TV broadcasting company (NHK) picked up this topic as a highlight in their special educational and public TV program.

Polymerization experiments of amino acids were also performed under high temperatures (100-200°C) and pressures (20-150 MPa). Experiments specifically examined “dry” or non-aqueous conditions, while majority of the worlds prefers aqueous conditions. Valine and methionine, representative amino acids, were polymerized, respectively, up to 5-mers and 3-mer. Such polymerization was not recognized in prior aqueous experiments, but we achieved them. Those results suggest not only the importance of pressure but also the potential for protein formation in subsurface regions of the primitive Earth.

Geochemical studies were performed on Precambrian rocks to elicit more evidence to understand early life and their living environments. Samples were collected from Greenland, South Africa, and Canada. This group found a new outcrop containing graphite. Such graphite is distinctive in terms of carbon isotopes and TEM textures, suggesting a biogenic origin.

(1-2) Study of Mass Extinction

Carbon isotope compositions of organic matter were determined on the end-Permian sections collected from southern China. Carbon isotope compositions show secular variation with geologic time. Such variation might indicate the input of exotic carbon in the contemporary carbon cycle. Exotic carbon was supplied by the collapse of methane hydrates and denudation of forest soils. Phototrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which are very unusual marine bacteria, were proposed to be active during such unusual carbon excursion. Extensive biomarker studies were performed on the same Chinese section. Highlights from the biomarker studies were the discovery of benzohopanes and diaromatic 8(14)-secohopanoids in carbonate sections.

Carbon isotope studies were also performed on a Permian-Triassic carbonate section (Bulla section) from northern Italy. Carbon isotope fractionation in carbonate occurs after a negative carbonate carbon-isotope shift, consistent with two other northern Italian sites (Val Badia and Tesero). We suggest that the end-Permian extinction crept from region to region and that marine extinction occurred first in high northern latitudes.

This research group found index fossils Albaillella cf. triangularis (Radiolaria) in siliceous claystone beds, Hindeodus parvus (Conodont) in the overlying black claystone beds, and Neospathodus cf. cristagalli and Ns. waageni (Conodont) in subsequent siliceous claystone beds in Akkamori section-2 in northern Japan. Such paleontological and sedimentological evidence implies that Akkamori section-2 is a continuous pelagic section that records the end-Permian mass extinction event. Geochemical data suggest oceanic anoxia at shallow depths and probably stable primary productivity during sedimentation of the examined sections. Those results imply that radiolarian extinction occurred at the end of the Permian, coinciding with oceanic anoxia.

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Triassic sections from the same area were studied by this group. Analyses of conodonts and organic molecules were performed on siliceous claystones and cherts from accretionary complexes in Japan, which span the upper lower Triassic to the lowermost Middle Triassic. High values of dibenzothiophene (a biomarker index of anoxic depositional environments) and sulfur/carbon ratios are present, suggesting development of anoxic deep water at the end of the Triassic, which is inferred to be directly connected to mass extinction, including that of radiolaria.

(2) International Education and Training System for Graduate Students

Some graduate students in this group have foreign advisors: Prof. Minik Rosing from Copenhagen University and Prof. Daniele Pinti from the University of Quebec. Students in this group are also actively involved in international field studies including Chinese Perminan sections and Canadian Proterozoic sections. One student was accepted to an invited talk at the International Goldschmidt Conference. These are evidence of how this group’s education has been internationalized. (3) International Exchange

Many studies done by this group were based on international exchange programs. As a result, one doctoral student received a job offer from the Geophysical Laboratory at the Carnegie Institute. We also accepted a post-doctoral student from Penn State University. International field studies were also performed through some exchange programs. These are examples of how our international exchange program functions. This group hosted two international workshops: a Water Dynamics symposium (Sendai) and a Precambrian World Symposium (Fukuoka). Our research achievements were presented and welcomed by international communities through our own symposia. (4) Interaction from Different Disciplines

This group is collaborating with material science experts (National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba) to perform shock-recovery experiments. In addition, collaboration with an engineering group (Kitami Technology Institute in Hokkaido, Tohoku Univ.) produced numerical simulations for a Cretaceous impact event. Microbiologists (Tokyo Pharmacy Univ., AIST) were also involved for investigation of submarine hydrothermal ecosystems and the deep biosphere. We also organized a joint symposium with associate members at Tohoku University, whose emphases of study are in fields of biotechnology in most cases, at the Water Dynamics Symposium.

View of shock experiments to synthesize amino acids.

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Subsurface layers identified by theRadarSounderobservation on-board the Kaguya spacecraft.

Planetary Evolution Research Group Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader) Takayuki Ono (**), Yasumasa Kasaba, (Department of Geophysics), Hiroaki Misawa (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center), Katsuo Tsukamoto (Department of Earth Sciences)

Associate Members: Naoki Terada, Yuto Kato, Hitoshi Fujiwara (Department of Geophysics), Shoichi Okano, Atsushi Kumamoto, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Takeshi Sakanoi (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center), Hirokazu Fujimaki, Norihiro Nakamura, Hidenori Terasaki, Takeshi Kuritani (Department of Earth Sciences), Isao Murata (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

COE Researchers: Yuki Kimura, Hitoshi Miura (Department of Earth Sciences), Hiromu Nakagawa (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center)

Progress in 2008

To study the evolution of planetary bodies and their atmospheres, we surveyed the thermal history of the moon using the radar sounder observation on-board the Kaguya spacecraft. To study the long-term and short-term variation of the planetary atmosphere and plasma environment, we investigated long-term observation data obtained using the Akebono satellite and ground-based observation of Jovian Decameter radiation and Jovian Synchrotron emissions.

The Lunar Radar sounder observations on board the Kaguya spacecraft revealed subsurface layers at an apparent depth of several hundred meters in nearside maria. Comparison with the surface geology in the Serenitatis Basin implies that prominent echoes are probably from buried regolith layers accumulated during the depositional hiatus of mare basalts. That stratification indicates a tectonic quiescence between 3.55 and 2.84 billion years ago; mare ridges were formed subsequently. The basalts that accumulated during this quiet period have a total thickness of only a few hundred meters. These observations suggest that mascon loading did not produce the tectonics in Serenitatis

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after 3.55 billion years ago. Global cooling of the moon’s body probably dominated the tectonics after 2.84 billion years ago.

Evolution of the planetary plasma environment has mainly been studied using data of the

Akebono satellite, launched in 1989, which has provided continuous observations of the earth’s magnetosphere for more than 20 years. The long-term satellite observations of the plasma environment clearly show dramatic changes of the plasma environment associated with the variation of the solar activity.

To investigate planetary evolution in the early solar system, we conducted crystallization experiments of cosmic materials in situations simulating astrophysical environments. Silicate crystals of various types were observed in primitive meteorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). In contrast, most cosmic materials in interstellar regions are known to be amorphous. Therefore, the crystallization mechanism in the early solar system is a key issue related to planetary evolution. To elucidate the crystallization mechanism, many authors have conducted crystallization experiments under equilibrium or near-equilibrium conditions. In contrast, our group considered that the astrophysical environments in which cosmic materials crystallized must be far from equilibrium. We conducted crystallization experiments in situations simulating astrophysical environments (rapid cooling, non-contact, levitating, and micro-gravity) and succeeded in reproducing the cosmic crystals observed in meteorites and IDPs in conditions far from equilibrium. Figure 1 shows enstatite crystals elongated to the a-axis, which were synthesized though direct condensation from supersaturated silicate vapor. Their crystallographic morphologies closely resemble that of enstatite whisker crystals observed in IDPs. The condensation temperature is lower than the equilibrium condensation temperature by a few hundred Kelvin or more. Our results suggest that crystallization occurring far from equilibrium conditions is important to elucidate the planetary evolution processes.

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FG

FG

Solid Earth Research G

Planetary Evolution Res. G

Earth Environment Res. G

FG

Earth Environment

Earth Planet.Dynamics

Water CO2

FG

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Core

Moon

Mantle Wedge

2. Focus Research Groups Research and Education Activities

We are planning to promote some focused research topics of a cross-disciplinary nature in our GCOE program. An exemple of such topic is “water dynamics”, which was started during the previous 21st Century COE program. We defined the following topics as focused cross-disciplinary research in our GCOE program.

Focused Cross - Disciplinary Research

We defined following topics as focused research tagets in the beginning of this program. ・Moon - Observations from the Kaguya project combining studies of Lunar exploration, lunar

geochemistry, Rock magnetism, and Meteoritics. We collaborate with JAXA and National Astronomical Observatory (NAO).

・Earth and Planetary Core - Ultrahigh-pressure mineral physics, global seismology, magnetosphere

physics, planetary exploration. We collaborate with Geophysical Laboratory, Illinois Univ., Sobolev Institute, ENS Lyon.

・Big Mantle Wedge and Deep Dehydration - Seismology, Petrology, Geology, Climatology. We

collaborate with the USGS and the University of Alaska. ・Deep Volatile Cycle (Carbon, Hydrogen, and Water Dynamics) - Water-Rock interaction,

Circulation of water within the crust and mantle, Global volatile cycle between surface to the center of the Earth, Fate of water, carbon, and other volatiles in the subduction zone, Ocean Sciences, Origin of life, Sciences on Eco-system and environment. We organized the annual “Water Dynamics” workshop to promote these focused group activities.

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Water-Rock Deep Water

Ocean Science

Origin of Life

ResearchInternational

Workshop Ex. Water Dynamics Future Perspective

Planning of Research Proposal for JSPS

Education Special Lecture COE Seminar

Water andSubduction

Water−CO2

(Water Dynamics) Environment

・Gas-Solid Interaction on Planets and Satellites - Study of the planetary interior based on information of the planetary atmosphere, Effects of the activities of the planetary interior on the properties of its atmosphere, with particular study of the Na atmosphere on planets and satellites such as Mercury, the Moon, and Io. We conducted a workshop related to interaction of the atmosphere and internal activity of the planets.

Symposiums and Workshops

We conducted the following workshops to identify the focused research topics in this program. 1. The 6th International Workshop on Water Dynamics was held on March 4-6, 2009 at the

International Center, Sendai. The topics included such subjects as earthquakes and volcanic activities, Earth’s deep interior, and the origin and extinction of life.

2. Focus Group Workshop: No. 1: The International Workshop on "Crystallization in The Early Solar Nebula 4.6 Billion Years Ago"

3. Focus Group Workshop: No. 2: The International Workshop on "Planetary Collision" 4. Focus Group Workshop: No.3: Workshop for Interactions between GAS and SOLID at

Planets

Financial Supports We selected following programs on focused targets, and made financial support to promote the new direction of Focus studies. The amount of financial support was 1.0–2.8 million JPY for each project.

1. Big Mantle Wedge and Deep Dehydration in the Transition Zone 2. Melting by Planetary Collision and Crystallization of High-Pressure Minerals from

Shocked Melts 3. Tectonics of the Active Fault Zones and the Ocean Floor Eco-Systems 4. Gas and Solid Interactions on Planets and Satellites 5. New Nanoscale Phenomena and Grain Formation about 4.6 Ga Ago

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Big Mantle Wedge and Deep Dehydration in the Transition Zone Research Members:

Eiji Ohtani, Dapeng Zhao, Takeshi Kuritani, Michihiko Nakamura, Fumiko Tajima, Konstantin D. Litasov

Report: 1. We started to study the effect of

dehydration from slabs. We measured the dihedral angle between wadsleyite, majorite, and aqueous fluid, which revealed that the angles were around 40 degrees and that the aqueous fluid is percolative in the transition zone. We are also planning to conduct further experiments on the elements partitioning between aqueous fluid and minerals in the deep upper mantle and transition zone to clarify the effects of hydrous magmas generated at the base of the upper mantle (Ohtani and Zhao, 2009, in press).

2. Effects of volatiles such as CO2 on partial melting of the slabs at high pressure were clarified (Sujoy et al., 2009; Litasov et al., 2009 in press). These experiments are also related to topics on water dynamics and the deep carbon cycle, which are important issues of focus research projects.

3. We clarified the reaction between hydrous ringwoodite and iron to form iron hydride and anhydrous ringwoodite. This result was applied to the dehydration process in hypothetical ancient Martian subduction. We presented a new model indicating that an ancient Martian ocean exists now in the Martian core (Shibazaki et al., 2009 in press).

4. Professor Tajima detected several anomalies with a low seismic wave velocity below the stagnant slab at 660-690 km depths beneath Japan and northeastern China. We analyzed causes of the anomalies based on the phase relations of peridotite and MORB under wet conditions. These anomalies might be interpreted by the dehydration at bottom of the stagnant slab because of a difference in the water solubility between minerals in the transition and the lower mantle.

List of Published Papers:

1. D. Zhao, E. Ohtani, Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences: Evidence from seismology and mineral physics, Gondwana Research 16,

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401-413, 2009. 2. E. Ohtani, D. Zhao, The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone:

dehydration of stagnant slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge, Russ Geol Geophys., No 11-12, 2009, in press.

3. K. D. Litasov, E. Ohtani, Solidus and phase relations of carbonated peridotite in the system CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-Na2O-CO2 to the lower mantle depths, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 2009 doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2009.07.008

4. S. Ghosh, E. Ohtani, K. Litasov, H. Terasaki, Solidus of Carbonated Peridotite and petrogenesis of Magnesio-carbonatite in the Earth’s Upper Mantle and Transition Zone, Chemical Geology, in press.

5. E. Ohtani, Deep dehydration in stagnant slab and its effect on processes in the transition zone and upper mantle (in Japanese), in press.

6. Y. Shibazaki, E. Ohtani, H. Terasaki, A. Suzuki, K. Funakoshi, Hydrogen partitioning between Iron and Ringwoodite: Implications for water transport into the Martian core, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, in press.

Melting by Planetary Collision and Crystallization of High-Pressure Minerals from Shocked Melts Research Members:

Masaaki Miyahara, Eiji Ohtani and Shin Ozawa Report:

We investigated the shock-melt veins of Allan Hills 78003, Yamato 74445, Yamato 791384, Sahara 98222, Tenham, Peace River L6 chondrites, and some Martian meteorites using FEG-SEM, EPMA, Raman spectroscopy and FIB-(S)TEM-EDS to clarify the phase transformation mechanisms of wadsleyite, ringwoodite, akimotoite, and majorite. Major results are as described below.

We identified a wadsleyite-ringwoodite assemblage replacing an original olivine (Fayalite (Fa) component = 24-26 mol%) in the shock-melt veins of Allan Hills 78003, Yamato 74445, and Peace River L6 chondrites. The STEM-EDS analyses show that a clear difference on their chemical compositions exists between wadsleyite and ringwoodite (up to 26 mol% as Fa). The duration of high-pressure conditions is expected to be more than 100 s to form wadsleyite and ringwoodite having such a significant compositional gap originating solely from Fe-Mg inter-diffusion in a solid state. Only planetesimals with a diameter of greater than several thousand kilometers can generate such a long duration of high-pressure condition, which is unrealistic. Their compositions are close to thermodynamic equilibrium. Accordingly, we propose that, as their formation mechanism, olivine melts under high pressure and temperature conditions were induced by a shock event first, and with decreasing temperature at high-pressure conditions, Mg-rich wadsleyite forms from the olivine melt. Subsequently, with decreasing temperature, Fe-rich ringwoodite forms from the residual melt.

We identified two different transformation textures of majorite replacing the original low-Ca pyroxene in the shock-melt veins of Yamato 74445 and Sahara 98222. One appears to indicate a solid-state phase transformation. Another one might form from a melt because the majorite is the assemblage of idiomorphic crystals.

We identified the phase transformation textures of akimotoite replacing the original low-Ca

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pyroxene. The TEM images show that akimotoite and glass coexist. Results obtained using STEM-EDS indicate that the akimotoite contains small amounts of Al, Ca, and Na, whereas the original low-Ca pyroxene contains few of them. Radial akimotoite-like minerals were observed in the glass. It is possible that akimotoite was formed from a melt.

The formation of ringwoodite, wadsleyite, majorite, and akimotoite from their parental low-pressure polymorphs in melt veins in chondritic meteorites is usually interpreted as resulting from shock-induced solid-state phase transformation. Formation and survival of individual mineral melt enclaves in the chondritic high-pressure melt was not considered a viable possibility. We reported evidence for melting of individual large olivine (and low-Ca pyroxene) fragments entrained in melt veins, their survival as melt enclaves in the chondritic melts, and their subsequent fractional crystallization at high pressures and temperatures. List of Research Papers:

1. Miyahara M., El Goresy A., Ohtani E., Kimura M., Ozawa S., Nagase T. and Nishijima M. Fractional crystallization of olivine melt inclusion in shock-induced chondritic melt vein. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior, in press.

2. Ozawa S., Ohtani E., Miyahara M., Suzuki A., Kimura M. and Yoshinori Ito. Transformation textures, mechanisms of formation of high-pressure minerals in shock melt veins of L6 chondrites, and pressure-temperature conditions of the shock events. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, in press.

3. Ozawa S., Ireland T.R., El Goresy A. and Ohtani E. U-Pb dating of baddeleyite in shergotty, zagami and NWA 2737: Implications for crystallization and impact ages of Martian meteorites. 72nd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, #5297, 2009.

4. Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Kimura M., El Goresy A., Ozawa S. and Nagase T. Detailed FIB-TEM study of ringwoodite lamellae in individual olivine grains in shock-melt veins of Yamato 791384 L6 chondrite. 72nd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, #5110, 2009.

5. Ozawa S., Ohtani E. and Terada K. Pressure and timing of the shock events recorded in L6 chondrites. 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, #1474, 2009.

6. Ferroir T., Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Beck P., Simionovici A., Gillet P. and El Goresy A. P-T conditions and mechanisms of enstatite to akimotoite transformations in the shocked L-6 chondrite Tenham. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, #5143, 2009.

7. El Goresy A., Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Nagase T., Nishijima M., Ferroir T. and Gillet Ph. Micro-surgical FIB-TEM study of diverse liquidus wadsleyite-ringwoodite pairs fractionally crystallized from olivine melt enclaves in shock melt veins in L6 chondrites. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, #5018, 2009.

Tectonics of the Active Fault Zones and the Ocean Floor Eco-Systems Research Members:

Yoshihiro Ito, Hiromi Fujimoto, Ryota Hino and Motoyuki Kido Report:

To detect slow earthquakes of various types, we conducted an investigation of cold seeps using SHINKAI 6500. We deployed two simplified ocean-bottom benchmarks (SOBBs), replaced two ocean-bottom pressure gauges (OBPs) with an inverted echo sounder, sampled the pore water at the cold seeps, and deployed six long-term ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs). We conducted six dives

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with the SHINKAI 6500 to search for chemosynthetic benthic colonies--which indicate the existence of a cold seep--and to deploy two CAT meters. We found more than 10 calyptogena colonies in six regions at depths of 5702-5861 m. Two CAT-meters were also deployed on the cold seep.

We deployed two SOBBs with sensors of three types: short-period seismometers, broadband seismometers, and a pressure gauge. These SOBBs were deployed from the ocean surface. One SOBB was deployed on the footwall near the possible faults estimated by traces of calyptogena colonies, which were discovered on dives #1069, #1072, #1073, and #1074. The other was deployed on the hanging wall of a possible fault along the calyptogena colonies, and is also located seaward of the possible fault found on dive #1071.

We also deployed an ocean-bottom pressure gauge (OBP) and an inverted echo sounder (IES) to monitor the vertical movement in the same region. An OBP measures the pressure variation, whereas an IES measures the variation of pressure and the two-way travel time of an acoustic pulse between the IES and ocean surface with transmitted signals of four types. We then recovered and deployed two OBPs. The recovered OBPs had recorded the pressure variation for a duration of six months (the data comprise approximately 250 000 samples) with a sampling interval of 1 min. The deployed IESs are sampled every 10 min; the sampling frequency is 10 times the frequency of the transmitted signal.

We conducted the following domestic workshops to identify the focused research topic in this program: Dynamics of deformation and ocean-floor ecosystem on the landward slope, Sendai, Feb 23-24, 2008. In all, 11 persons were invited from JAMSTEC, The University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and Kyushu University. There, 16 presentations were presented, with subsequent discussions related to focus topics. List of Research Papers:

1. Cruise Report YOKOSUKA Cruise Report YK08-06, Detection of Multi-scale Slow earthquakes by using Ocean-bottom Seismic and Geodetec Observation, Chief Scienctist: Yoshihiro Ito, JAMSTEC Data Site for Research Cruises, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/cruisedata/yokosuka/e/YK08-06.html

List of Presentations:

1. Ito, Y., K. Obara, Y. Asano, H, Fujimoto, R. Hino, J. Ashi, and T. Tsuji (2008) Shallow very-low-frequency earthquakes around Japan; Recent studies and observation, AGU 2008 Fall meeting, T22B-06, INVITED.

2. Ito, Y. and K. Obara (2008) Very-low-frequency earthquake within accretionary prism along Nankai Trough, Margin SEIZE Workshop The next decade of the Seismic Zone Experiment, Mt. Hood Oregon, INVITED

3. Ito, Y. (2009) Monitering of seafloor deformation in Japan Trench, The Japan-Indonesia bi-lateral joint workshop on Subduction processes and related topic along the Sumatra-Java arc, Tokyo, Japan., INVITED

4. Ito, Y., H. Fujimoto, R. Hino, M. Kido, Y. Osada, Y. Yamamoto, S. Suzuki, R. Azuma, H. Tsushima, K. Suzuki, T. Tsuji, N. Nakayama, J. Ashi, and T. Gamo, Seismological, geodetical., and cold-seepage observations for detection of slow earthquakes along Japan Trench, The 7th General Assembly of Asian Seismological Commission, Tsukuba, Japan.

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Gas and Solid Interactions on Planets and Satellites Research Members:

[Planet] Y. Kasaba, S. Okano, T. Ono, A. Kumamoto, T. Sakanoi (GP) [EQ/Volcano] T. Kuritani (ES), M. Sato, A. Goto (Env) [Interior] M. Nakamura, E. Ohtani (ES)

Report:

This group, formed in January 2009, started the following research activities in fiscal year 2008. A. Generation of thin atmospheres through interaction between the planet surface and interplanetary

space: At the Moon and the Mercury surface, thin atmospheres are generated directly through interactions with solar wind, high-energy particles, interplanetary dusts, etc. We seek to clarify "vapor generations from planetary objects without dense atmospheres." In fiscal year 2008, we started remote operation of the Hawaii Haleakala Tohoku Univ. Observatory from Tohoku University’s Sendai Aobayama Campus for accumulation of long-term observation data.

B. Atmospheric generation by the planet surface activity: Io supplies large amounts of neutral gas into the Jovian system via an active volcano. The presence of Martian CH4, as confirmed in recent years, suggests surface activity on Mars. We aim to investigate gas production from the planetary interior, and to enhance the development of the next-generation instruments for those studies. In fiscal year 2008, continuous observation of the Io system was started as described above in (A). We also prepare infrared monitoring of the Io volcano with the University Tokyo. Sub-millimeter observations for SO2 from the Martian crust were also executed with Nagoya University. Moreover, the design of new telescopes dedicated to planetary observations proceeded with the University of Hawaii. We also pursue the development of high-resolution infrared spectrometers. Research into vapor generation from terrestrial volcanic activity is considered to create a link to such activities on other planets.

C. Search for the subsurface structure: Both A and B above imply a connection with underground information. We intend to search the subsurface using our Lunar Radar Sounder and to develop next-generation techniques. In fiscal year 2008, LRS observations of Kaguya were continued and heavily analyzed. Subsurface radar investigations for icy objects, the Moon, and Mars were started with earth radar and European groups. In addition, the lunar internal structure was analyzed using past seismic datasets, yielding new insights into its non-uniformity.

We also introduced data analysis tools as a common infrastructure for those studies. Moreover, we convened an internal brainstorming meeting in Feb. 18 and a ‘Planetary Environment Symposium’ in Mar. 17-19 to enhance the present studies and search for potential topics to expand our research.

List of Main Research Papers (Extraction):

1. Ono, T., A. Kumamoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Yamaguchi, S. Oshigami, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, H. Oya, Lunar Radar Sounder observation of subsurface layers under the nearside maria of the Moon, Science, 323, 909, 2009.

2. Zhao, D., J. Lei, L. Liu, Seismic tomography of the Moon, Chinese Science Bulletin 53, 3897-3907, 2008

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3. Goto, A., M. Ripepe, and G. Lacanna, Synchronized analysis of high-rate-sampled acoustic waves and video images on Stromboli volcano, IAVCEI 2008 General Assembly, August 17-22, 2008.

4. Misawa, H., Sonobe, A., Morioka, A., and Okano, S., Investigation of local time dependence of Mercury's sodium exosphere based on a numerical simulation, Planet. Spce Sci., 56, 1681-1687, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.07.029, 2008.

List of Main Oral Papers (Extraction):

1. Kasaba, Y., S. Okano, H. Nakagawa, I. Murata, A. Hashimoto, Current Status of the Development of Infrared Heterodyne Spectrometer with Quantum Cascade Laser for Future Planetary Explorations, AOGS 2008 annual meeting, South Korea, Pusan, June 2006.

2. Okano, S., Y. Kasaba, M. Kagitani, International Mercury Watch (IMW): Preliminary results of the campaign observations in 2007 and 2008, AOGS 2008 annual meeting, South Korea, Pusan, June 2006.

New Nanoscale Phenomena and Grain Formation about 4.6 Ga Ago Research Members:

Yuki Kimura, Hitoshi Miura, Katsuo Tsukamoto, Satoru Uda, Hiromitsu Kimura, and Hisao Sato Report:

To understand the formation history of our solar system better, nanoparticles were synthesized in the laboratory as cosmic dust analogs. Their phenomena at high temperatures and optical properties were measured. Meteorites, interplanetary dust particles, and optical spectra of their parent bodies provide extremely useful information. Actually, the formation process of our solar system remains unknown, as do the processes of almost all of its components, which are nanometer-sized solid particles. Nevertheless, recent development of nanotechnology shows several anomalous phenomena, such as decreasing of melting points, different stable crystal structures, and much higher diffusion coefficients, which appear in nanometer-sized materials. Usually, mineralogical and petrological studies have been performed to analyze such minerals, and phenomena in nano-regions have never been considered in the fields of earth, planet, and astronomical sciences. A) Elucidation of condensation process of Mg-silicate grains around evolved stars: In our laboratory,

Mg-bearing silicate grains--the most abundant inorganic mineral in space--were produced directly from the vapor phase from Mg and Si oxide in a mixed atmosphere of Ar and O2. Results showed that the crystallinity, as deduced from the shape of the 10 μm feature, of the grains depends on the ratio of Mg to Si oxide in the vapor phase. When the Mg/SiOx ratio was high, crystalline forsterite grains were produced because of annealing of the silicate accompanied by large exothermic energy caused by the oxidation of magnesium. The experimental results suggest that the crystallinity of circumstellar silicates is determined by the balance between heat generation by Mg oxidation and heat dissipation caused by radiation. In this situation, later annealing of the silicate fraction or the use of a warm substrate for condensation of crystalline silicate is unnecessary.

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B) Low-temperature crystallization of amorphous Mg-bearing silicate grains: Amorphous Mg-bearing silicate grains were crystallized to forsterite (Mg2SiO4) using electron-beam irradiation in a transmission electron microscope at room temperature. The crystallization induced by the electron beams was accelerated by the presence of CH4 adsorbed onto the surface and incorporated interior of the grains. This experimental result implies the possibility of low-temperature crystallization in a silicate carbon star. In the case of binary stars, because materials that flow from the stars remain stationary around the star, the formed amorphous silicate grains will be irradiated by electrons from the star over long periods. As a result, substantial amounts of crystalline silicates can be produced.

List of Published Papers:

1. Saito, M., Sakon, I., Kaito, C., Kimura, Y., Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon grains using anthracene and their stability under UV irradiation, Earth, Planets and Space, in press.

2. Kimura, Y., Kaito, C., Possible Driving Force behind Formation of Cosmic Carbyne Crystals The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 658 (2008) L83-86.

3. Kimura, Y., Sasaki, S. Suzuki, H., Kumamoto, A., Saito, M., Kaito, C., Experimental Demonstration of Condensation of Mg-Bearing Silicate Grains around Evolved Stars, The Astrophysical Journal, 684 (2008) 1496-1501.

4. Kimura, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Kumamoto, A., Saito, M., Kaito, C.,Characteristic Low-Temperature Crystallization of Amorphous Mg-Bearing Silicate Grains Under Electron Irradiation, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 680, L89-L92, 2008.

5. Kimura, Y., Kaito, C., Production of refractory-metal ultrafine particles by gas evaporation method and their surface oxide layer, Surface and Coatings Technology, 202. 4159-4162, 2008.

6. Nina, K., Kimura, Y., Yokoyama, K., Kido, O., Binyo, G., Kaito, C., Direct observation of MoO2 crystal growth from amorphous MoO3 film, Physica E, 40/9, 2995-2998, 2008.

7. Rietmeijer, F. J. M., Pun, A., Kimura, Y., Nuth III, J. A., A refractory Ca-SiO-H2-O2 vapor condensation experiment with implications for calciosilica dust transforming silicate and carbonate minerals, Icarus, 195, 493-503, 2008.

8. Kimura, Y., Behavior of cosmic dust with the material evolution in the early solar nebula, The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences, 17 (2008) 62-68.

9. K. Nagashima, K. Tsukamoto, H. Satoh, H. Kobatake and P. Dold, Reproduction of chondrules from levitated, hypercooled melts. Journal of Crystal Growth, 293, 193-197, 2006.

10. K. Nagashima, Y. Moriuchi, K. Tsukamoto, K. K. Tanaka, H. Kobatake, Critical cooling rates for glass formation in levitated Mg2SiO4-MgSiO3 chondrule melts. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, Vol.103, No.3, 204-208, 2008.

11. H. Kobatake, K. Tsukamoto, J. Nozawa, K. Nagashima, H. Satoh and P. Dold, Crystallization of cosmic dust from highly supersaturated silicate vapor in a rapidly cooled environment. ICARUS, inpress, 2008.

12. H. Miura, T. Nakamoto, and M. Doi, Origin of three-dimensional shapes of chondrules. I: Hydrodynamics simulations of rotating droplet exposed to high-velocity rarefied gas flow, Icarus 197, 269-281 (2008).

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International Conferences: 1. Kimura, Y., Growth of nanometer-sized solid particles and their cluster, Asia Oceania

Geosciences Society 5th Annual Meeting, June 16-20, 2008. 2. Kaito, C., Kumamoto, A., Saito, M., Kimura, Y., Low Temperature Crystallization of Thin

Amorphous Silicate Layer on the Crystalline Fe Dust, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 5th Annual Meeting, June 16-20, 2008.

3. Miyashita, T., Kumamoto, A., Saito, M., Kimura, Y., Kaito, C., Laboratory Production of Crystalline and Amorphous Forsterite Grains, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 5th Annual Meeting, June 16-20, 2008.

4. Saito, M., Kimura, Y., Kaito, C., Laboratory Experiments on the PAH Grains with Inorganic Matters and Their Alteration by Plasma, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 5th Annual Meeting, June 16-20, 2008.

5. Kumamoto, A., Kimura, Y., Kaito, C., Characteristic Grain Formation in Hydrogen Gas Atmosphere, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 5th Annual Meeting, June 16-20, 2008.

6. Kimura, Y., Kaito, C., Nuth III, J. A., Crystallinity of Mg-bearing silicate grains due to condensation or thermal evolution, 71th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, July 27 - August 1 2008 in Matsue.

National Conferences:

1. Yuki Kimura,Subrata Chakraborty, Joseph A. Nuth III,Laboratory synthesized silicate grains with mass dependent and independent oxygen isotopic fractionation, Japan Geosciences Union Meeting 2008, May 25-30 2008. Yuki Kimura, Teppei Miyashita, Akihito Kumamoto, Midori Saito, Chihiro Kaito, Demonstration experiment of formation process of crystalline silicate existing around evolved stars, 2008 Annual meeting of Astronomical Society of Japan, March 24-27 2008, 30.

Focus Group Workshop:

We conducted following workshops to identify the focused research topic in this program. 1. The International Workshop on "Crystallization in The Early Solar Nebula 4.6 Billion Years

Ago"

67

IV. Website Management of our Website (URL: http: //www.gcoe.es.tohoku.ac.jp/), launched by our

Global COE and other publicity-related activities are reported in this chapter. Steering

The public relations committee of this GCOE comprises Hiroyuki Nagahama (Chair), Takeshi Nishimura and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Vice-Chairmen), Hiroshi Kawamura, and four members – Hiroyuki Kawanobe and Jun Nemoto (Technical Staff); Naoko Mizuta and Yu Tomabechi (Secretaries of GCOE ).

In 2008, four members of the Public Relations Committee of this GCOE (Hiroyuki Kawanobe, Jun Nemoto, Naoko Mizuta, and Yu Tomabechi) designed, created and managed our website. This web site has continued to provide a very accessible public record of our activities, fresh information, topics, good news and recruitments of this GCOE: Committees, Program Members’ list or mailing list, Collaborators, Participation Departments, Agencies, Related Structure, Education Support Information (Overseas Study, International Conference, Super Doctoral Course, Research Assistant, Internship and Scientists from Abroad), Research Promotion Information (Travel Support, GCOE Fellow), Seminar and School Information, Activity Reports (publications or awards among the officials), and so on. Fresh information––which is quickly posted on the GCOE website––is provided from this GCOE to facilitate efficient cooperation in research activities and in the exchange of information among interested parties. From July 2008 to February 2009 (eight months), the number of disseminated reports and other information was 116 (15 per month).

In addition to our website management, the public relations committee conducted following scitivities; creating a log, issuing pamphlets, publicity related to international conferences or domestic conferences by organized by the GCOE members, making and displaying posters of our GCOE, posting information of our activities for the publication by the domestic society news, displaying booths at symposia and conferences (e.g., Japan Geosciences Union Meeting, and a forum performed under the auspices of Ministry of Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Foundation for Corporate Bunkyo Association), collecting information posted by related organizations, construction of our own database to make activity reports of our GCOE, issuing news letters of our GCOE, and collaboration on public relations with the media offices of Tohoku University.

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V. GCOE Symposiums / GCOE Workshops 1. Symposium “The Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake”

Organizer: Prof. Fumihiko Imamura Period: July 14, 2008 Location: Aoba Memorial Museum in Engineering Department of Tohoku University

Science of Disaster Base Group of Tohoku University, Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Disaster Control Research Center of Tohoku University Contents: The four university research committee of the Miyagi inland earthquake The

symposium on the 14 June 2008 Iwate-Miyagi earthquake causing heavy damage was held at the Aoba campus, Tohoku University, on 14 July 2008, in order to understand the mechanism of the disaster and its impact through exchanging the all available observation and measurement data on the field. 18 presenters, more than 200 participants and media/newspaper reporters gathered at the room to discuss comprehensive issues; the earthquake mechanism including strong motions and aftershocks, landslides and failures, damage on human, building/housing and infrastructure, and disaster information, rescue and recovery during one month.

Participants: 186 2. The 40th Anuual SGEPSS Summer School on Rock magnetism and Paleomagnetism

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Norihiro Nakamura Period: September 15 -17, 2008 Location: Paira Matsushima Hostel in Oku-Matsushima Sponsor: SGEPSS Co-Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

A wide variety of topics were discussed from Lunar magnetic anomalies through climate changes to a next IODP project in the view point of paleomagnetism and rock magnetism.

Participants: 37 ( including 18 students) 3. The International Symposium of Mercury Exploration

Organizer: Prof. Yasumasa Kasaba Period: September 16 - 18, 2008 Location: Sendai City War Reconstruction Memorial Hall Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University

JAXA Contents:

(1) The 5th BepiColombo Science Working Team Meeting: First Euro-Japan joint space science mission ‘BepiColombo’ to Mercury has a huge science meeting once per year. PIs, Co-PIs, and Co-Is of the payload teams of Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO) are only allowed to attend this meeting. PIs and CO-PIs have decision voting rights. [In Tohoku University, Prof. Kasaba (PI of PWI [plasma wave investigations] aboard the MMO) and Prof. Okano (Co-PI of Phoebus [UV/EUV spectrometer] aboard the MPO].

(2) The International Symposium of Mercury Exploration: It is opened to public for top topics of Mercury & related sciences. At Moon, which also has

70

thin atmosphere and old crust like Mercury, Kaguya is producing various results. In the beginning of 2008, US spacecraft ‘Messenger‘ made a Mercury flyby after an interval of 33 years, and provided interesting topics to BepiColombo which will arrive at Mercury in the late 2010’s. The ground-based observations by Tohoku University etc. also provide unique results recently.

Although the sessions in AM on first day and PM on last day were set as closed meetings, others are opened to everyone. We showed and discussed various topics of hot observational results by Kaguya and Messenger, related theoretical researches, tutorials of state-of-art sensing technologies (Magnetometer was treated in this meeting.), updated reports from each instrument team (incl. the talks by Prof. Kasaba as the delegate of the Plasma Wave Investigations and the Mission Data Processor), and the latest results of ground-based observations (incl. the talk about the Na atmosphere velocity field observations at Hawaii Haleakala by Prof. Okano).

Participants: 100 4. The 1st Workshop on “`Planetary Collisions and Evolution of Solar System”

Organizer: COE Assistant Prof. Masaaki Miyahara Period: October 27, 2008 Location: Room #503 COE Seminar Room,

Earth Science Bldg, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

Discussion of the planetary collisions recorded in shocked-meteorites

(estimation of collision magnitude and shock event dating) and chondrule formation mechanisms.

Participants: 20 5. The 1st Workshop on "Crystallization in the Early Solar Nebula 4.6 Billion Years Ago”

Organizer: Prof. Masao Tsukamoto Period: November 19 - 20, 2008 Location: Room #503 COE Seminar Room,


14 oral presentations were given at this workshop. The topics were mainly

focused on crystallization processes in astrophysical environment. Other topics about theoretical modeling in early Solar nebula 4.6 billion years ago, chondrule formation processes, and origin of life were also discussed in details. Participants of this workshop could exchange latest topics of diverse research fields. It would be a great help to develop new research issues on interdisciplinary regions.

Participants: 25~30

6. Workshop on Seismic Wave Scattering and Noise Correlation

Organizer: Prof. Haruo Sato Period: February 16 -17, 2009 Location: Room #604, Physics Building A,

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University,

JASPEI task group on “Scattering and Heterogeneity”

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Contents:

For the study of heterogeneities in the earth medium, it is useful to analyze scattering phenomena of seismic waves. Coda wave envelope analysis is often used for quantifying statistically the distributed random heterogeneities. Envelope broadening of short-period seismic waves is also useful to detect the strength of medium heterogeneities along the seismic ray path. In addition to these methods focusing on the amplitude information, recently, there have been rapid developments in a method by using noise correlation to detect the medium heterogeneity and its temporal variation focusing on the phase information. This workshop made a forum for exchanging scientific ideas in these scientific fields among geophysicists in Germany and Japan.

Participants: 25 7. Circum-Pacific Subduction Zones

Organizer: Associate Prof. Satoshi Miura Period: February 18 - 19, 2009 Location: Katahira Sakura Hall, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Participants: 60

8. Dynamics of Deformation and Ocean-Floor Ecosystem on the Landward Slope

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Yoshihiro Ito Period: February 23 - 24, 2009 Location: The 1st Conference Room, Research Center for Prediction of earthquakes and

Volcanic Eruptions, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

Top researchers of Seismologist and Geologist, and biologist gave lectures to

approximately 20 attends, that are from Tohoku University, the University of Tokyo, JAMSTEC, Kyoto University, and Kyusyu University. We had a discussion about dynamic process of the sea floor deformation on the landward slope near the trench.

Participants: 21 (speakers 16)

9. 6th International Workshop on WATER DYNAMICS

Organizer: Prof. Noriyoshi Tsuchiya Period: March 4 - 6, 2009 Location: Sendai International-Center, Sendai Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

The roles of water for material science, earth science and life science were

discussed interdisciplinary. Exciting interaction, among several academic fields ware enhanced in this workshop.

Participants: 70 10. 1st International Geoscience Symposium “Precambrian World 2009”

Organizer: Prof. Takeshi Kakegawa Period: March 6 - 8, 2009 Location: Kitakyusyu Museum of Natural History and Human History Sponsor: Kyushu University,

GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

Scope of this symposium: Population of Precambrian researchers is

increasing. The research subjects for Precambrian research become variable,

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including geochemistry, geochronology, structural geology and atmospheric chemistry. The main purpose of this symposium is the interaction of scientists from different disciplinary so that we can scope the new view for the future research. In particular, evolution of the early life on the early Earth is more focused topic for this symposium.

Achievement: Presence of Profs. Nic Beukes, Martin Kronendonk, Daniele Pinti made this symposium very active and valuable. Very intense discussion ware carried out during three day symposium. Drs. Asahiko Taira and Ken Takai were present in this symposium and contributed largely to make this symposium successful. Every attendee received new aspects of Precambrian world especially Archean surface environments. This is also the major research target for GCOE program of Tohoku University. This was also important meeting to show how Tohoku University is important in this field in front of the global community.

Participants: 84（from abroad 17）

11. The 2nd International Symposium “Interface Mineralogy” in conjunction with The 2nd International Workshop “Crystallization in The Early Solar Nebula 4.6 Billion year Ago”

Organizer: Prof. Tsukamoto Masao Period: March 9 - 12, 2009 Location: Hotel Sakan, Akiu, Sendai Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

The aim of this meeting is to bring together experts in crystal growth and

earth and planetary scientists interested in the rich range of phenomena associated with mineral growth and dissolution processes in nature. Although there has been interaction between the "crystal growth community" and these communities in the past, there is still a strong demand to strengthen and employ the most modern tools and advanced ideas if we are to advance our understanding of these processes.

12. The 10th Symposium on Planetary Science

Organizer: Prof. Shoichi Okano Period: March 17 - 19, 2009 Location: Room #203 (Oral session), #205 (Poster session) in Goudoutou Building of

the Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center,

Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University

Contents:

49 oral presentations and 33 poster presentations were actively discussed on the subjects related to ground-based and in-situ observations of terrestrial and gas planets, along with future plans of planetary missions (especially for Mars and Jupiter), and observation techniques including space telescope.

Participants: 163

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13. Properties and Evolution of the Core

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Hidenori Terasaki Period: March 23, 2009 Location: Room #503 COE Seminar Room,


This workshop entitled “Properties and evolution of the core” is aimed for

better understanding of the core, in which information is significantly advanced recently especially because of technical development of high pressure devices.

The workshop is divided by two sessions. One is “Properties of the core” which contains phase relations and physical properties of iron-alloy under high pressure conditions. The other session is “Evolutions of the core” which is dedicated to thermal evolution, core formation process and chemical evolutions.

Participants: 30

14. JPGU Meeting 2009 Exhibition

Organizer: Associate Prof. Michihiko Nakamura Period: May 16 - 21, 2009 Location: Makuhari Messe, Tokyo, Japan Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics Contents:

We joined Japan Geoscience Union (JPGU) meeting 2009 as an exhibitor to

advertise Tohoku University Global COE program “Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics”. Our aims are 1) activity report and information disclosure and 2) human resource campaign. Persons responsible for the exhibition had business meeting six times before the meeting, and decided to prepare six posters, several booklets and moving images. Many guests (especially, applicants for admission) are very interested in a poster including financial support to student and travelling overseas support. In addition, many guests (researcher, teacher, other working people and high-school student) are very interested in topics such as origin of life and sprite, which are played up by media recently.

Participants: 187 15. Workshop on Mantle Dynamics

Organizer: Associate Prof. Motohiko Murakami Period: May 25, 2009 Location: Room #503 COE Seminar Room,


Main scope of this workshop is to discuss on the earth's mantle from a wide

variety discipline of earth science, and to give new insight into the mantle dynamics. In this workshop, key issues that were discussed by the invited scientists include:

(1) Transportation of water into the deep mantle and its role in slab- related dynamics, (2) Observational and experimental constraints on deep mantle, (3) Modeling of mantle mineralogy in comparison with observational and experimental data, (4) Rheological properties of deep mantle

Participants: 60

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16. Workshop for Interactions between GAS and SOLID at Planets

Organizer: Prof. Yasumasa Kasaba Period: June 4, 2009 Location: Room #303 Common Lecture Room,

Rigaku Sohgoh Toh Bldg., Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

The GCOE Focus Group "Interactions between GAS and SOLID at Planets”

has a plan to have science meetings twice per year. The first meeting in 2009FY aims to create the crossover outcome from graduate students and post-docs, good problems, and good questions. Following four research topics connecting the Earth-planets and gas-solid were heavily discussed, based on the actual activities executed in our university.

1. Generation of thin atmosphere by the interaction of planetary surface and interplanetary space

2. Generation of atmosphere from planetary surface activities 3. Underground structure survey in the solar system 4. Exoplanets and planetary formation

17. Seismology Summer School 2009 “Recipe for Earthquake Generation Model”

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Yasuo Yabe Period: August 4 - 6, 2009 Location: Paira Matsushima / Oku-Matsuhima Youth Hostel in Higashi Matsushima Sponsor: Seismological Society of Japan Co-Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

Experts on earthquake generation gave lectures to 67 attendees,

who are undergraduate and graduate students of universities from Hokkaido to Kyushu. 30 poster presentations by the attendees were given to promote communications among the attendees.

18. Joint meeting on Modeling and Simulation of Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary

Sciences

Organizer: Associate Prof. Naoki Terada Period: August 4 - 7, 2009 Location: Nishijin Plaza and Kokonoe Seminar House, Kyushu University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory (STEL) Nagoya University JST/CREST program "Research on real-time space weather simulation", and Space Environment Research Center (SERC) Kyushu University.

Contents:

Four meetings related to the modeling and simulation of solar-terrestrial andplanetary sciences were held at Nishijin plaza and Kokonoe seminar house in Kyushu on 4-7 August, 2009. Latest results of numerical modeling and simulation of plasma and atmospheric phenomena in the solar-terrestrial and planetary space were reported. 33 researchers including many young researchers and students attended the meetings and had a fruitful discussion.

Participants: 33

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19. The 6th Microfossil Summer School and the 3rd J-DESC Microfossil Course

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Noritoshi Suzuki Period: August 19 - 21, 2009 Location: Earth Science Bldg, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Japan Drilling Earth Science Consortium (J-DESC) Contents:

Practical training course on microfossils for students of other universities and

institutes in Japan. Participants: 11

20. 10th Workshop on Subsurface Electromagnetic Measurement

Organizer: Prof. Motoyuki Sato Period: October 8 - 9, 2009 Location: Tokyo Branch Office of Tohoku University Sponsor: The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan IEEE AESS Japan Chapter,

IEEE GRSS Japan Chapter Contents:

This is a workshop on electromagnetic subsurface sensing. Papers on Ground

Penetrating radar will be mainly presented. Safe and security issues are the special topic and applications such as detection of buried explosive objects, subsurface sensing in lands slide will be discussed.

Participants: 65 21. Workshop for Modeling and Simulation of Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Science

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Yuto Katoh Period: October 28 - 30, 2009 Location: Sendai City War Reconstruction Memorial Hall Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University

Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University Co-Sponsor: Special Interest Groups of Simulation and Plasma Wave Science [in Society of

Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS)] Contents:

This workshop focuses on the recent progress of modeling/simulation studies

in the field of solar-terrestrial and planetary environment. Particle acceleration and plasma wave generation process by wave-particle interactions in space plasmas, waves in solar-terrestrial and planetary environments, and future prospects of related research fields will also be discussed.

Participants: 65

1. GCOE Symposiums / GCOE Workshops / 　GCOE Seasonal Schools

Ⅵ. List of Activities

Number Date / Organizer Title of Symposium / Location

12008/07/14

Fumihiko ImamuraProf.

2008/07/14 Symposium “The Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake” ～

Aoba Memorial Museum in Engineering Department of Tohoku University, Sendai

22008/09/15

Norihiro NakamuraDr.

2008/09/17 The 40th Anuual SGEPSS Summer School on Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetismin Oku-Matsushima

～

Paira Matsushima Hostel in Oku-Matsushima, SendaiYouth Hostel in Okumatsusima

32008/09/16

Yasumasa KasabaProf.

2008/09/18 The International Symposium of Mercury Exploration～

Sendai City War Reconstruction Memorial Hall, Sendai

42008/10/27

Masaaki MiyaharaDr.

2008/10/27 The 1st Workshop on “Planetary Collisions and Evolution of Solar System”～

Tohoku University Earth Science Bldg. #503 / Sakura Hall, Sendai

52008/11/19

Katsuo TsukamotoProf.

2008/11/20 The 1st Workshop on "Crystallization in The Early Solar Nebula 4.6 Billion Years Ago"～

Tohoku University Earth Science Bldg. #503, Sendai

62009/02/16

Haruo SatoProf.

2009/02/17 Workshop on "Seismic Wave Scattering and Noise Correlation"～

Tohoku University Physics A Bldg. #604, Sendai

72009/02/18

Satoshi MiuraDr.

2009/02/19 Circum-Pacific Subduction Zones～

Sakura Hall, Sendai

82009/02/23

Yoshihiro ItoDr.

2009/02/24 Dynamics of Deformation and Ocean-Floor Ecosystem on the Landward Slope ～

Tohoku University AOB Annex Bldg. #1 Meeting Room, Sendai

92009/03/04

Noriyoshi TsuchiyaProf.

2009/03/06 6th International Workshop on WATER DYNAMCIS～

Sendai International Center, Sendai

102009/03/06

Takeshi KakegawaProf.

2009/03/08 1st International Geoscience Symposium “Precambrian World 2009”～

Kyushu University, FukuokaKitakyushu Museum of Natural History & Human History, Kitakyushu

112009/03/09

Katsuo TsukamotoProf.

2009/03/12 The 2nd International Symposium “Interface Mineralogy” in conjunction with The 2nd International Workshop “Crystallization in The Early Solar Nebula 4.6 Billion Year Ago

～

Hotel Sakan, Sendai Akiu

77

Number Date / Organizer Title of Symposium / Location

122009/03/17

Shoichi OkanoProf.

2009/03/19 The 10th Symposium of Planetary Science～

Tohoku University Rigaku Sohgoh Bldg. #203, #205, Sendai

132009/03/23

Hidenori TerasakiDr.

2009/03/23 Properties and Evolution of the Core～


142009/05/16

Michihiko NakamuraDr.

2009/05/21 JPGU Meeting 2009 Exhibition～

Makuhari Messe, Chiba

152009/05/25

Motohiko MurakamiDr.

2009/05/25 Workshop on Mantle Dynamics～

Tohoku University, Sendai

162009/06/04

Yasumasa KasabaProf.

2009/06/04 Workshop for Interactions between GAS and SOLID at Planets～


172009/08/04

Yasuo YabeDr.

2009/08/06 Seismology Summer School 2009 "Recipe for Earthquake Generation Model"～

Paira Matsushima hostel in Oku-Matsushima, SendaiYouth Hostel in Okumatsusima

182009/08/04

Naoki TeradaDr.

2009/08/07 Joint Meeting on Modeling and Simulation of Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Sciences～

Kyushu University- Nishijin Plaza / Kyushu University Yamanoie, Kyushu

192009/08/19

Noritoshi SuzukiDr.

2009/08/21 The 6th Microfossil Summer School and The 3rd J-DESC Microfossil Course～


202009/10/08

Motoyuki SatoProf.

2009/10/09 10th Workshop on Subsurface Electromagnetic Measurement～

Tokyo branch office of Tohoku University

212009/10/28

Yuto KatoDr.

2009/10/31 Workshop for Modeling and Simulation of Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Science～

Sendai City War Reconstruction Memorial Hall, Sendai

222009/11/10

Eiji OhtaniProf.

2009/11/10 External Review～


78

2. Visiting Scientists From Abroad

Number Period / LocationName of Sientist Affiliation Host Scientist

1 Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitat BayreuthAhmed El GoresyProf. 2008/09/27 2008/11/05

Bayreuth, Germany Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.

2 U.S.Geological SurveyStephen KirbyDr. 2008/10/12 2008/10/31

San Francisco, U.S.A. Norihito Umino～ Prof.

3 The International Arctic Research Center of University of Alaska, FairbanksSyunichi AkasofuEmeritus

Prof.2008/10/12 2008/10/19

Alaska, U.S.A. Shoichi Okano～ Prof.

4 CNRSEric LaroseDr. 2008/10/25 2008/11/05

Grenoble, France Hisashi Nakahara～ Dr.

5 Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie institution of WashingtonBjorn MysenProf. 2008/10/26 2008/10/28

Washington D.C., U.S.A. Akio Suzuki～ Dr.

6 NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterJoseph A. Nuth IIIProf. 2008/11/15 2008/11/22

Washington D.C., U.S.A. Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

7 Department of Oceanography, China Ocean UniversitySun JianDr. 2009/01/04 2009/01/11

Qingdao, China Hiroshi Kawamura～ Prof.

8 Department of Mineral Exploration, School of Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and

Batkhishing BayaraaDr. 2009/01/12 2009/03/27Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Noriyoshi Tsuchiya

～ Prof.

9 Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rensselarer Polytechnic InstituteRob McCaffreyProf. 2009/02/12 2009/02/21

New York, New York Satoshi Miura～ Dr.

10 OVSICORI, National University of Costa RicaMarino ProttiProf. 2009/02/12 2009/02/21

San Jose, Costa Rica Satoshi Miura～ Dr.

11 Institute for Geophysics and Geology, University of LeipzigChristoph Sens-

SchonfelderDr. 2009/02/14 2009/02/22

Leipzig, Germany Haruo Sato～ Prof.

12 Institute for Geophysics and Geology, University of LeipzigMichael KornProf. 2009/02/14 2009/02/22

Leipzig, Germany Haruo Sato～ Prof.

13 Seismological Central Obseratory, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

Ulrich WeglerDr. 2009/02/14 2009/02/24Hannover, Germany Haruo Sato

～ Prof.

14 Geophisical Institute, University of Alaska, FairbanksJeffrey T. FreymuellerProf. 2009/02/14 2009/02/22

Alaska, U.S.A. Satoshi Miura～ Dr.

79


15 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CASWeimin WangDr. 2009/02/15 2009/05/14

Beijin, China Dapeng Zhao～ Prof.

16 Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences,University of British Columbia　John HernlandDr. 2009/02/16 2009/03/16

Vancouber, Canada Motohiko Murakami

～ Dr.

17 Pacific Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of CanadaHonn KaoProf. 2009/02/16 2009/02/23

Sydney, Canada Satoshi Miura～ Dr.

18 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityGeoffrey AbersProf. 2009/02/16 2009/02/21

New York, U.S.A. Satoshi Miura～ Dr.

19 CNRSRoland HellmannProf. 2009/02/21 2009/03/10

Lyon, France Noriyoshi Tsuchiya～ Prof.

20 Earth Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Quebec MontrealDaniele PintiDr. 2009/02/21 2009/03/10

Montreal, Canada Takeshi Kakegawa～ Prof.

21 Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of TechnologyHiroo KanamoriEmeritus

Prof.2009/02/23 2009/02/26

Los Angels, U.S.A. Akira Hasegawa～ Prof.

22 Department of Urban Planning & Design, Tsinghua UniversityChaolin GuProf. 2009/02/25 2009/03/05

Beijin, China Masateru Hino～ Prof.

23 The Penn State Astrobiology Research Center, Pennsylvania State UniversityYumiko WatanabeDr. 2009/02/26 2009/03/10

Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Takeshi Kakegawa～ Prof.

24 Research Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam UniversityPhan Van MinhMr. 2009/03/01 2009/03/10

Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam Noriyoshi Tsuchiya～ Prof.

25 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook UniversityNick OliverProf. 2009/03/02 2009/03/10

Townsville, Australia Noriyoshi Tsuchiya～ Prof.

26 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook UniversityBrian RuskDr. 2009/03/02 2009/03/10

Townsville, Australia Noriyoshi Tsuchiya～ Prof.

27 Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Bandung　Institute of TechnologyLilil Eko WidodoDr. 2009/03/03 2009/03/07

Jakarta, Indonesia Noriyoshi Tsuchiya～ Prof.

28 Laboratory of Crystallography Studies, University of GranadaJuan Manuel García

RuizProf. 2009/03/03 2009/03/16

Granada, Spain Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

29 School of Earth and Environment, Earth Science, Leeds UniversityLiane G. BenningProf. 2009/03/04 2009/03/06

Manchester, Germany Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

80


30 Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral ResourcesTakao KobayashiDr. 2009/03/05 2009/03/09

Seoul, Korea Atsushi Kumamoto～ Dr.

31 Institut for Mineralogy, University of MunsterChristine PutnisDr. 2009/03/07 2009/03/13

Muenster, Germany Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

32 NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterJoseph A.Nuth ⅢProf. 2009/03/07 2009/03/13

Washington D.C., U.S.A. Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

33 Department of Crystallography and Mineralogy, University Complutense of Madrid

Jose Manuel AstillerosProf. 2009/03/07 2009/03/14Madrid, Spain Katsuo Tsukamoto

～ Prof.

34 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of New MexicoFrancis J.M. RietmeijerProf. 2009/03/07 2009/03/13

New Mexico, U.S.A. Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

35 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of HustonPeter VekilovProf. 2009/03/07 2009/03/13

Heuston, U.S.A. Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

36 National Laboratory Solid State Microstructures,Nanjing UniversityMu WangProf. 2009/03/08 2009/03/12

Beijin, China Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

37 Institut for Mineralogy, University of MunsterAndrew PutinsProf. 2009/03/09 2009/03/12

Muenster, Germany Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

38 United States Geological SurveyStephen KirbyDr. 2009/03/19 2009/04/10


39 Laboratory of Earth Sciences, ENS LyonStephaｎ LabrosseDr. 2009/03/21 2009/04/02

Lyon,France Hidenori Terasaki～ Dr.

40 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of TechnologyHiroo KanamoriEmeritus

Prof.2009/03/25 2009/03/27


41 School of Oceanography, University of WashingtonJohn DelaneyProf. 2009/04/07 2009/04/16

Seattle, U.S.A. Hiromi Fujimoto～ Prof.

42 Department of Geological Sciences, University of North CarolinaJonathan M. LeesProf. 2009/04/17 2009/05/15

North Carolina, U.S.A. Takeshi Nishimura～ Dr.

43 Department of Geological Sciences, Brown UniversityDavid GoldsbyDr. 2009/04/19 2009/04/21

Providence, U.S.A. Jun Muto～ Dr.

44 Department of Geological Sciences, Northwestern UniversityCraig BinaProf. 2009/05/15 2009/06/01

Chicago, U.S.A. Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.

81


45 Department of Geology and Geophysics,Yale UniversityShun-ichiro KaratoProf. 2009/05/16 2009/05/29

Hartford, U.S.A. Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.

46 Munich UniversityFumiko TajimaProf. 2009/05/17 2009/05/27

Munich, Germany Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.

47 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State Unversity, FresnoJohn WakabayashiDr. 2009/05/23 2009/05/30

Fresno, U.S.A. Soichi Osozawa～ Dr.

48 Ecole Normale Superieure de LyonJan MatasDr. 2009/05/31 2009/06/07

Lyon, France Motohiko Murakami

～ Dr.

49 Geological Faculty, Moscow State UniversityAndrey BobrovDr. 2009/06/04 2009/06/18

Moscow, Russia Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.

50 Corolado School of MinesRoel SniederProf. 2009/06/06 2009/06/21

Denver, U.S.A. Haruo Sato～ Prof.

51 Geological Survey of CanadaStephane MazzottiDr. 2009/06/14 2009/06/19

Victoria, U.S.A. Satoshi Miura～ Dr.

52 Ecole Normale Superieure de LyonBruno ReynardMr. 2009/06/15 2009/06/16

Lyon, France Junichi Nakajima～ Dr.

53 Laboratory of Crystallography, University of GranadaAlexander Van

DriesscheDr. 2009/06/24 2009/07/14

Granada, Spain Katsuo Tsukamoto～ Prof.

54 Institute of Earth Science, Academica SinicaSebastian JegoDr. 2009/07/02 2009/09/27

Taipei, Taiwan Michihiko Nakamura

～ Dr.

55 Mongolian University of Science and TechnologyBatkhishig BayaraaDr. 2009/07/08 2009/10/05

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Noriyoshi Tsuchiya～ Prof.

56 The International Arctic Research Center of University of AlaskaSyun-ichi AkasofuEmeritus

Prof.2009/07/08 2009/07/09

Alaska, U.S.A. Shoichi Okano～ Prof.

57 Department of Geoscience, Oregon State UniversityShanaka de SilvaProf. 2009/07/12 2009/08/06

Portland, U.S.A. Takeyoshi Yoshida～ Prof.

58 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen UniversityYu-wu JiangDr. 2009/07/21 2009/09/21

Xiamen, China Hiroshi Kawamura～ Prof.

59 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen UniversityJianyu Hu Prof. 2009/07/21 2009/09/21

Xiamen, China Hiroshi Kawamura～ Prof.

82


60 Department of Geophysics, Ocean University of ChinaJian Sun Dr. 2009/08/23 2009/08/30

Qingdao, China Hiroshi Kawamura～ Prof.

61 Munich UniversityFumiko TajimaProf. 2009/09/05 2009/09/22

Munich, Germany Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.

62 Institute for Geothermal Sciences Kyoto UniversityJohn HollowayProf. 2009/09/21 2009/09/27

Arizona, U.S.A. Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.

63 Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitat BayreuthAhmed El GoresyProf. 2009/09/25 2009/11/15

Bayreuth, Germany Eiji Ohtani～ Prof.


Prof.2009/09/28 2009/10/02


65 United States Geological SurveyStephane KirbyDr. 2009/09/30 2009/10/17


66 Delft University of TechnologyEvert SlobDr. 2009/10/06 2009/10/10

Delft, Netherland Motoyuki Sato～ Prof.

67 Delft University of TechnologyTimofey SavelyevDr. 2009/10/07 2009/10/11

Delft, Netherland Motoyuki Sato～ Prof.

68 Gwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyKanwook KimDr. 2009/10/07 2009/10/10

Gwangju, Korea Motoyuki Sato～ Prof.

69 Tongji UniversityJiansheng WuProf. 2009/10/07 2009/10/11

Shanghai, China Motoyuki Sato～ Prof.

71 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral ResourcesTakao KobayashiDr. 2009/10/20 2009/10/25

Seoul, Korea Hitoshi Fujiwara～ Dr.

72 Department of Atomospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen UniversityLi WeibiaoDr. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06

Guangzhou, China Weiming Sha～ Dr.

73 Department of Atomospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen UniversityLiang WuMr. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06



Prof.2009/11/03 2009/11/06


75 Department of Atomospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen UniversityYunting Qiao Dr. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06


83


76 Department of Atomospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhiping Wen Prof. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06


77 Department of Atomospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen UniversityJian MaoqiuProf. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06


78 Institute of atmospheric physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesHuizhi Liu Prof. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06

Beijing, China Weiming Sha～ Dr.

79 Institute of atmospheric physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesChen WenProf. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06

Beijing, China Weiming Sha～ Dr.

80 Department of Atomospheric Science, Yunnan UniversityJie Cao Prof. 2009/11/03 2009/11/06


81 University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignJay BassProf. 2009/11/04 2009/11/20

Champaign, U.S.A. Motohiko Murakami

～ Dr.

84

3. Domesitc Visiting Scientists


12008/10/22 2008/10/24

Nagoya

The Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University

Takeshi SakanoiChaston Christopher ～Dr. Dr.

22008/10/26 2008/10/27

Tsukuba

National Institute for Material Science

Masaaki MiyaharaToshimori Sekine ～Dr. Dr.

32008/10/26 2008/10/27Washington D.C., U.S.A.

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Eiji OhtaniMakoto Kimura ～Prof. Prof.


APEX -Japan Petroleum Exploration Co. Ltd. Exploration Planning Dept. General Manager

Haruo SatoAkihisa Takahashi ～Dr. Prof.


Yokohama City University, International College of Arts and Sciences

Haruo SatoSigeo Kinoshita ～Prof. Prof.

62008/11/14 2008/11/15

Kobe

Department of Earth anf Planetary Sciences, Kobe University

Shoichi OkanoYumiko Ohasa ～Dr. Prof.

72008/11/16 2008/11/22

Sapporo

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University

Katsuo TsukamotoYuki Kimura ～Dr. Prof.

82008/11/18 2008/11/20

Tokyo

Computer Center, Gakushuin University

Katsuo TsukamotoEtsurou Yokoyama ～Prof. Prof.

92008/11/19 2008/11/20

Tsukuba

Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba University

Katsuo TsukamotoSeiji Yasuda ～Mr. Prof.

102008/11/19 2008/11/20

Sapporo

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University

Katsuo TsukamotoKyoko Tanaka ～Dr. Prof.

112008/11/19 2008/11/20

Mito

College of Science, Ibaraki University

Katsuo TsukamotoMakoto Kimura ～Prof. Prof.

122008/11/19 2008/11/20

Tokyo

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engeneering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Katsuo Tsukamoto

Taishi Nakamoto ～Dr. Prof.

132008/11/20 2008/11/20

Tokyo

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engeneering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Shoichi Okano

Takayuki Tanigawa ～Dr. Prof.

142008/11/20 2008/11/21

Tokyo

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Eiji OhtaniRenata Wentzcovitch

～Dr. Prof.

85


152008/12/08 2008/12/09

Tajimi

National Institute for Fusion Science

Shoichi OkanoTomohiko Watanabe ～Dr. Prof.

162008/12/11 2008/12/12

Tokyo

Russia / IKI

Yasumasa KasabaOleg Korablev ～Dr. Prof.

172009/01/07 2009/01/09

Ohsaka

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Toru MatsuzawaTadashi Yamazaki ～Dr. Prof.

182009/01/08 2009/01/10

Tokyo

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Tennessee

Takeshi KuritaniTomohiro Usui ～Dr. Dr.

192009/01/12 2009/01/14

Sagamihara

Swedish Institute of Space Physics

Yasumasa KasabaYoshifumi Futaana ～Dr. Prof.

202009/01/25 2009/01/27

Tsukuba

Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Hiroshi KawamuraOsamu Isoguchi ～Dr. Prof.

212009/02/16 2009/02/18

Tsukuba

Earthquake Research Department, National Institute for Earthquake Science and Disaster Prevention Haruo Sato

Takuto Maeda ～Dr. Prof.

222009/02/16 2009/02/17

Yokohama

Basic and Applied Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University Haruo Sato

Kazuo Yoshimoto ～Dr. Prof.

232009/02/16 2009/02/18

Kyoto

Earthquake Hazads Division, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University Haruo Sato

Shiro Ohmi ～Dr. Prof.

242009/02/16 2009/02/18

Tokyo

Japan Science and Technology Agency

Yasumasa KasabaNaoki Terada ～Dr. Prof.

252009/02/16 2009/02/17

Tokyo

Department of Earth Science & Astronomy, University of Tokyo

Yasumasa KasabaMunetaka Ueno ～Mr. Prof.

262009/02/16 2009/02/18

Tokyo

Ocean Hemisphere Research Center, Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University

Haruo SatoKiwamu Nishida ～Dr. Prof.

272009/02/16 2009/02/17

Tokyo

Ocean Hemisphere Research Center, Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University

Haruo SatoTakashi Tonegawa ～Dr. Prof.

282009/02/18 2009/02/19

Tsukuba

Earthquake Research Department, National Institute for Earthquake Science and Disaster Prevention Satoshi Miura

Kazushige Obara ～Dr. Dr.

292009/02/23 2009/02/24

Yokosuka

Extremobiosphere Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth and Technology

Yoshihiro ItoTakako Sato ～Mr. Dr.

86


322009/02/23 2009/02/24

Kyoto

Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshihiro Ito

Ken Tsuji ～Dr. Dr.

332009/02/23 2009/02/24

Shimabara

Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Kyushu University

Yoshihiro ItoKenji Uehira ～Dr. Dr.

342009/02/23 2009/02/24

Tokyo

Devision of Theoretical Astronomy, National Institutes of National Sciences, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Yasumasa Kasaba

Tsuyoshi Inoue ～Dr. Prof.

352009/02/23 2009/02/24

Tokyo

Graduate School of Frontier Science, Tokyo University

Yoshihiro ItoJyuichirou Ashi ～Dr. Dr.

362009/02/23 2009/02/24

Tokyo

Department of Chemical Oceanograpjy, Ocean Research Institute, Tokyo University

Yoshihiro ItoToshitaka Gamou ～Prof. Dr.

372009/02/23 2009/02/23

Tokyo

Department of Chemical Oceanograpjy, Ocean Research Institute, Tokyo University

Yoshihiro ItoNoriko Nakayama ～Dr. Dr.

382009/02/23 2009/02/24

Tokyo

Earthquake Observation Center, Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University

Yoshihiro ItoKimihiro Mochizuki ～Dr. Dr.

392009/03/03 2009/03/08

Okayama

Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University

Eiji OhtaniSatoru Urakawa ～Dr. Prof.

402009/03/04 2009/03/06

Ube

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University

Koji IokuHirotaka Fujimori ～Dr. Prof.

412009/03/04 2009/03/06

Kochi

Research Laboratory of Hydorothermal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University Koji Ioku

Kazumichi Yanagisawa

～Prof. Prof.

422009/03/08 2009/03/12

Tsukuba

Earth and Planetary Sci.Faculty of Sciences,Kyushu University

Katsuo TsukamotoTomoki Nakamura ～Dr. Prof.

432009/03/08 2009/03/12

Tokyo

Graduate School and Faculty of Science, Tohoku University

Katsuo TsukamotoIchirou Sunagawa ～Emeritus

Prof.Prof.

442009/03/09 2009/03/11

Kyoto

Graduate School of Engineering，Kyoto University

Katsuo TsukamotoHirohumi Yamada ～Dr. Prof.

452009/03/14 2009/03/20

Fukui

Department ofSpace Communication Engineering，Fukui University of Technology

Shoichi OkanoTomoyuki Nakajo ～Dr. Prof.

462009/03/16 2009/03/19

imizu

Department of Information Systems Engineering,Toyama Prefectural University

Shoichi OkanoKeigo Isisaka ～Dr. Prof.

87


472009/03/17 2009/03/19

Tsukuba

Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier (RIIF)，National Institute of Advanced industrial science and Technology(AIST) Shoichi Okano

Shigetomo Shiki ～Dr. Prof.

482009/03/17 2009/03/18

Ohshu

Mizusawa Vera Observatory,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

Shoichi OkanoYuji Harada ～Dr. Prof.

492009/03/17 2009/03/18

Kyoto

Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University

Shoichi OkanoKazunori Ogohara ～Mr. Prof.

502009/03/17 2009/03/18

Sapporo

Faculty of Science Department of Natural History Sciences Cosmo- and Planetary Sciences

Shoichi OkanoKiyoshi Kuramoto ～Prof. Prof.

512009/03/17 2009/03/19

Sapporo

Faculty of Science Department of Natural History Sciences Cosmo- and Planetary Sciences

Shoichi OkanoJun Kimura ～Mr. Prof.

522009/03/17 2009/03/17

Sagamihara

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Aerospace Exploration Agency

Shoichi OkanoAkira Oyama ～Dr. Prof.

532009/03/17 2009/03/19

Sagamihara

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Shoichi OkanoShoko Ohtsuki ～Dr. Prof.

542009/03/17 2009/03/19

Tokyo


Yasunori Hori ～Mr. Prof.

552009/03/17 2009/03/20

Tokyo


Mariko Kato ～Ms. Prof.

562009/03/17 2009/03/19

Tokyo

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Shoichi OkanoSingo Kameda ～Dr. Prof.

572009/03/17 2009/03/19

Tokyo

Department of Earth and Planetary Science，The University of Tokyo

Shoichi OkanoGo Murakami ～Mr. Prof.

582009/03/17 2009/03/18

Tokyo

Department of Earth and Planetary Science，The University of Tokyo

Shoichi OkanoMiho Kaneo ～Ms. Prof.

592009/03/17 2009/03/19

Kashiwa

Graduate School of Frontier Science, Tokyo University

Shoichi OkanoYasuhito Sekine ～Dr. Prof.

602009/03/22 2009/03/24

Misasachou

Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior Okayama University

Hidenori TerasakiTakasi Yosino ～Dr. Dr.

612009/03/22 2009/03/24

Tokyo

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engeneering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Hidenori Terasaki

Tetuya Komabayasi ～Dr. Dr.

88


622009/03/22 2009/03/24

Hino

Chuo University

Hidenori TerasakiYuh Fukai ～Emeritus

Prof.Dr.

632009/03/23 2009/03/23

Tokyo

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engeneering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Hidenori Terasaki

Yoichi Nakajima ～Mr. Dr.

642009/06/04 2009/06/04

Mizusawa

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Yasumasa KasabaSho Sasaki ～Prof. Prof.

652009/07/19 2009/07/21

Tsukuba

National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention

Satoshi MiuraTaku Ozawa ～Dr. Dr.

662009/08/18 2009/08/22

Xiamen, China

Osaka City University

Noritoshi SuzukiToyosaburo Sakai ～Emeritus

Prof.Dr.

672009/08/18 2009/08/21

Xiamen, China

Utsunomiya University

Noritoshi SuzukiAkira Yao ～Emeritus

Prof.Dr.

682009/08/19 2009/08/21

Xiamen, China

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Satoshi MiuraTomoji Takasu ～Dr. Dr.

692009/08/25 2009/08/28

Sendai

Miyagi National College of Technology

Satoshi MiuraTetsuya Ozawa ～Dr. Dr.

702009/10/25 2009/10/27

Yokohama

JAMSTEC

Hitoshi FujiwaraTohru Sugiyama ～Dr. Dr.

89

4. GCOE Frontier Seminars / GCOE Special Lectures

Number Date Speaker / Affiliation / Speach Title Host Scientist

1Frontier Seminar

2008/8/28

Dr. Daisuke Yamazaki Okayama University

Rheological properties of MgSiO3 perovskite and its implications for the lower mantle Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

2Frontier Seminar

2008/9/4

Dr. Jan Matas Ecole normale superieure de Lyon

Composition and temperature of the lower mantle: elastic and anelastic interpretations Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

3Special Lecture

2008/9/26

Prof. Ban-Yuan Kuo Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

Institute of Earth Sciences,Academia Sinica, Taiwan

Yusaku Ohta

Dr.

4Special Lecture

2008/10/10

Prof. Ahmed El Goresy Bayerisches Geoinstitut Universitat Bayreuth

1st THE ASSEMBLAGE NATIVE COPPER, COBALTIAN IRON AND TROILITE IN ORDINARY CHONDRITES: DISSOCIATION PRODUCTS OF PENTLANDITE-TYPE PHASE? BUT NOT

Masaaki Miyahara

Dr.

5Special Lecture

2008/10/14-17

Dr. Syun-Ichi Akasofu The International Arctic Research Center of University of Alaska, Fairbanks

Special Lecture by Dr. Syun-Ichi Akasofu Shoichi Okano

Prof.

6Frontier Seminar

2008/10/21

Dr. Stephen Kirby U.S.Geological Survey

The Aleutian subduction boundary: Great Interplate Thrust Earthquakes,Segment

Norihito Umino

Prof.

7Special Lecture

2008/10/21


2nd Polychromatic Pigment Decorations in Temples and Tombs in Pharaohnic Egypt: Artistic Selection Patterns of Natural Minerals and Manufacture Technology of Synthetic Pigments in Three Millennia

Masaaki Miyahara

Dr.

8Special Lecture

2008/10/22

Prof. Christopher Chaston Space Sciences Laboratory at UC Berkeley

The Alfven wave at large Takeshi Sakanoi

Dr.

9Frontier Seminar

2008/10/23

Dr. Natalia Ruppert Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks

Advancements in Seismic Monitoring in Alaska and Recent Notable Earthquakes Yusaku Ohta

Dr.

10Special Lecture

2008/10/27

Dr. Bjorn Mysen Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie institution of Washington

Water in silicate melts and glasses at high temperature and pressure: Effects on melting and crystallization processes in the earth and planetary interiors

Akio Suzuki

Dr.

11Frontier Seminar

2008/10/28

Dr. Eric Larose Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France

Monitoring weak changes in the Earth: acoustic and seismic experiments Hisashi Nakahara

Dr.

90


12Special Lecture

2008/10/30


Diverse graphite morphologies in the Acapulco meteorite with contrasting carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures: Implications for the evolution history of Acapulcoite meteorites

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

13Frontier Seminar

2008/10/30

Dr. Tristan Ferroir Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon

Akimotoite in the L-6 Tenham Chondrite : crystal chemistry, transformation settings and qualitative kinetics

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

14Frontier Seminar

2008/10/31

Prof. Akihisa Takahashi JAPEX -Japan Petroleum Exploration Co. Ltd. Exploration Planning Dept. General Manager

"Oil and Gas Resources in Future" Haruo Sato

Prof.

15Special Lecture

2008/11/5

Prof. Shigeo Kinoshita Yokohama City University, International College of Arts and Sciences

"Two characteristics appeared on recent strong motion seismograms" by Prof. Shigeo Kinoshita

Haruo Sato

Prof.

16Frontier Seminar

2008/11/6

Prof. Hiroshi Sato Earthquake Research Institute, Earthquake Prediction Research Center

Seismogenic fault system imaging through a seismic reflection profiling Norihiro Nakamura

Dr.

17Frontier Seminar

2008/11/6

Prof. Richard H. Sibson University of Otago, New Zealand

Fault rocks as a guide to earthquake source processes Tomomi Okada

Dr.

18Frontier Seminar

2008/11/14

Prof. Atsushi Toramaru Kyushu University

Pattern formation of magma system: Analog experiment and numerical model Takeshi Nishimura

Dr.

19Frontier Seminar

2008/11/18

Dr. Yuki Kimura Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University

Relation between Nano-particles and Planetary Sciences Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

20Special Lecture

2008/11/19

Prof. Joseph A. Nuth Ⅲ Astrochemistry Laboratory, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Recent Progress in Understanding Organics and Ices in Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

21Frontier Seminar

2008/11/21

Prof. Renata Wentzcovitch Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science

Advances and Challenges in Theory of Earth and Planetary Materials Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

22Special Lecture

2008/11/28

Dr. Martin Reyners GNS Science, New Zealand

The three-dimensional distribution of seismic anisotropy in the Hikurangi subduction zone beneath the central North Island, New Zealand

Tomomi Okada

Dr.

23Frontier Seminar

2008/12/9

Dr. Michihiko Watanabe National Institute for Fusion Science

Plasma in the Magnetosphere and Aurora Phenomena Viewed from Magnetic Field Confinement Fusion Theory

Shoichi Okano

Prof.

91


24Frontier Seminar

2008/12/11

Dr. Oleg Korablev Russia / IKI

Recent spectroscopic studies of Venus and Mars and high-resolution spectroscopy in future space missions. Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

25Frontier Seminar

2008/12/11

Prof. Sho Sasaki Mizusawa VERA Observatory RISE Project Office

"Kaguya (SELENE)"and Future Lunar and Planetary Explorations Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

26Frontier Seminar

2009/1/6

Dr. Sun Jian Introduction of China Ocean University

Extraction of surface wave parameters in coastal areas using spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar images Horoshi Kawamura

Prof.

27Frontier Seminar

2009/1/8

Dr. Tadashi Yamasaki Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Deformation of the lithosphere as a product of interaction betweenrheology and driving force

Toru Matsuzawa

Prof.

28Frontier Seminar

2009/1/9

Dr. Tomohiro Usui Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Tennessee

CO2-related Noachian alkaline magmatism on Mars: Evidence from high-phosphorous tephrite in Gusev crater

Takeshi Kuritani

Dr.

29Frontier Seminar

2009/1/13

Dr. Yoshihumi Futaana Swedish Institute of Space Physics

Review of Martian and Venusian plasma environment: Latest results from ASPERA on Mars Express and Venus Express

Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

30Frontier Seminar

2009/1/13

Prof. Satoshi Hanada National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Classification of bacteria: genetics, environments and metabolism Takeshi Kakegawa

Dr.

31Frontier Seminar

2009/1/21

Ms. Lara O'Dwyer Brown University of California Davis (D3)

Liquid Komatiite Viscosities from 1 to 11 Gpa Hidenori Terasaki

Dr.

32Frontier Seminar

2009/1/22

Ms. Lara O'Dwyer Brown University of California Davis (D3)

Numerical Simulations of Falling Sphere Viscometry Experiments. Hidenori Terasaki

Dr.

33Frontier Seminar

2009/2/10

Dr. Tomoko Arai The University Museum, The University of Tokyo

Lunar Science Overview: From Apollo to Kaguya Dapeng Zhao

Prof.

34Frontier Seminar

2009/2/16

Dr. Naoki Terada Japan Science and Technology Agency

Review and theoretical analysis with numerical simulations Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

35Frontier Seminar

2009/2/16

Dr. Munetaka Ueno Department of Earth Science & Astronomy, University of Tokyo

A preliminary result of AKARI mission "From proto-planetary disk to the interplanetary dust"

Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

92


36Frontier Seminar

2009/2/20

Dr. John Hernlund The University of British Columbia

Recent Breakthroughs in Understanding Earth's Interior and Evolution Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

37Frontier Seminar

2009/2/23

Dr. Tsuyoshi Inoue National Astronomical Observatory of Japan　PD

Towards Understanding Physical Condition and Star-formation in Molecular Clouds Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

38Frontier Seminar

2009/2/27

Prof. GU Chaolin Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University

Mega-regional Planning for urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta Masateru Hino

Prof.

39Frontier Seminar

2009/3/2

Prof. Daniele Pinti University of Quebec, Canada

DO WE REALLY KNOW APEX CHERT? ALTERATION MIMICKING BIOMORPHIC STRUCTURES IN THE 3465 MA OLD ROCK

Takeshi Kakegawa

Dr.

40Frontier Seminar

2009/3/6

Dr. Takao Kobayashi Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources

Exploration of lunar surface and subsurface structure by Kaguya HF radar (LRS) Atsushi Kumamoto

Dr.

41Special Lecture

2009/3/9

Prof. Hiroo Kanamori John E. and Hazel S. Smits Professor of Geophysics, Emeritus

Use of W phase for fast tsunami warning Satoshi Miura

Dr.

42Special Lecture

2009/3/12

Prof. Juan Manuel García Ruiz

Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, CSIC- Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

Self-organization in nanocrystalline materials as the route to biomineralization Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

43Frontier Seminar

2009/3/12

Prof. Peter G. Vekilov Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Chemistry　University of Houston

What determines the rate of growth of crystals from solution? Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

44Frontier Seminar

2009/3/13

Dr. Tsubasa Ohtake GCOE Global COE Program Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics

Significance of hydrothermal activity on the early Earth: understanding from iron oxide transformations and multiple sulfur isotope fractionations

Takeshi Kakegawa

Dr.

45Special Lecture

2009/3/13

Prof. Andrew Putnis Institut für Mineralogie, University of Münster

The mechanism of mineral re-equilibration in the presence of a fluid phase : petrological applications

Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

46Special Lecture

2009/3/17


Large normal-fault and thrust earthquakes in the outer-rise Satoshi Miura

Dr.

47Special Lecture

2009/3/23


Study of old seismograms for a better understanding of future seismic hazard-- The case of the 1907 Sumatra earthquake --

Satoshi Miura

Dr.

93


48Frontier Seminar

2009/3/26

Prof. Stephane Labrosse Labo. Sci. Terre, ENS Lyon

The basal magma ocean Hidenori Terasaki

Dr.

49Frontier Seminar

2009/4/7

Dr. Stephen Kirby U.S.Geological Survey

Getting subduction started: Flexure and seismic deformation in theouter-rise/outer-trench-slope region worldwide

Norihito Umino

Prof.

50Frontier Seminar

2009/4/14

Prof. John R. Delaney School of Oceanography, University of Washington

The Key to Future Research within the Ocean Basins: Cabled Submarine Networks Wired to Next-Generation Internet

Hiromi Fujimoto

Prof.

51Frontier Seminar

2009/4/20

Dr. David L. Goldsby Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University

From the Nano to the Tectonic Scale - Rheological Constraints on Earthquake Nucleation and Coseismic Fault Slip

Jun Muto

Dr.

52Frontier Seminar

2009/4/21

Dr. David L. Goldsby Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University

Experimental Constraints on the Flow of Ice: From Greenland to Ganymede Jun Muto

Dr.

53Frontier Seminar

2009/5/18

Prof. Masami Fukuda International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks , USA

Permafrost response under global warming trend in the Arctic Motoyuki Sato

Prof.

54Frontier Seminar

2009/5/25

Prof. Craig Bina Northwerstern Univ.

A Few Remaining Problems in the Mantle Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

55Special Lecture

2009/5/25

Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato Yale Univ

Water distribution in Earth's mantle and its implications for the evolution of ocean Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

56Frontier Seminar

2009/5/25

Prof. Fumiko Tajima LMU Munich

Seismic evidence of localized distribution of dehydration-induced fluids or melts associated with stagnant slabs

Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

57Frontier Seminar

2009/5/26


Seismic Properties and Fluid Distribution in the Mantle Transition Zone Akio Suzuki

Dr.

58Frontier Seminar

2009/5/26

Prof. Craig Bina Northwerstern University

Geophysical Thermodynamics of Phase Relations: A Brief Overview Akio Suzuki

Dr.

59Special Lecture

2009/5/26

Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato Yale University

Strength of the lithosphere: New experimental constraints and their geodynamic implications Akio Suzuki

Dr.

94


60Frontier Seminar

2009/5/28

Dr. John Wakabayashi California State University, Fresno

Supra subduction zone ophiolites, subduction initiation, and metamorphic soles. Soichi Osozawa

Dr.

61Frontier Seminar

2009/5/28

Dr. John Wakabayashi California State University, Fresno

The 2009 "State of Franciscan Address: Old and new insight into the tectonics of subduction. Soichi Osozawa

Dr.

62Frontier Seminar

2009/6/5

Prof. Jan Matas Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS

Intrinsic seismic attenuation: new approaches and new results Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

63Frontier Seminar

2009/6/12

Prof. Roel Snieder Colorado School of Mines

Seismic interferometry, who needs a seismic source? Haruo Sato

Prof.

64Frontier Seminar

2009/6/15

Dr. Buruno Reynard CNRS Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon

Rheology of serpentines, seismicity and mass transfer in subduction zone Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

65Frontier Seminar

2009/6/15

Dr. Andrei Bobrov Moscow State University

Phase relations in diamond-forming carbonate-silicate systems Litasov Konstantin D.

Dr.

66Frontier Seminar

2009/6/17

Dr. Stephane Mazzotti Geological Survey of Canada

Present-Day Tectonics and Dynamics of the Canada-Alaska Cordillera Satoshi Miura

Dr.

67Frontier Seminar

2009/6/19

Dr. Stephane Mazzotti Geological Survey of Canada

GPS and Seismicity Analysis of Tectonics and Stress in the Cascadia Subduction Forearc Satoshi Miura

Dr.

68Frontier Seminar

2009/6/30

Dr. Tomoya Konishi The Anan National College of Technology

Surface Investigation of Sulphur-terminated GaAs(001) Deposited with Organopalladium Catalyst Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

69Frontier Seminar

2009/6/30

Dr. Nagatoshi Nishiwaki The Anan National College of Technology

Development of Practically Usable & Green Chemical CatalystSupported on S-terminated GaN(0001) Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

70Frontier Seminar

2009/7/9

Prof. Syun-Ichi Akasofu The International Arctic Research Center of University of Alaska, Fairbanks

Global Warming : Natural Change May Explain Most of It Shoichi Okano

Prof.

71Frontier Seminar

2009/7/13

Dr. Alexander Van Driessche

Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Granada

In situ observation of crystal growth from solution Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

95


72Frontier Seminar

2009/7/16

Prof. Shanaka L. DeSilva Department of Geoscience, Oregon State University

The rhythm of arc magmatism ?　Insights from ignimbrite flare-ups and supervolcanism. Takeyoshi Yoshida

Prof.

73Frontier Seminar

2009/7/22

Dr. Nozomu Nishitani Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University

SuperDARN Hokkaido radar: Overview of 2.5 year observation and future perspective Hiroaki Misawa

Dr.

74Frontier Seminar

2009/8/7

Prof. Yuji Sano Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo

Tracing extinct spreading center in SW Japan by helium-3 emanation Takeshi Kakegawa

Dr.

75Frontier Seminar

2009/8/7

Prof. Daniele L. Pinti University of Quebec, Canada

Mantle noble gases in a passive continental margin: What is going on in Eastern North America? Takeshi Kakegawa

Dr.

76Frontier Seminar

2009/8/12

Dr. Ludovic Margerin CEREGE,　France

Radiative transfer of seismic waves: a review Hisashi Nakahara

Dr.

77Frontier Seminar

2009/8/18

Dr. Masaki Takahashi Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, AIST

Estimation of the tectonic erosion along the Japan Trench -Toward better understanding for stress accumulation mechanism of crustal earthquakes-

Junichi Nakajima

Dr.

78Frontier Seminar

2009/8/19

Dr. Tomoji Takasu Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Review of technology and application of Precise Point Positioning Satoshi Miura

Dr.

79Frontier Seminar

2009/8/26

Dr. Sun Jian Ocean University of China

The SAR measurement of surface waves in the coastal region Teruhisa Shimada

Dr.

80Frontier Seminar

2009/8/27

Dr. Kohei Kazahaya Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

Origin and importance of Arima-type thermal brines found in SW Japan Toru Matsuzawa

Prof.

81Frontier Seminar

2009/9/8

Prof. Hu Jianyu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, China

Evolution and feature of two cold eddies off the western coast of South China Sea in August-September 2007

Horoshi Kawamura

Prof.

82Frontier Seminar

2009/9/8

Dr. Yuwu Jiang State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, China

3D Forcasting System in the Taiwan Strait Horoshi Kawamura

Prof.

83Frontier Seminar

2009/9/11


Topical Seismic Low Velocity Anomalies Associated with Stagnant Slabs: Inference and Observational Uncertainties

Hidenori Terasaki

Dr.

96


84Frontier Seminar

2009/9/17

Prof. Tetsuo Yamamoto Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University

Low temperature crystallization of dust in space Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

85Frontier Seminar

2009/9/17

Dr. Katsuyoshi Michibayashi Institude of Geosciences, Shizuoka University

Structure sensitivity and rock seismic anisotropy of peridotite in the mantle wedge Junichi Nakajima

Dr.

86Frontier Seminar

2009/9/18


Waveform Modeling for 3D Seismic Velocity Structure Using Body Wave Data Recorded by the Dense Seismographic Networks in Japan

Hidenori Terasaki

Dr.

87Frontier Seminar

2009/9/24

Prof. John Holloway Arizona State University

Accretion and Early Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets Akio Suzuki

Dr.

88Frontier Seminar

2009/9/25


The origin and production of CO2 and H2 in mid-ocean ridge magmatic systems Akio Suzuki

Dr.

89Frontier Seminar

2009/9/25


Magma to Molecules: Simulation of Abiotic Organic Synthesis at Mid-Ocean Ridge Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems

Akio Suzuki

Dr.

90Frontier Seminar

2009/9/25

Dr. Shohei Ohara Geophysical Laboratory

The effect of pressure on aqueous amino acid solutions under hydrothermal conditions Takeshi Sakai

Dr.

91Frontier Seminar

2009/10/5

Dr. Akira Yoneda Institute for study of the Earth's interior, Okayama Univ.

Elastic Constants of Single Crystal Stishovite Determined by High Frequency Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

Akio Suzuki

Dr.

92Special Lecture

2009/10/6


A Novel Natural Shock-Induced High-Pressure Polymorph of FeTiO3 Ilmenite With the Li-Niobate Structure From the Ries Crater, Germany: First Evidence for Back Transformation From Perovskite.

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

93Special Lecture

2009/10/7

Prof. Hiroo Kanamori Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

Revisiting the 1960 Chilean Earthquake ‐For the 50th Anniversary‐ Akira Hasegawa

Prof.

94Special Lecture

2009/10/13


Micro-Surgical FIB-TEM Study of Diverse Liquidus Wadsleyite-Ringwoodite Pairs Fractionally Crystallized From Olivine Melt Enclaves in Shock Melt Veins IN L6 Chondrites.

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

95Special Lecture

2009/10/16

Prof. Hiroo Kanamori Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

Long‐period seismic waves excited by the 1933 Sanriku earthquake Akira Hasegawa

Prof.

97


96Special Lecture

2009/10/20


Shock-Induced Melting of Maskelynite and the High-Pressure Mineral Inventory of Shergottites: Implications to Evaluation of the Shock History of Martian Meteorites.

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

97Frontier Seminar

2009/10/22

Prof. Wlodek Kofman Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS), France

MARSIS (MarsExpress ESA mission) and SHARAD(MRO NASA mission) radars to study Martian surface and subsurface.

Takayuki Ono

Prof.

98Frontier Seminar

2009/10/24

Associate Prof.

Yoichi Itoh Kobe University

Observational Studies of Extra-Solar Planets with the Subaru Telescope and the AKARI Infrared Satellite Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

98

5. Travel Support for Our Members

Number Period / LocationName Facilities' Name

12008/10/18 2008/10/22

Hawaii, U.S.A.Yasumasa Kasaba

～Prof. Dicussion about a new planetary telescope at the Haleakala High Altitude Observatory

22008/10/26 2008/10/29Washington D.C., U.S.A.Hitoshi Fujiwara

～Dr. International Heliophysical Year (IHY) School, Beijing 2008(State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Science)

32008/11/30 2008/12/06

Guangzhou, ChinaHoroshi Kawamura

～Prof. Xiamen University, Sun Yat-sen University

42008/12/01 2008/12/19

Guangzhou, ChinaHuiling Qin

～Mr. School of environmental science and Engineering, SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (SCSIO, Chinese Academy of Sciences

52008/12/07 2008/12/13

Santa Cruz, U.S.A.Haruo Sato

～Prof. University of California (Santa Cruz)

62008/12/13 2008/12/22Carltonville, South AfricaYasuo Yabe

～Dr. Collaborative research of mine seismic network

72008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Motohiko Murakami

～Dr. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2008

82008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Hidenori Terasaki


92008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Tadahiro Sato

～Prof. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2008

102008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Masaaki Miyahara


112008/12/15 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Takeshi Nishimura


122009/01/04 2009/01/11

LuxemburgYusaku Ohta

～Dr. Collaborative research for the crustal movement with the gravimeter and GPSdata

132009/01/04 2009/01/11

LuxemburgTadahiro Sato

～Prof. Collaborative research for the crustal movement with the gravimeter and GPSdata

142009/01/07 2009/01/19Cape Town, South AfricaYasuo Yabe

～Dr. IASPEI General Assembly 2010, Cape Town International Convention Centre, South Africa.

99


152009/01/08 2009/01/16

HawaiiHiromu Nakagawa

～Mr. "Voyagers in Heliosheath: Observations, models, and plasma physics" conference

162009/01/09 2009/01/18Cape Town, South AfricaEduard Carcole Carrub

～Dr. IASPEI General Assembly 2009, Cape Town International Convention Centre, South Africa.

172009/02/08 2009/02/14

Melbourne, AustraliaSyusaku Sugimoto

～Mr. 9th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography "Climate and Water in the Southern Hemisphere"

182009/02/08 2009/02/15

Alaska, U.S.A.Yusaku Ohta

～Dr. Collaborative research for precise gravity measurement

192009/02/08 2009/02/15

Alaska, U.S.A.Tadahiro Sato

～Prof. precise gravity measurement

202009/02/10 2009/02/18

Siem Reap, CambodiaMotoyuki Sato

～Prof. Subsurface measurement with ground penetrating radar

212009/02/10 2009/02/26

Siem Reap, CambodiaTakashi Kido

～Mr. Subsurface measurement with ground penetrating radar

222009/02/22 2009/02/28

Zurich, SwitzerlandShoichi Okano

～Prof. Institute of Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Kiepenheuer Institut fur Sonnenphysik

232009/02/22 2009/02/28

Zurich, SwitzerlandYasumasa Kasaba

～Prof. Institute of Astronomy, ETH Zurich, HITand ISFI-roma, INAF

242009/03/07 2009/03/14

Glasgow, ScotlandTakahiro Watanabe

～Mr. Scientific research of infinitesimal radiogenic element

252009/03/07 2009/03/14

Glasgow, ScotlandFumiko Nara

～Dr. Scientific research of infinitesimal radiogenic element

262009/03/09 2009/03/28

Bayreuth, GermanyMasaaki Miyahara

～Dr. Universitat Bayreuth

272009/03/18 2009/04/07

Champaign, U.S.A.Motohiko Murakami

～Dr. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

282009/03/22 2009/03/29

HawaiiMasato Kagitani

～Mr. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

292009/03/23 2009/03/31

Kalgoolie, AustraliaYasuo Yabe

～Dr. seismic observation in Australia

100


302009/03/24 2009/03/31

Nanjing and Hang Zhou, ChinaKunio Kaiho

～Prof. China University of Geosciences

312009/03/24 2009/03/31

Nanjing and Hang Zhou, ChinaMasahiro Ohba

～Dr. China University of Geosciences

322009/03/24 2009/03/28

Guangzhou, ChinaSyusaku Sugimoto

～Mr. The 3rd Argo Science Workshop

332009/03/27 2009/04/04Miami, Western CaribbeanEiji Ohtani

～Prof. SMEC2009

342009/04/16 2009/05/11

Vienna and BarcelonaEduardo Carcole

～Dr. EGU General Assembly

352009/04/19 2009/04/25

Vienna and Cologne Hiromu Nakagawa

～Dr. University of Cologne・EGU General Assembly

362009/04/19 2009/04/23

CologneShouichi Okano

～Prof. University of Cologne

372009/04/19 2009/04/26

Cologne・ViennaYasumasa Kasaba

～Prof. University of Cologne・EGU General Assembly

382009/04/21 2009/04/26

Oslo Takeshi Sakanoi

～Dr. Dayside Cusp and Polar Cap Ionosphere: Present Knowledge and future Planning

392009/05/23 2009/06/14

Granada/Mzryland/Pasadena Yuki Kimura

～Dr. International School of Crystallization214th The American Astronomical Society Meeting

402009/06/16 2009/06/29Zurich, Davos, SwitzerlandLitasov Konstantin D

～Dr. The Deep Carbon Cycle Workshop, Goldschmidt2009

412009/06/19 2009/06/28

DavosHidenori Terasaki

～Dr. Goldschmidt2009

422009/09/07 2009/09/28

Moscow・Novosibirsk, RussiaAnton Shatskiy

～Dr. Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Chernogolovka・Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the RAS

101

6. Support to Students for Overseas Studies

Numbe Period / LocationName Facilities' Name Adviser

12008/11/24 2008/11/28

Shanghai, ChinaTongji University

Koji IokuKenkichi Sasaki ～ Prof.Mr. (RA)

22008/12/08 2009/12/19

Kiruna, Swedenobservation for flickering aurora and EISCAT radar

Shoichi OkanoSatoshi Kimura ～ Prof.Mr. (RA)

32009/03/01 2009/03/29

Seattle, U.S.A.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Pacific Marine　NOAA Center for Tsunami Research Ryota Hino

Hiroaki Tsushima ～ Dr.Mr. (DC)

42009/03/02 2009/03/13Auckland, New Zealand

The University of AucklandKunio Kaiho

Satoshi Takahashi ～ Prof.Mr. (DC)

52009/03/02 2009/03/23

Jakarta, IndonesiaCollecting research information at Tohoku Universitty in Sendai. Fuminori Tsuchiya

Arif Susanto　～ Dr.Mr. (DC)

62009/03/15 2009/03/30

Copenhagen, DenmarkDiscussion about geology and geochemistry of the Isua Spracrustal Belt and thesis　 Takeshi Kakegawa

Ohtomo Yoko ～ Prof.Mr. (DC)

72009/03/24 2009/03/31

Nanjing and Hang Zhou, ChinaChina University of Geosciences

Kunio KaihoSatoshi Takahashi ～ Prof.Mr. (DC)

82009/04/04 2009/04/19

CanberraThe Australian National University

Eiji OhtaniShin Ozawa ～ Prof.Mr. (DC)

92009/04/12 2009/05/03

Seattle NOAA Center for Tsunami Research

Ryota HinoHiroaki Tsushima ～ Dr.Mr. (DC)

102009/04/18 2009/04/30

Qingdao First Institute of Oceanology of SOA, China

Hiroshi KawamuraWei Yongliang ～ Prof.Mr. (DC)

112009/09/09 2009/09/15

HawaiiResearch at NASA　Infrared Telescope Facility(IRTF)

Shoichi OkanoTadahisa Kobuna ～ Prof.Mr. (RA)

122009/09/28 2009/10/07

CambridgeResearch on the heterogeneity of the interior of the solid

earth by using short-periodseismic waves. Haruo SatoKentaro Emoto ～ Prof.Mr. (DC)

102

7. Support to Students for Attending International Conferences

Number Name Name of International Conference / Title of Presentation Period / Location / Adviser

12008/07/13 2008/07/18

Montreal,CanadaThermal Plasma Effects on the Impedance Probe Measurements

Takayuki Ono

Tomonori Suzuki ～Mr. 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly

Prof.(RA)

22008/08/10 2008/08/20

Tunis, TunisiaCurrent State of Thinning and Upcoming Stage of Forestry in Northern Japan: A Case of District Forest Owners’ Cooperative”

Gen Ueda

Tadayoshi Tada ～Mr. 31th International Geographical Congress

Dr.(RA)

32008/09/06 2008/09/14

Annecy, FranceThe development of a high precision continuous measurement system of oxygen/nitrogen ratio and its application for atmospheric observation Takakiyo Nakazawa

Daisuke Goto ～Mr. IGAC 10th International Conference

Prof.(RA)

42008/09/06 2008/09/14

Annecy, FranceEstimation of carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of methane from wetlands and wildfires in Alaska based on aircraft observations and bonfire experiments Shuji Aoki

Taku Umezawa ～Mr. IGAC 10th International Conference

Prof.(RA)

52008/09/14 2008/09/22

Roma, Italy10Be variations in the Dome Fuji ice core during the last deglaciation. Determination of 10Be in several-gram-ice samples from the Dome Fuji ice cores. Koji Minoura

Tomoko Uchida ～Mr. The 11th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectromet

Prof.(RA)

62008/10/07 2008/10/14

Cheongju, South KoreaThe Price Decline of Rice and the Condition of Family Farm Existence －A Case Study of Tohoku Region

Masateru Hino

Toru Sasaki ～Mr. Third Korea-China-Japan joint conference on Geography

Prof.(RA)

72008/10/07 2008/10/14

Cheongju, KoreaA Study of Local development in Depopulation area in South Korea

Masateru Hino

Jon Sockho ～Mr. Third Korea-China-Japan joint conference on Geography

Prof.(RA)

82008/10/19 2008/10/25

Beijing, ChinaDiurnal rainfall over Southeast China and its relation with the diurnal variation of monsoon flow USING ARGO FLOAT AND ALTIMETRY Weiming Sha

Chen Guixing ～Mr. WMO 4th International Workshop on Monsoons (IWM-IV)

Dr.(DC)

92008/11/09 2008/11/17

Washington D.C., U.S.A.Mea Sea Surface Height In The World Ocean Using Argo Float And Altimetry

Kimio Hanawa

Hiroto Abe ～Mr. AGU 2008 Fall Meeting

Prof.(RA)

103


102008/11/26 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Ground-based observation of MF auroral radio emissions in the polar cap and cusp regions

Takayuki Ono

Yuka Sato ～Mr. AGU 2008 Fall Meeting

Prof.(SDC)

112008/12/09 2008/12/11

NagoyaPorous Hydroxyapatite Containing Magnetite Particles for Hyperthermia in Bone

Koji Ioku

Setuaki Murakami ～Mr. IUMRS-ICA 2008

Prof.(RA)

122008/12/11 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Sulfide mineral paragenesis at the Hugo Dummett porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Oyu Tolgoi, South Mongolia (poster presentation)

Hirokazu Fujimaki

Sanjaa Myagmarsuren ～Ms. AGU 2009 Fall Meeting

Prof.(DC)

132008/12/11 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Magmatism in the Tsagaandelger, Eastern Mongolian Volcanic belt: Petrological, Geochemical and Isotopic Constraints on

Mesozoic Geodynamic Setting (poster presentation) Hirokazu Fujimaki

Oidov Munkhtsetseg ～Ms. AGU 2009 Fall Meeting

Prof.(DC)

142008/12/13 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.High pressure MgSO4-H2O system and its implication for the internal structure evolution of Ganymede

Eiji Ohtani

Ryou Nakamura ～Mr. AGU 2009 Fall Meeting

Prof.(RA)

152008/12/14 2008/12/22

San Francisco, U.S.A.Structures and growth textures of Japanese twin boundaries in quartz

Yasuhiro Kudoh

Kouichi Monma ～Mr. AGU 2008 Fall Meeting

Prof.(SDC)

162008/12/14 2008/12/22

San Francisco, U.S.A.Experimental Synthesis of Organic Compounds From Inorganic Materials by the Simulated Impact on the Early Earth

Takeshi Kakegawa

Yoshihiro Furukawa ～Mr. AGU 2008 Fall Meeting

Prof.(DC)

172008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Influence of the Increased SST on Baroclinic Instability Wave Activity under an Aqua Planet Condition

Toshiki Iwasaki

Chihiro Kodama ～Mr. AGU 2009 Fall Meeting

Prof.(SDC)

182008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Electron Density Structure in the Mid-Latitude Ionosphere observed from the Impedance Probe on-board the Recent Japanese Sounding Rockets Takayuki Ono

Tomonori Suzuki ～Mr. AGU 2009 Fall Meeting

Prof.(RA)

192008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Density and Structure of Basaltic Magma under High Pressure and High Temperature

Eiji Ohtani

Tatuya Sakamaki ～Mr. AGU 2008 Fall Meeting

Prof.(DC)

104


202008/12/14 2008/12/22

San Francisco, U.S.A.Growth and resorption of bubbles by chemical exchange between disequilibrium fluids

Michihiko Nakamura

Jyunpei Yoshimura ～Mr. AGU 2008 Fall Meeting

Dr.(SDC)

212008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Temporal changes of seismic velocity of shallow structure associated with the 2000 Miyakejima volcano activity as inferred from ambient seismic noise correlation analyses Takeshi Nishimura

Titi Anggono RA ～Mr. AGU 2009 Fall Meeting

Dr.(RA)

222008/12/14 2008/12/21

San Francisco, U.S.A.Effect of Water on topography of 660 km Seismic Discontinuity:Experimental View

Eiji Ohtani

Ghosh Sujoy ～Mr. AGU 2008 Fall Meeting

Prof.(DC)

232009/03/24 2009/03/27

Hangzhou, ChinaMea Sea Surface Height In The World Ocean Using Argo Float And Altimetry USING ARGO FLOAT AND ALTIMETRY

Kimio Hanawa

Hiroto Abe ～Mr. The 3rd Argo Science Workshop:the Future of Argo

Prof.(RA)

242009/04/17 2009/04/26

ViennaShort-term variability of Jupiter's extended sodium nebula

Shoichi Okano

Mizuki Yoneda ～Mr. EGU General Assembly

Prof.(DC)

252009/04/17 2009/04/26

ViennaA simulation study of mode conversion process from Upper-Hybrid mode to LO-mode waves in plasmasphere

Takayuki Ono

Kalaee　Mohammad Javad

～Mr. EGU General Assembly

Prof.(RA)

262009/04/18 2009/04/26

ViennaDrainage system evolution associated with segment linkage within active thrust zones: the northern Tokachi fault zone, eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan Toshifumi Imaizumi

Hiroaki Suzuki ～Mr. EGU General Assembly

Prof.(RA)

272009/06/18 2009/06/27

DavosMagmatism in the Tsagaandelger, East Mongolian Volcanic Belt: Petrological and Isotopic Constraints on Mesozoic Geodynamic Setting Hirokazu Fujimaki

Munkhtsetseg Oidov ～Ms. Goldschmidt 2009 Conference

Prof.(DC)

282009/06/19 2009/06/29

Davos1, Solidus of carbonated peridotite at high pressure 2,　Partical melting of peridotite + CO2 and origin of kimberlite melt in the deep mantle Eiji Ohtani

Sujoy Ghosh ～Mr. The Deep Carbon Cycle Workshop, Goldschmidt 2009 Conference

Prof.(DC)

292009/06/20 2009/06/27

DavosSulfide mineral paragenesis at the Hugo Dummett porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Oyu Tolgoi, South Mongolia

Hirokazu Fujimaki

Sanjaa Myagmarsuren ～Ms. Goldschmidt 2009 Conference

Prof.(DC)

105


302009/08/10 2009/08/16

SingaporeThe density and viscosity measurements of the MgSO4-H2O fluids under High pressure and its implication for the subsurface ocean in the icy satellites. Eiji Ohtani

Ryo Nakmura ～Mr. Asia Oceania GeoSciences Society 2010

Prof.(DC)

312009/08/22 2009/08/31

SopronAPPEARANCE OF AURORAL ROAR AND MF BURST

Takayuki Ono

Yuka Sato ～Ms. IAGA 11th Scientific Assembly

Prof.(DC)

322009/08/22 2009/08/31

Xiamen, ChinaThe simulation of water/energy fluxes for FLUXNET sites based on the concept of potential response characteristics : scale up from leaf to canopy Takeshi Yamazaki

Ryuhei Yoshida ～Mr. 6th International Scientific Conference on the Global Energy and

Dr.(RA)

332009/08/24 2009/08/31

Sopron1, Ion upflows in the polar magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms 　2, Seasonal variations of the electron density distribution in the polar magnetosphere during geomagnetically quiet periods Naoki Terada

Naritoshi Kitamura ～Mr. International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA)

Dr.(SDC)

342009/09/19 2009/09/26

InnsbruckThermal Plasma Effects on the Impedance Probe Measurements in the Ionosphere

Takayuki Ono

Tomonori Suzuki ～Mr. 8th International Workshop on Electric Probes in Magnetized Plas

Prof.(SDC)

106

8. Internship Program Students

Number Period / CountryName of Student Affiliation Adviser

12008/09/03 2008/12/01

Taoyuan, Taiwan

Department of Environmental Biology and Fishery Science National Taiwan Ocean University Hiroshi KawamuraChang Yi

～ Prof.Mr.

22008/10/01 2008/12/01

Taoyuan, Taiwan

Department of Environmental Biology and Fishery Science National Taiwan Ocean University Hiroshi KawamuraTzeng Mu-Tun

～ Prof.Mr.

32008/10/16 2009/11/03

Lyon, France

Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonEiji OhtaniTristan Ferroir

～ Prof.Mr.

42009/01/09 2009/03/30

Cairo, Egypt

Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal UniversityMotoyuki SatoAhmed Gaber

～ Prof.Mr.

52009/01/18 2009/03/21

Guangzhou, China

South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Hiroshi KawamuraChumhua Qiu

～ Prof.Ms.

62009/01/19 2009/02/22

San Francisco, U.S.A.

University of California DavisEiji OhtaniLara O'Dwyer Brown

～ Prof.Ms.

72009/02/02 2009/03/03

Tel Aviv, Israel

Department of Geophysics Tel Aviv University, Israel Yukihiro TakahashiRoy Yaniv

～ Dr.Mr.

82009/03/01 2009/03/31

Muenster, Germany

Institute of Mineralogy University of MunsterKatsuo TsukamotoHelen Elizabeth King

～ Prof.Ms.

92009/03/15 2009/06/14

Novorbirsk, Russia

V.S. Sovolev Institute of Geology and MineralogyEiji OhtaniSharygin Igor S.

～ Prof.Mr.

102009/05/31 2009/08/02

San Francisco, U.S.A.

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Naoki UchidaAmanda Thomas

～ Dr.Ms.

112009/06/04 2009/08/31

Mowcow, Russia

Department of Petrology, Moscow State University Eiji OhtaniAnna Dymshits

～ Prof.Ms.

122009/06/16 2009/12/15

Beijing, China

Institute of Feology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Science Eiji OhtaniFeng Lu

～ Prof.Ms.

132009/07/05 2009/12/10

Beijing, China

Department of MathematicalTsinghua UniversityDapeng ZhaoPing Tong

～ Prof.Mr.

142009/07/05 2009/12/10

Nanjing, China

Department of Earth Sciences,Nanjing UniversityDapeng ZhaoDayong Yu

～ Prof.Mr.

152009/07/05 2009/12/10

Nanjing, China

Department of Earth Sciences,Nanjing UniversityDapeng ZhaoZaouchuan Huang

～ Prof.Mr.

162009/08/09 2009/11/05

Canberra, Australia

Research School of Earth Science,The Australian National University Eiji OhtaniEkaterina Kiseeva

～ Prof.Ms.

107

Number Period / CountryName of Student Affiliation Adviser

172009/09/01 2009/09/30

Muenster, Germany

Institute of Mineralogy University of MunsterKatsuo TsukamotoHelen Elizabeth King

～ Prof.Ms.

182009/09/17 2009/12/14

Novosibirsk, Russia

Novosibirsk State UniversityEiji OhtaniMaria Polovinka

～ Prof.Ms.

108

109

8-1. Internship Student Reports

Yi Chang [Title of Research] A comparison of satellite-derived sea surface temperature front using resent two edge detection methods [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

Satellite-derived SST fronts provide a valuable resource for the study of oceanic fronts. In this study, two edge detection algorithms designed specifically for the identification of fronts in satellite-derived SST fields are compared. One of these is the entropy-based algorithm of Shimada and the other the histogram-based algorithm of Cayula and Cornillon. The algorithms were applied to a one year (2004) series of AVHRR-derived SST fields and the probability of finding a front at each pixel location - the front probability distribution - was calculated for the time series for each algorithm. Although the general characteristics of the distributions are similar, the entropy-based algorithm tends to find more fronts on average than the histogram-based algorithm. This is true everywhere suggesting a lower threshold for noise. The increase in the number of background fronts results from three contributions: (1) fronts found by the entropy-based algorithm tended to be `thicker' resulting in a greater contribution from each front, (2) shorter fronts were accepted by the entropy-based algorithm than by the histogram-based one, and (3) the number of frontal segments in a given region does not have the same constraint for the entropy-based as for the histogram-based algorithm. In light of these observations, the fronts obtained with the entropy-based algorithm were decomposed into segments and the same length and thickness constraints were applied to these segments as to those from the histogram-based algorithm. This post-processing of fronts from the entropy-based algorithm resulted in a distribution that was substantially closer to the histogram-based results. (Presented in the PORSEC2008 symposium)

Mu-Tun Tzeng

Affiliated Department:

Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University

Academic Degree: Master Degree / PhD. Student

Specialized Field: Fisheries Oceanography

Research Project: Edge detection of SST images

Affiliated Department:

Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University

Academic Degree: Bachelor Degree / Master Student

Specialized Field: Fisheries Oceanography

Research Project: Validation of the MODIS-derived sea surface temperature

110

[Title of Research] Validation of Terra/Aqua MODIS sea surface temperature in water around Taiwan [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

The research vessel-based CTD provides underwater measurements of the bulk sea surface temperature (SST) at the depths shallower than 5 m. The CTD observations are distributed in the water around Taiwan and so a useful data is available for comparison with the SST derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers) aboard Aqua and Terra satellites. We produce high-resolution (1 km) MODIS SST by using Multi-Channel SST (MCSST) algorithm with global coefficients. There are 1,516 cloud-free match-up data of MODIS SST and in situ measurements during the period of 2003-2005. The difference of root mean square error (RMSE) of satellite observation in each platform in daytime and nighttime are: 0.88°C in Aqua daytime, 0.71°C in Aqua nighttime, 0.71°C in Terra daytime, and 0.6°C in Terra nighttime. The total analysis of MODIS-derived SST shows good agreement with a bias of 0.03°C and RMSE of 0.75°C. The analyses indicate that the bias of Aqua daytime is always positive in the year and the large RMSE should be attributed to the large positive bias (0.45) under the diurnal warming. It is also consider that the bias of Terra daytime is usually negative with mean bias of -0.41, its large RMSE should be treated with care under the low solar radiation in the morning. (To be submitted to Terrestrial, Atmosphere and Oceanic Science (TAO) in 2009)

Tristan Ferroir

[Title of Research] Investigation of phase relationship between low pressure polymorph and high pressure polymorph in shocked meteorites [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

Since the observations of high pressure polymorph in meteorites, many discoveries have been done about the transformation mechanisms between low pressure phase to high pressure phases. These observations in shocked meteorites are a complementary approach to static high-pressure experiments. Furthermore, with the recent knowledge of transformation kinetics, it has become possible to know shock duration, impactor sizes and crater sizes left on the parent body. Some of these estimation have been done on intracrystalline transformations that were thought to be solid-state.

With use of SEM and FIB cutting, we have successfully extracted no more than 10 cutes in partially transformed olivine to wadsleyite and ringwoodite and enstatite to akimotoite. Our findings demonstrate that what was thought to be solid-state transformation is in fact a partial melting due to

Affiliated Department: Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre – ENS Lyon - FRANCE

Academic Degree: Master of Science / Doctor Course Student

Specialized Field: Earth Science

Research Project: Investigation of shocked chondrites

111

localized shear inside preferential plane in the different minerals. The partial melting is followed by a fractionnated crystallization of the melt that leaves two different polymorphs with a high chemical composition gap. The different minerals are then deformed and mixed together during the final stage of the shock event.

We also observed new transformation settings that were not previously described or theoretically predicted and that require further investigations.

Ahmed Gaber

[Title of Research] ALOS PRISM, AVNIR-2 and PALSAR Data Integration for Paleo-hydrological mapping in the Western Desert, Egypt: Implication for Groundwater Exploration [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

Water is very important in the arid environment to establish any developmental plans. So, such research focuses on how to use the different ALOS satellite data to figure out on maps the potential areas for groundwater resources in West Aswan City, Egypt.

The required (ALOS/PALSAR, RADARSAT-1, SRTM, ETM+, geologic and geomorphologic) data for accomplishing such work has been collected. Such data of west Aswan area has been clipped, geometrically corrected, analyzed, enhanced and saved as geographical information database for information extraction.

At the mean time, two pages article of that work has been submitted in the upcoming Remote Sensing Annual Meeting at Tokyo, this March 2nd.

In addition, an abstract has been submitted in the 6th International Workshop on Water Dynamic, at Tohoku University.

On the other hand, I have learned the PolSARpro_v4.0 software that dealing with the polarimetric analyses of the full polarization PALSAR data. I read a plenty of scientific papers and about the fundamental of the Electromagnetic waves properties. So far, the work that has been done is good relative to the time that has been spent in Japan.

Chumhua Qiu

Affiliated Department: Faculty of Science Suez Canal University, Egypt

Academic Degree: Ph.D. Student / Teaching Assistant

Specialized Field: Remote Sensing

Research Project: Groundwater Exploration in Arid Environments

Affiliated Department: South China Sea Insititute of Oceanology, CAS

Academic Degree: Bachelor Degree in Meteorology / Master Student

Specialized Field: Marine Meteorology

Research Project: MTSAT SST validation

112

[Title of Research] Hourly sea surface temperature retrieval using the Japanese geostationary satellite, Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

The algorithm for sea surface temperature (SST) retrieval from hourly data by Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager (JAMI) aboard a Japanese geostationary satellite, Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT)-1R, has been developed by Sakaida et al.(2008). Threshold tests screening cloudy pixels are empirically adjusted to cases of daytime with/without sun glitter and nighttime. The Non-Linear SST (NLSST) equation, including several new additional terms, is used to calculate MTSAT SST. The estimated SST is compared with drifting and mooring buoy measurements, with the result that the bias of the MTSAT SST is nearly 0.0°K. The root mean square (rms) error is about 0.8°K, and it is 0.7°K under the condition that the satellite zenith angle is less than 50 degree. However, they left unknown bias between the MTSAT SST and in situ measurements in the northern Pacific in summer.

The purpose of research of Qiu Chunhua is to examine the unknown bias. Qiu produced new match-up datasets for identify reasons of the bias. The research is in progress.

Lara O’Dwyer Brown [Title of Research] Viscosity of Komatiite Liquids at High Pressures (>10 GPa) [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

The physical properties of silicate liquids, control differentiation properties such as crystal growth kinetics, crystal settling and suspension, fractional crystallization and melt convection dynamics. Specifically, liquid viscosity controls the timescales over which melts segregate from solid residues. Measuring and interpreting melt viscosity thus enhances our understanding of planetary differentiation and ultimately the petrology observed at the Earth’s surface. Despite its importance, our knowledge of melt viscosity is limited, particularly in mafic and ultramafic, depolymerized compositions. For my internship at Tohuku University, I chose to measure the viscosity of komatiite liquids at very high pressures. This research is of interest because komatiites are naturally-occurring ultramafic melts derived from the early Earth’s mantle, and are found in rock record. Komatiites are depolymerized and represent a compositional space not previously studied. By measuring komatiite viscosities at high pressure I will further interpret the pressure dependence of depolymerized liquid viscosities.

To carry out these viscosity experiments at the SPring-8, I prepared assembly parts in advance at UC Davis, but also required time at Tohoku University to finish preparations. At Tohoku, I made additional assembly parts and honed my skills in making such small parts. I also learned new

Affiliated Department: Geology, University of California Davis

Academic Degree: Ph.D. / Ph.D. candidate

Specialized Field: High Pressure Silicate Liquid Rheology

Research Project: Liquid Komatiite Viscosity

113

techniques in fabricating pressure media and gaskets. I successfully ran a preliminary experiment at Tohoku to test the furnace for the falling sphere experiments. At the SPring-8, I conducted four falling-sphere experiments between 1900 and 2000 C and between 700 and 960 tons, which we estimated to range from 11.6 to 14 GPa. Each experiment was successful as the spheres fell both straight and smoothly, so their velocities can be used to calculate viscosity. The fifth experiment was a temperature calibration of the falling-sphere cell assembly, which I will use to constrain better the pressure of the preceding experiments. I fully anticipate that, upon analysis, these data will be used directly to understand the pressure dependence of depolymerized liquid viscosity.

In addition to the scientific accomplishments of this internship, I would also like to mention that I have thoroughly enjoyed experiencing Japan. I visited temples, shrines, gardens and museums in Sendai, and also visited Matsushima. During my internship students, faculty and staff were extremely helpful and obliging, and I have strengthened collaborations and developed new friendships. I am very grateful for this opportunity, and return to California delighted with my research accomplishments, but tristful to leave Japan. I am particularly indebted to Ohtani-sensei, Terasaki-san, Takahashi-san and Anzai-san for their time and expertise both prior to and during my stay. I kindly thank the COE for its generosity during my internship.

Helen King

[Title of Research] An in-situ study of olivine dissolution at different surfaces using Real-Time Phase Shift Interferometry [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

Olivine ((Mg,Fe)SiO4) carbonation is one of methods proposed to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. During in-situ carbonation, the dissolution rates at different olivine surfaces will determine how the reaction proceeds through the rock. Therefore, the dissolution of natural olivine surfaces between pH 1 and 6 were examined using Real-Time Phase Shift Interferometry. This technique requires atomically flat surfaces which were generated by spinning the growth surface, cut to the required size, in 0.11M HF. The experiments showed that each of the three surfaces examined had significantly different dissolution rates. The trend in the dissolution rates corresponded to the surface stabilities as the most stable surface had the slowest dissolution rate. Inspection of the data revealed that during the experiments precipitation of a secondary phase occurred on the surface of the crystals. This was expressed as an oscillation of height during the experiment which was still present after corrections for temperature fluctuations. Atomic Force Microscopy was used to examine the phase that had grown on the surface. The precipitated phase was smaller than the pixel size of the camera used with the interferometer (< 3 µm) and had an epitaxial relationship with the surface. The dependency on pH obtained from the interferometry experiments differed from those observed with

Affiliated Department: Institut für Mineralogie, University of Münster, Germany Academic Degree: MSci Chemistry / PhD student Specialized Field: Olivine reactivity

Research Project: Studying olivine aqueous interactions over a range of length scales

114

flow-through experiments. Although the rate of dissolution increased with decreasing pH, there was a sudden leap in the dissolution rate between pH 4 and 3. This may have been due to the interplay between the growth and dissolution processes at the surface.

Anna M. Dymshits

[Title of Research] Melting crystallization of Na-bearing Majoritic Garnet and its solid solutions [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

Na-majorite is abundant inclusion in mental-derived diamonds and is known as mineral of rare ultra-deep xenoliths in kimberlites. Our experimental studies at 7 and 8.5 GPa suggest that Na is incorporated in pyrope-rich garnet via the coupled substitution Mg+Al=Si+Na in different alumosilicate and carbonate-silicate systems.

Results of experimental study at 11–20 GPa and 1900–2300°C of the systems pyrope - NaGrt modeling solid solutions of Na-bearing garnets, and studying of NaPx-NaGrt stability conditions are presented.

Synthesized garnets are characterized by Na admixture depending on pressure conditions. Maximal Na2O concentrations are reached on the solidus of the system at 20 GPa. Clear correlation between Na and Si was established in synthesized garnets; this provides evidence for heterovalent isomorphism with the appearance of Na2MgSi5O12 component as a mechanism of such garnet formation.

Phase transformation from NaPx to NaGrt was astablished at pressure around 16 GPa and temperature 1700°C and approved by experiments at 17, 15 and 13 GPa and in a good correlation with computer simulation of this transformation. Presented at the V International School of Earth Science 2009

Igor Sharygin

[Title of Research] The role of carbonate, chloride and other minor components during evolution of kimberlite magma

Affiliated Department: Department of Petrology, Geological faculty,Moscow State University, Russia

Academic Degree: Bachelor student Specialized Field: Mantle petrology Research Project: Experimental study of Na-rich majoritic garnets

Affiliated Department: Laboratory of High Pressure Minerals and Diamond Deposits, V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences

Academic Degree: Master Degree / Ph.D. Student

Specialized Field: Mantle petrology

Research Project: Melt inclusions and interstitial assemblages in mantle xenoliths fromkimberlites of Udachnaya-East pipe (East-Siberian platform)

115

[The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments] Studies of fluid inclusions in diamonds and other deep minerals indicate that some fluid

components, other than those of COH-system, can be important in petrogenesis of deeply originated rocks, such as kimberlite and carbonatite. Chlorine-, sulfur- and phosphorus-bearing species, which are abundant in some fresh kimberlite and fluid inclusions in diamond may have intriguing importance. Recent results on some Yakutian kimberlites indicate that primary magmas of some kimberlite pipes can be chloride-carbonatite-bearing silicate melt. Although this hypothesis sounds like unrealistic it is important to test influence of chloride and carbonate on phase relations in the mantle and fractionation of kimberlite magma during emplacement and subsurface reactions and solidification.

The presence of chlorine-sulfur-phosphorus-bearing brine inclusions in altered oceanic crust is a testament to the potential for these elements to be subducted. The strongest evidence for significant activity of carbonate and other minor fluids in the mantle is provided by the study of microinclusions in fibrous and cloudy diamonds from kimberlites. These inclusions are exceptionally enriched by alkali chloride, water, and some other components. Chlorine and chloride geochemistry in the deep mantle is still poorly understood mainly due to lack of experimental data on Cl-bearing systems at high pressures and temperatures. In this project we would like to test experimentally the origin of chloride-bearing fluids in diamonds and reveal role of chlorides in origin of kimberlite magmas and their reactions with mantle substrate observed in natural samples reported. Possible extension of experimental studies on complex mantle fluids may include addition of sulfur and phosphorus, which are also important parts of fluids preserved in the diamonds.

Major aim of this project was to complete several important studies on role of volatile components in kimberlite petrogenesis. 23 experiments were successfully performed to test phase relation in natural fresh kimberlite of the Udachnaya pipe and model Cl-kimberlite at 2-6 GPa. We observed following sequences (with decreasing temperature) of phase assemblages in kimberlite at 3, 4 and 6 GPa: olivine, Fe-spinel, perovskite, garnet, apatite, alkali carbonatite liquid. Model Cl-rich kimberlite show olivine, garnet, ilmenite, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, apatite, calcite, dolomitic melt, and brine at 3 GPa and olivine, garnet, ilmenite, magnesite, and dolomitic melt at 6 GPa. Stability of NaCl and KCl above the solidus is not clear at present. Melt composition in kimberlite changes from alkali-rich calcitic carbonatite to carbonate-silicate melt. Melt composition in Cl-rich system changes from alkali-free dolomitic to carbonate-silicate melt. Preliminary conclusions are as follows: (a) olivine is re-equilibrating with carbonatite melt and became more magnesian (as is observed in natural samples); (b) carbonatite melt and brine are stable at very low temperatures of 900oC at 3-6 GPa; (c) chlorine has significant effect on phase relations and melt compositions and its solubility in carbonatite melt increases with pressure. (d) phlogopite in model composition contain 0.5-1.0 wt.% Cl, which is different from natural phlogopite from Udachnaya kimberlite.

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