godzenie życia zawodowego z rodzinnym a odnowa...
TRANSCRIPT
Godzenie życia zawodowego z rodzinnym a
odnowa demograficzna Europy i zatrudnienie
(NIE) RÓWNOŚĆ PŁCI – ILE TO KOSZTUJE?W poszukiwaniu równowagi między życiem zawodowym a
rodzinnym
Warszawa, 22.05.2013
Irena Elżbieta KotowskaInstytut Statystyki i Demografii
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Komitet Nauk Demograficznych PAN
New demography of Europe
Constructive response on demographic change
five key policy responses to manage demographic change:1. supporting demographic renewal through better conditions for families and
improved reconciliation of working and family life2. boosting employment – more jobs and longer working lives of better quality3. raising productivity and economic performance through investing in education and research4. receiving and integrating migrants into Europe5. ensuring sustainable public finances to guarantee adequate pensions, health care and long-term care.
The demographic future of Europe – from challenge to opportunity, Communication from the Commission, Brussels, 12.10.2006, COM(2006) 571final
Struktura prezentacji
• dlaczego potrzebujemy odnowy demograficznej w Europie ?
• zmiana demograficzna a zatrudnienie i wzrost ekonomiczny
• zatrudnienie kobiet i płodnośd
• łączenie pracy zawodowej z rodziną - koncepcja i próba pomiaru WFB
• kryzys a konceptualizacja pracy zawodowej kobiet
• podsumowanie
Low fertility trap (Lutz, Skirbekk, and Testa 2005) Projected number of women aged 20-39, EUROPOP, POLAND, 2010-2060
Źródło: opracowanie własne na podstawie EUROPOP2010, Eurostat
Projected number of births, EUROPOP, POLAND, 2010-2060
2060: TFR=1.62010: TFR=1.4
Wpływ zmian struktur wieku na zatrudnienie
Faza 1 : wzrost zatrudnienia i gasnący wzrost WAP Faza 2: wzrost zatrudnienia i spadek WAP Faza 3: spadek zatrudnienia i WAP
Źródło: The 2012 Ageing Report. Economic and budgetary projections for the 27 EU Member States (2010-2060), European Economy 2|2012, s. 29.
Przewidywane zmiany tempa wzrostu GDP
Źródło: The 2012 Ageing Report. Economic and budgetary projections for the 27 EU Member States(2010-2060), European Economy 2|2012, s. 33.
wzrost produktywności głównym źródłem wzrostu GDP, ale nie rekompensuje wpływu spadku liczby pracujących
Source: OECD, Closing the gender gap, 2012, p.50-51, 55-56
Zmiana przekrojowej korelacji między TFR i zatrudnieniem kobiet
Źródło: A.Matysiak, Interdependencies between fertility and women’s labour supply , Springer 2011, s. 25 i 28
Europa Zachodnia Europa Środkowo-wschodnia
Conceptual scheme of the Index of Conditions for Work&FamilyReconciliation (ICWFR)
Source: Anna Matysiak, Dorota Węziak-Białowolska, 2013, Country-Specific Conditions for Work and Family Reconciliation: An Attempt at Quantification, ISD Working Paper no. 31, p. 14. http://www.sgh.waw.pl/instytuty/isd/publikacje/
trzy wymiary: instytucjonalny,
strukturalny i kulturowy
Dane 2003-2008
Source: A. Matysiak, D.Węziak-Białowolska, 2013, Country-Specific Conditions for Work and Family Reconciliation: An Attempt at Quantification, ISD Working Paper no. 31, p. 22.
Family policy sub-index
0,0
6,8
9,1
16,2
19,0
20,1
20,4
21,9
24,1
25,8
49,4
50,0
50,7
54,8
55,0
55,6
56,2
59,9
61,4
62,6
66,5
67,9
74,9
74,9
98,2
100,0
0 20 40 60 80 100
ES
UK
IE
PL
NL
GR
AT
PT
SK
DE
IT
SI
BG
FR
LV
N…
CZ
FI
LT
HU
BE
RO
DK
EE
SE
LU
Family Policies Sub-Index (FPI)
data: Multilinks Database
OECD Family Database
the best policy for WFB (score more than 55) - long and well paid leaves, relativelybalanced child care supply and provision of leave entitlements
moderate policy for WFB (score between 45 and 55), IT –long daddy quotas
poor support for WFB shortages in child care supply, worse compensation rate
Source: A. Matysiak, D.Węziak-Białowolska, 2013, Country-Specific Conditions for Work and Family Reconciliation: An Attempt at Quantification, ISD Working Paper no. 31, p. 22.
Labour market structure sub-index
data: Eurostat Statistics DatabaseFLS module 2005 on „Reconcilaitionbetween work and family life”OECD Family Database regardinglegislation on employment protection
UK, NL, IE, AT poor scored by FPI here are highly ranked; NL, AT due to a high flexibility in working hours, UK, IE due to weak employmentprotection the worst labour market structuresare in countries of Southern Europe (except for Italy) and Central and Eastern Europe due to strong employment protection legislation(Southern Europe) and rigid working hours (CEE)
0,0
12,7
24,1
27,5
33,9
36,6
37,5
39,5
44,7
46,8
48,5
49,7
55,5
56,6
57,9
61,3
61,3
65,4
66,5
69,7
77,8
78,4
80,3
86,4
96,9
100,0
0 20 40 60 80 100
PT
RO
LU
LT
GR
PL
ES
SK
FR
SI
BG
LV
EE
HU
SE
CZ
IT
NO
DE
FI
BE
DK
AT
IE
NL
UK
Labour Market Structures Index (LMSI)
Source: A.Matysiak, D.Węziak-Białowolska, 2013, Country-Specific Conditions for Work and Family Reconciliation: An Attempt at Quantification, ISD Working Paper no. 31, p. 22.
Gender norms sub-index
0,0
3,8
15,2
20,4
23,0
25,8
27,2
28,6
34,2
35,5
36,4
38,5
42,0
48,2
48,4
49,7
55,1
56,7
57,3
57,8
66,2
66,7
84,7
91,5
91,6
100,0
0 20 40 60 80 100
RO
GR
IT
LT
CZ
AT
PL
EE
DE
LV
PT
HU
BG
ES
NL
SK
BE
IE
UK
LU
FR
SI
NO
FI
SE
DK
Gender Norms Sub-Index (GNI) data: European Value Study2008; questions on attitudestowards women’s and men’semployment, family child care, and household duties by gendera working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with herchildren as a mother who does not work, a pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works, a job is all right but what most women really want is a home and children, in general, fathers are as well-suited to look after their childre as mothers men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and children best positions by attitudessupportive for WFB are taken by Scandinavian countries + SI + FR the worst scores in attitudestowards WFB found for some CEE and IT, GR, PT, AT, DE
Source: A. Matysiak, D.Węziak-Białowolska, 2013, Country-Specific Conditions for Work and Family Reconciliation: An Attempt at Quantification, ISD Working Paper no. 31, p. 22.
0,0
1,4
3,5
15,2
20,7
22,8
30,2
33,0
36,5
37,3
37,6
39,7
41,8
44,5
47,5
54,3
54,8
55,7
55,8
58,1
60,6
69,8
77,7
85,4
92,2
100,0
0 20 40 60 80 100
GR
RO
PT
PL
LT
ES
IT
SK
AT
DE
CZ
LV
BG
EE
HU
LU
IE
SI
FR
NL
UK
BE
NO
FI
SE
DK
ICWFR
Leaders are Nordic countriesand BE, UK (ICWFR > 60)
moderate positions refer to NL, FR, SI, IE, LU (50 <ICWFR<60)
worse scored in ICWFR are AT, DE, countries of Southern Europe and CEE (20 <ICWFR<50)
the bottom position is takenby PL, PT, RO, GR (ICWFR <20)
Index of Conditions for Work&Family Reconciliation (ICWFR)
Source: Eurostat data
0,0
1,4
3,5
15,2
20,7
22,8
30,2
33,0
36,5
37,3
37,6
39,7
41,8
44,5
47,5
54,3
54,8
55,7
55,8
58,1
60,6
69,8
77,7
85,4
92,2
100,0
0 20 40 60 80 100
GR
RO
PT
PL
LT
ES
IT
SK
AT
DE
CZ
LV
BG
EE
HU
LU
IE
SI
FR
NL
UK
BE
NO
FI
SE
DK
ICWFR
TFR, 2011
Fertility and the conditions for WFB
Source: A.Matysiak, D.Węziak-Białowolska, 2013, Country-Specific Conditions for Work and Family Reconciliation: An Attempt at Quantification, ISD Working Paper no. 31, p. 26.
Cross-country correlation between the index of conditions for work and family reconciliation (ICWFR) and the total fertility rate (TFR) and employment rate of
women (EMPR) aged 25-49, 2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
DK SE SF NO NL BE UK SI ES FR DE CZ BG IS EE HU PT PL CH RUSS
Women should be prepared to cut down on paid work for sake of family
Source : Maria Jepsen, Work-Life Balance policies and gender equality (ETUI), Demographic Forum, Brussels, 06.05.2013 .
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
DK SE NO SF NL DE ES UK SI BE CH FR EE PT CZ IS PL BG RUSS HU
2008
2010
Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce
The economic crisis and attitudes towards women’s employment, ESS 2008 and 2010
PODSUMOWANIE
WFB jako polityka sprzyjająca odnowie demograficznej, oraz wzrostowi zatrudnienia kobiet element strategii rozwoju UE
zróżnicowanie krajów UE ze względu na ICWFR jak i jego indeksy składowedotyczące rozważanych wymiarów WLB (instytucjonalny, strukturalny i kulturowy)
koniecznośd odpowiedniego różnicowania rozwiązao w poszczególnych krajach
incomplete revolution – adapting to women’s new roles (G.Esping-Andersen, 2009)
znaczenie konsekwentnego wspierania zmiany kulturowej , ale także dostosowania rynku pracy i organizacji życia rodzinnego do nowej roli kobiet