ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

74 wpfoufvsm

pmtkyfpOf (234)

wpfoufvsm

oef;aqG-a&;onf

30? ajrmifBuD;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefNrdKU/

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 75

yxrtBudrf ½kdufESdyfjcif;

1961 ckESpf {NyDv

wm0efcH yHkESdyf? xkwfa0? jzefYcsdol

OD;BuD;cif

jyefaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ½kdufESdyfonf/

r*FvmyHkESdyfwkduf

30? ajrmif;BuD;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefNrdKU/

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 1

oef;aqG-a&;

wpfoufvsm

tcef;-1

aeYtcsdef? ckvGefNyD?nOfh,H? eD;usonf/nOD;? &DarSmif&dyfrsm;?rdk;csKyf? ajz;nif;yGm;/ /cknOfheuf? zHk;vTrf;vsuf?Mu,f? xifjrifa&mifxGuf?om;? iSufaumif yef;yGifhyg?tdyfaysmfrnf? rMum/ /armoltm;? oem;yg?Nidrfom,m aysmf&m?cspfarwåmawmfydkYa0?ighrsufvTm zHk;ap/ /

tdyfysufcHvsuf olem?csrf;omay;rlyg/qdk;rIMuHpnfoltm;?jypfuif;atmifqD;wm;/ /

wpfaeYwm ukefqHk;í aevHk;uG,faysmuf n tcsdefodkY a&mufavwdkif; rMum rMum þ ]]csD;rGrf;oDcsif;}}udkom owd&rd&mui,f&G,fpOftcgu udk,fwdkif oDqdkusL;&ifhcJ hoHwdk Yudkyif Mum;a,mifaerdonf/

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

2 wpfoufvsm

xdkoDcsif;oHudk yxrqHk; Mum;cJh&onfrSm uRefr\ wpfoufwm b0c&D;\ vrf;pjzpfaomi&Jjynfyrm tpOf pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfcJh&onfh yJcl;NrdKU]]oD&drmvm}}jcHBuD;rSonf uRefr\b0twGufarQmfvifhcsuf &nf&G,fcsufwkdY jzpfay:aponfh &efukefNrdKU urm&Gwf&yfuGuf ]]awmfrD&dyfom}} jcHodkYa&mufpnu jzpfygonf/

uRefr\ rdbrsm;onf uRefri,fi,fuyif b0wpfyg;odk Yajymif;oGm;uG,fvGefcJhMuay&m-uRefr\ OD;av;awmfol ]]oD&drmvmjcH}} ydkif&Sifu aumuf,lauR;arG;cJhygonf/ ]]uHqdk;roGm;&m rdk;vdkuf&Gm}} qdkonfhpum;uJhodkY OD;av;awmf\ auR;arG;jyKpkjcif; cH,lí ESpfESpfrQ tMumwGifOD;av;jzpfolrSm 3-4 &ufrQ tjyif;txef zsm;NyD; uG,fvGefcJhjyefavonf/ þwGif OD;av;\ ZeD;

onf a':pdk;cifonf ]]uRefrtm;qufvufí auR;arG;xm;cJhayonf/

odkYaomf...uRefr\ rdbESpfyg;a&SUqifhaemufqifh aoMu&jcif;?uRefr\ OD;av; aoqHk;&jcif;onf uRefr\ N*dK[farTcsufaMumifh[k ,lqum uRefr\ aqGrsdK;rdbwdkYtm;...'ku©trsdK;rsdK;a&mufap&eftwGuf paeeH N*dK[faumifu vla,mifaqmifum...vTwfvdkufonfhyrm- uRefrtay:wGif rvdkrkef;xm; oem;uif;rJhpGmqufqHjcif;udk cHcJh&ayonf/ a':pdk;cifonf uRefrudk arG;pm;onf[kqdkaomfvnf; aiGay;í 0,f,lxm;onfh uRefydkifyrm ½dkif;pdkif;&ufpufpGm qufqHcJhavonf/

rdcif\ tvdkvdkufta&;ay;jcif;udk cH,l&ojzifh ½dkif;csifwkdif;½kdif;í rdkufuef;aeMuonfh vl&rf;um; om;orD;&if;rsm;tzdkYwGif

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 3

a':pdk;cifrSm...rdcifaumif; wpfa,muftoGif xifjrif,lqapEdkifaomfvnf; uRefrtzdkYwGifum;...a':pdk;cifrSm...i&Jrif;BuD;ESifh rjcm;em;cJhyg/ rdrdESifh armif0rf;uGJawmfolrsm; jzpfojzifh roifhavsmfonfhtrIudk jyKí aeMuvQif apwemaumif;jzifh ajzmif;zsqHk;rjyefygvQifvnf; olwdkYESifh pdwftcefYroifhí rdcifjzpfolxH *Hk;pum;ajymMum;MuaomaMumifh om;orD;rsm;\ *Hk;pum;udk ]]EIwfuywfawmftvm;}} ,HkMunfxm;ol a':pdk;cifu uRefrudkomvQifjypfwifBudrf;armif; ½dkufESufwwfonfom jzpfav&m uRefrrSmusm;udkomru usm;acs;udkygaMumufaecJh&ygonf/

wdkifwGif BudK;ESifh csnfaESmifí½dkufjcif;? AdkufaMumqJGvdrfjcif;?xdyfacgufjcif;? xif;pjzifh aygufjcif;? tdrfaxmifypönf;a[mif;rsm;

odkavSmifonfh tcef;xJwGif xrif;rauR;bJ avSmifxm;jcif; ponfwdkYrSm oD&drmvmjcHBuD;wGifaecJhpOfu odcJh&aom uRefr\udk,fawGUA[kokwrsm;yif jzpfygonf/

xdkA[kokwrsm;udk tajcwnfí uRefr rSwfom;em,l&onfhoifcef;pmum; ]]avmuwGif tMuifemw&m; uif;rJholwdk YESifharwåm"mwf acgif;yg;olwdkYomaygrsm;vsuf &S dayonf wum;...xdkYaMumifh avmuwGif vljzpfvm&jcif;onf 'ku©trsdK;rsdK;udkcH,l&ef jzpfayonf wum;...}}[lownf;/

aeYwdkYonf wa&GUa&GU ukefvGefcJhygonf/

uRefronfvnf; a':pdk;cif\ESdyfpufrIt00wdkYudk wpfaeYwpfrsdK;us cH,l&if; BuD;jyif;vmcJhonfrSmuRefr\ touf q,fESpforD;odkY

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

4 wpfoufvsm

wdkifcJhygonf/ yGJvrf;obifqdkonfrSm a':pdk;cif\ om;orD;&if;csmrsm; oGm;vmMuonfudkjrifzl;í ajymoHudkom Mum;cJh&zl;onf/ pmoifausmif;qdkonfrSmvnf; a':pdk;cif\ om;orD;rsm;oGm;Mu jyefvmMuonfudkomawGUzl; Mum;zl;onf/ aysmf&TifyGJudkvnf; udk,fwdkif rBuHKpzl;cJh/ pmayqdkonfrSmvnf; a&;wwf zwfwwfzdkY a0;pG oifay;rnfholyifr&SdcJh/

odkY&mwGif ]]rJarSmifaom rdk;om;wGif abmfaiGa&mif tem;uGyf}} &Sdao;onf[laom pum;twdkif; rJarSmifonfh rdk;om;ESifhwlaom uRefr\b0udk abmfaiGa&miftuGyf wyfqifay;rnfholwpfOD; ay:aygufí vmygawmhonf/ wpfaeYaom eHeufcif;wGifuRefraexdkif&m oD&drmvmjcHodkYrdef;rBuD; ESpfa,muf tvnfvm

Muygonf/ rdef;rBuD;wpfa,mufrSm uRefrwdkYtdrfodkY rMumrMumvmavh&Sdonfh a':oif;qdkol rdef;rBuD; jzpfNyD; usefwpfa,mufrSmuRefr wpfcgrQ rjrifzl;onfh rdef;racsmBuD; wpfa,muf jzpfygonf/

uRefronf {nfhonfESpfOD;tm; uGrf;aq; vufzufwdkYudkwnfcif;ay;NyD;aemuf rD;zdkcef;bufwGif xdkifum wpfcgrQrjrifzl;onfh {nfhonfrdef;racsmBuD;um; tb,folayenf;/ tb,ft&yfu vmcJhavoenf;[k pOf;pm;aepOf a':pdk;cif\ ac:oHudkMum;&ygonf/

]]rdcifxm;}}

a':pdk;cif\ ac:oHaMumifhtjyifodkY xGufcJh&mwGif uRefrudkpdkufMunfhaeMuaom {nfhonfwdkY\ rsufpdESpfpHkudk awGU&ygonf/uRefronf acgif;udk iHkYum a':

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 5

pdk;cif\teD;wGif &yfaerdygonf/

]]olyJ Adkvfuawmf}}

a':oif;\ toHjzpfygonf/xdktoHESifh ra&S;raESmif;yif prf;a&,mOf pD;qif;aeouJhodkY om,mvSonfhtoHudk Mum;&jyefygonf/

]]a[h uav;r rif; igwdkYtdrf vdkufaervm;...}}

uRefronf uRefrem;udkyif r,HkMunfvSojzifh idkifaeNyD;rS Adkvfuawmfqdkol rdef;racsmBuD;udkwpfvSnhf...a':oif;udk wpfvSnfh a':pdk;cifudk wpfvSnfhMunhfaerdygonf/

]]ajymvd kufav bmai;aMumifaMumif vkyfaewmvJ/[kwfuJhvdkY ajymvdkufygvm;}}

a':pdk;cif\ rdk;BudK;oHaMumifhuRefrvnf; ]][kwf...[kwfuJh...}}[k txpfxpf taighaigh

ajzvdkufrdygonf/

]]'DvdkyJ Adkvfuawmfa& nmOfuawmh cyfqdk;qdk;yJ...tJ'gayghayghqqeJY xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufvdkYjzifh &r,fr[kwfaybl;...txl;wvnfudk MuyfMuyfrwfrwfapmifha&Smuf*½kpdkufrS &ayvdrfhr,f...oGm;...nD;qDrSm&SdwJh avQmfNyD;om;t0wfawG oGm;,lacs}}

uRefronf a':pdk;cifwkdY\teD;rS cGmcJhum tcef;bufodkY 0ifcJhygonf/ tcef;xJwGif uRefrtwGuf[k owfrSwfxm;aom t0wftxnfrsm;udk xkyfydk;í ,laqmifcJhygonf/ a':pdk;cif bmawG ajymaeonf[líum; rrSwfrdawmhyg/ uRefrtm; ac:aqmif&ef a&mufvmMuonfh {nfhonfwkdYtaMumif;udkom xyfwvJvJpOf;pm;rd&mu uRefr &ifxJwGif0rf;om&rvdk 0rf;enf;&rvdk jzpfaerdavonf/

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

6 wpfoufvsm

xdkaeYrSmyif bwfpum;jzifh&efukefodkY xGufcJhMuygonf/ AdkvfuawmfBuD; aexdkif&m urm&GwfodkY a&mufcJhonfhtcgwGifum; naecsdefodkYyif a&mufí aeayNyD/wpfoufESifhwpfukd,f yxr OD;pGmaetdrfrS cGmcJh&jcif; jzpfojzifh uRefr\pdwfwdkYrSm jrL;ovdkvdk &TifovdkvdkESifh &ifzdkí aecJhygonf/ urm&Gwfblwm½HkrS rdkif0ufcefY oGm;&aomae&mwGif 0if;jcHESifhwuGoyf,yfpdkajypGm wnfaqmufíxm;aom ]]awmfrD&dyfom}} odkYa&mufonfwGifrS wpfvrf;vHk;twnfruscJhonhf b0ifESvHk;tdrfrSm Nidrfoufí oGm;ayawmhonf/ Adkvfuawmf\ emrnfrSma':&ifndrf;[k ac:ygonf/ a':&ifndrf;\cifyGef;onf t*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD;rSm vGefcJhonfh wpfESpfcefYuyif qHk;½IH;uG,fvGefcJhojzifh a':&ifndrf;rSm rkqdk;rb0jzifh aecJh&m

rS om;orD;&if;csmvnf; rusef&pfcJ haomaMumif h wpfpH kwpfa,mufay:wGif cifwGifí aevdkavh&Sdaom ykxkZOfvlom;wdkY\obm0 om;orD;tjzpf arG;pm;vdkpdwf jyif;xefaecdkufwGif yJcl;odkYtvnfvm&if; rdwfaqGcsif; pum; pyfrd&mrS uRefrtm; ac:,larG;pm;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/

tdrfudka&mufvQif a&mufcsif;owdxm;í MunfhcJh&mwGif a':pdk;cif\ tdrfrSmuJhodkY bk&m;pifr&Sdjzpfaeonfudk awGU&ygonf/aemufrS pHkprf;od&SdcJhonfum; a':&ifndrf;rSm c&pf,mefbmom0ifwpfOD; jzpfaMumif;aywnf;/

]]udk,fh&JUpdwfudk ESdrfhcsjcif;[migwdkYc&pf,mefawG&JU rGefjrwfwJhusifhpOfwpfckyJuGJU/ 'Dawmh uav;[m tpOfojzifh udk,fh&JUpdwfudkESdrfhcsEdkiforQ ESdrfhcsxm;&r,f...[kwfvm;...tJ'Dvdk ESdrfhcswJhpdwf

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 7

xm;&SdwJholudk wkdYbk&m;ocifuvlcspfvlcifrsm;atmif? csrf;omatmif? vlBuD;vlus,fjzpfatmifapmifha&Smufw,f/

þum;...a':&ifndrf;xHrSa&S;OD;pGm emMum;&onfh Mo0g'yifjzpfygonf/ a':&ifndrf;rSm...pepfwus aexdkifwwfol jzpfojzifh uRefrudkvnf; pnf;urf;wus aexdkifapcJhygonf/ ol\pnf;urf;BuD;rIrSm vGwfvyfpGm ckefaygufjrL;wl;í aevdkaom uRefr\ uav;b0udk pdwfusOf;usyfapcJhygonf/ odkYaomf...a':pdk;cif\ tdrfwGif aepOfu MuHKcJh&onfh&ufpufrIrsdK;udkum;...rMuHK&awmhyg/

eHeufapmapmwGif tdyf&mrSxum a':&ifndrf;ESifhtwl vrf;avQmuf&ygonf/ tdrfodkYjyefía&mufonfhtcgwGif aumfzDESifhrkefYudk pm;NyD; xrif;csufrsm;ESifh

twl tdrfrIudpörsm;udk ulnDívkyfudkifay;&ygonf/ eHeufpmpm;NyD;onfhtcsdefwGif a':&ifndrf;u jrefrmpmudk pwifí oifjyojzifh avhusufrSwfom;&ygonf/ nbufwGifum;...a':&ifndrf;ESifhtwl c&pfawmfudk csD;rGrf;axmyemjyKonfh oDcsif;rsm;udk&Gwfqkd&ygonf/ a':&ifndrf;\oifMum;csufrsm;udk ajcmufvrQcH,lNyD;onfhtcg uRefrtm;...ausmif;wGif pmoifapcJhygonf/

ausmif;olav;b0 arG;pm;om;orD;wdkY MuHKNrJ"r®wm MuHKMu&onfh jzpfpOfwdkYudk a&;jcif;tm;jzifhpmrsufESmwkdYudk rjzHK;vdkawmhyg/

a':&ifndrf;\ pnf;urf;BuD;rIuRefr\ BudK;pm;rIwkdYaMumifh uRefr toufESpfq,fjynfhonfhESpfwGif uRefronf q&mjzpfoifausmif;wGif q&mtjzpfudk oif,lEdkifonfhtajcodkY a&mufcJhygonf/

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

8 wpfoufvsm

uRefr q&mjzpfoifwef;wufaepOfu uRefr c&pf,mefbmom0if jzpfaejcif;ESifh ywfoufíuRefr\ ausmif;aebuf Ak'¨bmom0if rdwfaqGwpfOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;cJh&ygonf/ bmomt&yf&yfudk&mZ0ifjzifh nd§EdIif;í avhvmqnf;yl;cJh&ygonf/

vlrSeforQ wpfpHkwpfckudk udk;uG,faeMuonfom jzpfygonf/t½dkif;qHk;aomvlrsdK;rSonf t,Ofaus;qHk;aomvlrsdK;txd wpfckckudk udk;uG,faeMujcif; jzpfygonf/ uRefrtjrift& bmomw&m;wGif t"dutcsufBuD; oHk;ckyg0ifygonf/ (1) avmuom;taygif;wdkYxuf BuD;jrwfaomwefcdk;awmf&Sif &Sdonf[lí xifrSwf,HkMunfjcif;? (2) xdkwefcdk;awmf&Sifudk &Sdcdk; ylaZmfjcif;? (3)xdkt&Sifudk cdkvHItm;xm;rSD0Jjcif;yifjzpfygonf/

xdktcsufwdkYudk t&if;cHumrsm;pGmaom vlwdkYonf bk&m;&SifwdkY ryGifhrD omoemy umvuyif...avmuom;wdkYxuf BuD;jrwfaom wefcdk;&Sifudk &SmcJhMuonf/ xdkodkY&SmMu&mü vlrsdK;pkwdkY\ todÓPf wkdif;jynftaetxm; vlrsdK;"avhudk vdkufí trsdK;rsdK; uJGjym;Muayonf/ Ak'bmom0ifwkdYtwGuf &Sifa*gwronfvnf;aumif;? c&pf,mefbmom0ifwdkYtzdkY...c&pfawmfonfvnf;aumif;? tpövHbmom0ifwdkYtwGuf r[mrufocifonfvnf;aumif;? [dELbmom0ifwdkYtwGufavmu"mwkewfwdk Yonfvnf;aumif;? w½kwfvlrsdK;wdkYtwGufuGefjzL;&Syfonfvnf;aumif;?oQEDÅ tp&Sdonfh ewfwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? rdbbdk;bGm;wdkY\0dnmOfonfvnf;aumif; toD;toD; udk;uG,f&m udk;uG,f&m

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 9

jzpfcJhMuayonf/

uRefronf xdkrSwpfqifhwufí xdkxdkaom udk;uG,f&mwdkYa[majym>rufMum;cJhonfh w&m;awmfwdkYudk pdppfa0zefcJhrdygonf/vlYavmuonf 'ku©wdkYjzifh xm0pOf0ef;&Hvsuf &SdcJh\/ 'ku©t00wkdYjzifh 0ef;&HcH&onfh owå0gwdkYtxJwGif vl[laom owå0gwpfOD;omvQif xdkxdkaom 'ku©wdkYudkjrifwwfonfh todw&m; udef;atmif;cJhojzifh xdkokdYaom 'ku©wdkYrS vGwfuif;&m vGwfuif;aMumif;udk &SmazGMu\/ awmifhwMu\/bk&m;&SifwdkY\ w&m;"r®rsm;um;..vlwdkYtm; xkd'ku©rS vGwfNidrf;&mudkjyxm;ayonf/ xkdodkYjyMu&müvrf;pOfc&D;pOfESifh tac:ta0:om vGJaomfvnf; aemufqHk;a&mufMurnfh yef;wdkifum; wpfckwnf;aywum;.../

Ak'bmom0if jzpfaom uRefr

\ oli,fcsif;rESifh aqG;aEG;cJh&müc&pfawmft&SifESifh &Sifa*gwrwdkY\ tqifwlaom tusd K;taMumif;rsm;udk awGUcJh&ayonf/ESpfyg;pvHk;yif avmuom;wdkY vdktyfaom aumif;usdK;csrf;omudktvdk&SdMu\/ ESpfyg;pvHk; NidrfoufwnfMunfpGm &SmazGpOf;pm;í a0ae,sowå0gwdkY\ tusdK;udk onfydk;aqmif&Gufjcif;iSm jyifqifcJh\/ rdrdwdkY aqmif&Guf&eftrIudk tprjyKrD ESpfOD;pvHk; cufcJndKnifpGm pHkprf;&jcif;'ku©udk cHMu&\/ ESpfOD;pvHk;yif OyZÑm,fq&mtjzpf aqmif&GufMu\/ rdrdwdkY\taEÅ0godu wynfh&if;-om0uwdkYudk a&G;cs,fí olwpfyg;udka[mjyoGefoifapcJh\/ udk,hftusdK;udk vHk;0iJhuGufjcif;r&SdbJ jzLpifaomoDvudk ESvHk;oGif;umarwåm? u½kPm? cEDÅoabmwdkYjzifh jynhf0\/ wnfMunfcdkifcefY

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

10 wpfoufvsm

NrJjrefaom oabmvnf; &SdMu\/qif;&Jaomol? ylyef'ku©&SdaomolwdkYtm; ESpfodrfhp&m w&m;udka[majymjyo qHk;rum Nidrf;csrf;rIudk ñTefMum;Mu\/

odkY&mwGif uGmjcm;onfhtcsufrsm;rSmvnf; tBuD;tus,f uGmjcm;í aecJhayonf/ Ak'¨bmomwGif vlwdkY\ jzpfrIysufrI tedrfhtjrifh tusdK;ay;rIonf uHw&m;udkpGJrSDí jzpfay:onf[k qdk\/ c&pfawmfurl aumif;uifbHk&Sd tzbk&m;ocif\ tpDtrH[k qdk\/

&Sifa*gwru aoaomol\0dnmOfonf ypöKyÜefb0taMumif;cHtvdkuf wrvGefb0wGifvnf;trsdK;rsdK; tpm;pm; jzpfwnfMu&\/ þodkYvQif oHo&mwnf;[laom 0JMoCwGif owå0gwdkYonf csmcsmvnf MuHKMu&\/uHw&m;\ taMumif;&if;cHum;wPSm[laom wyfrufjcif;w&m;

jzpfonf[k qdk\/ emru©E¨m[laom w&m;ESifh ocFg&? a0'em?0dnmPwnf;[laom oabmw&m;wkdYonf avmupnf;pdrf umr*kPfESifh awGUxdaomtcg wyfrufjcif;[laom wPSm ay:ívm\/ xdkwPSmaMumifh ukovm"r®m? tukovm"r®mwkdYudk jyKjyifjcif;[k qkdtyfaom uHw&m;ay:vm\/ vlwpfa,mufaoaomtcg rdrdvdkufpm;cJhaom...wPSmESifh ukodkvfuH... tukodkvfuHwkdY a&maESm aygif;,Sufum topfaom owå0gwpfOD;udkjyKjyif\/ xdkYaMumifh oHo&mwGifrusifvnfvdkvQif wPSmudk y,fzsuf&rnf[k qdk\/

c&pfawmfurl vlwpfa,mufaoaomtcg aool\ 0dnmOfonf bk&m;ocifxHodkY a&mufoGm;um bk&m;ocif\ ppfaq;rIudk cH,l&\/ þwGif bk&m;ocif

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 11

u raumif;rIrsm;oludk i&JodkY ydkYaqmifum aumif;rIrsm;oludkrlaumif;uifbHkodkY ydkYaqmifay;onf[kqdk\/

bk&m;ocifonf vlowå0g[lí jzpfay:vmatmif zefwnf;cJhonf r[kwfygbJvsuf vlowå0g[lí jzpfay:vmumrS olYtvdktwkdif; usifhMuHapjcif;? aoonf\ tjcm;rJhü 0dnmOfawmfudkppfaq;jcif;jyKonf[k qdkjcif;rSmuRefrtzdkYwGif oHo,yGm;rsm;p&mtaMumif;wpf&yf jzpfapcJhygonf/c&pfawmfonf EGm;pm;cGufwGifESdrfhuspGm arG;cJhNyD; ol\b0wpfavQmufwGif ESdrfhcsaompdwfudk arG;í jrwfaomusifhpOfudk ESdrfhuspGmusifhMuHcJhonfwkdYudk uRefr vGefpGmcsD;usL;rdygonf/ auseyfrdygonf/ odkYaomf...xdktcsufudkum;...uRefr rauseyf r&Sif;vif;cJhyg/

uRefronf xdkoHo,jzpfjcif;udk a':&ifndrf;tm; zGifh[ajymjyrdygonf/ uRefr\pum;udk Mum;&vQif Mum;&csif; a':&ifndrf;onf rsufpdrsufESmysufoGm;um{&mrtjypfBuD;usL;vGefrdolyrm]]tr,fav; bk&m;u,fawmfrlyg}} [líyif [pfatmfvdkufygonf/

]]rdkufygbd orD;&,f... c&pfawmf&JU w&m;awmfrSm orD;,HkrSm;oHo,&Sdw,fqdkwm[m...w,fNyD;qdk;ygvm;...bk&m; u,fawmfrlyg}}

]]wu,fajymwmyg arar&,f...orD; r&Sif;vdkY ar;&wmyg/ orD;udk &Sif;jyygvm; arar&,f...}}

a':&ifndrf;onf uRefrtm;..pl;pdkufpGm Munfhaeygawmhonf/pifppftm;jzifh a':&ifndrf;rSm bmoma&;udk tvGefav;pm;MunfndK

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

12 wpfoufvsm

ol wpfOD; jzpfygonf/ we*FaEGaeYwkdif; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;okdY oGm;um nwdkif;yif c&pfawmfudk csD;rGrf;onfh oDcsif;rsm;udk qdkoljzpfygonf/ odkYaomf...uRefr\ oHo,udkum ajyaysmufatmif ra[mjyEdkifyg/ uRefrudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; a':&ifndrf;ESifhtwl aeae&aomaMumifhom bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;odkY tywfpOfwufí npOf csD;rGrf;oDcsif;wdkYudk qdkaecJh&aomaMumifh c&pf,mefbmom0if wpfOD;[k todtrSwfjyKjcif; cHae&aomfvnf; xd kbmomw&m;tay:wGif vHk;0t<uif;rJh,HkMunfjcif;rlum; r&Sdao;yg/ xdkaMumifhpmtkyftrsdK;rsdK;zwfum avhvm&mrS a':&ifndrf;tm; ar;rdygonf/

a':&ifndrf;onf w&m;awmfwGif ,HkrSm;oHo,r&Sdap&efudkomvQif tNrJwef; oGefoifum uRefrodvdkonfhtajzudkum; ajz&Sif;r

ay;yg/ acgif;rmvSonfh uRefruvnf; ]]t<uif;rJh ,HkMunfygNyD}} [k rnfonfhtcgwGifrS 0efrcHbJ oHo,&SdqJyif[k tajzay;cJhojzifh a':&ifndrf;onf aemufxyf rajymawmhyg/

odkYaomf...xdk acgif;rmrIonfuRefr\ wpfoufvsm b0c&D;udk wpfrsdK;wpfzHk ajymif;vJapcJhygonf/

uRefr q&mjzpfoif pmar;yGJajzNyD;í rMumrDyif a':&ifndrf;onf wa&Smifa&Smif rrmcJh&mrStdyf&mxJwGif vJcJhavonf/

uRefr\ ,k,jyKpkrI? q&m0efwdkY\ ukocsufudk av;ig;&ufcefYrQ cH,lNyD;onfhaemufwGifuG,fvGefqHk;yg;cJhavonf/

uRefrtzdkY tm;udk;rSDcdk&m wpfckqHk;½HI;&ojzifh vGefpGmyif 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif; jzpfaeonfhtxJwGif

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 13

0wfvHkwpfa,mufxHwGif xm;cJhonfh a':&ifndrf;\ aowrf;pmrSm uRefr\ pdwfb0ifudk ydkrdkír&Tifvef;Edkifatmif zefwD;avawmhonf/

aowrf;pm\ tqdkrSm ]]ol\arG;pm;orD; uRefr rcifxm;onfc&pfawmf w&m;awmfwGif ,HkrSm;oHo, &Sdaeol jzpfayonf...

xdkYaMumifh þaowrf;pmudkzwf½I&onfhtcsdefxdatmif rcifxm;wGif xdkxdkaom ,HkrSm;oHo,rsm; &Sdaeao;ygu usef&pfcJhonfh olydkifqkdif&m tarGypönf;rsm;udk vHk;0&ydkifcGif r&SdEkdifbJ ol\ypönf;rsm;udk a&mif;cs&onfhaiGjzifh oltywfpOfwufaeonfh bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;udkom jyKjyifrGrf;rH&ef}} [lí a&;xm;cJhygonf/

bmomw&m;ESifh ywfoufíþrQ t,loD;vSaom a':&ifndrf;\pdwfudk uRefronf vGefpGm

tHhMordygonf/ uRefrtzdkYwGifþae&mü pOf;pm;p&mjzpfaeygawmhonf/

pifppftm;jzifh uRefronf xdktcsdefwdkifatmif þoHo,rSmwnfaeqJyif jzpfygonf/ odkYpOfvsuf uRefronf c&pfawmf\w&m;awmfudk t<uif;rJh ,HkMunfygNyD[k 0efcHum uRefr\ b0c&D;om,mrI? csrf;omrItwGuf udk,fhudk,fudkvnf;aumif;? 0wfvHkESifhwuG c&pfawmfbmom0ifwdkYudkvnf;aumif; rnm0g;vdkyg/ a':&ifndrf;onf uRefrtm; q&mjzpfoifxdatmif ynmoifMum;ay;cJh\/ i&JjynfESifhwlaom a':pdk;cifpH&m oD&drmvmjcHrS u,f,lauR;arG;cJh\/ qdk;0g;Murf;MuKwfvSonfh b0rS om,mat;csrf;&modkYydkYaqmifcJh\/ uRefr\b0c&D;um;oD&drmvmjcHBuD;wGif aepOfuxuf ydkrdkí qdk;Ekdifp&mrjrif? rdrd

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

14 wpfoufvsm

\b0c&D;om,maprI wpfckudkom &nf&G,fí rdrdtay:wGifaus;Zl;jyKol\ pdwfcsrf;omrIudkom &nf&G,fí rdrd\ ,HkMunfcsufudk tvGJoHk;pm; rjyKvdk/ uRefrtm; bmomysuf bmomw&m;r&Sdol[k rnfoluyifqdkqdk uRefr,HkMunfcsufudkum; uRefr rzsufEdkifyg/

uRefronf 0wfvHkawmf&rif;tm; ,cktcsdefftxd oHo,&SdqJyifjzpfaMumif; 0efcHcsuf ay;vdkufavonf/ 0wfvHkawmf&onfaowrf;pmtwdkif; aqmif&Gufavawmh&m uRefronf uRefrydkif txnftvdyfaowåmudk qJGumaus;Zl;&SifrBuD;\ oif;csdKif;ajryHkudk rsuf&nftoG,foG,fjzifh uefawmhcJhNyD; uRefr\ oli,fcsif;rwpfOD;xHwGif wnf;cdkaexdkif&if;tvkyf&Smí aecJhygonf/

xdkacwftcgu tvkyf&Sm&m

wGifvnf; c&pf,mefbmom0ifwdkYudkomvQif ydkrdkí ta&;ay;umtvG,fwul tvkyfcefYaomacwfjzpfav&m uRefrrSm tvG,fwultvkyfr&cJhyg/ uRefronf oli,fcsif;rESifh twlae&if; Ak'¨bmomudk avhvm qnf;yl;aecJhygonf/ uRefr\ oli,fcsif;rrSm½Hk;pma&;r wpfOD;jzpfojzifh uRefrwpfa,muf\wm0efudk ayghyg;pGmyif xrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/ c&pf,mefbmom0if uRefr\rdwfaqGrsm;uvnf; uRefrtay:wGif 'kp½kdufaumifyrm 0dkif;y,fjcif;udk cH&ygonf/ bmomw&m;wGif oHo,jzpfrd½HkrQESifh uRefrtm; þodkY&uf&ufpufpuf jyK&ufonfh a':&ifndrf;\ oabmudkvnf; pOf;pm;wkdif; tHhMordygonf/

a':&ifndrf; qHk;yg;uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;twGuf pdwfxJwGif ,lMuHK;r& jzpf&onf wpfaMumif;?

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 15

ol\ aowrf;pmESifh ywfoufítHhMoawGa0rdonfuwpfaMumif;?tvkyftudkif twnfwus rjzpfao;ojzifh pdwfavvGifhwm pdwf½IyfavorQ pmtkyftrsdK;rsdK;wdkYudkzwfjcif;jzifh tcsdefjzKef;aerdygonf/ tdrfudpörsm;udk jyKvkyfNyD;onf\ tjcm;rJhü pmtkyfrsm;udkom wpftkyfNyD; wpftkyf zwfíaerdygonf/ oli,fcsif;rrSm Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpfojzifh uRefronf Ak'¨bmomusrf;pmrsm;udkÓPfrSDorQ zwf½IrdcJhygonf/

xdkodkYvQif rwnfrusonfhb0vrf;tv,fwGif csmcsmvnfjzpfaecdkufwGif wpfaeYü uRefrESifhtwlaeol oli,fcsif;ronf uRefrtm; tvkyfwpfckawGUcJhaMumif;ajymjyygonf/

]]tvkyfuawmh &efukefrSmr[kwfbl;/ [dk &rnf;oif;e,fxJu a&eDqdkwJh NrdKUuav;rSm/ tJh'D

u olaX;wpfa,muf&JU orD;av;udk pmoifay;&r,fhtvkyfyJ/t*Fvdyfpma&m jrefrmpmyg oifay;&rwJh/ tJh'g...udk,fwdkY½kH;upma&;BuD;wpfa,mufqDudk tJ'DolaX;uaeNyD; q&mrwpfa,muf&Smay;zdkY pmeJY vSrf;a&;owJh/owif;pmxJu xnfhaMumfjimae&if avQmufvTmawG zwf& a&G;&eJY ½IyfaerSmrdkYygwJh/ tJ'g pma&;BuD;eJY eD;pyf&m taMumif;Mum; &SmazGNyD; vTwfvdkufygwJh/ tJ'Dpma&;BuD;u aeYvnfwkef;u pum;pyfrd&if; ajymjywmeJY udk,fuvnf;xm;taMumif; ajymjyawmh vkyfEdkifr,fqdk&if olaX;qDudk taMumif;Mum;vdkufygr,fwJh...b,feJYvJ...xm; vkyfr,fr[kwfvm;}}

]]ar;aep&mvdkao;ovm;uGm/xm;rSm wG,fwmp&m oHa,mZOfqdkvdkY bmrS&Sdwmr[kwf/ tdrfajc

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

16 wpfoufvsm

,majcvnf; twnfwus r&Sd/tvkyfvkyfcsifvGef;vdkY eHYeHYwufaewJh vlwpfa,mufudkrsm; tvkyfvkyfrSmvm;vkdY ar;rSar;yavuGm/vkyfr,fvdkY ajymcJha&maygh}}

]]xm;udk rwkdifyifbJeJYawmhb,frSm tajzay;&JrvJuGm/ wkdifwkdifyifyif ar;jref;vkyfrSaygh/reufjzefusawmh ajymvdkufyghr,f}}

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 17

tcef;-2

]]jra&...

]]xm;awmh a&mufa&mufcsif; pmxnfhyghr,fqdkwJh uwdtwkdif;pma&;vdkufNyDaemf...

]]a&;p&mawGuawmh'DtdrfBuD;&JU taMumif;awGyJuGJU...tdrfBuD;[m a&eDNrdKUuav;&JU ajrmufbuftpGefrSm&SdwJh jcHBuD;wpfjcHxJrSm aqmufxm;w,f/NrdKU&JU tpGeftzsm;jcHus,f

us,fBuD;xJrSm tdrfuvnf; a&S;qefqef ESpfxyftdrfBuD;qdkawmh wpfrsdK;BuD;? awmBuD;awmifBuD;xJrSm...aqmufxm;wJh&JwkdufBuD;eJY wlaeawmhw,f/ 'DtdrfBuD;rSmqdk&ifxm;&,f? b@mpdk;vkyfwJhrdef;rBuD; a':oufqdkwm&,f? xrif;csuf vifr,m;&,f? tdrf&SifolaX;OD;aomfZif&JU orD; &SpfESpf

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

18 wpfoufvsm

t&G,favmuf&SdwJh at;at;oGifav;&,f 'gyJ&Sdw,f...

tJ'Dtdrfudk a&mufwJhaeY nbufrSm...b@pdk;a':oufu xm;vkyf&r,fh tvkyfwm0efawGudkajymjyw,f/ xm;&JU tvkyf[m ]]at;at;}}av;udk pmoifay;&rSm&,f? vlrIa&;&m tdrfwGif;ynmupNyD; tppt&m&m em;vnfatmif oifay;&rSmyJ/ a':oufuawmh rdef;racsmacsm cefYcefYBuD;uG? ½kyfvu©Pmuawmh tawmfoefYjyefYw,f/ olaX; OD;aomfZifeJY tpfr0rf;uGJawmfowJh/at;at;qdkwJh uav;uvnf; tawmfcspfp&maumif;wJh uav;rav;

yJ/ a':oufudk ol cspfvnf;cspfw,f/ aMumufvnf; aMumuf&Smw,f/xm;udkawmh jrifjrifcsif;cif&Smygw,f/ xrif;csufvifr,m;usjyefawmhESpfa,mufpvHk; tifrwefat;at;aq;aq;&SdMuNyD;½dk;om;wJh ½kyfawGygyJ...

'Dtdrfudk a&mufa&mufcsif; qef;wmawGudk owdxm;rdw,f/ 'DaeYygeJYqdk&if xm; 'Dtdrfudka&mufwm oHk;neJY ESpfaeYyJ&SdNyD; tdrfom;awG[mwpfa,mufrS [uf[ufyufyuf &DjyHK;aeMuwmudk rawGU&ao;bl;/ uav;&JUtaz OD;aomfZifuawmh aiGa&;twGuf ysOf;rem;bufwufoGm;owJh/uav;&JU tartaMumif;

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 19

udkawmh pum;xJ xnhfrajymbl;/ 'gawmif xm;u...]uav;&JUtaztarawG b,foGm;aeMuygvdrfh...} vdkY a&mNyD; ar;cJhwm/ aemufqef;wmwpfck&Sdwmu 'DvdkuG...

tck xm;a&mufaewJhtdrfBuD;u ESpfxyftdrfBuD;uG/ atmufxyfrSm tcef; av;cef;&Sdw,f/ pmMunfhcef;&,f? xrif;pm;cef;&,f? xrif;csuf bdk;axG;wdkYvifr,m;tdyfwJhtcef;&,f? tcef;vGwfwpfck&,f/ tay:xyfrSmqdk&if tcef; ajcmufcef;&S dw,f/ OD;aomfZif&JUtcef;? a':oufeJY at;at;&JUtcef;? xm;twGufwpfcef;? tvSjyifwJh tcef;? tdrfoHk;ypönf;awG

odkavSmifxm;wJhtcef;?aemufqHk;tdrf tpGef;bufu tJ'DtdrfoHk;ypönf;awGodkavSmifxm;wJhtcef;eJY,SOf&uftcef;udkawmhtNrJwef; ydwfvsufom;awGU&ayr,fh wpfcgwpfcg tJ'Dtcef;xJu atmfoHvdkvdk? nnf;oHvdkvdkMum;&wJhtjyif wpfcsufwpfcsufus&if 'Hk;'Hk;'dkif;'dkif;toHawGawmif Mum;&w,f/ tJ'g bmrSef;vJtcktxd rodao;bl;/wjznf;jznf;awmh odvmrSmyJ...

tcktxd OD;aomfZifqdkwm jzLw,frnf;w,fvdk Y rod&ao;bl;uG/at;av...bmyJjzpfjzpfxm;tzd k Yr Sm rD;pifud kMunhfNyD; u&rSmyJ/ jra&

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

20 wpfoufvsm

xm;&JUb0[m jyefpOf;pm;vdkuf&if awmfawmftHhMop&maumif;wmyJ/ vlrSef;odpuwnf;u rdbqdkwm ac:p&mr&SdcJhbl;/ ta':&JU n§if;yef;ESdyfpufrIawGudk cHcJh&&mu u,fwJhvlu u,fcJhjyefayr,fhvnf; ynmav;vnf; wwfatmif oifay;NyD;a&m udk,fhpdwfxJrSmjzp fay:wmuav;ud kwifjyaqG;aEG;rdwmeJYyJavmutv,f tajctae twnfwusrae&atmif zefwnf;cJhw,f/'gayrJh jrqdkwJh oli,fcsif;cspf&JU aus;Zl;aMumifhuoDvifw rMuHK&bJ£a`E&&aeEdkifcJhw,f/ 'DMum;xJu wpfcgrS ra&mufpzl; tdyfrufawmif

rrufzl;cJhwJht&yfrSm aqGrawmf rsdK;rpyfwJh vlawGeJY twlwl ae&jyefawmhr,f...

tif; vlwpfa,muf&JU a&SUa&;[m b,fvdkjzpfvmr,fqdkwm BudKwifNyD; rjrifEkdifygvm;aemf/xm;om [kdtcsdef a':&ifndrf;eJY aewkef;uqdk&if]bk&m;ocif&JUtvdkawmf}twdkif; aeoGm;&rSmyJvdkYqdk&rSmyJaemf...bmyJajymajymav xm;,HkMunfxm;wJh tcsufwpfck&Sdw,f/ udk,fuom pdwf&if;jzLjzLpifpif xm;aeorQumvywfvHk; udk,fhtay: pdwf&if;jzLpifpGmapmifha&SmufMuifemr,fhvl[m ay:vmrSmyJvdkY ,HkMunfxm;w,f...

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 21

[kwfbl;vm; jr&,f/uJ awmfao;NyDuG,f...aemufrS a&;ao;wmayghuG,f}}

uRefronf pmudk tptqHk;jyefzwfNyD; pmtdwfwGif;odkY xnfhum ai;aerdygonf/

pmwGifygonfhtwkdif; xdktdrfBuD;rSm uRefrtwGuf pOf;pm;p&mwpfck jzpfíaeygonf/ þrQ cefYnm;x,f0gvSonfh tdrfBuD;rSmtb,fhaMumifh þrQ NidrfoufajcmufaoGUae&bdoenf;/ uav;ocifonf b,fvdkvlpm;ayenf;/ uav;\rdcifum; tb,frSmenf;/ ponfh udk,fESifhrqdkifonfhar;cGef;rsm;onf uRefr\ &ifwGif;odkY tvHk;t&if; csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmMuygonf/ OD;aomfZifonf tb,fuJhodkYaomvlpm;rsdK;ayenf;/ a':pdk;cifuJhodkYudk,fhOudkrS Oxifwwfonfh olay

avm...a':&ifndrf;uJhodkY oem;u½kPmpdwfwdkYjzifh jynfhvTrf;aeaomfvnf; udk,f\,HkMunfcsufudkrS tppftrSef[k ,lqxm;oljzpfavoavm....ponfh OD;aomfZifESifh ywfoufonfh pdwfoabmxm;rsm;udkvnf; vlrjrifzl;rDuyif awG;awm ppfaMumaerdygawmhonf/

xdkpOftcgu uRefrwGif ,HkMunfcsufwpfck &Sdygonf/ xdk,HkMunfcsufum;...avmuwGif okcxuf 'ku©u ydkrdk0ef;&Haeojzifhvlwdkif;vlwkdif;yif avmu\'ku©'Pfudk cHMu&onfom jzpf\/yifudk,fobm0t&yifvQif þrQ'ku©udk &ifqdkifaeolwdkYtm; uRefraMumifh xyfrHí 'ku©rjzpfapvdk/uRefrtzdkYwGifum; rdrdbmomtavsmufomqdkcJhygrl...aus;Zl;&SifrdbESpfyg; qHk;yg;uG,fvGefpOfuwnf;u aobG,f&m&SdcJh\/ odkY

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

22 wpfoufvsm

aomf uHtm;avsmfpGmqdkouJhodkYOD;av;ESifh ta':wdkYu aumuf,lauR;arG;cJhMuojzifh touf wpfacsmif;rSm raoaumif; raysmufaumif; MuHKcJh&ayonf/ ]]vl[lí jzpfvmuwnf;u tjcm;olrsm;\ jyKpkauR;arG;jcif;udk cHcJh&oljzpfojzifh tjcm;olrsm;aMumifh touf&Sif BuD;jyif;vmcJhonhf uRefronf tjcm;olrsm;\ pdwfcsrf;oma&;udkom a&S;½IvkyfudkifoGm;awmhrnf [laom ,HkMunfcsufowfrSwfcsufyif jzpfygonf/

]]xm;xm;...bmawG;aewmvJ...}}

aemufbufrS ½kwfw&ufac:vdkufaom a':ouf\ toHaMumifh uRefr\tawG;rQifonfjywfí oGm;ygonf/

]]bm&,fr[kwfygbl; a':a':ouf&,f}}

]]'Dvdkayghav...udk,fwpfcgrSra&mufzl;wJh t&yfudk a&mufvmNyD; udk,fwpfcgrS rawGUzl; rodzl;cJhwJhvlawGeJY awGU& od& twlaeae&awmh pdwfxJrSm [mwmwmBuD;awmh jzpfaerSmaygh}}

]][kwfuJh}}

]]at;av...bmyJjzpfjzpfudk,fhtdrfvdkyJ oabmxm;NyD; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifomaeaygh/ xm;&JUaeyHkxdkifyHkudkawmh armifaomfZifuoabmus auseyfrSmygyJ}}

]]bmjzpfvdkYvJ a':a':&JU...}}

]]'DvdkavuG,f...armifaomfZifu pifppfrSmawmh pdwf&if;aumif;ol wpfa,mufygyJ/ 'gayrJh ol&JUb0rSm olMuHKawGUae&wmawGu olYtzdkYrSm tifrwef pdwfysufp&maumif;aeavawmh...olYcrsm vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfcsifygvsufeJY vlY*Gpm vlwpfrsdK;

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 23

jzpfaeawmhw,f/ 'Dawmh orD;twGuf tdrfrSm q&meJY ac:oifzdkYpDpOfwkef;u q&mrudka&G;&ifMunhfa&G;ygwJh/ olYrsufpdxJrSmrwJh? pdwfxJrSm oabmrus&ifcsufcsif;armif;xkwfrdvdrfhr,fwJh/'gaMumifh olpdwfwkdif;usjzpfr,fhq&mrudkom &SmygwJh}}

uRefrESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif ukvm;xkdifrS ajymjyaeaom a':ouf\pum;rsm;udk em;axmif&if; uRefrpdwfxJwGif wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;vmrdygonf/ pifppftm;jzifh uRefrrSm a,mufsm;wpdrf;w&HpHwkdYESifh aexdkifcJhzl;ol r[kwfyg...uRefr&if;ESD;pGm qufqHonfha,mufsm;rdwfaqG[lívnf; wpfa,mufwpfavrS ray:cJhzl;yg...uRefr\ toufESpfq,frS pGef;cJhaomfvnf; a,mufsm;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh trItcif;[lí uRefr&ifwGif;0,f b,ftcgurS r

udef;atmif;cJhzl;yg...odkYjzpfav&mOD;aomfZifuJhodkY a,mufsm;wpfa,muf? vlxl;vlqef; wpfa,muf\ pdwfwkdif;us jzpfatmifaexkdif&rnfqdkonfrSm uRefrtzdkYwkefvIyfacsmufcsm;zG,f&mom jzpfaeygonf/

]]'gaMumifh a':a':uvnf;armifaomfZif pdwfwdkif;usr,fhrdef;uav;jzpfygapqdkwm qkawmif;&if; arQmfaeMuwkef; xm;a&mufvmawmh a':a':wdkY arQmfvifhovdk jzpfaewmrdkY a':a':wdkYrSm 0rf;om&wmayghuG,f/ 'Dawmhxm; wpfa,mufudk jrifvQifjrifcsif;yJqdkwmvdk cifrifrdw,f/ 'ghaMumifh xm;[m 'DtdrfBuD;rSm aysmfaysmfaeEdkifoavmuf aeapcsifw,f/ tvkyf&Sif&,f...tvkyform;&,fvdkY oabmrxm;bJ aqGvdkrsdK;vdk oabmxm;apcsifw,f/wu,fygyJ...a':a':wkdYpdwfxJrSm

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

24 wpfoufvsm

wpf&yfwpf&Gm uGJuGmaewJh nDrav;wpfa,muf? orD;av;wpfa,mufeJY jyefawGU&ovdk xifrdygw,f}}

]]a':a':wdkYu 'Dvkdoabmxm;w,fqdk&if OD;aomfZifuvnf; auseyfrSmyJxifyg&JU}}

]]auseyfr,fvdkY a':a':wdkYuvnf; xifygw,f/ tdk ajymr,fhomajymwmyg? oluvnf; tNrJc&D;xGufaewJhvlyg/ bmyJjzpfjzpfudk,fhtdrfvdkom oabmxm;NyD;aeyg wlr&,f}}

odkYESifh uRefrrSm tdrfBuD;ay:wGif tdrfom;wpfOD;yrm &J0HhpGmaexdkifoGm;vmcJhygonf/ uRefra&;cJhonfh tdrfBuD;tay:xyf&Sdtcef; tem;odkY uRefr wpfcgua&mufoGm;cJh&m tcef;wGif;rSnnf;oHvdkvdk &,foHvdkvdk Mum;&ojzifh uRefrpdwfwGif wapäacsmufonf[k xifrSwfrojzifh

a':ouftm; ar;jref;pHkprf;rdygonf/ a':oufonf ½kwfw&ufrsufESmysufoGm;NyD;rS £a`E´jyefq,fum jyHK;jyygonf/

]]wapäacsmufwm r[kwfygbl; wlr&JU/ tapcHwpfa,mufrrmaewmyg/ ol&J r[kwfbl;/raMumufygeJY}}

uRefronf a':oufwdkY rodapcsifonfh udpö[koabmaygufvmojzifh qufvufpyfpkraeawmhbJ at;at;yif aecJhygonf/

q,f&ufcefYMumcJhavonf/

aerSm taemufbufawmwef;rsm;atmufwGif ikyfvQdK;aysmufuG,fvkjzpfojzifh arSmif&dyfrsm;,Sufoef;p jyKaeonfh naecsrf;0,f uRefronf a':ouftm;cGifhyefum tdrfBuD;rS xGufcGmcJhNyD;rEÅav;vrf;rBuD;ab;wGif vrf;avQmufaerdygonf/

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 25

ysOf;rem;qDbufodkY ajcOD;vSnfhrdcJhonfhtwkdif; trSwfrxifavQmufcJhygonf/ avQmuf&if;avQmuf&if;...nusvQif ]]at;at;av;}}tm; ajym&rnfh yHk0w¬Kudk pOf;pm;aerdygonf/ uRefri,fpOfu rSwfxm;cJh&onfhyHk0w¬Krsm;rSm vGefpGmrSyif yHkjyifqefvGef;um wu,fhvlYavmuESifh rtyfpyfonfu rsm;½Hkomru ,kwdå,kwåm uif;rJhonfh 0w¬Krsm;omjzpfygonf/ Zmwfvdkufrif;om;rif;orD;wdkY tcuftcJMuHK&wkdif;u,fq,frnfh ewfaumif; ewfjrwfrsm; xGufay:vmay&m rif;om; rif;orD;wdkYrSm xkdtcuftcJtwGuf txl;BudK;pm;rae&bJvGwfajrmufatmifjrifcJhonfomjzpfavonf/ xdkodkYaom yHk0w¬KrsdK;onf tcuftcJMuHKonfhtcgü udk,fhtpGrf;tp MuH&nfzef&nfjzifh vGwfajrmufatmif rjyKvdk

awmhbJ u,fwifrnfholudk arQmfvifhtm;udk;vdkpdwf ay:apvdrfhrnf[k ,lqrdygonf/ odkYjzpfíxdkyHk0w¬KrsdK;jzifh Eke,fi,f&G,foluav;wdkY\ pdwf"mwfudk aysmhnhHatmif rjyKvdkyg/ 'gjzifh b,f0w¬KrsdK; ajym&ygh/

rnfrQMumcJhí b,fae&modkYa&mufcJhonfrod/ avmu"mwfcGifwGif tarSmifxk pdk;rdk;aeNyDudkowdxm;rdawmhrS vrf;avQmufae&mrS &yfwefYum vmvrf;twkdif;jyefvSnfhrdygonf/ tdrfodkYtjyefwGif uav;tm; ajym&rnfh yHk0w¬Kudk uRefrzmom pDpOfaerdygonf/ 0w¬Ku oem;p&mvnf;ygr,f/ aMumufp&mvnf; ygr,f/ 0rf;omp&mvnf; ygr,f/aysmfp&mvnf; ygr,f/ twk,lp&mvnf; ygr,f/

uRefronf uav;ESifh oifhavsmfrnfh 0w¬Kudk pOf;pm;ívmcJh

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

26 wpfoufvsm

&m ]]jreE´m}} tdrfodkY oGm;&majreDvrf;odkY ta&mufwGif aemufem;qDrS t&Sdefjyif;pGm armif;vmaom armfawmfqdkifu,foHudkMum;&ygonf/ armfawmfqkdifu,foHonf wjznf;jznf; eD;uyfonfxuf eD;uyfvmonfhtcdkufwGif...uRefrESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdifrS EGm;vSnf;wpfpD; armif;vmonfudk awGU&ygonf/ vrf;rSmvSnf;wpfpD;armif;om½Hk vrf;jzpfojzifh uRefronf vrf;ab;wGifuyfcg vSnf;vGefíoGm;NyD; csufcsif;vdkvdkyif aemufem;wGif uyfaeonfh armfawmfqdkifu,f pufoHrSm wpfrsdK;jzpfoGm;ojzifh vSnfhítMunfhwGif vrf;tauGU vSnf;ESifh reD;ra0; vrf;ab;wGif vdrfhoGm;aom armfawmfqdkifu,fESifhvloP²mefudk awGU&ojzifh vSnf;teD;odkY ajy;vmrdygonf/

]]vSnf;q&mBuD; &yfOD;? 'DrSm

armfawmfqdkifu,f rçay;ygOD;}}

uRefr\atmfoHaMumifh vSnf;orm;BuD;onf vSnf;udk&yfumvSnf;ay:rS qif;vmNyD; vJaeaom armfawmfqdkifu,fudk qJGrvdkufavonf/ þwGifrS armfawmfqdkifu,fESifh wygwnf; ydvsufom;jzpfaeolyg xEdkifavonf/

]]usKyfuvnf; a&SmifwmyJ?q&muvnf; a&SmifwmyJ/ 'gayrJh q&mh[mu t&Sdefjyif;awmh tauGUrSm vJwmaygh}}

vSnf;q&mBuD;onf olYtm;pdwfrqdk;atmif pum;ajyxdk;&if;vSnf;ay:odkY jyefwufum armif;xGufoGm;ygonf/ uRefrwdkY ESpfa,mufwnf; usefawmhrS...

]]yGef;yJhoGm;wmrsm; &Sdao;vm;&Sif}}[k ar;rdygonf/

]]udpör&Sdygbl;/ enf;enf;

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 27

awmh yGef;rSmyJhrSmaygh/ t½dk;rusdK;&if NyD;wmyJ}}

armfawmfqdkifu,f q&monfcyfwdkwdkyif ajymum pufEdI;íaeojzifh uRefrrSm taMumifom;ai;aerdygonf/

]]a[mAs...bufx&D0dkif,mjywfoGm;NyDxifw,f/ pufrEdk;jyefbl;/ *GuswmyJ}}

uRefrtem;wGif &Sdonfudk owdrxm;[efjzifh rsufESmudk wpfbufvSnfhum nnf;nLae&mrSuRefrbufodkYvSnhfvmum...

]]tdk...rif; roGm;ao;bJudk;/jyefav rdk;csKyfaevdrfhr,f...b,frSmaeovJ}}[k ajym&if; jywfaeonfh 0dkif,mBudK;&Smí qufaejyefygonf/

]]uRefr 'Dvrf;tqHk;u jcHxJrSm aeygw,f}}

]]bm...'Dvrf;tqHk;u [dk

tdrfjrifhBuD;vm;}}

]][kwfygw,f}}

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]]OD;aomfZif&JU tdrfyg}}

]]tdk...aeygOD;/ rif;[m tJ'DtdrfrSm bmvkyfaewmwkef;...}}

]]OD;aomfZif&JU orD;udk pmoifay;&ygw,f}}

]]atmf...atmf...q&mrudk;/tif;...tif;...tckrSyJ pufEkd;awmhw,f/ oGm;vdkufOD;r,f/vufpowfawmh rif;udk;...aus;Zl;ygyJ}}

ajymajymqdkqdkyif tarSmifxkxJodk Y aysmufuG,foGm;onfhoP²mefudk Munfh&if;...aemufrSwjznf;jznf; vrf;avQmufívdkufcJhonfwGif ]]jreE´m}}jcHxJwGif armfawmfqdkifu,f &yfoHMum;&ygonf/ tdrfodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg qif0ifatmufwGif &yf

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

28 wpfoufvsm

xm;aom armfawmfqdkifu,fudkawGU&NyD; tdrfay:odkY a&mufaomtcg a':oufxHrSwpfqifh OD;aomfZif jyefvmNyD[k od&ygonf/þwGifrS apmapmu awGUcJholrSmOD;aomfZifjzpfaMumif; awG;rdygawmhonf/

nOD;wGif at;at;av;ESifh cgwdkif;nrsm;uJhodkYyif pum;ajym yHkajymESifh tcsdefukefcJhygonf/ a':oufrSm OD;aomfZif armfawmfqdkifu,fESifh vJcJhonfudk jyKpkae[ef

wlojzifh uRefrwdkYteD;odkY ra&mufvmcJhyg/

xdknu tdyf&m0ifcJhonfhwdkifatmif OD;aomfZifESifh rqHkrdojzifhtdyf&mxJodkY a&mufonfhtcgwGifarSmif&D&DwGif awGUcJh&aom OD;aomfZif\ oP²mefudk jrifa,mifvsuf&Sdum ]]atmf...atmf...q&mrudk;}} [laom toHudkom Mum;a,mifaeojzifh awmfawmfESifh tdyfraysmfcJhyg/

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 29

tcef;-3

aemufwpfaeY eHeufwGifrSOD;aomfZifESifh awGUqHk&ygawmhonf/ awGUqHkonf[k qdk&aomfvnf; awGU½Hkom awGU&jcif;jzpfívlcsif; cGJvdkufonfhtcsdeftxd pum;wpfcGef;rQ rajymcJhMuyg/

a':ouf\ ajympum;t& OD;aomfZifrSm touf oHk;q,fausmfausmfav;[k od&aomfvnf; ol\½kyfvu©Pmudk tuJcwfMunhfonfhtcgwGif ig;q,fcefY[k rSef;qEdkifavmufatmif tdkrif;&ifha&mf

vSonfh ½kyf&nfudk aqmifaeygonf/ us,fjyefYaom ezl;jyif? xlxJaom rsufcHk;? arS;rSdefrIef&DonfhrsufvHk;? ay:vGifaom ESmwH?um;aeonfh em;&Guf? BuD;rm;onfh ar;½kd;? xif&Sm;jywfom;onfh EIwfcrf;wdkYESifhwuG wnfNidrfonfh £a`EwdkYrSm acsmarmvSyonfqdkjcif;xuf xl;jcm;aom½kyf[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf/

aeYvnfbufwGif ol\ pmMunhfcef;odkYac:um trIonfudk

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

30 wpfoufvsm

ppfar;onfhavoHjzifh uRefr\twdwfjzpfpOfrsm;udk ppfar;ygawmhonf/

uRefrvnf; i,fpOftcg oD&drmvmjcHBuD;xJwGif aecJhonfrSpí,cktcsdeftxd jzpfysufcJhorQwdkYudk twdkcsHK;í ZmwfpHk cif;jy&ygonf/

]]arG;pm;wJhtaru bmjzpfvdkYtarGrxm;cJhwmvJ}}

]]ol tifrwef MunfndKav;pm;wJh c&pf,mefbmomudk oHo,&Sdw,fvdkY ajymrdwmeJY tjypf'Pf ay;wJhoabmeJY vkyfoGm;wmyg...}}

]]'gjzihf rif;[m c&pf,mefr[kwfbl;aygh}}

]]r[kwfbl;vd k Y qd kcsifygw,f...}}

]]'gjzifh...Ak'bmomvm;...}}

]]uRefr Ak'¨bmomeJY ywf

oufvdkY a&a&vnfvnf em;rvnfao;ygbl;/ avhvmwkef;ygyJ}}

]]'gjzifh tck rif;rSm bmomw&m; r&Sdbl;aygh}}

]][kwfuJh...tckaeawmh uRefr[m bmomw&m;udk apmifhxdef;MunfndKrIxuf udk,fusifhw&m;udk ydkNyD; apmifhxdef;ygw,f...bmomw&m;[m uRefrtjrift&tifrwef us,f0ef;eufeJygw,f/'DeufeJvSwJh w&m;awGudk uRefrrpOf;pm;Edkifao;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifhuRefrtzdkYrSm bmomw&m;awGudkavhvm½HkuvJGvdkY bmrS rwwfEdkifao;ygbl;/ avmurSm udk,fhtwGufaMumifh wjcm;olawG pdwftaESmifht,Suf rjzpf&? epfemqHk;½HI;rI rjzpf&atmif aerSmyJ/ udk,hfaMumifh vlwpfa,muf pdwfcsrf;om aysmf&Tifwmudk jrif&&if udk,fhrSmvnf; pdwfcsrf;omrI jzpf&yg

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 31

w,f/ 'D[m ckavmavmq,fuRefr&JU usifhpOfawGygyJ}}

OD;aomfZifonf uRefrajymorQ pum;wdkYudk £a`E´&pGm em;axmifae&mrS...pum;tqHk;wGifarS;rSdefvSaom rsufvHk;tpHkudk tpGrf;ukefjyL;í Munhfaeygonf/uRefrvnf; pumudk rqufawmhbJ acgif;udk iHkYvdkufum OD;aomfZifxHrS xGufvmrnfhpum;oHudkem;pGifhíaerdygonf/

]]rif;...oGm;EdkifygNyD...}}

uRefronf tb,frQ olYtm;½dkaoav;pm;aerdonf rod/ ol\trdefYoH qHk;onfESifh wNydKifeufolYteD;rS xGufcGmcJhygonf/ OD;aomfZifteD;rS cGmNyD;cJhonfhtcg

wGifvnf; atmifjrifcefYnm;vSonfh OD;aomfZif\ pum;oHudkom Mum;a,mifaerd&mu uRefrajymcJhonfh pum;xJwGif trSm;t,Gif;rsm; ygcJhoavm[k jyefvnf ppfaq;awG;awmí aeygonf/ aemufqHk;wGif uRefr\pum;ESifhywfoufí uRefrtwGuf xdcdkufp&mtaMumif; wpfpHkwpf&m rjrif[laom ,lqcsufudkrSwfcsufcsrSwfrdonfwGifrS wpfudk,fvHk; ayghyg;oGm;um wpfaeYwmvkyfief;rsm;udk at;aq;pGmyifvkyfudkifaerdygonf/

aemufaeYrsm;wGifum;...pum;ajym&eftcsdefr&EdkifbJ vlcsif;awGU½Hkom awGUcJhMu&avonf/

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

32 wpfoufvsm

tcef;-4

]]jr}}

jrqDupmudk &vdkY vGefpGmyJ 0rf;omrdygw,f/ wpfNrdKUw&GmrSm wpfa,mufxJae&wJhtcdkufrdkY jrqDu pmawGvmNyDvm;qdkrSjzifh xm;-odyf0rf;omrdwmyJuG,f...

xm;av-tck OD;aomfZifwdkY tdrfom;awGeJY tawmfyJcifrifaerdNyD/ OD;aomfZifqkdwJhvlqef;BuD;[m vufpowfawmh ,pfxkwfBuD;udk;uGJU/

xm;vnf; tpuawmh rodbl;/ [dkwpfaeYurS odwm/od&yHku 'DvdkuG- [kdaeYnuat;at;av;udk pmoifay;NyD; at;at;av;udk a':oufu ac:oGm;wmeJY xm;wpfa,mufxJ pmMunfhcefYxJrSm usef&pfcJhw,f/ xm;vnf; pmtkyf wpftkyfudkzwfae&mu OD;aomfZif&JU tcef;bufqDu ykvif;usuGJoHvdkvdk zefcGufusuGJoH vdk

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 33

vdk Mum;&wmeJY vefYoGm;NyD;OD;aomfZif&JU tcef;bufudkxGufvmrdw,f/ OD;aomfZif&JU tcef;uvnf; yGifhaewmeJY tayguf0u &yfMunfhrdw,f...

OD;aomfZif[m pm;yGJay:rSm vufudk acgif;tHk;NyD; idkufqdkufusaewmudk;...pm;yGJatmufrSm zefcGufwpfcGufusuGJaew,f/ pm;yGJay:rSmawmh b&ef'Dykvif;wpfvHk;vJaewm awGU&w,f/ xm;vnf; thHtm;oifhNyD; ai;Munfhaerdwkef;rSm xrif;csufa&mufvmNyD; acgif;idkufqdkufusaewJh OD;aomfZifudk tdyf&may: ayGUwif&Smw,f...wuwnf; vlaoBuD;twdkif;ygyJ...jr&,f/ xm;jzifhaMumufawmif aMumufrdyg&JU...

xrif;csuf[m olYudk rEdkifhwEdkifeJY wifay;cJhNyD; xGuftoGm;rSm xm;udk awGUwmeJY]]q&mrav; rtdyfao;bJudk;}}wJh EIwfquf&Smw,f/'geJY xm;u ]][kwfuJh...tdyfr,fvdkY pdwful;aewkef;zefcGuf usuGJoHMum;wmeJYxGufvmrdwmyg/ rif;wdkY olaX;[m 'DvdkyJ rl;wwfovm;...}}vdkY ar;rdw,f/

]]vlysdKwkef;uawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfygbl;...q&mr&,f/ck tdrfaxmifusNyD;rS nwdkif;vdkvdk aomufaeawmhwmygyJ/ aomufwkdif;aomufwdkif;rSmvnf; tckvdk owdvpfatmif aomufwwfvdkY oltdrfrSm&SdwJhnqdk&if owdxm;apmifhNyD; tdyf&mta&muf ydkYay;&wmcsnf;yJ}}

xrif;csuf[m ajymajym

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

34 wpfoufvsm

qdkqdkeJY xGufoGm;&Smw,f/xm;vnf; ukd,fhtdyf&mudkomudk,f 0ifcJhw,f/ awmfawmfeJY tdyfraysmfcJhbl;uG/ pdwfxJrSm awmfawmf tHhMoaerdw,f/ pifppfawmh OD;aomfZif[m vl½kd;vlaumif;BuD;yJ/'gayrJh ol[m avmuBuD;eJYywfoufNyD; tawmfemusnf;p&maumif;wJhudpöwpf&yfeJYMuHKcJhzl;ovdkyJ/ ol[m b,favmufyJ trlt&m Murf;wrf; cufxefaeayr,hf olYorD;uav;udkawmh tawmfyJ cspf&Smw,f...

olYb0rSm cifwG,fp&mqdkvdkY olYorD;uav; wpfa,mufxJ &SdaeovdkyJ/ olYorD;uav;[mvnf; tifrwef vdr®mwJh orD;av;rdkYcspfr,fqdkvnf; cspfavmufygayw,f/ pifppfawmh OD;

aomfZifwdkYvdk wdkufBuD; jcHBuD;eJY txufwef;usus Opöm"e acR&Hoif;yif; tjynfhtpHkaeae&wJholawG[m avmurSm bmrS ylyefaomursm;aep&m rvdkbJ udk,fvdk&mudk,f zefwD;EdkifwJh aiGeJY zefwD;½HkyJ r[kwfvm;/ ckawmhMunfhprf;ygOD; jr&,f.../ olYMunh f&wm pdwfysufz d k Yawmif aumif;aeawmhwmyJ/tif;av...'g[mvnf; olYaemufaMumif;rSm b,fvdkpdwfnpfp&mawG &Sdae&SmovJ qdkwmudk rod&ao;bJudk;...

xm;twGufawmh bmrSryleJY...jra&/ tpp t&m&mrSm at;at;aq;aq;ygyJ

usef;rmygap

xm;

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 35

tcef;-5

vlwdkY\ pdwfqdkonfrSm vGefpGmqef;Mu,faomt&m jzpfygonf/

obm0twdkif; jzpfoifhonfrSm rdrdtay:wGif ta&;w,ljzifhapwem MunfjzLpGm qufqHol?*½kpdkufoludkrS pGJvef;pGm cifrifoifhonfom jzpf\/ odkY&mwGifuRefrum; vHk;0 *½krxm;[ef?tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;yrmjywfom;pGm qufqHaom OD;aomfZiftm; oHa,mZOfBuD;pGmjzifh cifwG,faerdayNyD jzpfaMumif;udk tdyf

&m0ifwdkif; olYtaMumif; pOf;pm;rdjcif;tm;jzifh odomapavawmhonf/

nuvnf; xdkxHk;pHtwkdif;yifOD;aomfZiftaMumif;udk pOf;pm;aecdkuf aemufaz;cef;bufqDodkY tajy;tvTm; 0ifoGm;aom ajcoHudkMum;&NyD; &,foHvkdvdk Mum;&ojzifh tdyfae&mrS zswfceJ xvdkufrdygonf/

]]tif;...vlrrm&SdwJh tcef;utoHyJ/ 'Dvlrrmuvnf; bmrsm;

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

36 wpfoufvsm

ygvdrfh}} [k pdwfxJrS awG;&if;tcef;wHcg;udkzGifhum xGufívmrdonfwGif rD;cdk;eHYrsm;udk ½SL½dIufrdonfomru OD;aomfZiftcef;bufrS rD;cdk;wvlvl xGufaeonfudk awGU&ojzifh za,mif;wdkifudk xGef;um oGm;rdavonf/

teD;odkY a&mufawmhrS OD;aomfZif\ tcef;wHcg;0&Sd vdkufumwGif rD;rsm; pGJavmifaeonfudkawGU&avawmhonf/

þwGif tcef;ESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif&Sd aomufa&tdk;pif a&tdk;rS a&jzifh Nidrf;owf&jyefavonf/

uRefr\ ajcoH? a&yufoHwdkYonf OD;aomfZiftm; tdyf&mrS Edk;apavonf/ OD;aomfZifonf tcef;wHcg;udk zGifhvdkufavonf/

]]'Dq&mruvnf; tcsdefrawmfBuD; usKyftcef;0rSm bmvmvkyfaewmvJ}}

uRefronf taMumif;pHkudk&Sif;vif;jy&avonf/ OD;aomfZifonf uRefr\ pum;tqHk;wGif]]cPaecJhOD;}} [k ajymajymqdkqdkESifh taemufbufcef;qDodkY wufoGm;NyD; tawmfMumrS jyefvmygonf/

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tawmfpdwfroufom[efjzifhnnf;aeaom OD;aomfZif\toHjzpfygonf/

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ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 37

[m q&mr ,lqxm;ovdk ukd,fu tepfemcHNyD; taumif;awGudkzefwD;avwdkif; udk,fhrSm taumif;udk cH,l&w,fvdkY xifaeovm;/rtdyfcsifao;&ifvnf; xdkifOD;av}}

uRefronf OD;aomfZifESifhtwlpm;yGJab;&Sd ukvm;xdkifwGif toD;oD; xdkifrdMuavonf/ OD;aomfZifonf pm;yGJay:&Sd aq;wHwGifaq;rIefYxnhfNyD; rD;nd§um zGmaeonfudk uRefronf aocsmpGmMunfhaerdygonf/

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uRefronf bmwpfcGef;rQ rpGufbufbJ olajymorQudk em;pGifhaecJhygonf/

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

38 wpfoufvsm

wwfao;om;yJ OD;aomfZif&,f/uRefrujzifh OD;aomfZif[m ydkufqHcsrf;omwdkif; rl;,pfayawaew,fvdkY xifcJhrdw,f}}

uRefronf pdwfxJwGif Budwfí ajymrdygonf/

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OD;aomfZifonf ajymajymqdkqdkuRefrudk pdkufMunhf&if; xvkdufygonf/ xl;jcm;aom OD;aomfZif\toHESifh arS;rSdefvSpGmaom OD;aomfZif\ rsufvHk;rS 0if;ueJvufoGm;onfudk owdxm;vdkufrdygonf/

aemufwpfaeYeHeufwGif OD;aomfZif c&D;xGufavawmhonf/

nu uRefrtm; azmfa&GpGmpum;ajymcJhojzifh OD;aomfZifESifhuRefrwdkY\ cifrifrIonf wpfqifhwkd;í vmayNyD[k xifaerdaomuRefrrSm ,ckuJhodkY OD;aomfZifuuRefrudk &Sdavonf[lí trSwfrxm;onfh[efjzifh xGufcGmoGm;onfhtcg uRefrrSm 0rf;enf;ovdkvdk &Sufovdkvdk jzpfvmrdygonf/

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O D ;aom fZi fonf tb,faMumifh þrQ pdwfESvHk; nd§K;i,fpGmjzifh ol\b0udk tepfemcHae&oenf;/ raomif;arqdkolum;b,folenf;...nurD;onf OD;aomfZif\toufudk aoaMumif;MuHjcif;ayavm...ponfh ar;cGef;

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 39

rsm;rSmvnf; uRefr\ &ifwGif;0,f 0ifa&mufckefaygufvsuf &SdMuygonf/

q,fhig;&ufcefYtMumwGif OD;aomfZifxHrS pmwpfapmif a&mufvmygonf/ pmrSm tjyefwGif{nfhonfrsm; ygvmvdrfhrnfjzpfojzifh tdrfudk &Sif;vif;xm;umnpmtwGufudkvnf; pDpOfxm;apcsifaMumif; a&;om;xm;avonf/ OD;aomfZif jyefvmrnf[laom taMumif;udk a':oufajymjyaomtcg uRefrrSm tb,faMumifh[lírod&bJ pdwfxJwGif0rf;omaerdygonf/ xdkaeYtzdkYat;at;av;udk pmoifay;&onfrSm cgwdkif;aeYrsm;xuf ayghyg;&Tifvef;vsuf &Sdonfudkvnf; uRefrudk,fuRefr owdxm;rdygonf/

pmvmNyD; 2 &ufcefYMumaomtcgwGif OD;aomfZifESifhwuG {nfhonfrsm; a&muf&Sdvmygawmh

onf/ {nfhonfrsm;rSm touf35 ESpfcefY rvS&Sdefqdkol rdef;rwpfa,mufESifh touf 40 cefY OD;xGef;a0ac: a,mufsm;BuD; tjyiftouf 40 ausmfcefYt&G,f&Sd OD;odef;qdkolwdkYyif jzpfygonf/

xdkn xrif;pm;yGJwGif OD;aomfZifu tm;vHk;ESifh rdwfzGJUay;ygonf/ xdktcsdefu uRefrtm; pl;pdkufpGm Munfhaeaom rvS&Sdef\rsufvHk;udk ,ckwdkif jrifa,mifrdygao;onf/ OD;odef;uom xrif;pm;&if; pum;awG azmifavmufatmif ajymaeaomfvnf;usefvlrsm;rSm wdwfqdwfpGmyifpm;aomufaeMu&m OD;odef;omr&Sdygu þxrif;pm;yGJxuf Nidrfoufajcmufuyfonhf xrif;pm;yGJrsdK;onf &SdEkdifawmhrnf rxifyg/

xrif;pm;yGJNyD;aomtcgwGifuRefr\ tcef;wGif;odkY jyef0ifcJh&if; tawG;e,fcsJUaerdygonf/

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

40 wpfoufvsm

{nfhcef;qDrS ajymaeMuaompum;oHrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&HuRefr\em;wGif;odkY rxifr&Sm; 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; 0ifa&mufvmMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf taemufbuftcef;qDokdY oGm;Muonfh ajcoHrsm;Mum;&NyD;aemuf pl;pl;0g;0g;atmfvdkufaom toHwpfckudk Mum;&ojzifh zswfueJ xxdkifrdygonf/

toHvm&mbufodkY em;pGifhvdkufonfwGif...

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rvS&Sdef\pum;tqHk;wGif &,foHvkdvdk nnf;oHvdkvdk toHBuD;onf aMumufrufzG,f&m xGufay:vmjyefavonf/

]]rvS oGm;MuygpdkY&JU}}

]][kwfw,f armifxGef;a0...owdr&wJhvludk MunhfaevdkY taMumif;rxl;bl;}}

OD;xGef;a0ESifh OD;odef;wdkY\toHyif jzpfygonf/

a*smifueJ wHcg;ydwfoHudkMum;&NyD;aemuf jyefvmaom ajcoHrsm;udk Mum;&avawmhonf/

]]tJ'gyJ rrvS tajctaeuawmh 'Davmuftxd jzpfaewmyJ/uRe fawmfvnf; wwfEk di foavmufawmh *½kpdkufxm;wmyJ}}

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ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 41

ajcoHrsm;um; wjznf;jznf;a0;í a0;í oGm;MuavNyD/

xdkntzdkY uRefrrSm tdyfaysmfoGm;onfhtcsdeftxd taemufbufcef;rS atmfoHudkom Mum;a,mifaerdygonf/

rvS&SdefwdkY vlpkonf tdrfwGif2 nrQom tdyfNyD; jyefoGm;Muygonf/ olwdkYwawG&SdpOftwGif;uRefrrSm tdyfcef;wGif;rS xGufvm

onf[lí r&SdbJ at;at;av;ESifhom tcsdefukeffcJhonfom jzpfojzifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; rjzpfcJhyg/ a':ouf\ ajymcsuft& rvS&SdefESifhOD;odef;rSm raomif;ar\ tpfudktpfrrsm;jzpfaMumi;? udkxGef;a0rSm rvS&S def\ a,mufsm;jzpfaMumif;? ysOf;rem;NrdKUay:wGif csrf;om<u,f0olrsm;jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/

ww

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reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

42 wpfoufvsm

tcef;-6

bmEk&mZmonf ½kd;rawmifpG,fatmufwGif aysmufuG,fvktcsdef jzpfavonf/ woHkoHkaoG;aeaom avajyat;aMumifh woif;oif; arT;aeonfh py,fyef;eHYrSmO,smOfwpfckvHk; ysHUvsuf&Sdavonf/ uRefronf wdrfa&mifpHkawmufaeonfh taemufavmu"mwfcGifudk ai;arQmfMunhf&if; py,fyef;½Hkab;&Sd cHk&Snfay:wGif trSwfrxif xdkifaerdygonf/

nwdkif; nwdkif; t&ufudk rl;

atmif aomufwwfaom olaX;OD;aomfZif...

tcef;xJwGif avSmifxm;jcif;cH&aom pl;pl;0g;0g;atmfwwfonfh raomif;ar...

cspfzG,f&m uav;rav; at;at;...olwdkYwawGrSm uRefr\tm½Hkudk rdIif;rIef&Da0apavonf/

uRefronf tb,faMumifholwdkYtaMumif;udk rpOf;pm;bJ raeEdkifoenf;[laom jyóemudkvnf; uRefrudk,f uRefr jyefí

ww

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 43

ar;rdygonf/ pifppftm;jzifh uRefrrSm ,cktouft&G,fwdkifatmifwpdrf;w&HpH a,musfm;rsm;ESifh pGJpGJvef;vef; cifwG,fcJhzl;onf r[kwf/ todrdwfaqGjzpf&onfhwdkifpdwftm½HkxJwGif Mum&Snf owd&í raebJ trSwfrxif aecJhonfom jzpfavonf/ ,ckuJhodkY OD;aomfZifwdkYtdrfodkY a&mufcgrS OD;aomfZifESifh at;at;wdkYtaMumif;udk wpfaeY rpOf;pm;& raeEdkifatmif jzpf&onfrSm uRefrudk,fuRefr tHhMoírqHk;zG,f&m jzpfaeygawmhonf/

]]q&mr b,ftcsde fua&mufaeovJ}}

rarQmfvif haom pum;oHaMumifh aemufodkY vSnfhvdkufonfwGif rwfwwf&yfum uRefrtm;pkdufMunhfaeaom OD;aomfZifudkawGU&avonf/

]][kwfuJh...uRefr awmfawmf

apmapmuav;uygyJ}}

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OD;aomfZifonf ajymajymqdkqdkyif cHk&Snf\ wpfbufpGef;wGifxdkifvdkufygonf/

]]q&mrawmh usKyfwdkYtdrfa&mufvmwm tawmf pdwfqif;&JrSmyJaemf}}

Mum;&vdrfhrnf[k rxifcJhonfhOD;aomfZif\pum;oH csdKcsdKat;aMumifh uRefronf ½kwfw&ufpum;rjyefEdkifbJ ai;aerdygonf/

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ww

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

44 wpfoufvsm

npfrSmyJ}}

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OD;aomfZifonf ckH&Snfab;&Sdpy,f½HkxJrS yef;yGifhuav;wpfyGifhudk ,lum yGwfacsí aeav\/

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cspfcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;b0wkef;uaygh/ rdef;uav;[m qif;&Jw,f/ aps;xJrSm ukefpHkqdkifzGifhNyD;a&mif;pm;&w,f/ b,fvdka&pufvnf; rodbl;/ 'Daumifrav;eJYighudk vlBuD;awGu b,fenf;eJYrSoabmwlrSm r[kwfbl;qdkwm od&ufom;eJY olYudk rcspfbJ raeEdkifbl;/ wpfaeYrjrif& raeEkdifbl;/oluvnf; 'DvdkyJ cspf&Smw,f/usKyftay:rSm tm;vnf;udk;w,f/ cspfvnf; cspf&Smw,f/ausmif;u xGufawmh usKyfrdbawGu usKyfudk tdrfaxmifcszdkY pDpOfw,f/ usKyfu jiif;w,f/usKyfrSm ,lzdkY &nfrSef;NyD;om; &Sdw,fvdkYqdkawmh olwkdYu oabmrwlEkdifbl;wJh/ olwdkYpum;udk em;axmif&r,fwJh/

usKyf[m tJ'Dtcsdefu tifrwef vdr®mwJh om;av;vdkY emrnfaumif;&aewJhtcsdefaygh/ wpf

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 45

a,mufwnf;om; jzpfjyefawmh rdbaqGrsdK;awG tukefvHk;u 0kdif;NyD;rçaewmaygh...usKyfu rdbawG&JUtpDtrHudk zsufr,fqdkvdkufawmhwaqGrsdK;vHk; pdwfraumif; jzpfNyD;usKyfudk rrdkufzdkY awmif;yef&Smw,f/ z0g;vufESpfvHk;? ycHk;vufESpfwpf t&G,fu tckxd vlwpfvHk; olwpfvHk; jzpfvmwJh tcsdeftxd apmifha&Smuf auR;arG;vmcJhwJh rdbawGudkvnf; pdwfrcsrf;rom rjzpfapcsifbl;...usKyftay:rSm tm;udk;tm;xm;eJY oem;p&mcspfae&Smoludkvnf; pdwfqif;&Jatmif rvkyf&ufbl;/ aqGrsdK;awGudkvnf; pdwfcsrf;omapcsifw,f/aemufqHk; usKyfqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckcsvdkufw,f/ aqGrsdK;awGpum;udkem;raxmif&if igwdkYESpfa,mufom pdwfcsrf;om&m&NyD; rdbawGeJYwuG waqGrsdK;vHk; pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfae&Smawmhr,f/ rdbawG

pum; em;axmifvdkuf&if oleJYigESpfa,mufyJ pdwfrcsrf;romjzpf&vdrfhr,f/ 'Dawmh wkdYESpfa,muftwGufeJY aqGrsdK;awG pdwfrcsrf;rom rjzpfygapeJYawmhqdkNyD; rdbawG&JU tvdkudk vdkufcJhrdw,f}}

OD;aomfZif\toHrSm ajym&if;ajym&if; ajcmufuyfvmojzifh OD;aomfZifonf pum;udk &yfvdkufav\/ twefMum NidrfoufaeNyD;rS...

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ww

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

46 wpfoufvsm

wdkY ESpfa,muf&JU tcspfeJY ,SOfvdkuf&if trsm;BuD; uGmaewmudk usKyfr*FvmaqmifNyD;rS od&awmhw,f/usKyftay:rSm toufeJYxyfwlcspfMunfjzLaewJh oluav; tonf;ESvHk;udk ajceJY reif;&uf&ufeif;&uf&uf eif;acscJhNyD; usKyf[mrdbtpDtrHudk cHvdkufwJhaemufwpfaeYrSmyJ [kduav;rav;[ma&xJckefcsw,fqdkwJh owif;udkMum;&awmhwmygyJ}}

MunfuGJp&m pum;oHaMumifhuRefronf OD;aomfZif\rsufESmudk vSrf;í Munhfvdkufrdygonf/OD;aomfZifonf vnf*GdueJjrnfatmif wHaxG;udk rsdKcsvdkufygonf/

]]olYtzdkYrSm taumif;qHk;aomoGm;&mvrf;[m 'gyJ&Sdw,f/ usKyf[m olrsm; pdwfrcsrf;omatmifrvkyfygbl;vdkY &nfrSef;xm;ayrJhusKyf&JU ]]olrsm;}} qdkwm[m

usKyf&JU aqGrsdK;om jzpfaevdkY usKyftoufavmuf cspfae&olav;qHk;cJh&w,f/ usKyftcspf[m 'Davmufjyif;xefvdrfhr,fvdkY rawG;rdcJhbl;/ usKyftay:rSm pdwfemoGm;ygapawmhqdkNyD; vkyfvdkufwm[musKyfrSmom &ifemp&m tonf;uGJp&mom jzpf&awmhw,f/ tESif;... tESif;...'if;uav;udkjyefpOf;pm;vdkuf&if usKyfyga&mNyD;aoypfvdkufcsifwmygyJ/

yxrwkef;u udk,fhukd,fudktqHk;owfvdkufzdkYudkawmif pdwful;rdao;w,f/ aemufawmhrSusKyftwGuf rSm;vdkYjzpfay:vmwJhudpö&JU wefjyef½dkufrIudk usKyfomvQif cHpm;oifhw,fvdkY ,lqNyD;aowmxuf qdk;0g;wJh aomuAsmyg'awGudk usKyf[m &ifaumhNyD; cHcJhw,f/ usKyf enf;enf;av;rS rcspfwJh rdef;rudk NrdKUrdNrdKUz vlBuD; vlaumif;awGa&SUrSm ]vif

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 47

0wf ig;yg; nDñGwfpGmeJY &moufyef&G,fudk;NyD; ½dk;ajrusonftxdopöm&SdpGm aygif;yghr,f}vdkY ausnmNyD; ,lcJhw,f...,lcJhw,f...aygif;cJhw,f...t&Sifvwfvwf eJYao&wJhb0udk a&mufcJhw,f...

usKyf tdrfaxmifusNyD;wJhaemufESpfrSm usKyftaz qHk;oGm;w,f/ aemuf 2 ESpfMumawmhtar qHk;oGm;jyefw,f/ rroufu rdbawGudk,fpm; vmNyD;apmifha&Smuf&Smw,f/ at;at;av; arG; Ny D;uwnf;u taomif; rrmawmhbl;/ rD;,yfac:rSmaygh/ rrmwmudk uk&if; uk&if;yJ onf;ajcysufNyD; ½l;awmhwmygyJ/ aemuf aoaocsmcsm pHkprf;Munfhawmh raomif;ar&JUtar[m½l;NyD;aow,fvdkY od&w,f/ raomif;ar&JUtzdk;[mvnf; t½l;a&m*geJYyJ aoqHk;cJhowJh/ rsdK;eJY½dk;eJY ½l;vmwmqdkawmh olvnf;

om;orD;&NyD; aoG;ajymif;csdefrSm½l;awmhwmaygh/

avmuBuD;[m aMumufp&mraumif;bl;vm; q&mr&,f/usKyfwd k YwawG[m 'DavmufaMumufp&maumif;vSwJh vlYavmuBuD;udk a&mufvm&wJhtwGufb,fwpfcsufrSm tm;wufp&m &Sdao;ovJ/ w&m;&SifawGuawmhajymMuayraygh/ vlYb0udk &rSom bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfudkem,l usifhMuHEdkifwmrdkY tjrwf&Sdw,fvdkY qdkayr,fh 'Dw&m;awmfawGudk em;vnfavav avmuBuD;&JU 'ku©w&m;awGudk txyfxyf xifjrifvmNyD; avmuBuD;rSmtouf&Snf&rSmaMumifh b,favmufrsm; vljzpf½HI;vdkufygovJvdkY/ wu,fhudk avmuBuD;eJY tqufjzwfNyD; &aoh&[ef; vkyfEdkif&if awmfyg&JU? &aoh&[ef;vnf;rvkyfEdkif vlYavmuxJrSm ae&wm

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

48 wpfoufvsm

udkvnf; NiD;aiGUaer,f? aomursm;aer,fqdk&if b,favmufrsm;vljzpf½HI;vdkufygovJ/ 'gaMumifhrdkYusKyf[m 'Davmu&JU obm0usKyfb0&JU jzpfpOfawGudk roHk;oyf0Hh? roHk;oyf&Jwdkif; usKyf&JUtqkwfxJudk t&ufawG avmif;xnfh ,pfrl;awGa0jcif;qdkwJh arm[w&m;awGeJY zHk;NyD; avmuBuD;eJY&ifrqkdifbJ ykef;ykef;ae&wmaygh}}

OD;aomfZifonf pum;ajymíarmoGm;[efjzifh [if;ueJ oufjyif;csvdkufygonf/

xdktcsdefwGif ae0ef;rS ½dk;rawmifpG,fatmufwGif aysmufuG,fcJhNyDjzpfojzifh ywf0ef;usifavmu"mwftpHkrSm rIef&D&D jzpfíaeavonf/ OD;aomfZifonf yifyef;EGrf;e,fpGmjzifh Nidrfoufai;armaecsdefwGif uRefronf OD;aomfZiftm; Munhfum u½kPmpdwfawGwvdyfvdyf wufvmygawmh

onf/ OD;aomfZif\ aMuuGJzG,f&m Zmwfvrf;um; rpGrf;&if;&SdoluRefrtm; uefZGef;cif Nidygapawmhonf/

]]raomif;ar ½l;pu usKyfq&mawG q&m0efawGeJY ukao;w,f/ 'gayrJh usKyf&JU tukokdvfuHu BuD;avawmh ukvdkY r&cJhbl;/ raomif;ar ½l;aer,fhtpm;usKyf ½l;vdkuf&if usKyftzdkY aumif;r,f/ tckawmh usKyf[m avmu&JU tuRrf;r0ifwJh vlwpfa,muf?bkaumifwpfa,muf? vlMurf;wpfa,muftaeeJY avmuudkpcef;oGm;ae&w,f/ waygif;vaea&mifatmufu uGif;acgifacgifrSm rD;avmifxm;wJh opfyifajcmufvdk pdkajyjcif; uif;rJhcJhw,f/'gayrJh cufwmu &Sdaejyefw,f/usKyf&JUtonf;ESvHk;[m usKyfxifaeovdk oHrPdcJBuD; ausmufcJBuD; r[kwfovdk oHrPdcJBuD;

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 49

ausmufcJBuD; r[kwfao;bl;}}

uRefronf OD;aomfZif\pum;oHudk qufvufí em;raxmif&Jawmhyg/ 'Dtwkdif;omqufí em;axmifaeygu uRefridkrdrnfudk pdk;&drf&ojzifh OD;aomfZiftm; pum;&yf&ef awmif;yefrnf[k pdwful;rdygonf/ odkYaomf OD;aomfZifonf þodkYajym&jcif;tm;jzifh taqG;yifv,faMumwGif epfajrmMunfEl;aevdrfhrnfjzpf&m ol\ MunfEl;rIudk zsufqD;&efvnf; r0HhcJhyg/ xdktcdkuf-

]]'Dr,f q&mr}}[laom ac:oHaMumifh acgif;udk armhí Munhfvdkufrdygonf/

]]q&mr usKyfudk vufrxyfEdkifbl;vm;}}

]]tdk...}}

cspfcspfawmufatmif ylaeaom aEG&moD aeYvnfcif;0,f

jyif;xefpGm rnf[D;ypfcsvdkufonfh rdk;BudK;oHyif jzpfcJhygonf/rarQmfvifhcJ haompum;aMumifhrnfodkY pum;jyef&rnf[líyifrod&awmhyg/ uRefr\ yg;jyifESpfbufrSmvnf; w&Sdef&Sdef ylívmygonf/

]]usKyf &Snf&Snfa0;a0;BuD; rajymcsifbl;/ 'gyJajymcsifw,f/q&mr a&mufp usKyfeJY naeapmif;BuD; awGUcJhuwnf;u q&mr&JU pdwfudk owdxm;rdcJhw,f/'gayrJh usKyf&JU tusifhqdk;twkdif;q&mrudk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; rqufqHcJhbl;/ tvkyf&SifeJY tvkyform;vdkyJ qufqHcJhw,f/ aemufNyD; usKyforD;av;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf ynmoifay;zdkY ac:xm;wJholudk usKyfu 'DvdkpdwfrsdK; arG;rdwm[mvnf; apmfum;&ma&mufw,fvdkY usKyfu ,lqrdw,f/[kd wpfaeY q&mr&JU aemuf

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

50 wpfoufvsm

aMumif;&mZ0ifudk ar;&if;...q&mr&JU pdwfxm; t,ltqudk odcJh&w,f/ 'gayrJh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; aecJh&if cifwG,forIawG ydkNyD; yGm;vmrSmudk pdk;&drfvdkY cyfuif;uif;aecJhw,f/ zmodzmom aecJhw,f/'gayrJh q&mreJY auGuGif;NyD; aeMunfhwdkif; q&mrudk owd&aew,f/ usKyf&JU tcspfOD;av; aooGm;NyD;wJhaemufrSm wpfcgrS ray:cJhzl;wJh tcspfawG ay:vmcJhw,f/usKyfudk vufxyfr,f r[kwfvm;...q&mr/ [if...vufxyfr,f r[kwfvm;}}

OD;aomfZifonf ajymajymqdkqdkuRefr\ vufwpfbufudk qGJ,lqkyfudkifvdkufojzifh uRefronf&ifxJwGif xdwfueJ jzpfum wpfudk,fvHk; wkefvIyfoGm;rdygonf/

tajzay;&efudk rqdkxm;bd/pum;ajym&eftwGuf toHxGufvmatmifudkyif rwwfEdkifawmh

yg/ ylaEG;aom rsuf&nfrsm;rSmuRefr\ rsufvHk;tdrfwGif;rS wvdrf hvdrf h usqif;vmygawmhonf/ wpfoufESifh wpfudk,fwGifa,musfm;wpfa,mufxHrS yxrqHk;tBudrf cspfcGifhawmif;pum;udkMum;&jcif;jzpfojzifh udk,fcE¨mwpfckvHk;rSm ewfusovdk wqwfqwf wkefvmygawmhonf/

]]b,fvdkvJ q&mr&,f...vufxyfr,f r[kwfvm;}}

]]uRef...uRef...uRefr pOf;pm;yg&apOD; &Sifh...&Sif...}}

tEkdifEkdif BudK;pm;í ajym&ojzifh pum;vHk;wdkYrSm txpfxpftaighaigh &Sdaeygonf/

]]bm...pOf;pm;r,f [kwfvm;...pOf;pm;av...[kwfygw,f/pOf;pm;aygh...usKyfudkawmh pdwfrqdk;bl;aemf...pOf;pm;yg...pOf;pm;rSjzpfr,fhudpöyJ/ uJ...arSmif

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 51

vmNyD q&mr/ tdrfay:wufawmhav...}}

OD;aomfZifonf pum;tqHk;wGif tdrfbufodkY xGufcGmcJhav&muRefrvnf; olYaemufrS vdkufívmrdygonf/

xdkaeYnwGif tdyf&modkY apmapm 0ifcJhaomfvnf; awmfawmfESifh tdyfraysmfEdkifcJhyg/ ,aeYtxd

owdxm;í rpOf;pm;cJhonfh tdrfaxmifa&;udk awG;&jyefygonf/uRefr\tem*wfum; rnfokdY zefvdrfhrnfenf;/ jyefvnfawG;vdkufwdkif; aMumufrufzG,f&m pdwfESvHk; acsmufcsm;&onfh twdwfuav;rsm;udk pOf;pm;rdygu tem*wfta&;rSm rawG;&Jatmifyif &Sdawmhonf/

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

52 wpfoufvsm

tcef;-7

]]b,fvdkvJ q&mr&,f/usKyfudk vufxyfr,f r[kwfvm;}}

0rf;enf;oHaESmaeaom OD;aomfZif\ pum;oHrSm pOf;pm;vdkufwkdif; Mum;a,mifaeygonf/

tjcm;olrsm;uJhodkY cspfcGifhyefaejcif; r[kwf/ tdrfaxmifzuftjzpf awmif;cHaejcif;jzpf&m uRefrrSm vGefpGmtajz&cufaeayNyD/opfoD;wpfvHk;jzpf&efta&;wGiftzl;rS tyGifh? tyGifhrS toD;? t

qifhqifh jzpfay:&onfomjzpf\/xdkYtwlyif vlwpfa,muf\ b0wGifvnf; vlysdK-tysdKb0rS orD;&nf;pm;? orD;&nf;pm;rS tdrfaxmifonf[lí wpfqifhNyD;rSwpfqifh wufMuonfom jzpfavonf/ uRefrb0um; tyGifhryGifhbJ toD; oD;onf/ jrufyif?anmifyifwdkYuJhodkY jzpf&acsawmhrnfavm...

]]cspfyg&apvm;uG,f...cspfcGifhjyKygawmhaemf...}}[lí rqkd&Sm

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 53

bJ ]]vufxyfyg&ap}}[k qdkvmonfrSm cspfcGifhyefpum;udkrQrMum;cJhzl;onfh uRefrtzdkYwGif &ifzdkp&mom jzpfcJhygonf/ pifppftm;jzifh ]]cspfyg&apvm;}} [laom pum;ed'gef;onf ]]vufxyfMuygpdk Yaemf...}} [laompum;txd ydkYaqmifMuonfomjzpfavonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif]]cspfyg&apvm;...}}[laompum;rSm ]]vufxyfyg&apvm;}}[laompum;txd ra&mufMubJ vrf;wpf0ufwGifyifvufpwkH;olrsm;vnf; &SdMu\/

vufxyfvdkí cspfcGifhyefMujcif;avm...cspfcGif hyefrdojzifhvufxyf&jcif;ayavm.../ rnfokdYyifjzpfap uRefrwdkY\ OD;aomfZifum; vufxyf&ef awmif;yefaeacsNyD/ om,maom tdrfaxmifwpfck jzpfEkdifa&;wGif tcspfrygbJrNyD;onfudk OD;aomfZifonf

udk,fawGUcHpm;cJh&ojzifh rod[krqdkEdkif/ odkYpOfvsuf uRefrudk cspfcGifhrawmif;bJ tb,fhaMumifhvufxyf&efudkom awmif;yefavoenf;[lívnf; tEkvHk? y#dvHktzHkzHk tjym;jym; pOf;pm;rdjyefygonf/

aemufqHk;wGif OD;aomfZifuJhodkYavmu\ 'Pfcsuftjyefjyef tvSefvSef vSdrfhcHae&olwpfOD;onfþpum;rsdK;omvQif ajym&rnf[k oabmaygufrdygonf/ OD;aomfZifum; yef;½Hk&dyfwGif &Tifysíva&mif&dyf idkyGJcsonfh vlysdKaygufuav; r[kwfawmhygNyD/ &nf;pm;onf aysm hatmifacsm híajrmufatmifajr§mufum pdwfaumufvQif ,k,? oabmrusyHkay:vQif ajz&Sif;íjy? &nf;pm;onf\rsufESmudk pdrf;pdrf;Munhf?csdef;ívnf; Munhf? ajAmifvnf;awGUMuonfh orD;&nf;pm;wdkY "

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

54 wpfoufvsm

avhxHk;jzifh tcsdefjzKef;&eftcgvnf;r[kwfawmhNyD/ avmu\ ½dkufykwfcsufwdkYaMumifh [ufwufuGJum rjrif&onfh aoG;&J&J oH&J&Jjzifh qHk;prjrifaom avmu0JtwGif;0,f csmcsmvnfae&olwdkYbm0 pdwful;,OfrIawGudk z,fvSnfhum wu,hfavmu0,fwu,fjzpfaeMuonfh tjzpfrsm;ESifhom pcef;oGm;vdkayvdrhfrnf/

uRefrtzdkYwGifvnf; yGifhvif;pGm 0efcH&rnfqdkygu OD;aomfZiftm; jrifpuyif xl;jcm;aom olwpfa,muf[lí owdxm;rdcJhygonf/ xdkrS OD;aomfZif\ aeyHkxdkifyHk jyKrlyHkrsm;udk jrif&onfhtcsdefwGifvnf; OD;aomfZiftm; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m vlwpfa,muf[lítodtrSwfjyKrdygonf/ awmufyajymifvufjcif; uif;a0;um aqG;ajrha[mif;EGrf;cJhNyDjzpfaom aMuuGJzG,f&mwdkYomvQif tpOft&dyfxif

ae[ef&Sdonfh rsufvHk;rsm;udk jrif&onfhtcg uRefrrSm bm[lí trnfrwyfjyEdkifonfh vIyf&Sm;rIudkcHpm;&ygonf/ xdkrS OD;aomfZif\tjzpfpHkudk Mum;&onfhtcgwGifum; oem;jcif;u½kPmwdkYjzifh a0jzmyGm;pD;í vmcJhygonf/

uRefr\b0udk uRefrpdwfwGiftjzpfqdk;avjcif;[kyif xifcJh\/odkYaomf OD;aomfZif\tjzpfudkMum;&onfwGifrS uRefr\tjzpfrSm rajymyavmufao;[k awG;rdcJhygonf/ rdrdtay:wGif arQmfvifhtm;xm;jcif;BuD;pGmjzifh toem;cHae&Smonfh 'ku©onfwpfOD;tm;a&Smif&Sm;y,fcGmjcif;iSm rpGrf;awmhygNyD/

rD;avmifxm;onfh opfyifajcmufyrm ajcmufaoGUvSonfholYb0tm; cspfarwåma&,Ofjzifh&Tifyspdrf;vef;apawmhrnf/ twdwf\ t&dyftaiGUrsm;aMumifh

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 55

nd§K;EGrf;arS;rSdefvSaom olYb0tm;cspfjcif;arwåmta&mifjzifh 0if;ajymifapawmhrnf/

xdkaeYnaecif; jcHwGif;odkY qif;cJh&mwGif yef;½Hkab;wGif xdkifaeaom OD;aomfZifudk awGU&ygonf/

]]b,fhES,fvJ q&mr...pOf;pm;cJhygNyDvm;}}

arQmfvifhcJhonfh ar;cGef;yifjzpfygonf/

uRefr\tajzpum;udk pmzwfolwdkYtm; jyefMum;í rvSpfvdkawmhyg/ uRefr\tajzpum;xGufay:NyD;onfhaemuf rMumrDtcsdeftwGif;rSmyif uRefr\ cE¨mudk,frSm OD;aomfZif\ vufarmif;rsm;jzifh odrf;MuHK;&pfywfjcif; cHae&onfudk owdxm;rdygonf/

]]q&mr...q&mr...usKyf0rf;omvdkufwm}}

xdkpum;oHrSwpfyg; usefaompum;rsm;udkum; uRefr rrSwfrdawmhyg/ OD;aomfZifum; twefMumrQ wwGwfwGwf ajymae&Smaomfvnf; uRefrem;wGif;0,f&Sif;vif;jywfom;jcif; r&SdcJhyg/ xdkpum;oHwdkYum; cspfarwåma&wdkYjzifh pdkajyvsuf&Sdonfh tonf;ESvHk;qDrS *,uf½dkufvmMuonfudkum; aumif;pGm oabmaygufrdygonf/

wpfoufwGif rMuHKzl;onfh yDwd[kefwdkYaMumifh wpfudk,fvHk;rSm&Tifvef;vwfqwfí aecJhygonf/xdkYaemuf ]jr} xHokdY pmwpfapmifa&;rdygonf/

MunfEl;zG,f uwdpum;jzifhwpfbufom;\ pdwfcsrf;omrIudkzefwnf;cJh&ojzifh pdwfcsrf;omrI\a&mifjyef[yfjcif;udk cH&onfh uRefrrSm vGefpGm pdwfcsrf;ajrhapcJhygonf/ aemufwpfaeY eHeufcif;

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

56 wpfoufvsm

tdyf&mrSxpwGif tcspfudk zJGUEGJUonfh oDcsif; tpteuav;rsm;udkyif qdkaerdcJhygonf/ zswfvwfayghyg;pGm tdyf&mrS xí a&rdk;csdK;um udk,fhudk,fudkvnf; vSonfxufvSatmif jyKjyifaerdygonf/

jyKjyif&ayrnf/ uRefrrSm ,cifuuJhodkY vGwfvyfol r[kwfawmhNyD/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomol\ jrifjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifvifhupm; oefrmwif;MuyfvSonfhaESmifBudK;txyfxyfjzifh &pfywfjcif;cHae&NyD/ vSywifhw,fvSaom rdrd\ ½lyg½Hkjzifh cspfol\tm½Hktm; Munfvif&Tifysap&awmhrnf/

naebufwGif vrf;avQmufxGuf&ef OD;aomfZifu ajymvmojzifh ESpfa,mufom; rEÅav;vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif avQmufcJhygonf/uRefr\rsufpdwGif OD;aomfZifrSm

vGefpGm Munfvif&Tifvef;aeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ ol\rsufvHk;rsm;rSmvnf; tcspf&nfwdkYjzifh &Trf;pdkaeonf[k xifrdygonf/

vrf;wpfavQmufvHk; OD;aomfZifu oHk;av;&uftwGif; vufxyfvdkaMumif; ajymjyygonf/uRefruvnf; oabmwlaMumif;ajymcJhygonf/

]]'gxuf...a':ouf odNyD;yvm;...OD;aomfZif}}

]]rodao;bl;...nusrS ajym&r,f}}

]]a':oufuawmh b,fvdkrSaESmifh,Sufp&m r&Sdygbl;aemf}}

]]r&Sdygbl;...}}

]]'gjzifh at;at;udka&m wkdifyifNyD;yvm;...}}

]][kwfyg&JU...olYudk rwkdifyifvdkY rjzpfbl;/ ol oabmrwl&ifcufr,f}}

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 57

wyGufyGuf awmufavmifvsuf&Sdonfh a&yltdkifxJrSvnf;Eke,fpdrf;vef;aom yef;yGifh yGifhEdkifouJhodkY OD;aomfZifuJhodkY vlEGrf;vlaqG; wpfa,mufxHrSvnf;þodkYaom [morsdK;udk Mum;&wwfygonf/

xdktcsdefu wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,mufMunhfrd&mwGif tjyHK;csif; qHkaeMuygonf/ xdktjyHK;wdk YonfyifvQif b0c&D;wpfavQmufvHk; yifyef;cJhorQudk arhavsmhapEkdifonf r[kwfygavm/

od k Yaom f...xd ktjy H K ;um;aemufqHk; jyHK;Mujcif;jzpfacsawmhonfwum;/

taMumif;rl...

xdknu uRefronf at;at;av;udk pmjyay;NyD;aemuf pmMunhfcef;bufodkYtvmwGif OD;aomfZiftcef;bufqDrS us,f

us,fMum;&ojzifh tomt,moGm;í em;axmifrdygonf/

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ce.c

om.m

m

58 wpfoufvsm

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 59

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

60 wpfoufvsm

uRefrtzdkYum; rxl;awmhNyD/tdrfajcrJh aqGrsdK;rJh txD;usefb0ESifhom oifhavsmfonfh tajcwGifa&mufaeol wpfOD;aMumifh NrdKUay:aeol *kPfBuD;&Sif*dkPf;wGif 0ifumtdrf,mjcHajr taxGaxG toG,foG,fwkdYjzifh wifhw,f x,f0gaeol wpfpk taeysuf tajcysufjzpf&rnf qkdonfrSm Mum;írQravQmfvSay/

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 61

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

62 wpfoufvsm

vHk;udk acGEHk;EGrf;vsapygawmhonf/

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 63

aom vIyf&Sm;rIwdkYjzifh vIyf&Sm;vsuf &SdwwfMuayonf/ xdkvIyf&Sm;rIudkum; taoG;tom;taMumwkdYjzifh a&m>yrf;vsuf&Sdaom þcEmudk,fwGif aoG;wdk;csufESifhtrQvIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdum aoG;twdk;&yfí 0dÓPfjywfonfhtcgwGifrS&yfwefYMuayvdrfhrnf/

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wpfoufESifh wpfudk,f0,fþvdktcspfrsdK;jzifh rnfoludkrQ r

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

64 wpfoufvsm

csufaMumifh uGJtufa<ujyKef;vkjzpfaewJh uRefrvdk owå0gwpfaumif&JU tonf;ESvHk;xJrSm bmjzpfvdkY tqdyftwzHk;aewJhtcspfudk

xnhfoGif;ay;&ygvdrfh.../

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 65

tcef;-8

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b0wnf;[laom 0JMoCa&jyifus,f0,f vlowå0gtaygif;

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

66 wpfoufvsm

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 67

xdkt&mum;...tb,fenf;...

cspfjcif;arwåmyif jzpfayawmhonf/

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b0um; t"dyÜm,fuif;rJhcJhacsNyD/

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

68 wpfoufvsm

tcef;-9

&rnf;oif;e,fwGifrD;avmifjcif;

vGe fc J honf h ae Yu&rnf;oif;e,ft0if a&eDNrdKU&Sd ajrydkif&Sif OD;aomfZif\ aetdrfudk rD;avmifcJhavonf/

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tdrfBuD;rSm uRef;om;tdrfBuD; jzpfojzifh rD;awmufrsm;rSm jyif;xefvS

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 69

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

70 wpfoufvsm

&ufEkdifojzifh wvSyfvSyfcHpm;ae&aom aomua0'emudk &ifcGifydkuf&if; a&Smif&Sm;cJh\/

ocFg&w&m;onf 6 vwmrQaom umvtwGif;0,f OD;aomfZif\b0udk wpfenf;wpfzH kajymif;vJatmif zefwD;vdkufacsNyD/

ysOf;rem;odkY a&mufaomtcgwGif OD;aomfZif a&eDodkY jyefoGm;NyD[k od&ojzifh aeYcsif;yif MuHK&mbwfpfum;ESif h vdkufvmrdygonf/ a&eDNrdKUodkY a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; OD;aomfZifae&m ]]jreEm}}jcHBuD;qDodkY tajy;tvTm;vmcJhrdygonf/

jreEmjcHBuD;um; rD;avmifikwfwdkrsm;ESifh jymyHktwdomvQif pkyHkvsuf &SdacsNyD/ uRefr pdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m ½Icif;rsm;udk &yfwefYai;armMunhfae&mrS uRefraecJhpOfu ta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf woawG;awmrdum rsuf&nfprsm;yif

jzmvmrdygonf/ þrQ pdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m ½Icif;tm; Mum&Snf rMunfh&ufawmhojzifh wpfbufokdYvSnfhrdonfwGif uRefrtm; ausmay;í &yfaeaom a,mufsm;wpfOD;\ oP²mefudk awGU&ygonf/

]]OD;aomfZif...}}

uRefronf toHxGufatmifatmfac:&if; tajy;uav;oGm;rdygonf/ OD;aomfZifonf uRefr\ toHaMumifh aemufodkY vSnfhMunhf&if;...

]]b,folvJ...}}[k ar;ygonf/

ar;½Hkom r[kwf vufwpfbufuvnf; awmifa0S;wpfacsmif;udk udkifum arS;xm;&ygonf/ vuf? rsufESmESifh OD;acgif;rSm ywfwD;ajzNyD;ump tem rusufwusuf tem&Gwfrsm;jzifhjynfhaeygawmhonf/

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 71

]]OD;aomfZif...xm;av/xm;...xm;...}}

]]b,fol...xm;...[kwfvm;/q&mrvm;...}}

]][kwfygw,f...tdk...OD;aomfZif...}}

OD;aomfZif\ rsufvHk;ESpfbufum; rMunhf0Hhatmif BuD;rm;vSaom tem&GwfwdkYaMumifh uef;cJhacsNyDwum;...

uRefronf t&Sufudkyif owdr&awmhbJ OD;aomfZif\ &ifcGifwGif;odkY ajy;0ifum zufxm;rdygawmhonf/

]]xm;av...OD;aomfZif OD;aom f Zi f vu fxy fc si fw J hxm;av}}

]]&ufpufygayU xm;&,f...tckrS vm&ovm;uG,f.../ tdk'gyJ aumif;ygw,f...}}

]]jzpforQtaMumif; taumif;

csnf;yJaygh...OD;aomfZif...}}

]]xm;...usKyfudk cspfEdkifao;&JUvm;...}}

]]b,fvdk ar;vdkufwmvJ OD;aomfZif...xm;[m OD;aomfZifudkcspfvGef;vdkY a&Smifz,fcJhw,fqdkwmodw,f r[kwfvm;}}

]]'gayrJh ckqdk&if usKyfb0[m bmrS toHk;csp&mr&Sdawmhbl;...e*dkurS toHk;rus&wJhtxJrSm tckqdk&if Z&yfay:wufNyD;awmif;pm;&r,fhb0udk a&mufcJhNyD}}

]]'Dvdk rajymygeJY OD;aomfZif/xm;&JU arwåmrSm 'gawG[m pOf;pm;p&m r[kwfygbl;/ OD;aomfZif&JUb0udk xm;&JU arwåmeJY oufom&m &&apr,f...OD;aomfZifudkxm; apmifha&Smufr,f..cspfr,f..,k,r,f...tdk...xm; vkyfauR;yghr,f...OD;aomfZifeJY auGuGif;vdkY

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

72 wpfoufvsm

cHpm;&wJh 'ku©[m OD;aomfZifeJYtwlaeNyD; iwfjywf qif;&J&wJh'ku©xuf rEdIif;,SOfomatmif qdk;w,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY 'Dwpfcg wuGJpD raeyg&apeJYawmh OD;aomfZif&,f...}}

uRefrum;...0rf;xJwGif &SdorQ rxpfraigh tHxkwfjyvdkufav&m OD;aomfZif\ aMumufrufzG,f&m tem&GwfwdkYjzifh jynfhESufaeonfh rsufESBuD;rSm jyHK;&TifMunfvifvmonf xifrSwfrdygonf/

]]xm;}}

]]OD;aomfZif...}}

]]tdk...OD;aomfZifvdkY rac:ygeJYawmhvm;uG,f...}}

]][kwf...[kwfuJh...}}

]]xm;&JU arwåm[m...qHk;½HI;cJhNyD jzpfwJh udk,f&JUb0wpfoufwm qHk;onfhtxd tpOf xm;EkdifrSmvm;uG,f...xm;...xm;...

udk,fhudk ypfroGm;ygeJYawmh xm;&,f...}}

]]tdk...xm; rrkef;ygbl;/ ypfroGm;ygbl;/ xm;udk pdwfcsyg/OD;...OD;...aomf...}}

]]udkudkvdkY ac:prf;ygOD; xm;&,f...}}

]]t[kwfyg OD;...udkudk&,f}}

OD;aomfZifonf uRefr\ pum;tqHk;wGif oefoefrmrm usef&pfcJhaom vufwpfbufjzifh uRefr\ udk,fudk odrf;zufvdkufygonf/

]]uJ...udk...wnf;aewJh tdrfudk jyefMupdkYxm;&,f...tJ'DurSpDrHoifhwm pDrHMupdkY&JU/ udk...tapmBuD;uwnf;u tJ'Dtdrfuuav; wpfa,muf vdkufydkYvdkY'Da&mufaewm/ tJ tck xm;ujyefac:oGm;ayawmh/ aps;'Dbufu tdrfBuD;av...xm; odw,f

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm 73

r[kwfvm;...ausmif;tpfrBuD;a':a':0if;&JU tdrfaygh...}}

uRefronf OD;aomfZifudk wJG&if; xGufcJhygonf/

uRefrwdkYwawG\ ESpfudk,fhwpfoufudk wG,f,SufzJGUpnf;

xm;onfh cspfaESmifBudK;um; þwpfoufwmwGif rysufEdkifygap&ef qkawmif;&if;u umvMumjrifhpGm rpOf;pm;bJ ae&aom b0\ aemifa&;rsm;udk arQmfawG;rdygawmhownf;/

oef;aqG

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

wpfoufvsm

vl wpfa,muf\wpfoufvsm b0c&D;onf 0JMoC a&jyif

us,fwGi f w0Jv,fv,f ul;cwfae&onfhc&D;yif jzpfonf/

xdkwpfoufvsmü vlwdkYonf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf q,f&if; q,f&if;u epfjrKyfaeMu&onf/a&epfoludk q,f&if; q,folyg epfMu&ouJhodkY wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf cspfpdwf? MuifempdwfwdkYjzifh

ayGUwif q,f,l&if;u epfrGef;aeMu&onfh tjzpfrsm;onfum; &ifemzG,f&m aumif;vSayonf/

odkYaomf...þodkY q,f,l&if; rdrdyg epfrGef;aeMu

&ygvsuf epfrGef;&onf[k rxifrSwfEkdifbJ idkwpfcg&,fwpfvSnhfjzifh wpfoufvsmc&D;udk ryifryef;avQmufaeEkdifMuonfh taMumif;&if;rsm;udk þ ]wpf

oufvsm} 0w¬KwGif oef;aqGu...azmfxkwfxm;ayonf/

]wpfoufvsm}onf jzpf½dk;jzpfpOfxuf ydkrdk qef;

Mu,frI r&Sdaomfvnf; jzpf½kd;jzpfpOf\ taMumif;&if;udkvufwpfqHk; EIduf,lxm;aom 0w¬K jzpfayonf/

ww

w.fo

reve

rspa

ce.c

om.m

m