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Final
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Components of RACP
GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN
Department of Agriculture
Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project
Environment Assessment and Management Framework
January 2012
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Environment Assessment (EA) team of the Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project (RACP)
is grateful to Shri D.B. Gupta, Principal Secretary, Agriculture for the guidance provided towards the
study. The team is thankful to Shri B.S. Detha, Project Director, RACP for the continued support. The
support provided by the World Bank team especially Mr. Severin Kodderitsch, Mr. M Pathy, Ms. Priti
Kumar and Mr. Varun Singh; and, World Bank Consultants Mr. S.C. Rajshekhar and Ms. Varsha
Mehta, is highly appreciated.
The project team was greatly helped by various organizations that provided relevant data and
information for the study. Specifically, the support provided by the Department of Agriculture, Water
Resource Department, Ground Water Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the
Forest Department was very useful.
The support provided by RACP team and other district officers of agriculture department for making
necessary arrangements during the field visit, multi-stakeholder and disclosure workshops is
gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. M.S. Rathore, Centre for Environment and Development
Studies (CEDSJ), Jaipur for providing the long and historical database and, contributing significantly
in key aspects of the study. In addition, we are thankful to NGOs (for example, Shree Vivekananda
Seva Nyas, Mavli, Foundation for Ecological Services, and BAIF) for their valuable contributions from
their implementation experience during field visit and workshops.
We thank the RACP team and RACP Consultants—Dr. Shanti Lal Mehta, Lead Technical Consultant, Dr.
Ashok Chauhan, OSD and Nodal Officer and, Mr. Shashikant Chopde, Dr. Alka Awasthi, Mr. Ladulal
Sharma, Mr. Narendra Pratap Singh and Dr. Dalbir Singh, Consultants, RACP for preparing the report.
Last, but not least, the study would not have been possible without the kind support and cooperation
rendered by the communities, namely the SHGs, Farmers Cooperatives, Agriculture Produce Market
Committee, and villagers from Dudu and Banswara clusters. The team owes special thanks to each
one of them.
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Contents
1 Project Overview ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction: Project description ................................................................................ 1
1.2 Environment Assessment (EA): Objectives and Methodology ................................... 1
2 Environment Baseline ......................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Agro-Climatic features of Rajasthan ........................................................................... 6
2.2 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Land Use Pattern ....................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Forest Cover .............................................................................................................. 19
2.5 Water Resource ......................................................................................................... 21
2.6 Irrigation scenario ..................................................................................................... 24
2.7 Agriculture ................................................................................................................. 26
2.8 Zone-wise Area, Production and Yield of Different Crops in Rajasthan ................... 28
2.9 Livestock .................................................................................................................... 36
2.10 Summary of Environment Assessment & Implications for EMF ................................ 41
3 Policy, legal and regulatory frameworks .......................................................................... 42
3.1 WB Safeguard Operational Policies .......................................................................... 42
3.2 Environmental Policies framed by the GoI and GoR ................................................. 43
3.3 Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR ......................................................................... 47
3.4 Policies and Acts vis-vis RACP interventions ............................................................. 52
4 Assessment of Environmental Impacts of RACP Component .......................................... 61
4.1 Components of RACP ................................................................................................ 61
4.2 RACP Interventions – Assessment of Environmental Impact ................................... 62
4.3 Classification of RACP Interventions based on Environmental Impacts ................... 69
5 Chapter 5: Environmental Management Framework ...................................................... 72
5.1 Rationale and Objectives........................................................................................... 72
5.2 Process of Development of the EMF ......................................................................... 72
5.3 Scope of Application of EMF ..................................................................................... 72
5.4 Strategic Approach of EMF ........................................................................................ 73
5.5 Components of EMF .................................................................................................. 74
5.6 Process of EMP Preparation ...................................................................................... 74
5.7 Mapping EMF Implementation to Project Activity Cycle .......................................... 77
5.8 Institutional Arrangements ....................................................................................... 82
5.9 Environment Audit & Monitoring Framework .......................................................... 84
5.10 Training Plan .............................................................................................................. 88
5.11 Budget........................................................................................................................ 92
ANNEXURES A
Annexure I: Field Consultations under RACP-EA 96
Annexure II: List of pesticides banned by Government of India 129
Annexure III: List of pesticides not permissible 132
(WHO classes Ia, Ib and II)
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Annexure IV: Integrated Pest Management Plan for Rajasthan 135
Annexure V: Best Practices 147
Annexure VI: Review of relevant projects of Word Bank 153
Annexure VII: OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment 157
Annexure VIII: OP 4.09 – Pest Management 163
ANNEXURE B Environmental Management Framework Toolkit 165
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List of Tables
Table 1-1: RACP Project Components ..................................................................................................... 1
Table 2-1: An Overview of Rajasthan ...................................................................................................... 5
Table 2-2: Agro-Climatic Features of Rajasthan ...................................................................................... 6
Table 2-3: District-wise rainfall ............................................................................................................. 11
Table 2-4: District-wise Maximum & Minimum Temp .......................................................................... 12
Table 2-5: Status of Land degradation in Rajasthan ............................................................................. 19
Table 2-6: Zone-wise status of forest cover .......................................................................................... 20
Table 2-7 : Basin-wise availability of surface water ............................................................................. 22
Table 2-8: Basin wise status of Groundwater Resource ....................................................................... 22
Table 2-9: Agro-climatic zone wise Sources of irrigation ...................................................................... 24
Table 2-10: Fertility status and problematic soils in the project districts............................................. 26
Table 2-11: Agro-climatic zone wise consumption of fertilizer ............................................................ 27
Table 2-12: Area, Production and Productivity of different Crops ....................................................... 35
Table 2-13: Grazing pressure in Rajasthan ........................................................................................... 38
Table 2-14: Fodder demand and supply in the state of Rajasthan ....................................................... 40
Table 3-1: WB Safeguard Operation Policies ........................................................................................ 42
Table 3-2: Policies of GoI and GoR ........................................................................................................ 43
Table 3-3: Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR .................................................................................... 47
Table 3-4: Policies and Acts vis-à-vis RACP interventions ..................................................................... 52
Table 4-1: Environmental benefits of ecosystem farming .................................................................... 64
Table 4-2: Crop Intensification, Issues & Mitigation Measures ............................................................ 65
Table 4-3: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Water Harvesting and Water
Management) ....................................................................................................................................... 67
Table 4-4: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Livestock Management) .......... 68
Table 4-5: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Storage and marketing) ........... 69
Table 4-6: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (FPC operations) ....................... 69
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Table 4-7: Classification of impacts of RACP interventions .................................................................. 70
Table 5-1: Mapping of EMF on RACP components ............................................................................... 72
Table 5-2: Responsibility and stage of application of various EGs ........................................................ 76
Table 5-3: Mapping EMF implementation to Project Cycle .................................................................. 79
Table 5-4: Institutional Arrangements in RACP Team .......................................................................... 82
Table 5-5: Cluster Level Arrangements- Service Providers ................................................................... 83
Table 5-6: Community Level Arrangements ......................................................................................... 84
Table 5-7: EG-wise process and outcome indicators ............................................................................ 84
Table 5-8: Training type, target groups and frequency ........................................................................ 89
Table 5-9: Training Content and Duration for 4 tiers of training .......................................................... 90
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List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Agro-Climatic Zones of Rajasthan ......................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-2: Drought Frequency Map of Rajasthan ................................................................................ 12
Figure 2-3: Rainfall variability in select project districts ....................................................................... 14
Figure 2-4: Intensity and frequency of drought (1901-2002) ............................................................... 14
Figure 2-5: Landuse patterns across agro-climatic regions .................................................................. 17
Figure 2-6: Showing the Forest Cover in Rajasthan .............................................................................. 21
Figure 2-7: % Blocks Overexploited for Groundwater .......................................................................... 24
Figure 2-8: Irrigation trends across selected districts of RACP ............................................................. 25
Figure 2-9: Trend in fertilizer consumption in selected districts of RACP ........................................... 28
Figure 2-10: Various crops grown in different parts of Rajasthan ........................................................ 29
Figure 2-11: Livestock Composition across agro-climatic zones ........................................................... 37
Figure 5-1: Stages of Project Cycle and EMF Strategy .......................................................................... 73
Figure 5-2: Process of EMP preparation and process of approval in RACP .......................................... 75
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List of Abbreviations
Sr. No Abbreviation Full form
1 AACP Assam Agriculture Competitiveness Project
2 ACUs Adult Cattle Units
3 AESA Agro-Ecosystem Assessment
4 APFAMGS Andhra Pradesh Farmers Groundwater Management System
5 APMC Agriculture Produce Market Committee
6 APWELL Andhra Pradesh Groundwater Bore-well Irrigation Schemes
7 BAIF Bhartiya Agro Industry Foundation
8 BCM Billion Cubic Metres
9 BoD Board of Directors
10 CACP Cluster Agriculture Competitiveness Plans
11 CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute
12 CEO Chief Executive Officer
13 CIA Cumulative Impact Assessment
14 CoP Code of Practices
15 Cu.M Cubic Metres
16 CVS Charagah (pasture land) Vikas Samitee
17 DEMC District Environment Management Coordinator/ Consultant
18 DLIC District Level Implementation Committee
19 DoA Department of Agriculture
20 DPRs Detail Project Reports
21 EA Environment Assessment
22 EC Electrical Conductivity
23 EG Environmental Guidance
24 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
25 EMF Environmental Management Framework
26 EMP Environmental Management Plan
27 EFP Environmental Focal Point
28 ETL Economic Threshold Level
29 FES Foundation for Ecological Security
30 FFS Farmers' Field School
31 FGDs Focus Group Discussions
32 FPC Farmers Producer Company
33 FWS Farmers Water School
34 GMC Groundwater Management Committees
35 GoI Government of India
36 GoR Government of Rajasthan
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Sr. No Abbreviation Full form
37 ha Hectare/hectares
38 HDI Human Development Index
39 HU Hydrological Unit
40 HUN Hydrological Unit Network
41 IDE International Development Enterprises
42 IGNP Indira Gandhi Nahar Project
43 IMD India Meteorological Department
44 IMR Infant Mortality Rate
45 INM Integrated Nutrient Management
46 INPM Integrated Nutrient and Pest Management
47 IPM Integrated Pest Management
48 M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
49 MACP Maharashtra Agriculture Competitiveness Project
50 MCM Million Cubic Metres
51 MLPs Micro-level Plans
52 MoU Memorandum of Understanding
53 NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
54 NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce
55 OD Operational Directive
56 OP Operational Policy
57 PAN Protected Area Network
58 PCU Project Coordination Unit
59 PD Project Director
60 PFT Project Facilitation Team
61 PIU Project Implementation Unit
62 PRI Panchayati Raj Institution
63 PVSP Participatory Varietal Selection and Promotion
64 RACP Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project
65 RRLP Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project
66 SC Scheduled Caste
67 SCPI Sustainable Crop Production Intensification
68 SEMC State Environment Management Coordinator
69 SHGs Self Help Groups
70 SP1 Service Producer 1
71 SP2 Service Producer 2
72 SP3 Service Producer 3
73 SPMU State Project Management Unit
74 sq.km Square Kilometres
75 SSOs Sector Specific Organisations
76 ST Scheduled Tribe
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Sr. No Abbreviation Full form
77 TGA Total Geographical Area
78 TGCS Tree Growers Cooperative Society
79 VCDP Value Chain Development Plan
80 VPMC Village Forest Protection and Management Committee
81 WB World Bank
82 WDC Watershed Development Committee
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Executive Summary
Project Overview
The Department of Agriculture (DOA) of the Government of Rajasthan (GOR) is preparing the
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project (RACP) with proposed financing by the World Bank.
The development objective of RACP is: to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct
agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market
innovations across selected regions of Rajasthan – each marked by different agro-ecological,
climatic, water resource and social conditions – capable of significantly increasing agricultural
productivity and farmer incomes. Specifically, the key components of the RACP include: Climate
Resilient Agriculture Markets and Value Chains and, Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation,
Project Management. This diverse range of interventions will have important environmental
dimensions--including benefits, potential adverse impacts and risks.
The beneficiaries of the project will primarily be small and marginal farmers with actual or potential
commercial outlook in the selected agro-climatic zones supported through collective action in
achieving economies of scale. The project will be taken up in 10 regional clusters from different
agro-climatic conditions of the state.
The GOR undertook an Environment Assessment (EA) of the proposed RACP, with the objective of
identifying, assessing and mainstreaming the environmental aspects of RACP in project planning,
detailed design and implementation. The EA would act as a decision-making tool to ensure that the
project design and implementation are environmentally sound. The specific objectives of the EA are
to:
Identify and assess the potential environmental impacts and risks of the interventions proposed under the RACP, and recommend mitigation measures;
Identify opportunities for enhancing environment benefits, including proactive pesticide management measures for ensuring environmental sustainability of agricultural practices;
Assess the applicability of i) World Bank’s Operational Policies (OPs) and Government of India (GOI) and GOR legislations and policies on environment issues which would apply to RACP; and
Develop a simple and practical environment management framework (EMF) that would be used by the RACP to screen and mitigate potentially adverse environmental impacts at cluster levels;
The methodology for conducting EA involved:
Review of secondary data and literature from the viewpoint of identifying key policies and
regulatory environment issues across various marginalised groups by agro-climatic zones.
Specifically, it included relevant environment policies, legal and regulatory provisions of the
World Bank, Government of India and Government of Rajasthan.
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Relevant projects of WB viz. Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project (RRLP), Maharashtra
Agriculture Competitiveness Project (MACP) and Assam Agriculture Competitiveness Project
(AACP) were reviewed (Annex-VI).
The key stakeholders consulted included community institutions, SHGs, federations, NGOs,
and line departments. Overall, three levels of consultation with stakeholders were held:
o Twenty-eight field consultation to identify Environmental issues and potential
impacts of RACP interventions in select two clusters with farmers, SHGs, village
leaders, key informants, agriculture Producer Company and agri-processing
organisations.
o Consultation workshops: Two multi-stakeholder workshops were conducted at
Jaipur and Banswara, where representatives from line departments, research and
academic institutes, NGOs were invited for seeking feedback and suggestions. The
summary of key environmental issues from field consultations and the workshops
are presented in a report.
o The draft final report was presented to the RACP and the World Bank, and their
comments incorporated. The report was also hosted on the web for seeking
feedback and comments. A public disclosure workshop with NGOs, research and
academia institutions and line departments was held on 19 January 2012 at Jaipur.
The findings from the secondary data, literature and stakeholder consultations fed into developing
an Environmental Management Framework (EMF).
Environment Baseline
The RACP project will be implemented in 20 clusters across 10 districts from diverse agro-climatic
regions of Rajasthan. A summary of the environmental status across the various zones is as below:
Climate variability: Droughts of severe to very severe intensities have occurred in all the districts in
approximately 20 years in the past 100 years while moderate droughts have occurred in 10-15 years
in the same period.
Land-use pattern: Wide variation exists in land use pattern across the different zones that require
due attention while making certain intervention in agriculture sector from environmental point of
view.
Land degradation: Twenty-seven per cent of total geographical area of Rajasthan is degraded. The
nature and extent of degradation of lands varies considerably in the state requiring attention of the
planners and project implementing agencies not only in arresting the degradation but also
regenerating the degrading lands in the project areas.
Forest cover: About a third of the total geographical area in the zones in southern regions are under
forests, while in flood prone region forests occupies about one-fifth of the total geographical area.
The arid and hyper-arid regions have just two per cent forest cover.
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Water resources: Rajasthan has very uneven distribution of surface water resources. There are 14
river basins in the state. This apart, almost 50% of the area of the state i.e. the western arid area is
“outside” any river basin with mere 10% of the total surface water resources. More than 50% of the
state’s surface water resource is from inter-state transfers. Groundwater development in all the
river basins except Mahi, Sabarmati and West Banas is bleak with discharge exceeding the recharge.
Even in the above three river basins the development has reached almost 90% of the recharge.
Irrigation development: Groundwater is the major source of irrigation in the state. While the North
Eastern region (Zones IB and IC) and South Eastern region (Zones IVB and V) of the state have high
proportion of irrigated area from surface water, about 90% of the irrigated area in the remaining
zones is dependent on groundwater.
Agriculture: Largely, all the zones are low in nitrogen (N), which is the main element that supports
crops. The application of phosphorus (P) is medium in all the agro-climatic zones while consumption
of K is high in four zones. Largely, in certain zones fertiliser consumption is low—even lower than the
national average (90 kg per hectare), except two zones such as Humid Southern Eastern and Flood
Prone Eastern Plain. In these zones, there is intensive agriculture as compared to other zones that is
attributed to the availability of good irrigation facilities—from canal and groundwater.
Livestock: In irrigated north plain zone, the share of cattle and buffaloes is considerable i.e. about 53
per cent and small ruminants constitute their share as about 44 per cent and 3 per cent share belong
to other animals such as camel, horse, donkeys and pigs. In this zone, households keep cattle mainly
for farm operations.
The key environment issues identified in Rajasthan are: high dependence on groundwater leading to
large scale and increasing exploitation; use of fertilizers has increased considerably in irrigated
agriculture making agriculture unsustainable and dependent on external inputs; soil fertility has
decreased considerably demanding increased use of fertilizers to maintain the productivity levels;
status of fodder is critical. The commons are shrinking and largely degraded.
Regulatory and legal framework
All the relevant acts, rules, and regulations of the Government of India, the Government of
Rajasthan and the safeguard policies of World Bank concerning water resources, agriculture
development, and value chain that are likely to be of relevance under RACP have been reviewed.
The RRLP triggers the following safeguard policies of the World Bank:
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
Pest Management (OP 4.09)
The necessary measures to ensure compliance with these laws, regulations, and policies are included
in the environmental guidelines (EGs) developed as part of the EMF.
Key Environmental Issues and Implications for RACP
Selected crop may lead to consumption of more water
Selected cropping pattern may lead to nutrient depletion
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Degradation of soil physical characteristics due to intensive cropping
Deterioration of nutrient content of soil due to intensive cropping
Increased and imbalanced use of chemical fertilisers
Increased chemical pesticide use
Increased incidence of pests if the same crop is promoted repeatedly
Safety issues in storing and using chemical pesticides
Downstream flow needs to be maintained from economic and environmental
consequences including ecosystem maintenance. Recharge structures need to consider
scientific, hydrological and community concerns.
Farm ponds need to be designed on dependable yield from only the catchment of the
private land.
Introduction of micro irrigation devices may lead to expansion of cropped area leading
to no net reduction in water use in agriculture sector
Cropping pattern may be leading to unsustainable use of available water
It may be difficult to ensure that individual users agree to use water as per an aquifer
based crop-water plan
Poor storage may lead to pest and disease infestation of seeds
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Environment Management Framework (EMF)
Crop Intensification
The key objective of interventions in crop production is to increase crop productivity so that farmer
income is enhanced. The dominant and “business-as-usual” approach to achieving this is to intensify
crop production by introducing hybrid seed varieties that respond well to chemical fertilizers and
apply chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases that attack the crop.
A suggested “good practice” is Sustainable Crop Production Intensification (SCPI) which views
agriculture as a part of a larger ecosystem and tries to reduce the eco-footprint of agriculture
while at the same time enhancing productivity and returns to the farmer.
Specifically, SCPI proposes to: minimize soil disturbance, enhance and maintain a protective
organic cover on the soil surface, the use of well adapted, high-yielding varieties, enhanced crop
nutrition based on healthy soils, integrated management of pests, diseases and weeds, and
efficient water management.
Water Harvesting and Water Management
Water harvesting and water management activities are expected to be implemented under three
water regimes in the RACP, namely, rain fed, groundwater based and surface water based. The
suggested measures include:
RACP should as a rule apply water wherever feasible only through micro irrigation
devices. Other cultural means of conserving resources such as zero or minimal
tillage, constant maintenance of green cover or soil mulching, etc., should be
promoted.
As in the case of crop production, the RACP should mainstream the concepts of
matching cropping pattern to water availability, use of micro irrigation system as a
rule and adoption of water conservation techniques.
Overall, activities under this subcomponent are expected to reduce absolute
quantity of water use in agriculture while increasing water-use efficiency. Therefore,
environmental impacts are expected to be positive.
Livestock Management
RACP has recognized the importance of livestock in ensuring nutrient recycling in cropping systems.
Accordingly, it has included a component that focuses on improving small ruminant livestock
management, especially for goats. Further, the project proposes to provide health care through
health camps and Rural Technology Centre-cum-Animal Health Centres. Suggested mitigation
measures include:
Develop silvi-pasture (tree & grasses) lands on common and private land
Bring in improved feed practices such as using chaff cutters
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Use of mineral supplements to increase productivity
Herd and breed management techniques
Inclusion of fodder crops in the cropping pattern to ensure year-round feed and
fodder availability etc.
Storage & Marketing of Inputs and Produce
Storage and processing of produce are activities expected to be taken up under value chain
development component of the RACP. The key environmental impact of building storage structures
is felling of trees to clear the land. Dust, noise and discharge & disposal of solid, liquid and gaseous
wastes are expected to be the chief environmental impacts sorting grading and any primary
processing—these impacts will need to be assessed on case to case basis before any mitigation
measures are suggested. Hence, the specific mitigation measure is:
Selecting a site that is free of trees, failing which compensatory planting in the ratio of 1:10 trees
for every tree felled may be taken up.
Operation of Farmer Producer Organization
The operations include input supply to its members, output marketing and processing support to its
members, providing warehousing facility, etc. These activities when carried out in a “business-as-
usual” manner would affect the environment in one way or the other. For example, if the FPC were
to promote agri chemicals indiscriminately, as a pesticides dealer would, it would result in increased
use of such chemicals in the project area. Therefore, there is a need for the FPC to operate as a
responsible business entity.
Strategic Approach to EMF
The EMF strategy is to integrate and mainstream environment management into the project cycle
right from the planning and design stage and needs to be linked with various stages of the project
cycle.
CACP preparation by SP1 (0-6 months): CACP to be prepared in consultation with community.
SP1 to use Environmental Guidance (EGs included as part of EMF toolkit) to design various
interventions. A simple checklist needs to be filled by SP1 to ensure compliance with EGs.
DPR preparation by SP1 with Community participation (0-6 months): Based on the framework
provided by CACP, SP1 will develop DPRs in consultation with community. DPRs need to have
sub-plans on Crop Intensification, Water Harvest and Management, Livestock Management and
Value Chain Management. Mitigation measures will be incorporated in the design stage itself by
SP1 using EGs for designing interventions. EMP checklist will need to be filled up for approval to
start execution of activities.
Project Implementation Phase (6 months from start of SP2 to end of project): SP2 will oversee
the implementation of the EMP on the ground with oversight from the DPMU and SPMU teams.
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Components of EMF
A ‘regulatory requirements list’: is drawn up on the basis of a review of the existing law and
regulations of the Government of India, the Government of Rajasthan and the safeguard policies
of the World Bank (Annex B).
Classification of project activities by degree of environmental impact: This list has been drawn up
on the basis on implementation experience in the Bank's existing livelihood and agriculture
projects and an analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed activities in RACP (see
Section 4.3).
Environmental guidelines (EGs) for key project activities: Guidelines are provided for Crop
Intensification, Water Resources Development & Management, Livestock Development &
Management and Post-harvest storage and processing.
Environmental Management Plan Checklists: Specimen EMP Checklists have been provided for
seven sets of project activities that help the user apply the EGs and prepare a mitigation plan.
Finally, to aid effective implementation of EMF the report provides institutional arrangement
(Section 5.7), Environment Audit and Monitoring Framework (Section 5.8), Training Plan (Section
5.9) and Budget (Section 5.10).
PART A
PROJECT OVERVIEW:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION, OBJECTIVES AND
METHODOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK
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1 Project Overview
1.1 Introduction: Project description
The Department of Agriculture (DOA) of the Government of Rajasthan (GOR) is preparing the
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project (RACP) with proposed financing by the World Bank.
The development objective of RACP is: to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct
agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market
innovations across selected regions of Rajasthan – each marked by different agro-ecological,
climatic, water resource and social conditions – capable of significantly increasing agricultural
productivity and farmer incomes. The guiding principles of RACP are: (a) improved on-farm water use
efficiency, reduced water-intensive cropping patterns, and using the resultant savings for economic
purposes outside of agriculture in support the state’s water policy of reducing water consumption by
the agricultural sector; (b) increased private sector participation in the development of value chains
in processing and marketing in support of the state’s agro processing and agri-business policy; and
(c) improved public sector capacity in delivering agriculture support services.
The beneficiaries of the project will primarily be small and marginal farmers with actual or potential
commercial outlook in the selected agro-climatic zones supported through collective action in
achieving economies of scale. RACP will include a wide range of project interventions on water
conservation, agricultural productivity, livestock and agriculture value chains etc. which will have
important environmental and social dimensions--including benefits, potential adverse impacts and
risks. The project will be taken up in 10 regional clusters from different agro-climatic conditions of
the state.
The key project components and sub-components of RACP are:
Table 1-1: RACP Project Components
Component 1: Climate Resilient Agriculture
Component 2: Markets and Value Chains
Component 3: Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), Project Management
1.1 Improvement of water-use efficiency
1.2 Technology transfer & market led advisory services
1.3 Livestock strengthening and management
2.1 Value chain development
2.2 Alternative market development
2.3 Market information services
3.1 Farmer groups & participatory planning
3.2 Institution strengthening
3.3 Project management, M&E, convergence
3.4 Production risk management tools
1.2 Environment Assessment (EA): Objectives and Methodology
Objectives
The GOR intends to undertake an Environment Assessment (EA) of the proposed RACP, with the
objective of identifying, assessing and mainstreaming the environmental aspects of RACP in project
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planning, detailed design and implementation. The EA would act as a decision-making tool to ensure
that the project design and implementation are environmentally sound. The specific objectives of
the EA are to:
Identify and assess the potential environmental impacts and risks of the interventions proposed under the RACP, and recommend mitigation measures;
Identify opportunities for enhancing environment benefits, including proactive pesticide management measures for ensuring environmental sustainability of agricultural practices;
Assess the applicability of i) World Bank’s Operational Policies (OPs) on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.10), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Forests (OP 4.36), Natural Habitat (OP 4.04), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12); and ii) Government of India (GOI) and GOR legislations and policies on environment and social issues which would apply to RACP; and,
Develop a simple and practical environment management framework (EMF) that would be used by the RACP to screen and mitigate potentially adverse environmental impacts;
Overall approach and methodology
The RACP project involves interventions in climate-resilient agriculture, water and value-chain
market interventions. The Environment Assessment is conducted by a team of consultants with
subject specialists on environmental issues and field facilitation hired by RACP. This team of
consultants was backstopped by a staff (Sustainable Development--Environment, Water Resources
and Climate Change) of and consultant hired by the World Bank.
The overall approach to EA involved:
Review of secondary data and literature from the viewpoint of identifying key environment issues
across various marginalised groups by agro-climatic zones. The review also included relevant
environment policies, legal and regulatory provisions of the World Bank, Government of India and
Government of Rajasthan. Further, relevant projects of WB viz. Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project
(RRLP), Maharashtra Agriculture Competitiveness Project (MACP) and Assam Agriculture
Competitiveness Project (AACP) were reviewed.
Subsequently, field visits for validating the above issues were conducted to the identified three
clusters1 (from different agro-climatic zones). For details of field visit please see Annex-I.
Stakeholder consultations
The key stakeholders consulted included community institutions, SHGs, federations, NGOs, and line
departments. The findings of the consultations have been incorporated into the final EMF report.
Overall, three levels of consultation with stakeholders were held:
Field consultation: Field visit to the selected two clusters2 was conducted to: validate the findings
from the desk review; understand perceived benefits of various interventions, specifically, by various
1 The two clusters capture the diversity of various settings--agro-ecological, major crop varieties. Specifically,
one of the clusters included the Banswara district of South-Rajasthan that is dominated by Tribals and other 2 Dudu cluster (Boraj and Mukampura micro-clusters) in Jaipur district and Banswara district. The visit to one
cluster in western-arid Rajasthan in the Osian block could not be done due to time constraints.
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marginalised groups; identify adverse impacts and concerns; identify associated risks; and,
understand innovation and best practices in the three main components. In addition, suggestions
and feedback were sought on the project design and implementation arrangements.
The key stakeholder consultations involved FGDs, semi-structured interviews with identified
stakeholders—mainly the farmers, SHGs, village leaders, key informants, agriculture producer
company and agri-processing organisations in the two clusters from Jaipur and Banswara district. In
addition to these, open informal interviews were conducted with stakeholders during the course of
the study. A total of 28 consultations were organised across the two clusters.
Consultation workshops: Two multi-stakeholder workshops were conducted at Jaipur and Banswara,
where representatives from line departments, research and academic institutes, NGOs (including
BAIF, Sadguru Water and Land Development Foundation, FES etc.), federations were invited to
provide their feedback and suggestions on the proposed RACP interventions. These consultations
helped identify cluster-level macro environmental issues, potential impacts of RACP and best
practices for mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. The summary of key environmental
issues from stakeholder consultations and the workshops are summarised below:
Water Augmentation (watershed development, groundwater recharge and Farm Ponds)
Downstream flow needs to be maintained from the viewpoint of economic and environmental consequences, especially minimum flow ensured for ecosystem maintenance downstream. For example, inflows to Kalak dam were severely affected due to water augmentation activities in upstream catchment.
Recharge structures need to consider scientific, hydrological and community concerns
Farm ponds needs to be designed based on safe dependable yield from the individual private land catchment.
RACP plans to intervene in Canal Command where distributary is rehabilitated; if not, list of activities for canal rehabilitation will determine issues for EMF
Water Demand management
Effectiveness of implementation is a key concern; improved access to micro-irrigation efficient technologies can lead to farmers shifting to higher water use crops or increase the cropped areas
Water budgeting exercise needs to be undertaken in planning exercise for selection of type of crop and cropped area that can be irrigated.
The project will need active efforts for promoting micro-irrigation efficient systems
Climate-resilient Agriculture
Enhanced water regime has triggered increased use of agriculture inputs--use of pesticides, fertilisers and weedicides). Hence, IPM and INM needs to be made more effective by promoting Package of Practices (PoP) that should include vermicomposting, use of bio-control agents, bio-pesticides and trap crops.
The agriculture input supply system needs to gear up to requirement of INM and IPM. For this, the current gaps in soil testing system needs to assessment and strengthened apriori. An INM based on recommendations from soil tests needs to be promoted.
Overall Practices should not exacerbate vulnerability of agriculture to Climate Variability (The POP needs to balance risks and returns).
Livestock development
Pastureland development needs to be assigned higher priority. It is important for goatery as it is seen to improve access of fodder to landless and the small and marginal farmers.
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Pastureland development should also been as part of catchment of rainwater harvesting structures
Value Chain
The producer company needs to be develop business plans based on code of practices
Code of practices needs to include measures for reducing environmental footprint
The above issues have been addressed in the EMF. A matrix showing the above issues and the way
they have been addressed in the report is provided in the Annex A.
The draft final report was presented to the RACP and the World Bank, and their comments
incorporated. The report was also hosted on the web for seeking feedback and comments. A public
disclosure workshop with NGOs, research and academia institutions and line departments is also
planned in the week of January 19, 2012 to get feedback, comments and suggestions. The
environmental issues flagged by participants in the workshop are as provided in Annex A. These
environmental issues have been addressed as provided in the matrix in Annex A.
The findings from the secondary data, literature and stakeholder consultations fed into developing
an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for various components of RACP. It included the
preparation of a Pest Management Plan for ensuring environmental sustainability of agricultural
practices.
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PART B
ENVIRONMENT BASELINE
Final
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2 Environment Baseline
Rajasthan extends between 23 0 3'N to 30 0 12' north latitudes and 69 0 30'E to 78 0 17' east
longitudes. In terms of area it is the largest state in India and covers about 3,42,000 square
kilometres. Rajasthan stretches across two of India's major physiographic divisions, namely
the Great Plains (Indian Desert) and the Central Highlands. The Aravalli range of hills
intersects the state diagonally from south-west to north-east, extending right up to Delhi.
The area lying west of the Aravalli is known as western sandy plains (The Indian Desert)
while the area east of the Aravalli falls in the northern part of the Central Highlands. The
Aravalli forms the Watershed line between catchment streams flowing into Arabian Sea and
Bay of Bengal respectively. It has a steep but discontinuous front to the Thar plains in the
west and a relatively gentle slope to the alluvial basins in the north and the east.
Rajasthan is the largest Indian province comprising one-tenth area of the country’s total area
and about five per cent of the population. More than three-fourth proportion of the total
population is resides in rural areas. Table 2-1 shows the proportion of Rajasthan’s
contribution to India on several key parameters such as area under forests (4.19%), food
grain production (5.49%), livestock population (10.13%), oilseed production (21.31%), etc.
Table 2-1: An Overview of Rajasthan
S. No. Indicators Rajasthan Proportion of
India
1 Area 3,42,000 sq. km. 10.4
2 Population 56.5 million 5.49
3 Rural population 43.2 million 5.8
4 Total forest cover 32,627 sq. km. 4.19
5 Gross cropped area 2,16,99,000 hectare 11.25
Net sown area 1,68,36000 hectare 11.87
6 Net irrigated area 62,94,000 hectare 10.46
7 Livestock 49 million 10.13
8 Food grain production 1,14,45,000 tonnes 5.49
9 Oilseed production 59,64,000 tonnes 21.31
10 Rainfall 57.5 cm (annual average)
Source: Statistical Abstract, Rajasthan 2009, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur
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2.1 Agro-Climatic features of Rajasthan
Climatic conditions and topography influence agricultural practices significantly. Rainfall,
temperature, humidity, wind velocity and duration of sunshine are climatic factors that
affect cropping pattern in an area in a significant manner. Annual rainfall and its distribution
over the entire year, and the regimes of diurnal and annual temperatures are, by far, the
prominent factors affecting agriculture and the life style of the people. On the basis of
climatic conditions and prevailing agricultural practices, Rajasthan has been divided into ten
agro-climatic zones, each one having special characteristics of its own. The agro-climatic
specifications have been presented in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2: Agro-Climatic Features of Rajasthan
Zone Rainfall Major Crops Types of Soil Districts
IA-Arid Western
200-370 Mostly rainfed crops like bajra, kharif pulses, guar etc. are grown during the kharif season. Rabi crops like wheat, rape-seed and mustard are grown only in areas where irrigation water is available.
Desert Soils and sand
dunes aeolian soil, coarse
sand texture some places
alcareous
Barmer, Jodhpur
IB-Irrigated North Western Plain
100-350 Amongst the kharif crops cotton, sugarcane and pulses are of importance. In the rabi season, wheat, mustard, gram, vegetables and fruits are produced.
Alluvial deposits calcareous, high soluble salts & exchangeable sodium
Sriganganagar,Hanumangarh
IC-Hyper Arid Partial Irrigated Zone
100-350 Mostly rainfed crops like bajra, kharif pulses, guar etc. are own during the kharif season. Rabi crops like wheat, rape-seed and mustard are grown only in areas where irrigation water is available.
Desert Soils and sand dunes aeolian soil loamy coarse in texture & calcareous
Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Churu
IIA-Internal Drainage dry zone
300-500 Bajra, sesamum and kharif pulses are the main crops of the rainy season. Wheat, barley, mustard and gram are grown as irrigated crops or on conserved soil moisture during Rabi.
Sandy loam, shallow depth red soils in depressions
Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu
IIB-Transitional Plain of Luni Basin
300-500 The area produces bajra, maize, guar, sesamum and pulses in the kharif season. In the rabi season, wheat, barley and mustard are the dominant crops, especially in irrigated areas.
Red desert soils in Jodhpur,Jalore & Pali sierozems in Pali & Sirohi
Jalore, Pali, Sirohi
IIIA-Semi-Arid Eastern Plain
500-700 In the total gross cultivated area of this zone, bajra, sorghum and pulses are grown in the kharif season, and wheat, barley, gram, mustard in the rabi season.
Sierozen, eastern part alluvial, west north west lithosols, foot hills, brown soils
Jaipur, Ajmer, Dausa Tonk
IIIB-Flood Prone Eastern Plain
500-700 The region produces bajra, sorghum, maize, sugarcane, sesamum and a variety of pulses in the kharif season. Wheat, barley, gram and mustard are the dominant crops during rabi season.
Alluvial prone to water logging, nature of recently alluvial calcareous has been observed
Alwar, Dholpur, Bharatpur, S. Madhopur, Karauli
IVA-Sub humid Southern Plain
500-900 The area produces maize as the chief food crop of the Kharif season but in irrigated areas, paddy is also grown. In the Rabi season, wheat, gram and oil seeds are the main crops. In areas of black soil, cotton and opium are also cultivated.
Soils are lithososat in foot hills & alliuvials in plans
Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Chittoregarh
IVB-Humid southern
500-1100
Cotton and sugarcane are the chief cash crops grown in the black soil region. Maize, sorghum and paddy are the chief food crops of the Kharif season. Groundnut, mustard, sesamum and rapeseed are also grown.
Predominantly reddish medium texture, well drained calcareous, shallow on hills, deep soil in valleys
Dungarpur, Udaipur, Banswara, Pratapgarh
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Zone Rainfall Major Crops Types of Soil Districts
V-Humid Southern Eastern Plain
650-1000 Paddy and sorghum are the chief food crops grown in the Kharif season. This area is suitable for soyabeen crop also. Wheat, barley, grain and mustard are grown in winter.
Black of alluvial origin, clay loam, ground water salinity.
Kota, Jhalawar, Bundi, Baran
Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan
Figure 2-1: Agro-Climatic Zones of Rajasthan
Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in
Wide variations exist across the agro-climatic zones in the level and growth of income due to
wide differences in resource endowments. This is further accentuated by variation in
diversification of economic activity including urbanization. We now present a brief
description of the socio-economic scenario in each zone.
Zone Ia Arid Western Region: This zone includes the districts of Jodhpur and Barmer. Soil
types in this zone are desert Soils and sand dunes, aeolian soil, coarse sand texture and in
some places calcareous. Sources of irrigation are wells and tube wells. Major kharif crops are
pearl millet, moth bean, sesamum and rabi crops are wheat, mustard, and cumin.
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In this zone 59 to 78 % of the population is reported to be in the primary sector. The average
land holding varies from 8.08 ha in Barmer to 10.95 ha in Jodhpur district. Irrigated area
ranges between 10 and 19%. Per capita income at current prices (2004-2005 data) is
Rs.16791 in Jodhpur and Rs. 1195 in Barmer district.
Regarding the Human Development Index, the two districts in this zone show wide variance.
Jodhpur district ranks 9th on the HDI in Rajasthan, but Barmer district holds the 21st rank
having low coverage of toilet facilities (11.72% 2001 data) and high IMR of 82.30.
Zone 1B Irrigated North Western Plain: The zone includes the districts of Sriganganagar and
Hanumangarh. Annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 350 mm. In Sriganaganar district about
77% of the sown area is irrigated, in Hanumangarh district it is 45%. Soil types include
alluvial deposits calcareous high in soluble salts and exchangeable sodium. Major Kharif
crops are cotton and cluster bean and rabi crops are wheat, mustard and gram. Due to
abundance of canal water irrigation this region has become the granary of Rajasthan.
In this zone 61 to 76% of the population is engaged in the primary sector. The proportion of
scheduled caste population is high (between 26 to 34% in 2001 census) as compared to
other districts. Both the districts rank high on the human development index in Rajasthan,
Hanumangarh district having the first rank, and Sriganaganagar district having the fifth rank.
Both districts have more than 80% coverage of toilets at household level and about 75%
coverage of safe drinking water. The per capita income ranges from Rs. 18940 to Rs. 20322
(2004-05). But juvenile sex-ratio is low ranging from 872 to 850. Total fertility rate is low
being 2.1 to 2.2.
Zone 1C-Hyper Arid partial Irrigated Zone: Bikaner, Churu and Jaisalmer districts fall under
this agro-climatic zone. Soil types are desert soils and sand dunes aeolian soil which is loamy
coarse in texture and is calcareous in nature. Irrigated area is 19-22%, but extremely low i.e.,
less than 6% in Churu District. Average land holdings range from 8.02 to 10.16 ha but
cropping intensity is low being 110.6 to 121.8 (2005-06). Worker participation in the primary
sector ranges from 52.5% in Jasalmer district to 76.9% in Churu district. Major kharif crops
are Pearl Millet Moth bean, cluster bean and rabi crops are Wheat, Mustard, and Gram.
Female literacy is low about 28% in rural areas but it is comparatively higher in Churu District
(51%). Compared to other zones, the total fertility rate in this zone is high being 3.2 to 4.2.
Decadal growth was high ranging from 34 to 47.5 in both the arid zones (1A and 1c) during
1991 to 2001, except in Churu district where it was about 25%. Bikaner district shows low
IMR (55.06), highest life expectancy in Rajasthan (75.39%), and good
Zone IIA-Internal Drainage Dry Zone: This zone comprises Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu districts
and some tehsils of Churu district. The area is covered in sand dunes and inter-dunal sandy
plains. Climatically, this zone is slightly wetter as compared to the western arid zone. Major
kharif crops are Pearl millet, Cluster bean, sorghum and major rabi crops are mustard and
gram.
Proportion of SC and ST in rural population varies between 18 and 21.4% in the districts of
this zone. The proportion of agriculture labour in the population is very low ranging from 5
Final
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to 8 %, except for Nagaur district where the percentage is 11.5%. This is because of the
constraints in the agricultural sector in this region to absorb labour.
Literacy ranges from 57 to 73%, highest rate of rural female literacy is recorded in
Jhunjhunu district (59.2%). According to 2001 census data only 47.62% of the households in
Nagaur district have access to safe drinking water, on the other hand in Jhunjhunu district
more than 71% of the households have access to safe drinking water.
Zone IIB-Transitional Plain of Luni Basin: This area lies between the Aravali ranges and the
western arid region. The region encompasses districts of Jalore, Pali and some tehsils of
Sirohi and Jodhpur districts. The region is drained by the river Luni which flows only during
the rainy season. Major soil types in this zone are Red desert soils in Jodhpur, Jalore & Pali
sierozems in Pali & Sirohi. Major sources of irrigation are wells, tube wells and tanks.
Average land holdings range from 2.84 to 5.56 ha. Major kharif crops are Pearl millet, Cluster
bean, Sesamum and major rabi corps are Wheat Mustard, Gram.
The proportion of SC in population ranges from 17 to 19%, ST from about 6 to 9 % except
Sirohi district where ST form about one-fourth of the population and SC & ST together form
44% of the population. Female literacy in rural population ranges from 26 to 31%. Gender
ratio in rural population of Pali district is 1000 (2001 census). Female participation in the
workforce is 46% in Jalore district. Access to sanitation facilities is low ranging from 12 % in
Jalore district to about 21% in other districts. Less than 39% of villages in Jalore district have
access to electricity. Jalore and Pali districts rank 29th and 28th respectively on the HDI among
districts of Rajasthan.
Zone IIIa Semi-Arid Eastern Plain: This region comprises of the districts of Ajmer, Dausa,
Jaipur and Tonk, which form a rich fertile plain. Ajmer and Jaipur districts have 47.8 and 41%
of the population in the primary sector. The HDI is highest in Jaipur District holding fourth
rank in the State, in other districts it ranges from 0.571 to 0.677. Per capita income varies
from Rs. 16043 in Tonk District to Rs. 21937 in Jaipur District.
The soil types in the zone are sierozem, alluvial, lithosols, and brown soils. In this zone major
sources of irrigation are tube-wells and wells but in Tonk district canals form a major source
of irrigation. Average land holding is low compared to the western arid zone; it ranges from
2.14 to 3.06 ha. Gross irrigated area is low in Ajmer district being 15.31% but higher in
remaining districts ranging from about 39 to 51%. Major kharif crops are Pearl millet, Cluster
bean, sorghum and major rabi crops are wheat, mustard and gram.
The literacy rate ranges between 54 to 75.3%. IMR is lowest in Jaipur district (71.7) and
highest in Tonk District (96). Access to toilet facilities is low in Tonk and Dausa District (about
15 to 17 % households), comparatively higher in Ajmer District (37.7%) and highest in Jaipur
District (49.44%). Sex-ratio in the 0 to 6 years age group is low ranging from 899 (Jaipur
District) to 927 in Tonk District.
Zone IIIB Flood Prone Eastern Plain: This region comprises the districts of Alwar, Karauli,
Bharatpur and Dhaulpur. The region has rich alluvial soils, the fertility of which is replenished
each year by flood water of the rivers. Soil type is alluvial and is prone to water logging.
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Major kharif crops are pearl millet, cluster bean and groundnut while major rabi crops are
wheat, barley, mustard and gram. Average land holdings range from 1.4 to 1.7 ha, with the
exception of Sawai Madhopur where it is 2.12 ha. About 71 to 74% of workers are reported
to be in the primary sector except for Dholpur with 56% of the population in the primary
sector. The HDI ranks vary from 19th to 30th except for Alwar which ranks 6th in Rajasthan.
Zone IVa Sub-humid Southern Plain: The region covers Bhilwara, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand
districts. The soil types in this region are lithostat in foot hills & alluvials in plains. Major
kharif crops are maize, pulses, sorghum and rabi crops are wheat and gram.
The participation of workforce in the primary sector ranges from 54.6 to 77.2%. The zone
fares worst in the case of the human development index as compared to the other zones,
the ranging from 0.558 to 0.633, with the HDI ranks of the districts ranging from 15 to 27 in
the state. However the per capita income ranges from Rs. 16861 in Chittorgarh District to Rs.
24110 in Bhilwara District. Average land holding size is small ranging from 1.62 to 2.11 ha
with gross irrigated area ranging from 24.45% to 38.43%. The literacy rates range from 53.80
to 59.50% which are comparable to the highest rates in the state. The zone has the highest
infant mortality rates (96.30 to 100.7) among the zones, but the best figures for sex-ratio
i.e., from 929 to 949.
Zone IV B Humid Southern Plains: The Districts of Dungarpur, Banswara, parts of Udaipur
and Pratapgarh are included in this region. The area comprises of low Aravalli hills. The
climate is humid with average rainfall of more than 700 mm per year. There are a number of
surface water streams. Soil types are predominantly reddish medium texture, well drained
calcareous, shallow on hills, deep soil in valleys. Major kharif crops are Maize, Paddy,
Sorghum, Black gram and major rabi crops are wheat and gram.
In Banswara 85% of the workers are engaged in the primary sector. Average land holdings
range from 1.3 to 1.57 ha. Per capita income in Udaipur is Rs. 17925 but low in other
districts i.e., Rs. 11825 in Banswara District and Rs.12474 in Dungarpur District. Access to
household toilet facilities is 11.38 % in Dungarpur District and 12.59% in Banswara District.
IMR is low in Banswara and Dungarpur District being 53.43% and 49.91% respectively.
Gender ratio is 1028 among ST population in Dungarpur District. Banswara District shows
low literacy rate which is 57.7% among males and 24.43% among females. Percentage of ST
in the population ranges from 47 to 72%. Banswara and Dungarpur districts rank lowest (31st
and 32nd respectively) on the HDI in Rajasthan.
Zone V – Humid South Eastern Plain: This region includes the districts of Kota, Bundi, Baran
and Jhalawar. Average annual rainfall ranges from 650 to 1000 mm. Soil types are black of
alluvial origin, clay loam. Average land holdings are 2.2 to 2.6 ha. Major kharif crops are
sorghum and soyabean and major rabi crops are wheat and mustard.
Access to toilets is about 15% in this region, but it is 44% in Kota District. IMR ranges from 55
to 75%. Male literacy ranges from 58 to 81% and female from about 32.5 to 50%. Scheduled
castes form 15 to 19% of the population. In this zone 77 to 80% of the population is engaged
in the primary sector but in Kota District only 40.6% of the population is engaged in primary
sector.
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2.2 Climate
2.2.1 Rainfall
Rainfall in Rajasthan is characterized by wide variation in rainfall received across the
different districts of the state within a year and across years within the same districts. Table
2-3 gives district wise rainfall received during 2003-2010. It ranges from a high of 974mm in
Banswara to a low of just 91mm in Jaisalmer during 2009-10. Percentage variation as
compared to normal rainfall ranged from a high of +168% in Dholpur to a low of -89% in
Nagaur in 2009-10.
Table 2-3: District-wise rainfall
Name of the districts
Rainfall (mm) % Deviation from Normal in
2009-10 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rainfall
june09 to May10
Ajmer 476.5 446.9 490 455 399.3 224.1 -62.8
Alwar 846.5 534.9 725.3 520.9 603.5 581 3.1
Banswara 840.3 1046.6 791.5 1805.7 1278.5 974 73.6
Baran 714.7 805.1 839.1 829.8 656.6 637 44.7
Barmer 478.3 205 182.3 646.9 269.8 140 -65.4
Bharatpur 751.9 546.4 671.7 404 487 612 -6.9
Bhilwara 584.9 866.9 553.3 835.7 533.8 306 -53.9
Bikaner 299.5 157.9 296.8 192.7 283.3 260.5 -65
Bundi 692.5 663.7 588.7 619.2 608.9 578 -33.8
Chittorgarh 673.4 967 808.5 1250.2 742.2 651.6 -8.1
Churu 413.7 308.7 355 297.2 405.2 137 -43.6
Dausa 791.7 514.2 659.6 438.8 554.5 388 9.4
Dholpur 627.8 756.8 640.9 401.9 476.3 497.5 168.2
Dungarpur 672 727.3 531.1 1404.6 768.5 874 286
Ganganagar 259.4 155.7 186.8 204.6 329.2 232 -15.2
Hanumangarh 298.3 212 290.7 282.7 430.9 190 -77.4
Jaipur 640.6 564.1 555.2 360 456.8 322 2.6
Jaisalmer 217.8 79.6 168.1 283.6 256.7 91 -65.8
Jalore 723.1 310.1 444.8 853.5 407.9 214.2 -31.3
Jhalawar 749 907.5 675.3 1358.9 702.1 777 110
Jhunjhunu 525.1 351 519.6 425.4 488.3 187 -55.9
Jodhpur 369 214.3 296.1 256.5 288.6 196 -66.8
Karauli 780.8 509 611 425.8 555.7 789.3 39
Kota 635.7 787.5 611.9 957.2 705.3 618 -14.8
Nagaur 469.1 295.2 387.5 267 319.3 95 -89.1
Pali 549.8 395.3 445.2 666.1 586.3 146 -81.1
Pratapgarh 940 11.3
Rajsamand 499.3 472.6 776 794 615.9 449 -46.8
Sawai Madhopur
661.1 665.9 814.1 500.4 578.4 411 -38.5
Sikar 477 296.4 450.1 375.4 414.4 118 -87.6
Sirohi 922.7 616 820.5 1529.6 829.3 902.8 23.9
Tonk 626.4 636.5 563.8 430.6 552.8 375 -41.9
Udaipur 658 633.9 825.5 1272.4 642.6 493 -27.8
State 604.7 554.5 565.3 708.7 559.3
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A direct consequence of rainfall variability is drought. Figure 2-23 shows the frequency of
drought in different districts of Rajasthan.
Figure 2-2: Drought Frequency Map of Rajasthan
The map shows that except a few districts that are part of south and south eastern
Rajasthan, the rest of Rajasthan faces the prospects of a drought at least every once in 5
years.
2.2.2 Temperature
Maximum temperature ranged between 43-48oc while minimum temperatures ranged from
-2 to ~10oc. Table 2-4 gives district wise details of temperature in Rajasthan.
Table 2-4: District-wise Maximum & Minimum Temp
Name of the districts Temperature (oC)
Maximum Minimum
2006 2007 2006 2007
Ajmer 43.6 43.3 7 6.2
Alwar - - - -
Banswara 45 - 9.5
3 Source: http://www.rajrelief.nic.in/dFreqmap.htm
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Baran
Barmer 47.1 44.9 3.9 9.1
Bharatpur - - - -
Bhilwara - - - -
Bikaner 46.9 45.8 0.6 3
Bundi - 45.4 6
Chittorgarh 45.8 44.5 5 3.4
Churu 47.1 47.2 -3.4 -0.6
Dausa
Dholpur 46.6 47.5 4 4
Dungarpur - - - -
Ganganagar 47.9 48.9 -0.8 0.7
Hanumangarh - - - -
Jaipur 44.8 45.2 2.2 2.4
Jaisalmer 47.1 44.8 4.1 5.2
Jalore - - - -
Jhalawar 46.6 45.8 7 6.6
Jhunjhunu 45.3 46.1 -2 0.2
Jodhpur 45.6 44 4.5 10.5
Karauli - - - -
Kota 47.2 44.9 8.6 7.7
Nagaur - - - -
Pali 45.5 5.3
Pratapgarh - - - -
Rajsamand - - - -
Sawaimadhopur 46.3 46 9.3 4
Sikar - - - -
Sirohi - - - -
Tonk - - - -
Udaipur 44.6 43 5.3 5.2
State
Source: Rajasthan Agricultural Statistic at glance 2009-10, Commissionerate of
Agriculture, Rajasthan, Jaipur.(Statistical Cell).& Statistical Abstract of
Rajasthan 2009.
2.2.3 Climate Variability in Selected Districts of RACP
Variability in rainfall and as a consequence, frequency and intensity of droughts are a
dominant feature of climate in Rajasthan. Analysis of historical rainfall4 shows high and
similar degree of inter-annual rainfall variability across the select project districts5.
4 Source: Rainfall in Rajasthan February 1996, Statistical Cell Directorate of Agriculture, Pant Krishi
Bhawan, Jaipur. Year 2002-2006, Monsoon-2006 Government of Rajasthan, Water Resource
Department Jaipur.
5 RACP is yet to identify all the clusters it would eventually work in. Therefore, this analysis is being
presented for those districts that are known to be part of RACP working area at the time of preparing this report.
Final
14
Figure 2-3: Rainfall variability in select project districts
Figure 2-3 shows that rainfall varies widely across districts and for the same district it varies
widely from year to year. But over a 16 year period, the rainfall shows a declining trend for
all the districts with the fall being the steepest for Jaipur and Jodhpur.
Droughts of severe to very severe intensities have occurred in all the districts in
approximately 20 years in the past 100 years while moderate droughts have occurred in 10-
15 years in the same period. Figure 2-4 shows the number of times droughts of different
intensities have occurred in selected RACP districts over a period of 100 years from 1901-
2002.
Figure 2-4: Intensity and frequency of drought (1901-2002)
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
Rain
fall i
n m
m
Rainfall Pattern
JAIPUR
JODHPUR
BUNDI
ALWAR
GANGANAGER
RAJASTHAN
Linear (JAIPUR)
Linear (JODHPUR)
Linear (BUNDI)
Linear (ALWAR)
Intensity and frequency of Drought (1901-2002)
0
5
10
15
20
Jaipur
Jodhpur
Bundi
Alwar
Sri Ganganagar
Rajasthan
Very Severe Severe Moderate Light
Implications for EMF: Huge variation in rainfall from year to year and frequent occurrence of drought means that climate will have a significant impact on how agriculture is practiced in the project area. The EMF and the RACP itself will have to take this into account and put in place mechanisms to promote agricultural practices that are well adapted to changing and adverse climate. It is pertinent to note that ‘Climate resilient’ agriculture is one of the major components of RACP.
Final
15
2.3 Land Use Pattern
To understand the environmental status of the region, it is essential to understand the land
use pattern. It determines the ecological balance in the regions. The present section deals
with the land use pattern across the agro-climatic zones as follows.
Forest coverage: Only 8 per cent of the total reporting area is under forest cover. The arid
western zone has negligible proportion under forest cover. In other zones, like Hyper-arid
partial irrigated, Irrigated North Western Plain and Internal Drainage Dry, it varies between
about 2 to 4 per cent of the total reporting area of the respective zones. There are only two
zones namely, the Humid Southern and the Humid Southern Eastern Plain that is endowed
with substantial proportion under forests, i.e. one-fourth of the total reporting area is under
forests. In rest of the zones it varies from 6 to 15 per cent (see Figures below). It is important
to mention here that the present forest coverage in the state as well as across the zones is
considerably lower as required from the environment point of view i.e. one-third of the total
geographical area. However, it must be noted that large parts of the state, especially the
western portions are under a desert ecosystem.
Area under non-agriculture uses: This category belongs to the land put to non-agriculture
uses such as residential, roads/paths, water bodies etc. The share of such land use is only
about 5 per cent of the reporting areas. Across the zones, this proportion varies from 3 per
cent to 8 per cent.
Barren and Un-culturable Land: Broadly, this category of land is considered as non-suitable
for agriculture operation. At the state level, about 7 per cent of the total reporting is
categorized as barren and un- cultural waste land. Across the zones such as semi-arid
eastern plain, sub humid southern plain and humid southern, the proportion of the said
category varies between about 10 to 20 per cent of reporting area. In irrigated North
Western Plain, barren and waste lands are found to be negligible i.e. less than 1 per cent. In
other zones it varies from 3 to 6 per cent.
Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands: This is one of the most important categories
of land use. The availability of permanent pasture and grazing land determines the status of
livestock economy in the regions. It constituted about 5 per cent of the reporting area in
Rajasthan. In Irrigated North Western Plain, the grazing land is also found negligible. The Sub
humid Southern Plain is endowed with pastures and grazing lands in one-tenth of the
reporting area. Largely, it constituted about 4 to 7 per cent across the zones.
Land Under Misc Tree Crops and Groves: Area under fruit crop fall under this category of
land use. In Rajasthan, the area under fruit crops is also negligible i.e. less than one per cent.
In certain regions, area under fruit crop is absolutely missing. It can be inferred from the fact
there is scope for horticulture development in the time ahead.
Culturable Waste Land: This is also one of the major categories of land use. On this land,
agriculture operations are possible. It constituted a substantial proportion of the reporting
area i.e. about 13 per cent. In Hyper-arid partial Irrigated Zone, land under culturable waste
in substantial proportion i.e. 40 per cent followed by sub humid southern and Irrigated
Final
16
North Western Plain zones with 15 and 12 per cent respectively. In rest of the zones it varies
from 2 to 8 per cent.
Fallow land: There two types of fallow land as current fallow and long fallow. The land is
treated as current fallow when the farmer suspended agriculture operation for one to five
years. After five suspension of agriculture operation it is treated as long fallow. At the state
level estimates, there is no considerable variation in proportionate terms as in case of both
types of fallows i.e. 6 and 5 per cent. In irrigated north western plain, there is considerable
proportion of land under current fallow. In other zones there slight differences in these
categories. (See figures below)
Net Area Sown: It most important category of land use pattern as considered as agriculture
land. About half of the total report area is under agriculture operation. The irrigated
northern-western region and internal drainage dry zones leading ahead as compared to
other zones in bringing larger proportion of reporting area under agriculture operation that
depends upon the availability and access to irrigation facilities, status of aquifer and
geophysical features of the regions. The other regions like – Irrigated North Western Plain,
Transitional Plain of Luni Basin, Semi-arid Eastern Plain, Flood Prone Eastern Plain regions
have half and more than that use the land for agriculture production. There are only three
like Hyper-arid partial Irrigated Zone, Sub humid Southern Plain and Humid Southern have
the limited proportion of land i.e. more than one-fourth to more than one-third available of
agriculture production.
Final
17
Figure 2-5: Landuse patterns across agro-climatic regions
Final
18
In a nutshell, it can be stated that there exist wide variations in land use patterns across the
different zones that require due attention while making certain interventions in the
agriculture sector from an environmental point of view.
2.3.1 Status of Land Degradation
Land degradation refers to the decline in the productive capacity of an ecosystem due to
various factors both human made and natural. Human factors include over-exploitation of
forest and agriculture lands, growing urbanization and industrialization, growing
overstocking of grazing lands. Natural factors include salinity and alkalinity, droughts, floods,
water logging and so on. Table 2-5-5 provides status of land degradation in Rajasthan.
Final
19
Table 2-5: Status of Land degradation in Rajasthan
Particulars Area in sq km Proportion of total geographical Area
Gullied and/or ravinous land-Medium 1020.17 0.3
Gullied and/or ravinous land-Deep 864.75 0.25
Land with Dense Scrub 23661.7 6.91
Land with Open Scrub 14619.38 4.27
Waterlogged and Marshy land-Permanent 64.88 0.02
Waterlogged and Marshy land-Seasonal 54.94 0.02
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-Moderate 347.12 0.1
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-Strong 269.12 0.08
Under utilized/degraded notified forest land-Scrub 11365.78 3.32
Under utilized/degraded notified forest land-Agriculture 854.34 0.25
Degraded pastures and grazing lands 3918.42 1.14
Sands-Reverie 196.69 0.06
Sands-Desertic 4655.88 1.36
Sands-Semi stabilised-Stabilised >40m 11188.21 3.27
Sands-Semi stabilised-Stabilised Moderate High 1540m 15586.44 4.55
Mining wastelands 106.86 0.03
Industrial wastelands 9.06 0
Barren rocky area 4905.72 1.43
Total 93689.47 27.38
Total Geographic Area (TGA) 342239
It is clear that ~28% of total geographic area of Rajasthan is degraded due to a variety of
causes. However, it is important to note that nearly 80% of the total land reported as
degraded is under dense scrubs (7%), open scrub (4.3%), degraded notified forest under
scrubs (3.3%) and sands (9%). Thus, clearly, land that is not so productive is due to natural
causes that prevail in Rajasthan than due to any increased human activities.
2.4 Forest Cover
Forests are an important part of any ecosystem and contribute by not only providing
humans with food, fodder and fuel but also by enriching and aiding the nutrient cycle in the
ecosystem. In Rajasthan, coverage of forests is 9.54% of total geographic area as compared
to the country’s average of 20.6%. This is because nearly 11 districts of western Rajasthan
are under desert ecosystem.
Table 2-6 shows the extent of forest cover and its proportion to total geographic area in that
agro-climatic zone. Humid (31%) and Humid Southern Eastern Plain (27%) zones in southern
Rajasthan are endowed with considerable proportion of the area under forests. 20% of the
Implications for EMF: Given that the extent of forest, pastures and agricultural areas are distributed differently in different zones, it is important to plan project interventions in cropping and livestock, taking into account the resource base of the area. Further, although, extent of degraded agricultural land is limited, the EMF should ensure that appropriate measures such as soil conservation, water harvesting, etc. are adopted to prevent any further degradation.
Final
20
total geographic area in flood prone zone is under forests. Arid Western and Hyper-arid
partly Irrigated Zone have the least proportion of forest cover in Rajasthan.
38% of forests are reserved forests where no human activity is permitted, while 53% are
categorized as protected forests within which rights holders are entitled to exercise their
rights to meet the demand for major and minor forest produce. Unclassified forest area
constitutes about 8 per cent of the total forest cover.
Table 2-6: Zone-wise status of forest cover
Agroclimatic Zones Geog.
Area in
Sq. Km.
Forest
Area (in sq
km) till
31.3.2007
Proportion
of area
under
Forest
Reserved
Forest
(sq km)
Protected
Forest
(sq km)
Unclassified
Forest
(sq km)
IA-Arid Western 51237 851.99 1.66 0.55 87.31 12.61
IB-Irrigated North
Western Plain
20634 872.9 4.23 0.00 18.78 81.22
IC-Hyper-arid
partIy Irrigated
Zone
82475 1901.24 2.31 0.38 23.40 76.33
IIA- Internal
Drainage Dry Zone
31378 1283.97 4.09 1.30 94.86 3.84
IIB-Transitional
Plain of Luni Basin
28163 3052.91 10.84 59.23 38.96 1.81
IIIA-Semi arid
Eastern Plain
30213 2180.38 7.22 50.87 48.64 0.46
IIIB-Flood Prone
Eastern Plain
26537 5561.5 20.96 33.62 61.74 4.63
IVA-Sub humid
Southern Plain
26079 3957.38 15.17 58.12 40.18 1.70
IVB-Humid
Southern
21318 6517.34 30.57 49.29 50.57 0.13
V-Humid Southern
Eastern Plain
24205 6459.13 26.69 32.91 66.21 0.88
State 342239 32638.74 9.54 38.16 53.36 8.48
Source: Statistical Abstract, Rajasthan, 2009, Directorate of Economics and Statistics
Government of Rajasthan, GoR
Final
21
Figure 2-6: Showing the Forest Cover in Rajasthan
2.5 Water Resource
Rajasthan is the driest state having only 1.16 per cent of country's surface water. The
estimated annual, per capita water availability in the state during 2001 was 840 Cu M
indicating severe water scarcity (it is projected to be 439 Cu M by the year 2050, against the
national average of 1,140 Cu m by 2050 (Narayan et al 2005).
Surface water resources: Rajasthan has very uneven distribution of surface water resources.
There are 14 river basins in the state. This apart, almost 50% of the area of the state i.e. the
western arid area is “outside” any river basin with mere 10% of the total surface water
resources. More than 50% of the state’s surface water resource is from inter-state transfers.
There are eight major river basins in the state but Chambal and Mahi are the only perennial
rivers. The highest per capita water availability of 1,798 Cu m is in the Chambal basin,
Implications for EMF: Rearing sheep and goat is a major livelihood option for small, marginal and landless farmers in Rajasthan. RACP will promote livestock related interventions. To protect the forests from degrading since small ruminants are grazers and browsers of large scale vegetation including forest fringes, the EMF should promote stall feeding development of community pasture land and planting of tree species in bunds, pasture lands and backyards as good practices to sustainably cater to the fodder requirements of these animals.
Final
22
followed by the Sabarmati (1,729 Cu m) and the Mahi (1,120 Cu m), whereas the lowest (190
Cu m) is in the Banganga basin. There are 203 major and medium tanks and reservoirs in the
state, which store about 13.72 BCM of water at their full capacity and a reduced volume of
11.51 BCM during dry years. Besides, there are large numbers of minor rainwater harvesting
structures with a storage capacity of 2.28 BCM, thus increasing the total storage at full-
capacity level to 16 BCM. However, during droughts, the estimated total surface water
availability is reduced to 12.88 BCM creating a shortfall of 3.12 BCM. Table 2-7 shows the
availability of surface water in all 15 basins. It is clear from the Table that out of 25,931
million cubic metres (MCM) mean available water, only 60% i.e. 16,053.5 MCM is
economically utilizable at 50% dependability. It is also clear from the Table that no water is
available for planning in the Parwati and Luni basins (see Table 2-7).
Table 2-7 : Basin-wise availability of surface water
River Basin Mean2 Availability3 Unutilizable4 Economically utilizable water5
Net water availability
for planning6
Dependability 50%
Dependability 50%
Dependability 50%
Dependability 50%
Shekhawati 221.00 160.70 56.00 104.70 14.98
Ruparail 210.00 201.50 22.00 179.50 77.86
Banganga 569.00 516.20 67.00 449.20 36.94
Gambhir 805.00 550.30 197.00 353.30 121.74
Parbati 226.00 182.10 44.00 138.10 -19.18
Sabi 268.00 223.30 55.00 168.30 60.65
Banas 4837.00 4039.30 0.00 4039.30 399.54
Chambal* 11541.00 10053.00 4850.00 5203.00 2296.23
Mahi** 3755.00 3149.00 0.00 3149.00 422.41
Sabarmati 960.00 799.90 0.00 799.90 599.81
Luni 1224.00 820.80 369.00 451.80 -684.86
West Banas 551.00 406.10 0.00 406.10 327.10
Sukli 190.00 111.70 0.00 111.70 67.41
Other Nallahs 91.00 31.60 0.00 31.60 31.60
Sub-Total 25448.00 21245.50 5660.00 15585.50 3752.23
Outside 483.00 468.00 0.00 468.00 459.00
Grand Total 25931.00 21713.50 5660.00 16053.50 4211.23
Note: 2 Total resource in the basin/region, 31 Water available in the basin/region in a situation, 3 wherein 50% of
the resource is being used/depleted, 4 Water which is not potable in the, 5 basin/region wherein 50 % of the total resource available is being used, 6 Water available for the economic development and well being of the society when 50% of available resource is being used
Source: TAHAL - WAPCOS Water Resources Planning for the State of Rajasthan
Groundwater Resource: The scenario of groundwater development in all the river basins except Mahi, Sabarmati and West Banas is bleak with discharge exceeding the recharge. Even in the above three river basins the development has reached almost 90% of the recharge (see Table 2-82-8). Table 2-8: Basin wise status of Groundwater Resource
Final
23
Bas
in
Po
ten
tial
zo
ne
(sq
. km
.)
Net
an
nu
al
avai
lab
ility
Gro
ss f
or
irri
gati
on
Gro
ss f
or
do
mes
tic/
ind
ust
rial
use
Gro
ss f
or
all
use
Allo
cati
on
fo
r d
om
./in
dl u
se
as o
n 2
02
5
Net
GW
avai
lab
le f
or
irri
gati
on
Stag
e o
f G
W
dev
elo
pm
ent,
%
Cat
ego
ry
Shekhawati 9495.20 503.85 90.00 10.00 1083.77 243.45 -468.12 215.10 Over exploited (OE)
Ruparail 942.30 347.30 88.00 12.00 473.89 72.22 -143.53 136.45 OE
Banganga 6593.35 605.90 90.00 10.00 904.27 143.88 -351.97 149.25 OE
Gambhir 3615.57 349.24 90.00 10.00 455.91 73.29 -133.23 130.54 OE
Parwati 4879.94 153.57 91.00 9.00 204.22 28.60 -79.26 132.98 OE
Sabi 400.48 426.17 94.00 6.00 688.13 64.26 -282.30 161.47 OE
Banas 41089.68 2290.85 88.00 12.00 3203.85 794.97 -1318.86 139.85 OE
Chambal 27751.94 1921.57 94.00 6.00 2101.69 280.26 -324.98 109.37 OE
Mahi 12062.20 528.40 92.00 8.00 476.27 109.79 -20.78 90.14 Critical
Sabarmati 1056.57 80.47 93.00 7.00 70.60 20.81 -3.78 87.74 Semi critical
Luni 24547.64 1039.59 93.00 7.00 1686.06 234.95 -762.40 162.18 OE
West Banas 1186.74 75.50 95.00 5.00 68.24 6.75 3.94 90.38 Critical
Sukli 867.20 47.83 98.00 2.00 53.98 2.07 -3.95 112.85 OE
Other Nala 1749.51 100.42 97.00 3.00 258.62 15.80 -165.16 257.54 OE
Outside 80329.77 2063.50 91.00 9.00 2780.53 688.92 -942.79 134.75 OE
Source: TAHAL - WAPCOS Water Resources Planning for the State of Rajasthan
2.5.1 Trends of Groundwater Status in RACP Project Districts
Figure 2-76 shows the growth in percentage of blocks classified as overexploited across two
years (1984 and 2008). For most RACP project districts the growth in percentage of blocks
classified as overexploited has risen sharply, especially Jaipur and Alwar where it has risen
from a mere ~20% to as high as 93%. In the case of Jodhpur too it has increased from 0% to
89%. This shows the increasingly alarming situation with reference to the status of
groundwater exploitation in the state and the project districts.
6 Source: Report on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Rajasthan. Central Ground Water Board
Govt. of India Western Region Jaipur.& Groundwater Department Govt. of Rajasthan. Jodhpur.
Final
24
Figure 2-7: % Blocks Overexploited for Groundwater
2.6 Irrigation scenario
As seen in Error! Reference source not found.2-9 groundwater is the major source of
rrigation in the state. While the North Eastern region (Zones IB and IC) and South Eastern
region (Zones IVB and V) of the state have high proportion of irrigated area from surface
water, about 90% of the irrigated area in the remaining zones is dependent on groundwater.
Table 2-9: Agro-climatic zone wise Sources of irrigation
Agro-climatic zones Canal % of irrigated area
Tank % of irrigated area
Well / Tubewell % of irrigated area
Other % of irrigated area
Gro
ss
Irri
gate
d A
rea
‘00
0
Ha.
N
et Ir
riga
ted
are
a 0
00
Ha.
Net
so
wn
are
a 0
00
Ha.
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f Ir
riga
ted
are
a to
net
so
wn
are
a (%
)
Gro
ss
Net
Gro
ss
Net
Gro
ss
Net
Gro
ss
Net
IA-Arid Western 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.3 99.1 0.7 0.9 501 334 2908 11.48
IB-Irrigated North Western Plain
98.6 98.4 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 1543 925 1544 59.91
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1984 2008
% o
f b
lock
s o
vere
xplo
ite
d
Year
% Blocks Overexploited
Jaipur
Alwar
Bundi
Jodhpur
Ganganagar
Rajasthan
Implications for EMF: Per capita availability of surface water is well below the national average and most of the river basins in Rajasthan do not have perennial rivers. Groundwater has been over exploited in all the basins of Rajasthan and does offer much potential for further exploitation. Therefore, clearly water as a resource is at a critical state of availability and exploitation in Rajasthan.
Therefore, the EMF would have to provide extensive guidance on water harvesting, conservation and increasing its efficiency of use in agriculture by shifting to crops that consume lesser water and by applying irrigation through microirrigation devices. Water source augmentation and demand side management is a major component of RACP and thus, the project is expected to address this issue comprehensively as a part of mainstream activities of the project itself.
Final
25
Agro-climatic zones Canal % of irrigated area
Tank % of irrigated area
Well / Tubewell % of irrigated area
Other % of irrigated area
Gro
ss
Irri
gate
d A
rea
‘00
0
Ha.
N
et Ir
riga
ted
are
a 0
00
Ha.
Net
so
wn
are
a 0
00
Ha.
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f Ir
riga
ted
are
a to
net
so
wn
are
a (%
)
Gro
ss
Net
Gro
ss
Net
Gro
ss
Net
Gro
ss
Net
IC-Hyper-arid partIy irrigated zone
46.1 46.2 0.0 0.0 53.9 53.8 0.0 0.0 656 429 3002 14.30
IIA- Internal Drainage Dry Zone
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 973 741 2217 33.41
IIB-Transitional Plain of Luni Basin
3.8 4.7 11.2 12.2 84.9 83.0 0.1 0.1 605 518 1459 35.51
IIIA-Semi arid Eastern Plain
9.9 10.1 0.7 0.7 87.6 87.2 1.8 1.9 842 729 1731 42.11
IIIB-Flood Prone Eastern Plain
1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 96.9 96.9 1.7 1.7 1184 1139 1486 76.63
IVA-Sub humid Southern Plain
3.8 4.0 6.5 7.2 88.9 87.9 0.8 0.9 493 458 935 48.97
IVB-Humid Southern
21.7 21.6 5.6 5.7 41.0 40.9 6.7 6.8 267 250 635 39.41
V-Humid Southern Eastern Plain
43.9 40.6 1.0 1.2 76.8 79.8 3.2 3.4 9117 7366 18275 40.30
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur
2.6.1 Irrigation trends across the selected districts in RACP
As evident from Error! Reference source not found.2-8 irrigated area in all the selected
istricts except in Jodhpur is higher than the state average. However, by 2003-04, even
Jodhpur has overtaken the state average areas under irrigation.
Further, there is an increasing trend in irrigated area in all the districts with Jaipur and Alwar
recording a steep increase over a 14 year period between 1991-92 to 2004-05. Even Jodhpur
has recorded a smart increase in area under irrigation, while Bundi has recorded a fall in
irrigated area. Jaipur and Alwar fall under the Semi-arid Eastern Plain zone which is largely
irrigated by groundwater sources. Thus, increase in irrigated area in these districts would
have been only at the cost of increased overexploitation of groundwater in an already
depleted scenario.
Figure 2-8: Irrigation trends across selected districts of RACP
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
19
91
-92
19
92
-93
19
93
-94
19
94
-95
19
95
-96
19
96
-97
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
Gro
ss Ir
riga
ted
Are
a '0
00
Ha
Year
Gross Irrigated Area- Trends
Jaipur
Jodhpur
Bundi
Alwar
Averag of Rajasthan
Final
26
2.7 Agriculture
Agriculture and animal husbandry are the two most common rural livelihood activities in
Rajasthan. Agriculture contributes about 27 percent of the state’s domestic product. In
Rajasthan, erratic rainfall conditions, soil fertility and inadequate availability of irrigation
sources are the critical parameters, which determine the sustainability of agricultural
production.
2.7.1 Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Consumption
Soils in all zones are largely deficient in Nitrogen, while Phosphorus and Potassium are
present in adequate quantities. Salinity and alkalinity are present to some extent in all the
zones with wide variation in proportion of problematic soils under salinity or alkalinity. As a
percentage of total net sown area in a zone, semi-arid eastern plain has nearly 18% of its
soils classified as problematic. Overall nearly 6% of the total net sown area of Rajasthan may
be categorized as problematic.
Table 2-10: Fertility status and problematic soils in the project districts
Agroclimatic Zones Fertility Status Problematic Soil (Ha) Net Sown Area (2007-08) Ha.
Proportion to Net Area Sown
N P K Saline Soil (% of total problematic soil)
Sodic or Alkaline Soil (% of total problematic soil)
Total Soil (Ha)
IA-Arid Western VL M M 20.13 79.87 14418 2908416 0.50
IB-Irrigated North Western Plain
L M M 70.83 29.17 39831 1543952 2.58
IC-Hyper-arid partly Irrigated Zone
VL M M 48.95 51.05 28877 3001594 0.96
IIA- Internal Drainage Dry Zone
L M M 48.70 51.30 133153 2216997 6.01
IIB-Transitional Plain of Luni Basin
L M H 32.81 67.19 134672 1458509 9.23
IIIA-Semi arid Eastern Plain L M H 37.01 62.99 305340 1730740 17.64
Implications for EMF: Rajasthan is classified as arid/semi-arid region. Erratic rainfall conditions coupled with
indiscriminate groundwater withdrawal has led to depletion of aquifer at a faster rate. The EMF needs to support
rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, tank formation, and farm ponds to support livelihood activities like
agriculture and animal husbandry. Also the approval of tubewells in any particular village /cluster needs to be
assessed for their cumulative impact on water resources. Digging of tubewell/well for irrigation purpose must not
be promoted in the blocks where groundwater is in overexploited zone. In areas where ground water is in semi-
critical/critical stage, farm ponds and rainwater harvesting should be promoted, and any tubewell/borewell should
be sanctioned only when it is absolutely necessary. Demand side management methods can go a long way to save
groundwater from over-extraction. In addition, water conservation practices such as efficient irrigation and
harvesting of farm ponds means should be encouraged in canal irrigated and watershed areas through good designs
of these structures, catchment treatment and safety and maintenance practices.
One of the key components of RACP is to demonstrate reduction in use of water in agriculture sector while at the
same time securing agricultural productivity. Therefore, it is expected that the project would lead lowering the
water foot print of agriculture while at the same time promoting better water use efficiency in the project districts.
Final
27
Agroclimatic Zones Fertility Status Problematic Soil (Ha) Net Sown Area (2007-08) Ha.
Proportion to Net Area Sown
N P K Saline Soil (% of total problematic soil)
Sodic or Alkaline Soil (% of total problematic soil)
Total Soil (Ha)
IIIB-Flood Prone Eastern Plain
L M M 27.87 72.13 263684 2599091 10.15
IVA-Sub humid Southern Plain
L M H 64.11 35.89 86710 935181 9.27
IVB-Humid Southern L M H 40.50 59.50 26137 635349 4.11
V-Humid Southern Eastern Plain
M M H 49.71 50.29 34949 1179172 2.96
Note: L = Low, VL = Very Low, M = Medium, H = High
Across the regions, there is a wide range of variation in fertilizer use. Largely, in certain
zones fertiliser consumption is low—even lower than the national average (90 kg per
hectare), except two zones such as Humid Southern Eastern and Flood Prone Eastern Plain
(see Table 2-11 2-11). In these zones, there is intensive agriculture as compared to other
zones that is attributed to the availability of good irrigation facilities from canal and
groundwater sources.
Table 2-11: Agro-climatic zone wise consumption of fertilizer
Agro-climatic Zones Fertilizer use (in tonnes). Total NPK
use
kg/ha.
Ratio of
N P K N P K
IA-Arid Western 27526 13589 2593 15.36 4.4 2.2 0.4
IB-Irrigated North Western Plain 112779 43270 6655 72.63 4.9 1.9 0.3
IC-Hyper-arid partIy Irrigated Zone 22986 9073 136 10.25 5.0 2.0 0.0
IIA- Internal Drainage Dry Zone 43634 23837 1644 24.40 4.4 2.4 0.2
IIB-Transitional Plain of Luni Basin 33451 8685 3004 31.14 5.2 1.3 0.5
IIIA-Semi arid Eastern Plain 75844 58738 5505 59.22 3.8 2.9 0.3
IIIB-Flood Prone Eastern Plain 149613 71580 6825 103.04 4.6 2.2 0.2
IVA-Sub humid Southern Plain 52793 22217 1887 42.33 4.8 2.0 0.2
IVB-Humid Southern 64782 17184 2146 49.53 5.4 1.4 0.2
V-Humid Southern Eastern Plain 376483 178404 19367 292.66 4.6 2.2 0.2
Source: Vital Agriculture Statistics 2005–2006
Table 2-11 also shows the ratio of NPK use across various agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan.
The recommended NPK ratio is 4:2:1 for N:P:K, but as can be observed from the above table,
use of potash is very low while nitrogen is slightly more than recommended.
Final
28
2.7.2 Trend in fertilizer consumption in the selected districts of RACP
Increased intensity of use of chemical fertilizers is one of the major concerns of the RACP.
The following Figure 2-92-9 depicts the fertilizer consumption pattern across the districts
selected in RACP over a 14 year period from 1991-2004. The average consumption in
Rajasthan has almost doubled. There is a sharp increase in fertilizer use in groundwater
irrigation areas such as Jaipur and Alwar. However, in command areas of IGNP, the
consumption of fertiliser has decreased considerably.
Figure 2-9: Trend in fertilizer consumption in selected districts of RACP
2.8 Zone-wise Area, Production and Yield of Different Crops in Rajasthan
Of the total area under agriculture in Rajasthan, 70 percent is primarily rain fed. A single
crop in kharif is the predominant cropping system in the state. Table 2-122-12 shows the
crops grown in various regions of Rajasthan. North eastern Rajasthan practises legume-
wheat-based cropping system. Soyabean-wheat cropping pattern is dominant in the south-
eastern region. Other cropping patterns are pearl millet-wheat, pearl-millet-mustard, maize-
wheat, etc. The major kharif crops in the project districts are pulses, maize, jowar, soyabean,
groundnut and rapeseed, while the major rabi crops in the area are wheat, mustard, barley
and gram (see Table 2-122-12).
The agroclimate of an area, availability of irrigation facilities and agronomic practices of the farmers accounts for the wide variation in crops and yields in different agroclimatic zones of Rajasthan.
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
Metr
ic to
ns
Use of Nitrogen
Jaipur
Jodhpur
Bundi
Alwar
Ganganagar
Average of Rajasthan
Linear (Jaipur)
Linear (Jodhpur)
Final
29
Figure 2-10: Various crops grown in different parts of Rajasthan
Final
35
Table 2-12: Area, Production and Productivity of different Crops C
rop
Agr
ocl
imat
ic Z
on
e
IA-A
rid
We
ster
n -
Ari
d
Wes
tern
IB-I
rrig
ated
No
rth
Wes
tern
Pla
in
IC-H
yper
-ari
d W
este
rn
Par
tly
Irri
gate
d Z
on
e
IIA
- In
tern
al D
rain
age
Dry
Zo
ne
IIB
-Irr
igat
ed N
ort
h
Wes
tern
Pla
in -
Tran
siti
on
al P
lain
of
Lun
i
Bas
in
IIIA
-Sem
i ari
d E
aste
rn
Pla
in
IIIB
-Flo
od
Pro
ne
East
ern
Pla
in
IVA
-Su
b h
um
id S
ou
ther
n
Pla
in
IVB
-Hu
mid
So
uth
ern
V-H
um
id S
ou
the
rn
East
ern
Pla
in
Baj
ra
A '000 Ha.
1443 111 704 1047 479 533 585 3 0 5
P '000 MT
260 108 183 868 376 650 986 5 0 4
Y kg/Ha. 180 977 260 829 785 1220
1684 1549 704 858
Jow
ar
A '000 Ha.
49 0 7 54 114 270 85 56 7 21
P '000 MT
21 0 3 22 58 126 57 53 4 23
Y kg/Ha. 437 529 445 413 511 466 674 948 619 1084
Mai
ze
A '000 Ha.
0 0 0 0 51 55 8 405 408 104
P '000 MT
0 0 0 0 27 56 13 652 214 155
Y kg/Ha. 1045 1103 1000 1084 531 1008
1589 1610 525 1489
Wh
eat
A '000 Ha.
56 379 82 229 167 305 472 307 216 352
P '000 MT
106 1319 184 675 336 796 1574 1068 449 1248
Y kg/Ha. 1883 3481 2253 2946 2012 2606
3337 3476 2081 14135
Bar
ley
A '000 Ha.
0 43 6 42 6 65 20 33 15 2
P '000 MT
1 118 11 112 14 158 63 82 29 5
Y kg/Ha. 2547 2768 1672 2674 7322 2435
3079 2461 1967 2547
Pad
dy
A '000 Ha.
0 18 0 0 0 0 3 1 67 18
P '000 MT
0 81 0 0 0 0 6 1 43 39
Y kg/Ha. 0 4417 1571 0 1571 1600
1776 1575 641 2092
Gra
m
A '000 Ha.
3215 225488 418364 115011 62341 26863
27339 53489 48983 29676
P '000 MT
2776 175669 315946 139722 52738 21855
30430 50199 48489 34751
Y kg/Ha. 863 779 755 1215 846 814 1113 938 990 1171
Final
36
Cro
p
Agr
ocl
imat
ic Z
on
e
IA-A
rid
We
ster
n -
Ari
d
Wes
tern
IB-I
rrig
ated
No
rth
Wes
tern
Pla
in
IC-H
yper
-ari
d W
este
rn
Par
tly
Irri
gate
d Z
on
e
IIA
- In
tern
al D
rain
age
Dry
Zo
ne
IIB
-Irr
igat
ed N
ort
h
Wes
tern
Pla
in -
Tran
siti
on
al P
lain
of
Lun
i
Bas
in
IIIA
-Sem
i ari
d E
aste
rn
Pla
in
IIIB
-Flo
od
Pro
ne
East
ern
Pla
in
IVA
-Su
b h
um
id S
ou
ther
n
Pla
in
IVB
-Hu
mid
So
uth
ern
V-H
um
id S
ou
the
rn
East
ern
Pla
in
Arh
ar
A '000 Ha.
0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 13 1
P '000 MT
0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 4 1
Y kg/Ha. 0 857 1000 0 778 1156
955 996 311 867
Sesa
mu
m
A '000 Ha.
26 10 3 12 101 18 26 38 6 17
P '000 MT
5 8 0 2 35 7 14 9 1 7
Y kg/Ha. 177 753 127 177 341 361 536 223 154 393
Rap
ese
ed
&
mu
star
d
A '000 Ha.
122 409 186 307 228 396 803 148 21 311
P '000 MT
135 565 152 374 268 380 1041 198 20 413
Y kg/Ha. 1108 1382 819 1219 1176 959 1297 1335 930 1328
2.9 Livestock
2.9.1 Composition of Livestock Population
In Rajasthan, livestock population comprises large and small ruminants. Cattle and buffaloes are the
main large animals while sheep and goats are the major small ruminants. According to estimates of
the recent Livestock Census, the share of cattle population was about 21 per cent and buffaloes
constituted about one-fifth of the total population.
Over a period of time, the share of cattle in the total livestock population declined from about 32
per cent during 1972 to 21 per cent in 2007. Buffaloes form about 20% of the total livestock
population of Rajasthan and are increasingly the preferred large milch animal. Small ruminants
comprising of sheep and goats accounted for 58% of the total livestock population in the state.
Increased profitability and slackening of social rigidities has led to adoption of goats and sheep
Implications for EMF: Agriculture in Rajasthan has high dependence on groundwater resource. This has resulted in its large scale and increasing exploitation. Furthermore the use of fertilisers has increased considerably in irrigated agriculture making agriculture unsustainable and dependent on external inputs. Soil fertility has decreased considerably demanding increased use of fertilisers to maintain the productivity levels. Skewed NPK ratios also means that soil fertility and productivity is being affected adversely. The EMF should reinforce soil health and nutrient management including use of bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers through an integrated package of agricultural measures to be promoted in RACP.
Final
37
rearing by all caste and classes of households (Rathore, 2007), hence the increased number of sheep
and goats in Rajasthan.
Size and composition of livestock population are
determined by the agro-climatic conditions of the
regions. For example, in arid western region,
population of small ruminants is the major
constituent of livestock economy with more than
three-fourth proportion. The share of cattle
population was about 17 per cent while buffaloes
are about 5 per cent of the total population. This
zone is characterized by sand dunes and inter-
denial land with little vegetation. Such climatic
conditions are more suitable for small ruminants as they are grazers and used to a migratory system
of rearing. With certain exceptions, almost similar pattern of livestock composition was found in the
Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Western Plain.
In irrigated north plain zone, the share of cattle and buffaloes is considerable at about 53 per cent
and small ruminants account for about 44 per cent. In this zone, households keep cattle mainly for
farm operations (see Figure 2-11).
Figure 2-11: Livestock Composition across agro-climatic zones
Final
38
2.9.2 Livestock Pressure on Land Resources
Table 2-13 shows the grazing pressure on land7 in Rajasthan with an Adult Cattle Unit (ACU/Ha.8) per
hectare ranging from a high of nearly 7 (Dausa) to a low of 0.3 (Jaisalmer) as against the
recommended ACU/Ha. of 1 for semi-arid areas and 0.4 for arid areas.
Table 2-13: Grazing pressure in Rajasthan
In '000 no.s
District Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat ACU No.s
Land suitable for grazing '000 Ha. ACU/Ha.
Ajmer 392 336 502 771 983 362 2.7
Alwar 196 975 100 710 1333 229 5.8
Banswara 646 275 14 459 1016 260 3.9
Baran 355 226 12 262 635 340 1.9
7 Forest, barren & unculturable wasteland, permanent grazing lands, culturable wasteland and total fallows
have been included to estimate land available for grazing. 8 Adult Cattle Unit = 1 cattle = 1 buffalo = 0.2 sheep or goat
Final
39
In '000 no.s
District Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat ACU No.s
Land suitable for grazing '000 Ha. ACU/Ha.
Barmer 638 156 1371 2221 1512 1133 1.3
Bharatpur 126 475 82 219 661 81 8.2
Bhilwara 583 304 433 700 1113 574 1.9
Bikaner 671 131 800 910 1144 1537 0.7
Bundi 274 281 59 369 640 282 2.3
Chittorgarh 761 475 81 674 1387 553 2.5
Churu 256 215 452 920 745 154 4.8
Dausa 133 414 60 349 629 95 6.6
Dhaulpur 62 310 6 146 402 134 3.0
Dungarpur 427 233 107 392 759 238 3.2
Ganganagar 586 283 380 378 1020 374 2.7
Hanumangarh 404 326 286 280 844 150 5.6
Jaipur 508 947 340 1011 1725 406 4.3
Jaisalmer 349 3 1304 1132 839 3191 0.3
Jalor 294 412 633 547 942 360 2.6
Jhalawar 435 291 15 379 804 288 2.8
Jhunjhunun 175 370 190 640 712 141 5.1
Jodhpur 654 263 977 1402 1393 908 1.5
Karauli 119 399 55 388 607 284 2.1
Kota 248 227 22 216 523 216 2.4
Nagour 418 460 796 1421 1322 423 3.1
Pali 355 315 925 702 996 567 1.8
Rajsamand 286 224 127 513 638 333 1.9
S.Madhopur 118 250 79 415 467 182 2.6
Final
40
In '000 no.s
District Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat ACU No.s
Land suitable for grazing '000 Ha. ACU/Ha.
Sikar 254 516 319 1151 1064 209 5.1
Sirohi 203 166 250 341 487 339 1.4
Tonk 246 311 254 393 687 195 3.5
Udaipur 946 524 162 1093 1721 1048 1.6
Total 12120 11092 11190 21503 29750 15585 1.9
Source: Source:http://animalhusbandry.rajasthan.gov.in/livestock_census.asp
2.9.3 Demand and supply of Fodder
Estimated current and projected requirement and availability/ supply of fodder from forest and non-
forest areas as per the Department of Forest, Government of Rajasthan, is shown in Table 2-142-14.
The availability of fodder that is already in short supply by nearly 36 per cent is likely to worsen,
considering the high growth rate of animal population in Rajasthan.
Table 2-14: Fodder demand and supply in the state of Rajasthan
Year Demand (Million
Tonnes)
Supply (Million Tonnes)
1980 61.2 28.5
1990 58.8 31.52
1995 67.47 44.7
2001 72.18 50.08
2006 76.51 56.08
2016 84.16 61.6
(Source: http://rajforest.nic.in)
As per the report by the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), green fodder production varies
from 2.5 tonnes to over 10 tonnes per hectare of forest lands. Estimation done by CAZRI reveals that
average fodder biomass from forest areas, excluding core areas of PAN (Protected Area Network), is
about 4 tonnes per ha. Excluding the core areas, a net area where animals graze or fodder is
harvested by fringe communities, amounts to 2.8 million hectares. Thus, green fodder produced
from the forests is around 11.20 million tonnes. Further, the estimated consumption per cattle is 5
kg dry fodder per day. As per their estimation, total fodder utilization from forest area amounts to
16.9 million tonnes per annum. Correlating the livestock population with the extent of forest area,
the grazing pressure in terms of ACU is 4 units per hectare. In some areas, the pressure is as high as
12 units. Thus, the enormous grazing pressure adversely affects the regenerative capacity of forests.
Final
41
Implication for EMF: The status of fodder is critical. The commons are shrinking and largely
degraded. Livestock interventions in RACP can increase the pressure on pasture land and forest land
for fodder resources. However, since RACP is supporting only the development and management of
goat herds, the likely impact on grazing pressure is likely to be lower since herd size in goats is
regularly reduced due to sale of goats for meat purposes. Nevertheless, the EMF needs to promote
development of community pasture land/grazing land and supplementary feed to small ruminants.
2.10 Summary of Environment Assessment & Implications for EMF
Natural Resource
Environmental Issue Implication for EMF
Climate High inter-annual variability in rainfall
Decreasing quantum of rainfall
Climate resilient agriculture including selection of low water requiring crops, soil and water conservation, rain water harvesting
Water Very limited supplies of water and poorly distributed across Rajasthan
Groundwater is overexploited and may not offer much potential for further growth
Irrigation is critical for agricultural growth and stability since rainfall is scanty and erratic
Adoption of crops needing lesser water, soil and water conservation, water harvesting and recharge of groundwater, community based action to reduce groundwater exploitation, use of micro irrigation technologies
Land Significant areas in some agroclimatic zones are affected by salinity or alkalinity
Low levels of soil fertility, compounded by NPK ratio skewed in favour of N alone.
High grazing pressure well above recommended levels in all regions of the state
Integrated Crop Management techniques that are based on Participatory Varietal Selection (so that variety selected meets the needs of farmers and climate), Integrated Soil and Nutrient Management (use of biofertilizers, use of chemical fertilizers based on soil testing reports), Integrated Pest Management. Improved herd management techniques for goats such that farmer maintains lower population of elite breeds that would fetch him higher returns, community and pasture land development, silivipastures on both private and common lands.
The above mentioned issues would be dealt with comprehensively in the EMF chapter as well as the
EMF Toolkit. However, it would be pertinent to mention that the RACP project is designed to address
these issues as a part of the mainstream of the project through its various project components
especially, Climate Resilient Agriculture. Yet, as a matter of abundant caution, the EMF not only
provides guidance on mitigating the impact of these issues but also provides a process for ensuring
that the Environment Guidances are applied at various stages to ensure compliance and bring about
the desired mitigation.
Final
42
3 Policy, legal and regulatory frameworks
Various policies and acts framed by the Government of India (GoI) as well as Government of
Rajasthan (GoR) deal with environment and social concerns, and management and marketing of
agriculture produce. This section provides overview of the policy framework at national and state
levels relevant to the RACP project. In addition, the WB Safeguard policies are reviewed from their
context of applicability.
3.1 WB Safeguard Operational Policies
Table 3-1 discusses the applicability of various environmental safeguard policies to the RACP project
interventions. It also indicates the concerns that will need to be addressed in the EMF.
Table 3-1: WB Safeguard Operation Policies
Act/ Policy Details Relevance/ Applicability
Environmental
Assessment
(BP/OP 4.01)
It is an “umbrella policy” through which
potential social and environmental impacts are
identified and mitigation measures proposed.
Assessment process determines whether other
safeguard policies apply
Applicable
The present Environmental
Assessment study involves
development of an EMF for the
RACP.
Forestry (OP 4.36) Establishes maximum standards on the types of
forest projects that the Bank will finance.
Provides for financing of commercial logging
and plantations under restricted conditions.
Not Applicable
The project will not directly
intervene in forest land. Rather
special efforts will be made to
avoid support to tribal farmers
having encroachments over forest
lands.
Pest Management
(OP 4.09)
Promotes the use of biological or environmental
control methods and reduces reliance on
synthetic chemical pesticides and sets
conditions on the acquisition and use of
pesticides.
Applicable
RACP interventions supported
through individual farmers/
producer organisations may
involve technical input support
for use of pesticide. The related
safeguards/ provisions have been
included in the EMF.
Natural Habitats
(OP 4.04)
Establishes limits on Bank financed projects that
may impact areas with high degrees of plant
and animal species and that have not been
essentially modified by human activity.
Not applicable
Since none of the proposed
activities directly or indirectly
affect the natural habitats.
Final
43
Act/ Policy Details Relevance/ Applicability
Involuntary
Resettlement
(OP 4.12)
Establishes standards and procedures for
projects that displace people from their homes
or cause economic displacement due to loss of
land, buildings, or sources of income.
Not Applicable
Contrastingly, the project will
work towards curbing distress
migration by increasing income
from agriculture locally.
Physical Cultural
Resources
(OP 4.11)
Requires Bank projects to avoid damage to and
assist in the preservation of cultural property,
such as sites having archaeological,
paleontological, historical, religious and unique
cultural values
Not applicable
The project activities are not
likely to undertake construction/
excavation at sites that are
culturally significant.
Safety of Dams
(OP/BP 4.37)
Establishes procedures and safety requirements
for construction of new dams and for projects
that depend on safe functioning of existing
dams. Requirements apply to large dams (15 m
or more in height)
Not applicable
The project does not involve
construction/ renovation of any
minor/ medium/ major dam.
However, there may be some
construction of small rainwater
harvesting structures.
Projects in
Disputed Areas
(OP/BP/GP 7.60)
Establishes minimal rules for Bank-financing of
projects in areas disputed by two or more
states.
Not applicable
Projects on
International
Waterways
(OP/BP/GP 7.50)
Seeks to reduce potential conflict between
states that border an international waterway
over projects that may affect the use or pollute
the waterway.
Not applicable
The above analysis shows that only two policies are applicable, Pest Management (OP 4.09)
and the umbrella policy Environmental Assessment (BP/OP 4.01). The EMF is proposed at the end of
this chapter to address the concerns arising out of the two applicable OPs.
3.2 Environmental Policies framed by the GoI and GoR
The Article 48-A of the Constitution of India states that the State shall endeavour to conserve
and regenerate the environment resource base of the country. At the same time, Indian
Constitution explains under Article 51-A (g) that it shall be the fundamental duty of every
citizen to protect and improve the natural environment and to have compassion for living
creatures. We analyse the relevant policies and acts in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2: Policies of GoI and GoR
Final
44
Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP
National Policies
National Environment
Policy 2006
To protect and conserve critical ecological
system and resources and to ensure
equitable access to these resources for
communities which are dependent on these
resources for their livelihood.
Applicable
The project promotes conservation and
sustainable use of land, water and
biomass which is one of the major
challenges in arid agriculture.
The project addresses the issue of
awareness generation and mitigation
measures
National Agriculture
Policy 2000
National Agriculture Policy seeks to
actualize vast untapped growth potential of
Indian Agriculture, strengthen rural
infrastructure to support faster agricultural
development, promote value addition,
accelerate the growth of agro-business
create employment in rural areas, secure a
fair standard of living for farmers and
agricultural workers and their families,
discourage migration to urban areas and
face the challenges arising out of economic
liberalization and globalization.
Applicable.
The project aims to improve
agricultural productivity and farm
incomes by integrating technology,
institutions and market innovations.
National Policy for
Farmer 2007
To improve economic viability of farming by
substantial increase in net income of the
farmers, to conserve and regenerate land,
water and genetic resources for sustainable
improvement in productivity, profitability
and stability of major farming system.
To develop support services including
provisions of timely input supply and
agriculture credit at affordable interest
rates to the farmers. Provide suitable risk
management measures for adequate and
timely compensation to the farmers.
Applicable.
The project envisages improvement of
the land productivity and income of
farmers in a sustainable manner.
National Water Policy
2002
To ensure that planning, development, and
management of water resources are
governed by national perspectives
Applicable
Guides the State Water Policy;
Rajasthan has its own radical State
Water Policy so it is more relevant.
National Horticulture
Mission: Revised
Action Plan for
Rajasthan 2005
The objectives of the National Horticulture
Mission are to double the horticulture
production till 2011-12.
The Mission would adopt an end-to-end
approach covering production, post-harvest
management, processing and marketing to
assure appropriate returns to growers. The
mission also aims to eliminate the
Applicable
The project has host of horticulture
development interventions which will
be in line with the existing policy.
Final
45
Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP
National Policies
middlemen to the possible extent with view
for getting adequate returns from the
horticulture produce of the farmers.
Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP
Rajasthan State Policies
State Agriculture
Policy, Draft
(i)Doubling the agriculture growth rate
from 2 to 4 per cent during next
decade through agriculture
diversification and expansion of
infrastructure, input and marketing
facilities, (ii) increase the farm income
by minimizing cost of cultivation and
improving resource use efficiency and
(iii) maintain ecological balance by
appropriate land and water
management practice.
Applicable
The project aims to increase
income from agriculture by
strengthening value chains
(especially in cash and high value
crops) in an environmentally
sustainable manner.
Policy for promotion
of agro-Processing
and Agri-business,
2010
(i)To increase farmers’ income through
remunerative prices for their produce,
(ii) to encourage value addition in
agriculture produce, (iii) to bring new
technologies and practices to
modernize agro-processing and
marketing, (iv) to promote export of
agro-products of the state and to build
strong state brand in the domestic and
international markets and (v) attract
private investment in agro-processing
and create new employment
opportunities.
Applicable
The project activities include value
addition and building innovative
market linkages based on PPP
model.
Final
46
Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP
Rajasthan State Policies
State Water Policy
2010
The main aim of the State water policy
to adoption integrated and multi-
sectoral approach to the water
resources planning and development
and management on a sustainable
basis.
There is radical shift from
predominantly engineering-based
solution to local pre-dominantly based
water solution. This shift is under the
conceptual framework of Integrated
Water Resource Management (IWRM)
that involves the combination of
‘bottom-up’ and top-down technical
support.
Applicable
The project activities will be inline
with the policy provisions
addressing all the issues of water
scarcity, conservation and demand
management through promoting
appropriate technologies,
institutions and cropping systems.
Sector Policy for
Drinking Water and
Sanitation, 2005
(Draft)
The Policy deals with the process and
quality of drinking water supply and
sanitation means in different areas of
State, mostly in rural areas. Policy links
water harvesting practices in
household and community. It assigns
duties and responsibilities of PRIs and
NGOs in source development and
water allocation. It stresses awareness
for development of optimal and
efficient use of water.
Indirectly applicable
The project will make efforts to
ensure that drinking water sources
are not affected by use of water for
irrigation.
Rajasthan State
Environment Policy,
2010
The objectives of the policy are to: (i)
conserve and regenerate the
environmental resources by ensuring
equitable access to the resources for all
sections of society and judicious use
from sustainability point of view, (ii)
integrate environmental concerns into
policies, plans, programs, and projects
for economic and social development,
so that resource base may be balanced,
(iii) ensure higher resource flow for
environmental conservation and
promote beneficial multi- stakeholder
partnerships
Applicable
RACP promotes multi-stakeholders
and participatory platforms and
processes that will enable inclusion
of the marginalized groups
Rajasthan Industrial
and Investment
Promotion Policy
The policy aims to achieve higher and
environmentally sustainable economic
growth through greater private
Applicable
The project aims to promote PPP
Final
47
Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP
Rajasthan State Policies
2010 investment in manufacturing as well as
services that may be helpful in
balancing regional development and
providing employment opportunities to
the growing labour force.
model to ensure environmentally
sustainable agriculture growth
through agro- based cottage and
small-scale industries.
Rajasthan State
Groundwater Bill
(presently under
consideration in
Rajasthan Legislative
Assembly)
Protection and conservation of
groundwater resources
Applicable
Groundwater conservation is top
priority of the project as it
promotes irrigation efficient
technologies particularly micro-
irrigation.
3.3 Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR
Table 3-3: Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR
Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP
GoI
Environment and Pollution
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Amended: 1991
Protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the Central Government to establish authorities charged with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution of all kinds.
General powers of the Central Government
Prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution
Ministry of Environment and Forests, GoI and Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, GoR
Applicable
Addressed in EMF
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Amended: 1988
Provision for prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water in the country
Laying down the permissible limits/ standards of pollutants likely to be emitted, collection of samples of effluent and analysis and provisions for penalties.
Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board
Applicable The project will address the issue of water contamination by adopting an IPM strategy.
Wildlife, Biodiversity and Forest
The Biological Diversity Act,
Conservation of biological
Regulation of access to biological diversity,
Ministry of Environment and
Indirectly Applicable
Final
48
Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP
2002
G.S.R.261 (E), [15/04/2004] - Biological Diversity Rules, 2004
diversity and its sustainable use, equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
empower National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity Board to restrict certain activities that affect bio-diversity adversely.
Provision of appropriate legislation for declaration of Biodiversity Heritage sites at local level.
Forests, Government of India and Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board
The project envisages to main the biodiversity. At the same time the project will enhance crop productivity thru sustainable management of environment.
State Acts/ Rules and Regulations
The Rajasthan Farmers’ Participation in Management of Irrigation System Act No. 21 2000
To promote and secure distribution of water among its users, adequate maintenance of irrigation system, efficient and economical utilization of water to optimize agricultural production, to protect environment and ensure ecological balance by involving the farmers.
Preparation and implementation of operational plan for irrigation application, maintenance of the project. Monitoring of water flow and maintaining the record. Resolution of water disputes. Removal of encroachment on the property attached to the irrigation system.
Water Resource Department, (GoR)
Applicable
Only in areas/ clusters where surface water command exists.
The Rajasthan Regulation and Control of The Development and Management of Ground Water Bill, 2006 (Draft)
Establishment of State Ground Water Authority with the powers to regulate ground water development and efficient Management.
Identification of problematic aquifer, restrictions on groundwater withdrawal in problematic areas, provisions for penalties for those breaking the rules.
Water Resource Department, (GoR)
Applicable
The project promotes sustainable management of groundwater which is a key source of irrigation
Rajasthan Soil and Water Conservation Acts, 1964
Conservation and improvement of Soil and water resources in the State
Preparation of soil and water conservation plan and its implementation, Reclamation of waste land, preventive action and penalties.
Departments of Agriculture and Water Resources, (GoR)
Applicable
The project has watershed activities for soil and moisture conservation and recharge of groundwater.
Agriculture
Final
49
Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP
The Insecticides Act. 1968
Amendment: Insecticides (Amendment) Act, 1977 (24 of 1977
Regulate the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals, and for matters connected therewith
Registration, license and other rules & safeguards for handling insecticides by users. Safe packing, storage while transportation, prohibition of sale, etc. of certain insecticides for reasons of public safety.
Department of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan
Applicable
Mitigation measures taken care in IPM plan.
The Seeds Act 1966,
The Seeds Rules 1968
The Seeds Act regulates the quality of certain seeds for sale.
Regulation of sale of seeds of notified kinds or varieties. Determine the responsibilities for making and labelling. Certification agency and grant/revoke of certificate, provision of penalties
Department of Agriculture, GoR
Indirectly Applicable.
The project does not envisage seed production yet will take cognizance of the act.
Commons
The Rajasthan Land Revenue Act. 1956
(Conversion of Agricultural Land for Non-Agricultural Purposes in Rural Areas)
Rules, 1992
Restriction on conversion of land used publicly to other usage
No land will be permitted for conversion falling in the catchment areas of a tank or village pond or land used as pathway to any cremation or burial ground or village pond, even if not so recorded in the village revenue map or revenue record.
Department of Revenue, Government of Rajasthan
Relevant to RACP
The act will be helpful in restricting the conversion of common land into other usage.
Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Rule, 1996
To conserve vegetative cover and protect the village grazing lands
It shall be duty of the Panchayats to take all steps for development of grasses, shrubs and plants in grazing ground and prevent encroachments. For this purpose panchayat shall give control over land in each village to five-person committee headed by the ward Panch of the village concerned and four members to be elected by Gram Sabha
Department of Panchayati Raj, Government of Rajasthan
Relevant to RACP
The provisions will help in developing village common land on which bulk of marginalized households depends for their livelihood.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) Act No. 42 of 2005
Besides, the provision of employment opportunities, priority will given to
Conservation and regeneration of water resources, drought proofing activities include afforestation and tree plantation on public
Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India and Government of Rajasthan
Relevant to RACP
Intervention under the act will provide the resources for common land
Final
50
Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP
regenerate the local natural resource base.
lands. development.
Livestock Development
Bio-Medical Waste(Management & Handling) Rules, 1998
Control the indiscriminate disposal of hospital waste/ bio medical waste to restrict the environmental hazard in the area.
It shall be the duty of the every occupier of an institution generating bio medical waste which includes Veterinary institution and animal house to ensure-that such waste is handled without any adverse effect to the human health and the environment.
State Pollution Control Board, Government of Rajasthan
Relevant to RACP
Rules will help in managing the waste generated at the veterinary health centres that may have adverse environment affects.
The Rajasthan Animal Disease Act, No. 5 of 1959
Prevention and control of disease affecting animal.
To control certain scheduled disease, restrict the movement and sale of any animals which may in the opinion of carry infection, to control holding of markets and fairs with a view of preventing the outbreak or spread of any scheduled disease
Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Rajasthan
Relevant to RACP
Provision of the act will be useful in controlling the diseases among different animal species.
The Rajasthan Livestock Improvement Act No.45 of 1958
To improve the breed of livestock.
Nobody can bring bull into an area, from any place outside it, any bull which has attained the prescribed age except in accordance with permission from competent authority. Permission will subject to the condition that the bull brought into the area is not likely to affect the breed in the local area.
Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Rajasthan
Relevant to RACP
Act will be helpful in improving the local animal breed rather than unsustainable breed brought from other environment settings.
Agricultural marketing
Model APMC
Act, 2003
Promotion of competitive marketing environment and bringing professionalism in management and marketing structure, besides the protecting the interests of the farmers.
Establish Private Markets yards, Direct Purchase Centers and Consumer/ Farmers Markets for direct sale and promotion of Public Private Partnership. Restrictions on involvement of commission agency in any transaction of agricultural commodities.
Central and State Governments
Applicable
The project aims to promote value chains and local agro-business entrepreneurs.
Rajasthan Based on the model APMC
Granting licenses for direct marketing or
Rajasthan State Agricultural marking
Applicable
Final
51
Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP
Agricultural
Produce
Marketing
(regulation)
(Amendment)
Act 2007
Act, Rajasthan Govt. made amendments to the existing APMC Act entitled Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Marketing (Amendment) Act 2007.
establishing private markets for:
a) processing of agricultural produce; b) trade for specific produce; c) export of the produce; and d) grading, packing and transactions in any other way for value addition of the produce.
Board (Government of Rajasthan)
Project will promote Farmers’ Cooperative based agriculture produce marketing
The above analysis shows that the project not just complies but furthers host of environmental
policies and acts framed by GoI and GoR in water, agriculture and market sectors. At the same time,
there are few other environmental policies/ acts that are not applicable: The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Amended: 1987; The Wildlife (Protection) Act, G.S.R.348(E),
[18/4/1995] - The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995; Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act; and, Rajasthan Irrigation and Drainage Act, 1954.
Further, two specific acts, namely, The Dam Safety Act of Rajasthan, 2010 and The Rajasthan Minor
Irrigation Works Act, Act No XII OF 1953 are also not applicable as the project proposes only small
rainwater harvesting and watershed development structures. Furthermore, two specific policies that
the project will take cognizance of but are not applicable are, the National Forest Policy 1988 and
Rajasthan Forest Policy, 2010 as the project will work on lands with clear titles only.
There is lack of specific policies and provisions relating to commons at the state level. But there
some related provisions in existing rules and regulations that can be useful in managing the
commons efficiently. The existing Rajasthan Land Revenue Act may be useful in restricting the
conversion of catchment areas of tanks and village ponds and common paths, which are the
components of commons.
The provisions of Panchyati Raj Act can certainly be helpful in managing the village commons more
efficiently. But, prevailing conditions on village commons are badly endorsed. In majority of the
villages, common are encroached by the villagers that restricted the access of the marginalized
sections of the society. Observed during the field visit to certain villages in different zones of the
Rajasthan that breakdown of village institution arrangement is cause of shrinkage of commons.
MGNREGA can be an instrument for developing the commons.
The rules and regulations include Bio Medical Waste, Rajasthan Animal Disease, The Rajasthan
Livestock Improvement and so on can helpful in livestock development across the regions.
Final
52
3.4 Policies and Acts vis-vis RACP interventions
Table 3-4: Policies and Acts vis-à-vis RACP interventions
Sector Intervention Relevant
policy/acts
Clearance
Requirement
Responsibility Time Frame (Design
stage/
implementation stage
Water--Supply
Augmentation
Water harvesting
and storage and
water recharge
structures (Contour
vegetative barriers,
wasteweirs,
contour trenches,
anicuts, tanks sub-
surface barriers,
rooftop rainwater
harvesting
structures and farm
ponds)
National
Environment
Policy 2006
Rajasthan Soil and
Water
Conservation Acts,
1964
Rajasthan State
Environment
Policy, 2010
State Water Policy
2010
The Rajasthan
Regulation and
Control of The
Development and
Management
of Ground Water
Bill, 2006 (Draft)
On public lands
clearance from PRI
Relevant PIU to
approve technical
designs
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
ES, PMU and SP2
Design stage
Installation of
rainguage stations
On public lands
clearance from PRI
IMD to approve
design of layout
and specification
of the equipment
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
PMU
Design stage
Distributary
rehabilitation
The Rajasthan
Farmers’
Participation in
Management of
Irrigation System
Act No. 21 2000
Rehabilitation
design and plan to
be approved by
Irrigation Dept
Clearance from
Forest Dept for
cutting trees of
specified types
(refer table XX for
list of trees)
PMU
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
Before undertaking
rehabilitation of
minors, as needed
Water-Demand
Management
Micro-irrigation
techniques
State Water Policy
2010
The Rajasthan
Regulation and
Control of The
Development and
Management of
Ground Water Bill,
2006 (Draft)
Specifications of
components and
vendor approval
from PIU
Layout design to
be approved by
PIU
PMU
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
Design stage
Low water
consuming crops
State Water Policy
2010
The Rajasthan
Farmers’
Participation in
Management of
Final
53
Sector Intervention Relevant
policy/acts
Clearance
Requirement
Responsibility Time Frame (Design
stage/
implementation stage
Irrigation System
Act No. 21 2000
Constructing
diggies in canal
command
PIU/ DLIC checks
with pre-approved
standard designs
Clearance from
Forest Dept for
cutting trees of
specified types
(refer table XX for
list of trees)
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
Before construction of
diggies
Climate-resilient
agriculture and
horticulture
Demonstration
package of
practices for higher
production of
select crops
National
Agriculture Policy
2000
State Agriculture
Policy, Draft
Seeds National Policy for
Farmer 2007
The Seeds Act
1966,
The Seeds Rules
1968
Soil and nutrient
management
National Policy for
Farmer 2007
Pest management National Policy for
Farmer 2007
The Insecticides
Act. 1968
Amendment:
Insecticides
(Amendment) Act,
1977 (24 of 1977
The Competent
Authority to clear
use of bio-control
agents, if any
ES, PMU, PMU To be included in
cluster plan
Post-harvest
management
Primary processing
centre--weighing,
grading and
packaging
State Policy for
promotion of agro-
Processing and
Agri-business,
2010
Rajasthan
Industrial and
Investment
Promotion Policy
2010
The Rajasthan
Land Revenue Act.
Weights and
Measures Dept
certifies the
equipments used
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
To be included in
detail cluster plan
Final
54
Sector Intervention Relevant
policy/acts
Clearance
Requirement
Responsibility Time Frame (Design
stage/
implementation stage
1956 (Conversion
of Agricultural
Land for Non-
Agricultural
Purposes in Rural
Areas) Rules, 1992
Rural Technology-
cum-animal-health
centres
The Rajasthan
Land Revenue Act.
1956 (Conversion
of Agricultural
Land for Non-
Agricultural
Purposes in Rural
Areas) Rules, 1992
On public lands
clearance from PRI
Approval of
vaccines/
medicines stocked
by PIU
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
To be included in
detail cluster plan
Stock animal
healthcare vaccines
etc
Bio-Medical Waste
(Management &
Handling) Rules,
1998
Approval of
Vaccines and
medicines stocked
by PIU
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
Design stage
Stock farm
equipments for
hiring purpose
Land Levelling Clearance from
Forest Dept for
cutting trees of
specified types
(refer table XX for
list of trees)
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
Design stage
Livestock
development and
management
Breed
improvement
through
introduction of
bucks
Buck variety
approved by
relevant PIU
ES, PMU Approval to be
included in the detail
cluster plan
Provision of
healthcare for
goats
Silvi-culture on
pasture and private
lands
Rajasthan
Panchayati Raj
Rules, 1996
Rajasthan Soil and
Water
Conservation Acts,
1964
The Rajasthan
Land Revenue Act.
1956 (Conversion
On public lands
clearance from PRI
Community
Institution with
support from SP2
Design stage
Final
55
Sector Intervention Relevant
policy/acts
Clearance
Requirement
Responsibility Time Frame (Design
stage/
implementation stage
of Agricultural
Land for Non-
Agricultural
Purposes in Rural
Areas) Rules, 1992
Value Chain Producer company
Input storage and
supply (fertiliser,
seeds, pesticide
etc)
National
Agriculture Policy
2000
Model APMC Act,
2003
Rajasthan
Agricultural
Produce Marketing
(regulation)
(Amendment) Act
2007
Seeds/ Fertiliser/
Pesticide license
from appropriate
authority
Producer Company Before producer
company starts
procurement
Output marketing
Warehouse
construction
The Warehousing
(Development and
Regulation) Act,
2007
Model APMC Act,
2003
Rajasthan
Agricultural
Produce Marketing
(regulation)
(Amendment) Act
2007
The Rajasthan
Land Revenue Act.
1956 (Conversion
of Agricultural
Land for Non-
The Warehousing
(Development and
Regulation)
Act,2007
Agricultural
Purposes in Rural
Areas) Rules, 1992
National building
Code, 1983
On public lands
clearance from PRI
Clearance from
Forest Dept for
cutting trees of
specified types
(refer table XX for
list of trees)
Producer Company Design stage
Warehouse
management
Model APMC Act,
2003
Rajasthan
Agricultural
Produce Marketing
(regulation)
Final
56
Sector Intervention Relevant
policy/acts
Clearance
Requirement
Responsibility Time Frame (Design
stage/
implementation stage
(Amendment) Act
2007
Primary processing
centre--weighing,
grading and
packaging
National
Agriculture Policy
2000
Model APMC Act,
2003
State Policy for
promotion of agro-
Processing and
Agri-business,
2010
Rajasthan
Agricultural
Produce Marketing
(regulation)
(Amendment) Act
2007
On public lands
clearance from PRI
Clearance from
Forest Dept for
cutting trees of
specified types
(refer table XX for
list of trees)
Weights and
Measures Dept
certifies the
equipments used
Producer Company Design stage
The identified gaps in the policy/ legal framework will be addressed under RACP by opting various
strategies and action plans that are proposed as part of Environment Management Framework
(EMF).
PART C: ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF RACP COMPONENT AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
DRAFT
61
4 Assessment of Environmental Impacts of RACP Component
The RACP project seeks to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market innovations that are capable of significantly increasing agricultural productivity and farmer incomes. Thus, the desired outcome of the project is to increase agricultural productivity and farmer incomes.
The key constraints to achieving these are deterioration in quality of soil, decreasing supply and access to water and global warming induced adverse climate change. Given that rainfall and surface water sources are scarce and the available limited groundwater has been overexploited in Rajasthan, water is a serious limiting factor for crop production. Climate change and an inherent inability to individually negotiate with the market have worsened the risk to cropping and farmer incomes.
4.1 Components of RACP
Component 1: Climate Resilient Agriculture: This component will support climate-resilient approaches that allows for the sustainable use of the natural resource base through agricultural and livestock production systems aiming to increase long term productivity and farm incomes in an environment marked by increased climate and, in particular, rainfall variability. More specifically, this component will support measures that improve: (a) harvest, capture, collection, delivery and distribution of water for agriculture and livestock purposes in surface water irrigated canal command areas, ground water sources and rainfed areas; (b) on-farm water use efficiency; (c) soil moisture and fertility improvements; (d) sustainable intensification and diversification of farm production; and (e) integrated crop and livestock farming systems. Component 2: Markets and Value Chains: To allow farmers to access a wider range of markets, community-level marketing capacities and skills will be strengthened under this component. This will include the support to (a) develop value chains aiming to establish longer term partnerships and market linkages between farmer groups and agribusiness enterprises, facilitated through an Agri-Business Promotion Facility (ABPF) to be established under the project; (b) develop alternate market channels; and (c) generation and dissemination of accurate and timely market information.
Component 3: Farmer organizations and capacity building : This component will support (a) capacity building through training visits and workshop. (b) mobilization and establishing of farmer groups and capacity building for participatory planning and plan implementation; (c) strengthening of institutions and human resources associated with the project implementation (i.e. participating line department and other relevant agencies);
Component 4: M&E and project Management :- This component will support (a) project management, robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system with a view of potentially scaling up approaches deemed successful under this operation across the state; and (b) building synergies and convergence with ongoing schemes from the Government of Rajasthan (GoR) and the Government of India (GoI) such as Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY; National Agricultural Development Scheme), the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS), etc. and (c) Production risk management tools.
DRAFT
62
4.2 RACP Interventions – Assessment of Environmental Impact
Based on the above discussion, the key interventions under RACP can be grouped as under:
Crop intensification
Water Harvest & Management
Livestock Management
Value chain development activities
4.2.1 Crop Intensification
Environmental Impact
The key objective of interventions in crop production is to increase crop productivity so that farmer income is also enhanced. The dominant and “business-as-usual” approach to achieving this is to intensify crop production by introducing hybrid seed varieties that respond well to chemical fertilizers and apply chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases that attack the crop.
However, use of such intense chemical based crop production technologies results in the long-run in decreased yield. Increased use of chemical pesticides leads to destruction of pest predators and increase in pest and diseases. Most, hybrid seeds are designed to respond to higher doses of chemical fertilizers and do not perform well if they are not provided.
“Negative externalities” of intensification through these kinds of technologies include s o i l degradation, over-extraction of groundwater, the build-up of pest resistance and the erosion of biodiversity.
Thus, if a “business-as-usual” approach is taken to increasing crop productivity under RACP, there is a high likelihood of use of agri-chemicals increasing substantially leading to deterioration of soil quality which would reduce crop productivity and thereby agricultural competitiveness in the long
1. Climate Resilient Agriculture
2. Markets and Value Chains
3. Farmer Organizations and Capacity Building
4. M&E, Project Management
A. Improvement of water-use efficiency B. Technology transfer and market led advisory services C. Livestock strengthening and management
A. Agribusiness Promotion Facility (ABPF) B. Pre-investment Advisory Support C. Information and Market Infrastructure Support D. Agribusiness Support
A. Farmer groups & participatory planning B. Institution strengthening C. Production risk management tools
A. Project management B. M&E, convergence C. Production risk management tools
DRAFT
63
run. Further, these agri-chemicals would pollute the village ecosystem and affect the health of the farming families in the village and their livestock as well.
However, the RACP proposes to adopt “green” agricultural practices that would promote Integrated Nutrient Management and Integrated Pest Management and therefore, the possibility of excessive use of agri-chemicals is largely mitigated.
Suggested Mitigation Measures & Good Practices
A suggested “good practice” is Sustainable Crop Production Intensification (SCPI)9 which views agriculture as a part of a larger ecosystem and tries to reduce the eco-footprint of agriculture while at the same time enhancing productivity and returns to the farmer.
It is defined as producing more from the same area of land while reducing negative environmental impacts and increasing contributions to natural capital and the flow of environmental services. SCPI views farming as an ecosystem which uses inputs, such as land, water, seed and fertilizer, to complement the natural processes that support plant growth, including pollination, natural predation for pest control, and the action of soil biota that allows plants to access nutrients.
Farming based on an ecosystem approach has three underlying principles viz.,
simultaneous achievement of increased agricultural productivity and enhancement of natural capital and ecosystem services;
higher rates of efficiency in the use of key inputs, including water, nutrients, pesticides, energy, land and labour;
use of managed and natural biodiversity to build system resilience to abiotic, biotic and economic stresses.
In order to achieve these, the following farming practices need to be followed:
minimize soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage in order to maintain soil organic matter, soil structure and overall soil health;
enhance and maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, using crops, cover crops or crop residues, in order to protect the soil surface, conserve water and nutrients, promote soil biological activity and contribute to integrated weed and pest management;
the use of well adapted, high-yielding varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and improved nutritional quality;
enhanced crop nutrition based on healthy soils, through crop rotations and judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizer;
integrated management of pests, diseases and weeds using appropriate practices and use of bio-control agents and IPM strategy.
efficient water management, by obtaining “more crops from fewer drops” while maintaining soil health and minimizing off-farm externalities
9 http://www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/en/1/index.html
DRAFT
64
Table 4-1 shows some of the environmental benefits of ecosystem based farming practices.
Table 4-1: Environmental benefits of ecosystem farming
Farming practice for ecosystem management
Objective Mulch cover Minimized or no tillage
Legumes to supply plant nutrients
Crop rotation
Simulate optimum “forest-floor” conditions
Reduce evaporative loss of moisture from soil surface
Reduce evaporative loss from upper soil layers
Minimize oxidation of soil organic matter and loss of CO2
Minimize soil compaction
Minimize temperature fluctuations at soil surface
Provide regular supply of organic matter as substrate for soil organism activity
Increase, maintain nitrogen levels in root zone
Increase cation exchange capacity of root zone
Maximize rain infiltration, minimize runoff
Minimize soil loss in runoff and wind
Permit, maintain natural layering of soil horizons through action of soil biota
Minimize weeds
Increase rate of biomass production
Speed recuperation of soil porosity by soil biota
Reduce labour input
DRAFT
65
Thus, adverse environmental impacts of crop intensification can be totally mitigated by adopting SCPI which is based on treating farming as an integral part of the local ecosystem. Therefore, while the EMF would provide guidance on each aspect of crop production in the EMF Tool Kit it is suggested that the RACP adopts SCPI as the key crop productivity enhancement strategy and mainstream it as part of the PIP.
Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures Table 4-2 shows interventions in the area of Crop Intensification, environmental impacts arising from it and suggested measures to mitigate it:
Table 4-2: Crop Intensification, Issues & Mitigation Measures
Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance for Mitigation
Crop Selection Selected crop may lead to consumption of more water
EG Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.2
Selected cropping pattern may lead to nutrient depletion
EG Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.3
Seed Selection Variety may not be suited to the area or preferred by the farmers
EG Agri 2: Seed Selection Clause 2.2.1
Seed selected may be pest or disease infected leading to pest attack and crop loss or increased use of chemical pesticides
EG Agri 2: Seed Selection Clause 2.3
Genetically modified seeds may be used that are not approved for use in Rajasthan
EG Agri 2: Seed Selection Clause 2.2.2
Soil Health & Nutrient Management
Degradation of soil physical characteristics due to intensive cropping
EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management Clause 3.2
Deterioration of nutrient content of soil due to intensive cropping
EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management Clause 3.3
Increased and imbalanced use of chemical fertilisers
EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management Clause 3.3
Reduce fuel/energy inputs
Recycle nutrients
Reduce pest-pressure of pathogens
Rebuild damaged soil conditions and dynamics
Pollination services
DRAFT
66
Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance for Mitigation
Pest & Disease Management
Increased chemical pesticide use
EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management Clause 4.2
Increased incidence of pests if the same crop is promoted repeatedly
EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management Clause 4.2
Safety issues in storing and using chemical pesticides
EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management Clause 4.3
Demand-side Water Management
Introduction of micro irrigation devices may lead to expansion of cropped area leading to no net reduction in water used in agriculture sector
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.2
Cropping pattern may be leading to unsustainable use of available water
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.2 and also EC Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.2
It may be difficult to ensure that individual users agree to use water as per an aquifer based crop-water plan
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.3
Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs
Poor storage, handling can lead to spills and leaks of fertilizers and pesticides leading to contamination of soil and water
EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs Clause 5.2 (Building a storage), 5.3 (Loading & Unloading)
Poor storage may lead to pest and disease infestation of seeds
EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs Clause 5.4
4.2.2 Water Harvesting & Water Management
Water harvesting and water management activities are expected to be implemented under 3 water regimes in the RACP, namely, rain fed, groundwater based and surface water based. The main objectives are to harvest and store water in rain fed systems, harvest and recharge in groundwater systems and under all water regimes to sustainably use water for cropping and livestock, reduce use of water in agriculture sector and increase water-use efficiency in cropping.
Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures
In addition, to water harvest and storage, the RACP seeks to actively manage the use of water in agriculture. RACP should incorporate at the design stage itself a water management strategy that is based on matching cropping pattern with sustainably harvestable/usable water. In the case of rain fed systems this may be treated as water harvest and storage of not more than a certain
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percentage10 of measured current runoff, while in groundwater systems it may be defined as less than or equal to the measured actual annual recharge. In canal based systems it may be defined as the targeted net savings desired from implementation of RACP in the command area of a distributary.
In addition RACP should as a rule apply water wherever feasible only through micro irrigation devices. Other cultural means of conserving resources such as zero or minimal tillage, constant maintenance of green cover or soil mulching, etc., would be promoted.
As in the case of crop production, the RACP would mainstream the concepts of matching cropping pattern to water availability, use of micro irrigation system as a rule and adoption of water conservation techniques.
Overall, activities under this subcomponent are expected to reduce absolute quantity of water use in agriculture while increasing water-use efficiency. Therefore, environmental impacts are expected to be positive.
Table 4-3: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Water Harvesting and Water Management)
Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance
Water Harvesting Recharge & Storage Structures Rehabilitation of Distributaries Digging of Diggies
Top soil removal
EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Clause 7.2
Cutting of trees
EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Clause 7.2 and also EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Pasture Land Use Clause 11.2
Siltation of storage structures
EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Clause 7.3
Too many water harvesting structures may affect downstream flows
EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Clause 7.3.1
With ground water getting recharged more bore wells are dug and more water is extracted
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.3
With distributaries rehabilitated and diggies dug farmers would expand cropped area and also prefer water intensive crops
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.3 EG Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.2
Harvested and stored water is used inefficiently by flood irrigation
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.2 (Compulsory use of micro irrigation devices)
10
Technical norms may be drawn up for determining this percentage. Community consultations during finalizing the norms is essential to ensure acceptability and practicability
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4.2.3 Livestock Management
Environmental Impact
RACP has recognized the importance of livestock in ensuring nutrient recycling in cropping systems. Accordingly, it has included a component that focuses on improving livestock management, especially for goats. The key environmental impact of this activity would be shortage of fodder and increased grazing pressure on existing pastures.
Further, the project proposes to provide health care through organizing Animal Health Camps and also by providing permanent services through a Rural Technology Centre-cum-Animal Health Centre. The likely impacts of these are issues related to safe disposal of syringes, needles and vaccines used in treating the animals.
Suggested Mitigation Measures
Therefore, there is a need to develop silvi-pasture (tree & grasses) lands on common and private land, bring in improved feed practices such as using chaff cutters to ensure that there is no rejection of fodder by the animals, use of mineral supplements to increase productivity, inclusion of fodder crops in the cropping pattern to ensure year-round feed and fodder availability etc. Of these, for small ruminants, development of silvi-pastures is the most important intervention since they need both tree leaves as well as grasses. Further, since small ruminants are almost entirely free grazed, availability of well-developed silvi-pastures is very essential.
Table 4-4: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Livestock Management)
Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance
Breed improvement of goats through introduction of bucks
Breed may not be suited to the area
EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing Clause 8.2
Fodder may not be sufficient to support the herd
EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing Clause 8.2
Animal Health Inputs
Disposal of used and expired vaccines and bio-medical waste
EG Livestock 1: Animal Health Inputs Clause 9.2
Use of banned veterinary medicines EG Livestock 1: Animal Health Inputs Clause 9.3
4.2.4 Storage & Marketing of Inputs and Produce
Environmental Impact & Mitigation Measures
Storage and processing of produce are activities expected to be taken up under value chain development component of the RACP. The key environmental impact of building storage structures is felling of trees to clear the land. This impact may be mitigated by selecting a site that is free of trees, failing which compensatory planting in the ratio of 1:10 trees for every tree felled may be taken up. The individual /community/Producer Organization owning / building the storage structure should be made responsible for not only carrying out compensatory planting but also for ensuring 100% survival for at least 3 years from the date of planting.
Dust, noise and discharge & disposal of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are expected to be the chief environmental impacts sorting grading and any primary processing. However, the environmental impact of these activities needs to be assessed on a case to case basis before mitigation measures are suggested.
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Table 4-5: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Storage and marketing)
Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance
Warehouse Construction
Cutting trees
EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Pasture Land Use Clause 11.2
Top soil removal
EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Clause 7.2
Construction on pastureland affecting fodder supply
EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Pasture Land Use Clause 11.3
Improper construction leading to damage of stored material
EG Common 1: Building Construction Clause 10.3
4.2.5 Operations of Farmer Producer Organization
Environmental Impacts
The operations of a Farmer Producer Organization (FPC) includes input supply to its members, output marketing and processing support to its members, providing warehousing facility, etc. All the activities when carried out in a “business-as-usual” manner would affect the environment in one way or the other. For example if the FPC were to promote agrichemicals indiscriminately, as a pesticides dealer would, it would result in increased use of such chemicals in the project area. Therefore, there is a need for the FPC to operate as a responsible business entity.
Suggested Mitigation Measures
Many of the Environmental Guidance (EG) developed for RACP activities would also be relevant to the FPC. Therefore, it is suggested that the FPCs be encouraged to adopt a Code of Practice that would incorporate several suggestion given in the various EGs, in addition to having several provisions of its own. In addition, it is suggested that every FPC should develop its own Code of Practice.
Table 4-6: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (FPC operations)
Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance
Farmer Producer Organization
FPC activities may promote increased use of agri chemicals
EG Producer Organization 1: Code of Practices Clauses 12.2 & 12.3
4.3 Classification of RACP Interventions based on Environmental Impacts
Based on the discussion in the preceding sections, most of the RACP interventions may be categorized as having a “low” level of impact on the environment. However, given the large scale of implementation of RACP activities, there could be a “medium” level of environmental impact sheerly due to cumulative effects of individual activities.
Therefore, most of the project activities are being classified as “low/medium” meaning that while the individual activity is classified as having a “low” level of environmental impact, at a cumulative
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level in each cluster it could have a “medium” level of impact. Table 4-7 shows the classification of activities based on degree of environmental impact11:
Table 4-7: Classification of impacts of RACP interventions
Impact Category
Criteria Remarks/Example Application of EMF
LOW /MEDIUM
Individually these activities have a “low” level of impact (limited and/or short term adverse impact on the environment and on health) But at a cumulative level these projects may have longer term adverse impact on environment
Crop Intensification
Water Harvesting & Management,
Livestock Development & Management,
Operations of Farmers Producers Company,
Construction of Warehouses, Rural Technology Centre, etc.
Simple Environmental Guidance applied through the use of checklists to ensure compliance. The EGs would be applied at planning stage to ensure incorporation in design of the activity itself. For a few activities such as construction of farm ponds, the Rural technology centre, etc., it would also be applied at the time of accordingly approval for executing the works.
MEDIUM These projects have long term deteriorating impact on environment and technical intervention is required to identify specific mitigation measures.
Dal mill, processing of fruits, etc.
Case by case Environmental Assessment by ES, PMU.
As of now, out of the activities identified under the RACP, no activity may be classified under “high” degree of environmental impact. However, it is suggested that as and when any activity is taken up that would clearly not fall under “low or medium” level of environmental impacts, the ES, PMU with help from the relevant PIU may classify it is as “high” and take appropriate measures to have a third party environmental assessment of the same.
11
The list of activities given here is by no means exhaustive or exclusive. As and when new activities arise, the ES, PMU should assess its environmental impact and classify them accordingly.
PART D: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK
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5 Chapter 5: Environmental Management Framework
The EMF for the RACP describes the strategy and plan for implementing environmental management and safeguards in the project.
5.1 Rationale and Objectives
The development objective of the proposed RACP project is to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market innovations across selected regions of Rajasthan – each marked by different agro-ecological, climatic, water resource and social conditions – capable of significantly increasing agricultural productivity and farmer incomes.
The focus of the EMF will be to introduce and strengthen environmental management by community level institutions so as to contribute to the sustainability of the project interventions and their benefits to the community thereby enhancing the competitiveness of agriculture in Rajasthan.
The objectives of the EMF:
contribute to livelihood security through better of management of natural resources
facilitate compliance with Bank's environmental safeguard policies and with laws/regulations of the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Rajasthan (GoR)
facilitate adoption of environment-friendly project activities
institutionalize environmental management in the community institutions supported by the RACP
5.2 Process of Development of the EMF
The process of development of the EMF included:
Secondary research on environmental status of Rajasthan
Review of the relevant legal and regulatory provisions
Review of EMFs and other relevant documents from existing Bank supported livelihood and agricultural competitiveness projects
Field Assessment& Consultations with key stakeholders (See Annexure-I)
5.3 Scope of Application of EMF
The EMF applies across the board to all components under the project. Table 5-1 presents the mapping of its various elements to the project components:
Table 5-1: Mapping of EMF on RACP components
Component Activities Relevant provisions in EMF
Component 1:
Climate Resilient Agriculture
Improvement of water-use efficiency
Technology transfer & market led advisory services
Livestock strengthening and management
EMP by community institutions
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Component Activities Relevant provisions in EMF
Component 2:
Markets and Value Chains
Value chain development
Alternative market development
Market information services
EMP /EIA for Producer Organization activities
Code of Practices for Producer Organization
Component 3:
Capacity Building, M&E, Project Management
Farmer groups & participatory planning
EMP preparation, implementation and monitoring
Institution strengthening Environment Specialist at PMU
Development of operational manuals and training modules for state & district teams and community professionals on environmental management
Project management, M&E, convergence
Management of EMF implementation
Production risk management tools
5.4 Strategic Approach of EMF
The EMF strategy is to integrate and mainstream environment management into the project cycle right from the planning and design stage. shows the various stages of the project cycle and the EMF strategy.
Figure 5-1: Stages of Project Cycle and EMF Strategy
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5.5 Components of EMF
5.5.1 EMF Toolkit
Contents of the toolkit The toolkit contains the following:
A ‘regulatory requirements list’: This list is drawn up on the basis of a review of the existing law and regulations of the Government of India, the Government of Rajasthan and the safeguard policies of the World Bank. The list is provided at Annex B. This initial list needs to be validated and updated by the PMU in consultation with the respective line departments.
Classification of project activities by degree of environmental impact: This list has been drawn up on the basis on implementation experience in the Bank's existing livelihood and agriculture projects and an analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed activities in RACP. See Section 4.3.
Environmental guidelines for key project activities12: Guidelines are provided for Crop Intensification, Water Resources Development & Management, Livestock Development & Management and Post-harvest storage and processing. These include a listing of the possible impacts and the relevant mitigation measures.
Environmental Management Plan Checklists: Specimen EMP Checklists have been provided for 7 sets of project activities that help the user apply the EGs and prepare a mitigation plan.
The entire EMF Toolkit that includes the above components is provided in Annex B.
Further action required to make the toolkit usable:
The toolkit provided in this EMF (Annex B) will be used as basic reference material by ES, PMU to validate the regulatory requirements list and the environmental guidelines in consultation with the relevant line departments and technical support institutions (Krishi Vignan Kendras, NGOs, etc.). These will subsequently be translated into the local language and made available to all the DLICs, SP1, SP2, SP3, community institutions and Producer Companies in an appropriate form (simple language, illustrations, flipchart format, etc.).
Use of toolkit:
The ‘regulatory requirements list’ will need to be complied with by all the community groups, institutions and producer collectives in the project. It will be part of the Community Operational Manual and relevant project communications to the state and district teams and community institutions. The toolkit will be used by the SP1 as a basic reference material in development of EMPs as part of the CACP and DPR preparation. In addition, the toolkit would also apply for specific activities that may be outsourced to entities such as engineers for design of buildings, warehouses, etc.
5.6 Process of EMP Preparation
As described in Section 5.4, the EMF would be applied at the stage of preparing the CACP/ DPR (SP1) and for a few activities at the time of seeking approval for its execution.
12
The EGs provided are for activities currently identified in the RACP. As and when more activities are identified, the ES, PMU may in consultations with the relevant PIU develop appropriate EGs.
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Figure 5-2 shows the process of EMP preparation and approval in RACP.
Figure 5-2: Process of EMP preparation and process of approval in RACP
Thus, review and approval of the filled up EMP Checklists by the EFP, DPMU and the ES, PMU is needed before the CACP and the sub-plans13 under the DPR are approved by the DLIC and the PMU. This would ensure that the EGs provided in the EMF Toolkit are complied with during the preparation of the CACP and the DPR itself and thus mitigation measures are integrated at the planning stage itself.
For example, in preparing an EMP for Crop Intensification Plan, the SP1 would refer to the Environmental Guidelines on package of practices for crop production and ensure that the plan has:
Cropping pattern strategy that is based on matching crop water requirement with water available for sustainable use
Seed Selection and Treatment Plan,
Integrated Nutrient Management Plan,
Integrated Pest Management Plan,
Integrated Water Management Plan In addition, it would list other actions required at various levels to implement the various components of the package of practices. For example to implement use of organic manures, action is need at individual and group level to initiate vermicomposting or composting activities. Similarly, to implement use of non-chemical pesticides, individuals and groups need to be trained in preparation of pesticides based on locally available material such as cow urine, neem leaves, etc., Further, it
13
Crop Intensification Plan, Water Harvest & Management Plan, Livestock Development & Management Plan and the Value Chain Development and Management Plan
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would also require adoption of certain activities to ensure safety to users such as use of face mask and gloves while handling dangerous chemical pesticides, etc.
Further, for specific activities such as construction of farm ponds, Rural Technology Centres, etc., an EMP Checklist would have to be filled up at the time of seeking specific approval for execution of the same.
5.6.1 Environmental Guidance, Stage of Application & Responsibility
Table 5-2 shows the various EGs, the stage of their application and entities responsible for their application. As can be observed EGs associated with Crop Intensification are almost exclusively to be applied at the stage of designing the Package of Practices itself. EGs associated with construction and water harvesting activities are to be applied at the time of preparing the CACP, DPR as well as at the time of sanctioning the particular investment activity.
Table 5-2: Responsibility and stage of application of various EGs
Environmental Guidance
Stage of Application Responsibility
EG Agri 1: Crop Selection
Design of Package of Practices SP1 during CACP SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation
EG Agri 2: Seed Selection
Design of Package of Practices & at the time of purchase of seeds for distribution
SP1 during CACP SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation.
EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management
Design of Package of Practices & at the time of purchase of fertilizers including biofertilizers for distribution At the time of implementation to ensure that adequate preparations are made to produce and or supply organic manures and biofertilizers
SP1 during CACP for design of INM strategy SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation. It should ensure that activities to produce and supply organic manures and biofertilizers are also taken up well in advance of planting the crop
EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management
Design of Package of Practices & at the time of purchase of pesticides including biopesticides / bio-control agents /pheromone traps for distribution At the time of implementation to ensure that adequate preparations are made to produce and or supply bio-pesticides and /or bio-control agents
SP1 during CACP for design of IPM strategy SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation. It should ensure that activities to implement IPM (such as selection of pest resistant variety, sourcing bio-control agents for seed treatment, etc.) are carried out well in advance of planting date
EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs
At the time of design, construction and operation of the storage facility
Design engineers for design and construction of the storage facility Initially, SP2 & the Community institution for operation of the facility Later on, Producer Organization for operation & maintenance of the storage facility
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Environmental Guidance
Stage of Application Responsibility
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management
At the time of design of cropping plan in CACP As a process during implementation of water management plan
SP1 during preparation of CACP, especially in selection of crops and cropping pattern SP2 along with community institutions to implement Crop Water budgeting
EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage
At the time of CACP At the time of sanction of individual structure for implementation
SP1 during preparation of CACP SP2 along with community institutions at the time of site level planning and execution of the structures
EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing
At the time of CACP At the time of preparation of the Livestock Development & Management Plan
SP1 during preparation of CACP SP2 along with community institutions at the time of preparation of the Livestock Development & Management Plan
EG Livestock 1: Animal Health Inputs
At the time of CACP At the time of conducting Animal Health Camps
SP1 during preparation of CACP SP2 along with community institutions at the time of planning/conducting Animal Health Camps
EG Common 1: Building Construction
At the time of CACP At the time of design and approval of building plans
SP1 during preparation of CACP Design consultants/engineers hired for designing and executing the structures
EG Common 2: Tree Cutting, Pasture Land Use
This EG shall be adopted by the RACP as a general rule of engagement applicable to all activities supported by it At the time of CACP(SP1) and DPR (SP2) At the time of design and approval of building plans, water harvesting structures, etc.
SP1 during preparation of CACP SP2 during implementation of relevant CACP activities. Design consultants/engineers hired for designing and executing the structures
EG Producer Organization 1: Code of Practices
At the time of preparation of the business plan of the FPC
ES, PMU, EFP, DPMU and SP2 along with BoD of FPC
5.7 Mapping EMF Implementation to Project Activity Cycle
It is envisaged that SP1 would prepare a CACP in a cluster over a period of 3-6 months. As described in Sections 5.4 and 5.5.2 the EMF would be applied at this stage and review and approval of EMP would be a precondition to approving the CACP. The CACP/DPR would cover the thematic areas of Crop Intensification, Water Harvest & Management, Livestock Development & Management and Value Chain Development and Management. During or after the CACP preparation, SP2 would initiate project activities in a cluster beginning with entry point activities and group formation.
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This would be followed by preparation of a Detailed Project Report by the Community with support from the SP2. This DPR would be based on an aggregation of several microplans14 across the thematic areas of Crop Intensification, Water Harvest & Management, Livestock Development & Management and Value Chain Development and Management. Table 5-3 shows how the EMF would be applied to the Project Activity Cycle once SP2 initiates project activities in a cluster.
14
Suitable units based on geography or affinity groups may be chosen for anchoring the microplans. The preparation of microplans is essential to ensure community ownership in planning, implementation and monitoring of the project.
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Table 5-3: Mapping EMF implementation to Project Cycle
Phase CACP Preparation Phase
Group formation & Implementation Planning Phase
Pilot Implementation Phase Scale-up & Crop Production Stabilization Phase
Value Chain Development & PO Strengthening Phase
Project Withdrawal Phase
Activity -6 months to start of project activities by SP2
A(0-6 months) B(7-24 months) C (25-36 months) D(36-48 months) E (48-60 months)
Institutional Building
Consultations by SP1 with community to prepare CACP
Entry point activities, Group formation - Commodity groups, Water User Groups, etc.
Group Strengthening, formation of Village Level Federation
Group strengthening, Village Level Federation strengthening, formation of Producer Collective/Company
Strengthening of groups, Village Level Federations & Producer Collective/Company
Withdrawal from institution building activities
CACP Implementation by SP2
Initiation of piloting of planned activities
Piloting implementation of planned activities. At the end of this phase, all the three plans should have been successfully demonstrated in pilots and limited scale-up initiated. Cropping Pattern, Crop productivity and crop production package should have become stable and standardized.
Scale-up of implementation to cover entire cluster, stabilization of water and livestock management.
Continued implementation of activities to cover entire cluster.
Withdrawal from CACP activities.
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Phase CACP Preparation Phase
Group formation & Implementation Planning Phase
Pilot Implementation Phase Scale-up & Crop Production Stabilization Phase
Value Chain Development & PO Strengthening Phase
Project Withdrawal Phase
Activity -6 months to start of project activities by SP2
A(0-6 months) B(7-24 months) C (25-36 months) D(36-48 months) E (48-60 months)
Value Chain Development Plan (VCDP) as part of CACP Implementation
Value Chain Analysis and Value Chain Development Plan (as part of DPR) developed by end of 30 months. Limited business activities of FPC initiated.
Development of business plan of FPC based on value chain analysis by 40th months. Implementation of value chain development plan, including business plan of FPC
Continued support to FPCs to manage their business.
EMF for CACP activities
Preparation of EMP and incorporation of mitigation measures /good management practices suggested in the Environmental Guidelines at the design stage itself in the sub-plans of the DPR
Implementation of EMP in pilots, monitoring performance
Implementation of EMP in pilots, monitoring performance and annual revision of EMP, if required.
Implementation of EMP to go hand-in-hand with scale-up of implementation.
Implementation of EMP to go hand-in-hand with scale-up of implementation.
Implementation of EMP to go hand-in-hand with scale-up of implementation. Preparation of end-term environment monitoring report
EMF for VCDP activities
Identification of activities under VCDP, classifying them based on degree of environmental impact and
Implementation, monitoring and revision of VCDP-EMP
Implementation, monitoring and revision of VCDP-EMP. Preparation
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Phase CACP Preparation Phase
Group formation & Implementation Planning Phase
Pilot Implementation Phase Scale-up & Crop Production Stabilization Phase
Value Chain Development & PO Strengthening Phase
Project Withdrawal Phase
Activity -6 months to start of project activities by SP2
A(0-6 months) B(7-24 months) C (25-36 months) D(36-48 months) E (48-60 months)
getting an EMP prepared by appropriate technical agencies where required. For activities that have low or medium environmental impacts, a simple check-list based EMP may be prepared based on specific and generic EGs provided in the EMF Toolkit
of end-term environment monitoring report
EMF Monitoring Activity-wise review of EMPs by DPMU followed by quarterly monitoring reports during and upto completion of activity. Annual monitoring report by external monitor
Activity-wise review of EMPs by DPMU followed by quarterly monitoring reports during and upto completion of activity. Mid-term environmental review of the project and would include assessment of cumulative environmental impacts of and suggestions for mitigation of the same.
Activity-wise review of EMPs by DPMU followed by quarterly monitoring reports during and upto completion of activity. Annual monitoring report by external monitor.
Activity-wise review of EMPs by DPMU followed by quarterly monitoring reports during and upto completion of activity. Annual monitoring report by external monitor.
Activity-wise review of EMPs by DPMU followed by quarterly monitoring reports during and upto completion of activity. End-term monitoring report by external monitor.
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5.8 Institutional Arrangements
Given the wide variety of activities and the large scale of implementation, institutional arrangements for implementation of the EMF are being proposed at 4 levels namely, State, District, Cluster & Community. The following sections provide details of the institutional arrangements including roles and responsibilities.
5.8.1 Institutional Arrangements in RACP Team
Table 5-4: Institutional Arrangements in RACP Team
Level Post Responsibilities Profile
State Environment Specialist, PMU
Provide strategic guidance to RACP in the area of environmental management (including scouting and operationalizing Green Opportunities) including identification of: focus areas for intervention, needs emerging from EMPs, technical and capacity building requirements, etc. Validate the EMF toolkit (regulatory requirements list, environmental guidelines) in consultation with the relevant line departments and technical support institutions (academic institutions, NGOs, etc.) in the state Ensure quality in implementation of the EMF in the state Provide technical assistance to EFP, DPMU and SP1, SP2 in preparing EMPs and/or help in identifying external agencies for preparing EIA/EMP for activities with high environment impacts. Coordinate closely with relevant thematic counterparts in the PMU and DLIC team (agriculture, animal husbandry, capacity building, etc.) for mainstreaming of environmental management (including Green Opportunities) Coordinate with capacity building resource agency to ensure timely delivery of quality capacity building services to PMU/DLIC/SP2 teams in environmental management (including Green Opportunities) Ensure regular district level monitoring of EMF implementation Undertake monitoring visits to clusters to get feedback and provide support on EMF implementation Dissemination of best practices and cross learning across states Organize annual, midterm and end term monitoring by external agencies
10-15 years of experience in environmental/NRM management specifically Agriculture and/or Water Management in the rural context (or in a related field). Post-graduate qualification in Natural Resources Management, Agriculture, Environmental Science, Forest Management, Rural Management or a relevant discipline.
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Level Post Responsibilities Profile
District Environmental Focal Point in DPMU/ DLIC
15 (EFP-
DPMU)
Ensure quality in implementation of the EMF in the district Facilitation of detailed environmental appraisal by technically qualified personnel for activities requiring the same (as indicated in Annex B) Coordinate with capacity building resource agency to ensure timely delivery of quality capacity building services to DLIC/SP2 teams in environmental management Undertake regular district level monitoring of EMF implementation Dissemination of best practices and cross learning across the district
5-7 years of experience in environmental/NRM management specifically Agriculture and/or Water Management in the rural context (or in a related field). Post-graduate qualification in Natural Resources Management, Agriculture, Environmental Science or a relevant discipline.
5.8.2 Cluster Level Arrangements - Service Providers
Since the key strategy of the EMF is to mainstream many of the mitigation measures being suggested in the EGs, SP1 & SP2 (Service Providers) would have important roles to play.
Table 5-5: Cluster Level Arrangements- Service Providers
Cluster SP1 Responsible for integrating EGs into the CACP Ensuring that CACP complies with EGs provided in the EMF and is approved by the EFP, DPMU and ES, PMU
SP1 team should have sound knowledge of
Agriculture
Soil & Water Conservation
Agri-input storage and supply
Relevant laws, policies and regulations related to RACP activities
Cluster SP2 Responsible for facilitation of Community Institutions in
Preparation of EMP for various activities proposed under RACP
Preparation of EMP for various activities proposed under RACP
Implementation of RACP activities with relevant mitigation measures
SP2 team should have sound knowledge of
Agriculture (especially implementing IPM, FFS)
Soil & Water Conservation
Agri-input storage and supply
Relevant laws, policies and regulations related to RACP activities
Well versed in participatory planning and implementation
15
An officer from one the line departments with relevant experience may be designated as the Environmental Focal Point in the DPMU/DLIC
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5.8.3 Community Level Arrangements
Activities under the RACP are meant to not only increase the competitiveness of agriculture in the short run, but also equip the communities to sustain it by transferring knowledge on various aspects of managing an agri-ecosystem. The EMF provides a strong platform for enabling this by requiring communities to participate in planning and implementing the EMF with the support of the SP2.
Table 5-6: Community Level Arrangements
Community Environment Resource Persons in Cluster Level Community Organisation
Responsible for
Integration of EGs at the time of design of various sub-plans in the DPR
Preparation of EMP for various activities proposed under RACP
Implementation of RACP activities with relevant mitigation measures
Monitoring of implementation of EGs and its outcomes
Producer Company Environment Management Committee in Farmer Producer Company
Develop and implement the CoP for the FPC (including regulatory requirements + other voluntary norms) Undertake monitoring of implementation of the CoP by its members
5.9 Environment Audit & Monitoring Framework
Regular and periodic monitoring of the strategies and practices proposed in the EGs would be required for assessing the effectiveness and extent of implementation of the same. In addition, internal audit of the implementation of the EMF on an annual basis is proposed.
5.9.1 Monitoring Indicators
To help internal and external monitoring and auditing, each EG has been provided with two sets of indicators, namely,
Process Monitoring Indicators to assess the extent of adoption of the EGs
Outcome Monitoring Indicators to assess the extent of mitigation achieved by adoption of the EG
Table 5-7 shows the EG-wise process and outcome indicators that may be used for auditing and monitoring purposes. These indicators are neither exhaustive not exclusive. More indicators may be identified and adopted by the RACP.
Table 5-7: EG-wise process and outcome indicators
Environmental Guidance Process Indicators Outcome Indicators
EG Agri 1: Crop Selection % of CACPs where crops have been selected based on water availability % of CACPS which have identified cropping pattern based on crop rotation
% of farmers following crops recommended based on water availability % of farmers following recommended cropping pattern
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Environmental Guidance Process Indicators Outcome Indicators
EG Agri 2: Seed Selection % of CACPs where varieties have been based on recommended varieties % of CACPS which have detailed seed selection & treatment process in the Package of Practices
% of varieties of seeds that are based recommended variety for the region
EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management
% of CACPs where INM and detailed strategy for its promotion have been presented % of farmers who have been issued Soil Health Cards % of farmers who have received Soil Test results before taking up cropping
% of farmers who are applying fertilizers as per dosage recommended by the Soil Test result % reduction in use of chemical fertilizers over baseline in kg/Ha.
EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management
% of CACPs where IPM and detailed strategy for its promotion have been presented % of farmers who have attended training on IPM
% of farmers who have adopted all components of IPM. % reduction in use of chemical pesticides over baseline in l/Ha.
EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs
% of storage facilities being used that follow precautions mentioned in EG Agri 5
EG Agri 6: Water Use Management
Since this is a major project component monitoring will be a mainstream activity
Since this is a major project component monitoring will be a mainstream activity
EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage
% farm ponds with inlet and outlet channels % farm ponds/earthen bunds with vegetative cover to prevent erosion and siltation % farm ponds with safety provisions including vegetable creepers grown on nylon nets, ring of fodder and fruit trees, etc.
EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing Ratio of elite bucks of chosen breed to no. of females in a herd/goat rearers group % of nondescript and mixed breed kids castrated to total kid population
% of herd showing full characteristics of chosen breed
EG Livestock 1: Animal Health Inputs
% of animal health camps that have adopted safe disposal of medical wastes % Animal Health Camp sites that have a safe disposal pit
EG Common 1: Building Construction
EG Common 2: Tree Cutting, Pasture Land Use
% of trees actually planted as compared to no. of trees to be taken up under compensatory planting
EG Producer Organization 1: Code of Practices
% FPCs with a CoP developed and adopted by the BoD
5.9.2 Integrating Monitoring Indicators with PMIS & CACP
In addition, these indicators would also be included in the Project Management Information System (PMIS) which would collect information on these indicators periodically. Baseline information, where
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required to measure progress as per these indicators would be collected by SP1 during the preparation of the Environment section of the CACP.
5.9.3 Internal Monitoring
Internal monitoring of the implementation of the EMF shall be conducted every year. It shall cover all EGs for all activities in all clusters where RACP was implemented in that year. The monitoring shall cover all activities irrespective of their classification in terms of impact on the environment.
The Internal Monitoring team shall be constituted as follows for every district/cluster:
The District/Cluster Internal Monitoring team shall be headed by the ES, PMU drawn from a cluster/district that is different from the cluster being audited
It shall include as its members, ES, PMU and SP2 (of the cluster being monitored), representatives of relevant line departments not below the rank of a block level officer and President/Secretary of the Cluster Level Community Organization.
Even in the initial years when the Cluster Level Community Organization is not yet mature, its representatives would be included in the Internal Audit team to help them learn the process.
The ES, PMU shall, well before the end of the year constitute the Internal Monitoring teams as described above and notify the members. He shall convene a meeting of the SP2, ES, PMU and other members and in consultation with them prepare a set of checklists to audit each EG. Broadly, the methodology shall cover 100% desk review of documentation generated in according approval to various activities, site visits to cover a sample of the beneficiaries, physical verification and discussions with beneficiaries.
Specifically, the monitoring shall cover all activities listed as “High” impact and not less than 30% of all activities listed as “Low/Medium” impact.
The Internal Monitoring in each cluster/district would end with a debriefing meeting with the Community Institutions, SP2 which would be chaired by the ES, PMU. The Internal Monitoring report shall inter alia suggest changes/improvements in EGs, implementation modalities and identify needs for further specific training. Changes if any, to the EGs shall be made by the ES, PMU after due consultations with relevant line departments. Changed EGs shall be notified in writing within 7 days of making the same by circulating the revised EG to all EFP, DPMUs and SP2.
The ES, PMU shall compile all Cluster Level Internal Monitoring Reports and present a RACP Internal Monitoring Report on implementation and performance of the EMF to the PMU. The PD shall chair the review meeting of the Internal Monitoring reports. Findings and suggestions of the RACP Internal Monitoring Report on EMF shall be a part and parcel of the annual review of the PD, PMU for that year.
5.9.4 External Auditing of EMF
In addition, to the annual internal review of the EMF, an external agency shall be hired by the PMU to carry out auditing and evaluation of the performance of the EMF, its implementation and environmental impacts of RACP activities. Two such external reviews are mandatory namely, one at the end of 2 year (Mid-term) and at the end of the 4th year (End term). All external Audits would be begun after the annual internal audit report has been accepted by the PD, PMU for that year.
The external auditing shall assess performance of the RACP with respect to
Compliance with the EMF
Performance of the EMF with respect to mitigating environmental impacts
Extent of internalization of environmental aspects by the community with respect to cropping and water use.
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In carrying out the auditing, it shall use the process and outcome indicators mentioned for each EG, but shall not be limited by it. In consultation with the ES, PMU it may develop new ones or refine the existing ones or do both.
The External Monitoring Agency shall have a team of personnel drawn from the following disciplines:
Agronomy / Agricultural extension / Entomology / Soil Science who are experienced in design and implementation of INM and IPM in addition to sustainable crop intensification
Hydrology / Water/Irrigation engineering, preferably ground water
Community development with experience in participatory research techniques
In clusters focused on goatery, a veterinarian with expertise in goatery shall be included in addition to above mentioned team.
The external auditing will cover all clusters and all activities of the RACP carried out up until the time of the visit of the external monitoring team. It shall cover 100% of all activities listed as “high” on impact, 30% of all activities listed as “low/medium” on impact in each and every cluster where RACP has been implemented.
The broad approach to the external auditing will include desk review of relevant documentation, including cluster level internal monitoring reports, site visit, physical verification, discussions with individual beneficiaries, focus group discussions with Community Institutions, discussions with SP2 and relevant line departments, etc. Where necessary, the auditing team may set up simple field level experiments to gather physical data. Therefore, adequate time should be given to the External Auditing team to complete the exercise.
5.9.5 Community-led Internal Monitoring
To encourage the community to internalize knowledge of environmental issues and their mitigation measures, a platform for reviewing their own performance is sought to be provided through instituting an Annual Community-led Internal Monitoring of the EMF.
This process shall be carried out at the cluster level by a team of representatives of various community institutions under the leadership of the Cluster Level Community Institution. The SP2 shall facilitate the process. Care will be taken to ensure that the Community-led Internal Monitoring team has at least 50% representation of women. The scope of the monitoring shall cover all EGs and all activities carried out in the year being monitored.
Findings and recommendations of the Monitoring team shall be presented to the community institutions. SP2 would facilitate it. The SP2 shall compile the audit findings and recommendations and share the report with the ES, PMU not later than 7 days from the date of the audit team making the presentation.
5.9.6 Reporting
In addition to auditing and monitoring, which are periodic activities, the SP2 and the ES, PMU shall prepare simple reports on a quarterly basis giving details of
List of activities taken up
EGs applicable to those activities
Status of preparation of EMP where required
Status of implementation of EMP where required
Reasons for noncompliance The quarterly report shall present the above mentioned details on a cumulative basis from the start of the project in addition to presenting details for the quarter under reporting.
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The RACP Quarterly Report on EMF shall be submitted to the PD not later than 30 days after the quarter under reporting has ended. The ES, PMU shall ensure that the last quarterly report of a year is ready before the internal audit /external monitoring is begun.
5.9.7 Special Thematic Studies
The primary aim of the RACP is to make agriculture in Rajasthan competitive in dealing with the market as well as water and climate conditions. Of the various factors of production that is at the disposal of a farmer, s/he has a degree of control only on the land on which s/he grows crops. To a lesser degree s/he has some control over the use of external inputs that would entail a cash flow, provided the soil fertility and health is maintained. Therefore, to ensure long-term competitiveness, nurturing and maintaining the fertility and health of the soil is essential and perhaps the only real tool to combat production uncertainties.
To study the impact of RACP on soil health and fertility a longitudinal study would be instituted in all clusters from the 2nd year onwards till the end of the project. The study shall assess the eco-footprint of the RACP activities.
It would, inter alia, conduct a 3600 ecological and economic evaluation of Integrated Soil & Nutrient Management and Integrated Pest Management practices being promoted by the RACP in each cluster. Inter alia, it shall cover physical, chemical and biotic parameters of soil health as well as assess the effectiveness of each tool of IPM..
In addition, the study shall also assess the extent to which the RACP has managed to transfer knowledge of principles and processes of INM and IPM to the farming community. This is important because knowledge along with a healthy and fertile soil is the key to ensuring agricultural competitiveness.
5.10 Training Plan
Apart from the training plan being presented here, every training provided under RACP should include where relevant a module on EMF and its application.
5.10.1 Objectives of training plan
The key objectives of the training plan are:
To create awareness about RACP project activities and their environmental impacts
To create awareness about the Environmental Guidance that provides information on how to mitigate or avoid those impacts
To create awareness about the concept, approach and processes of EMF including selection of project activity, application of the specific EGs, preparation of EMPs, monitoring performance of EMF and reporting
To teach how to apply the EMF and prepare EMPs for specific activities
Box: Need for Mainstreaming Technical Trainings
Since most of the measures provided in the EGs are to be incorporated at the time of planning an intervention, technical training on those components should be covered as a part of mainstream project training activities.
For example, EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management specifically recommends adoption of IPM as a pest management strategy whilst developing a package of practices (Sustainable Crop Intensification Plan).
This is the key mitigation measure to ensure that use of chemical pesticides does not increase substantially due to RACP project activities.
Further, IPM is an integral aspect of any Sustainable Crop Intensification Plan and therefore, needs to be mandatorily included in it.
Thus, IPM is a mainstream strategy and no more a mere mitigation measure. Therefore, training on how to implement IPM would also need to be mainstreamed.
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5.10.2 Training Type, Target Groups & Frequency
A 4-tier strategy for imparting training on the EMF is proposed and is presented in Table 5-8:
Table 5-8: Training type, target groups and frequency
Type of Training Target Groups Number of training Frequency Modes of training
Sensitisation PMU
PIU
DPMU
One Launch of the Project Lectures, Presentation
State Level
Training (Training workshops for trainers)
ES, PMU
SP1 (Team Leader)
SP2 (Team Leader)
SP3 (Team Leader)
Two
(Planned),
1st year at the
beginning of
the project
On-field demonstrations, Case Studies, Group Exercises.
2nd Year a refresher course after preparation of Audit Report
State Level Training of Trainers (Demand Driven)
Three (if Required) 3rd year onwards on assessment of requirement through the environment audit
District Level training
Workshops
DPMU /DLIC
SP2 (entire team)
Representatives of Cluster level /GP level / Village level Community Institutions
Representative of FPC including CEO
One in each of the districts every year in district where there are interventions
1st year before interventions are initiated and thereafter each year after completion of audit.
Field Demonstrations, lectures, group discussions, case studies
Community Level Training Workshops
All Community Institutions Leaders
FPC Board Members
One in each of the districts every year in district where there are interventions
1st year before interventions are initiated and thereafter each year after completion of audit.
Field demonstration, group exercises, lectures
5.10.3 Tier-wise Suggested Training Content
Table 5-9 provides a brief outline of training content and duration for the 4 tiers of trainings envisaged. The actual content, pedagogy and duration should be developed as part of the general training being planned under RACP.
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Table 5-9: Training Content and Duration for 4 tiers of training
Type of Training Content Duration
Sensitization Sensitization on RACP activities, environmental impacts
Brief concept of EMF, EG
Institutional arrangement for implementing EMF
2 hrs as a part of larger induction training at the launch of RACP
State Level Training (Training workshops for trainers)
Project activities and environmental impacts EG to be presented thematically as Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, Input Storage, Warehousing, etc. EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF
Applying EG and developing EMPs
3 days including 1 day of field visit to apply EG and prepare EMP for sample project interventions
State Level ToT (Demand Driven)
Project activities and environmental impacts EG to be presented thematically as Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, Input Storage, Warehousing, etc. EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF
Applying EG and developing EMPs
As per need
District Level training workshops
Project activities and environmental impacts EG to be presented thematically as Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, Input Storage, Warehousing, etc. EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF
Applying EG and developing EMPs
5 days including 3 days for field visit to understand environmental issues and apply EG to prepare EMP to understand IPM and INM in action to see a warehouse in operation, etc.
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Type of Training Content Duration
Community level training workshop
Project activities and environmental impacts EG to be presented thematically as Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, Input Storage, Warehousing, etc. EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF
Applying EG and developing EMPs
5 days including 3 days for field visit to understand environmental issues and apply EG to prepare EMP to understand IPM and INM in action to see a warehouse in operation, etc.
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5.11 Budget
Part 1 of 2: for Year 1, Year 2 and Year 3
Item
Unit Unit cost (INR)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost
STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT
TRAINING
State orientation workshop to DPMU/DLICs
LS 100000 1 100000 1 100000 0 0
Development of Training Modules and Materials/ a
LS 1000000 0.5 500000 0.5 500000 0 0
IEC Materials / i LS 1500000 375000 375000
Exposure tours to Clusters/ b Tour 100000 2 200000 2 200000 2 200000
State workshop for review of EMP-CACP/DRP preparation
LS 100000 1 100000 1 100000 0 0
State workshop for review of EMP-CACP/DPR implementation
LS 100000 1 100000 1 100000 1 100000
State level review and learning workshops
LS 100000 0 0 0 0 2 200000
STUDIES
Thematic Studies on reducing eco-footprint of agriculture/climate resilience, soil health/IPM knowledge and practices
LS 2000000 1 400000 1 400000 1 400000
HUMAN RESOURCES
Staff costs / j Monthly 45000 12 540000 12 540000 12 540000
AUDIT AND MONITORING
TA/DA for internal monitoring & reporting /k
Batch 1000 4 40000 4 40000 4 40000
External environmental audit LS 1500000 0 0 1 1500000 0 0
CLUSTER LEVEL (20 micro-clusters; 2 micro-clusters / district )
TRAINING
Development of training materials / d LS 1500000 0.5 750000 0.5 750000 0 0
Orientation to EMF - DMMU, Block/PFTs / e
Training - DPMU/DLIC Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000
Training - Representatives of Cluster/GP/Communities
Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000
Training - SPs (TOT) Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000
Training - FPOs Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000
Exposure visits - Cluster Reps, FPOs (TOT)
Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000
HUMAN RESOURCES
Staff costs / j Monthly/person at 50% time
15000 10 1800000 10 1800000 10 1800000
AUDIT AND MONITORING
TA/DA for internal monitoring and reporting /k
Batch 1000 4 80000 4 80000 4 80000
INVESTMENTS
EMP Investments per Cluster / h Cluster 2500000 0 0 10 25000000 10 25000000
750000 750000 0
Note: a - EMP, Environmental Guidance, Best Practices b - Thematic exposure tours - Agriculture, Livestock, Water resources
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d - Based on (a) for DPMU, DLIC, cluster representatives, SP1, SP2, SP3, FPOs, etc. e - As part of induction training. Cost to be included in Capacity Building Budget i - Cost to be included in Communication Budget, will include printing costs of all materials developed j - Cost to be included in HR Budget h - On Average, assumed 60 villages per cluster and Rs 30,000 per village as incremental investments for EMP k - Assumed Rs 1000 per person day as per diem and 4 visits per year (one person from state and 2 task based persons from districts will visit). Cost to be included in HR Budget
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Budget
Part 2 of 2: for Year 4, Year 5 and Totals (in INR and USD) for all years
Item
Unit Year 4 Year 5 Totals in INR
Total in USD
No. Cost No. Cost
STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT
TRAINING
State orientation workshop to DPMU/DLICs LS 0 0 0 0 200000 4000
Development of Training Modules and Materials/ a
LS 0 0 0 0 1000000 20000
IEC Materials / i LS 375000 375000 1500000 30000
Exposure tours to Clusters/ b Tour 2 200000 2 200000 1000000 20000
State workshop for review of EMP-CACP/DRP preparation
LS 0 0 0 0 200000 4000
State workshop for review of EMP-CACP/DPR implementation
LS 1 100000 1 100000 500000 10000
State level review and learning workshops LS 2 200000 2 200000 600000 12000
STUDIES
Thematic Studies on reducing eco-footprint of agriculture/climate resilience, soil health/IPM knowledge and practices
LS 1 400000 1 400000 2000000 40000
HUMAN RESOURCES
Staff costs / j Monthly 12 540000 12 540000 2700000 54000
AUDIT AND MONITORING
TA/DA for internal monitoring & reporting /k Batch 4 40000 4 40000 200000 4000
External environmental audit LS 1 1500000 3000000 60000
CLUSTER LEVEL (20 micro-clusters; 2 micro-clusters / district )
0 0
TRAINING
Development of training materials / d LS 0 0 0 0 1500000 30000
Orientation to EMF - DMMU, Block/PFTs / e
Training - DPMU/DLIC Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000
Training - Representatives of Cluster/GP/Communities
Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000
Training - SPs (TOT) Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000
Training - FPOs Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000
Exposure visits - Cluster Reps, FPOs (TOT) Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000
HUMAN RESOURCES
Staff costs / j Monthly/person at 50% time
10 1800000 10 1800000 9000000 180000
AUDIT AND MONITORING 0
TA/DA for internal monitoring and reporting /k
Batch 4 80000 4 80000 400000 8000
INVESTMENTS 0
EMP Investments per Cluster / h Cluster 0 0 0 0 50000000 1000000
0 0 98800000 1976000
Note: a - EMP, Environmental Guidance, Best Practices b - Thematic exposure tours - Agriculture, Livestock, Water resources d - Based on (a) for DPMU, DLIC, cluster representatives, SP1, SP2, SP3, FPOs, etc. e - As part of induction training. Cost to be included in Capacity Building Budget i - Cost to be included in Communication Budget, will include printing costs of all materials developed j - Cost to be included in HR Budget h - On Average, assumed 60 villages per cluster and Rs 30,000 per village as incremental investments for EMP k - Assumed Rs 1000 per person day as per diem and 4 visits per year (one person from state and 2 task based persons from districts will visit). Cost to be included in HR Budget