ORAL FLORA

Fatin Athira

Nur Fazlina

Iylia Mardhiah

Sara Soraya

Mohamed Salah

Hafizuddin Abdullah

Saqer Al-thaybi

Motlaq Attibi

PBL 12

Dr. Tamer

Natasharina

Amanina Zuhair

Akashah IsmailPrepared by:

OBJECTIVES

• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

OBJECTIVES

• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

DEFINITION

• Flora of the mouth refers to the bacteria and other microorganisms that can live inside the mouth cavity.

• Saliva contains approximately 108 bacteria

flora / milliliter.

• The organisms present at any time, exist in balance with each other, and any change in this balance may result in disease

OBJECTIVES• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

FLORA IN ORAL CAVITY

Viruses Fungi Bacteria

FLORA IN ORAL CAVITY

Gram –ve cocci Gram +ve cocci

COMMENSAL Neisseria Staphylococci especially S. epidermidis

Vellionella Streptococci (viridans, mitis, salivarius, mutans)

Branhamella catarrhalis Capnocytophagia

Gram –ve bacilli Gram +ve bacilli

Bacteroids Actinomyces

Fusibactericm Diphtheroids

Nocardia

Spirochetes

Borrelia

Treponema

Bacteria

FLORA IN ORAL CAVITY

Fungi

• Candida: the commonest fungus present in oral cavity.

• May cause infection in diabetic patients, cancer, immune deficiency disorders as AIDS and after heavy doses heavy doses of antibiotics.

• Little is known about the role of virus in normal oral flora.

• Some viruses as herpes simplex, measles and mumps can be found in oral lesions during the course of the disease.

Viruses

OBJECTIVES

• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

MICROBIAL FLORA AT DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE MOUTH

• Strept. Salivarius: on dorsal surface of the tongue

• Strept. Sangius: colonize the smooth surface of teeth

• Strept. Mitior: is the predominant on the buccal mucosa

• Strept. Mutans: colonize the occlusal pits and fissures of crowns

• Bacteroides melaninogenicus and oral spirochetes: on the gingival crevice

OBJECTIVES

• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

DEVELOPMENT & CHANGES OF FLORA

• At birth: Oral cavity is usually sterile.

• Within the first day (with the first feeding), resident flora begins to colonize the mouth.

• Within a week: S. salivarius and S. mitior are detected.

• After short duration: Veillonella appear.

• With the emergence of teeth: an increase in the number of anaerobic organisms as fusibacterium and bacteroids.

DEVELOPMENT & CHANGES OF FLORA

• Also after eruption of teeth : facultative anaerobes appear.

• By the end of the first year, the overall of infants is similar to that of adults by the appearance of S.mutans and S.sanguis.

• By the puberty: two groups of organisms colonize the gingiva as oral Spirochetes and Bacteroides.

OBJECTIVES

• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

ROLE OF FLORA

• The presence of oral flora provides protection from overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria

• Saliva contains digestive enzymes and a number of anti- microbial compounds including IgA, lysozyme, and lactoferrin.

• Prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients.

• Synthesize and excrete vitamins in excess of their own needs, which can be absorbed as nutrients by their host.

• Stimulate the development of certain tissues

Advantages

ROLE OF FLORA

• The organisms present at any time exist in balance with each other, when any change in this balance, this may result in disease

• Oral streptococci may be introduced into wounds created by dental manipulation or treatment.

• Strep. Sanguis and Strep. mutans responsible for plague – Strep. mutans appears to be important in the initiation of dental caries because its activities lead to colonization of the tooth surfaces, plague formation and localized demineralization of tooth enamel.

Disadvantages

OBJECTIVES

• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

ORAL INFECTION

• Physiological factor: as old age

• Pregnancy: leading to gingivitis

• Trauma: opportunistic infection

• Malnutrition: deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12

• AIDS: opportunistic infections

• Chemotherapy: opportunistic infectious, candidosis and caries

Predisposing factors

ORAL INFECTION

• Dental plaque is material adhering to the teeth. The dominant bacterial species in dental plaque are Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans, both of which are considered responsible for plaque.

• Dental Caries is the destruction of parts of teeth due to bacterial activities. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and lactobacilli are most consistently been associated with the initiation of dental caries, but other lactic acid bacteria are probably involved as well.

Dental plaque

Dental caries

ORAL INFECTION

• Periodontal Diseases are bacterial infections that affect the supporting structures of the teeth (gingiva, cementum, periodontal membrane and alveolar bone). The most common form, gingivitis, is an inflammatory condition of the gums.

• Bacteria in these lesions are very complex populations consist of Gram-positive organisms (including Actinomyces and streptococci) and Gram-negative organisms (including spirochetes and Bacteroides)

Periodontal Diseases

OBJECTIVES

• Definition• Flora In Oral Cavity• Microbial Flora At Different Parts Of The Mouth• Development & Changes Of Flora• Role Of Flora• Oral Infection• Oral Infection Control

ORAL INFECTION CONTROL

• Regular oral hygiene is an essential infection control technique for thrush.

• Good oral hygiene includes regular brushing and flossing and regular dental checkups.

• Candida albicans grow better in an environment with plenty of sugar. So, people practicing thrush infection control should watch their diet for foods that are high in sugar or yeast.

Oral hygiene and thrush control

Diet and Thrush

ORAL INFECTION CONTROL

• Xerostomia, diabetes, some medications and smoking increase the risk of oral thrush outbreaks and dental caries.

• If medication causes dry mouth, switching to a different medication may solve the problem.

• Dry mouth can be treated by drinking extra water or using mouth moisturizer.

Xerostomia and Oral Thrush

ORAL INFECTION CONTROL

• Breastfeeding helps bolster a baby's immune system, so preventing oral thrush.

• People with suppressed immune systems may require regular antimicrobial drugs as part of oral thrush infection control.

• Also avoid long courses of antibiotics which may predispose to oral thrush.

• Exercise, healthy eating habits and good oral hygiene can all strengthen the immune system, lowering the risk of oral thrush infection.

Other Methods of Infection Control