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GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire 471660 Seminar in Computer Engineering (CPE489) กก 1/2550

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Page 1: Gpu Architecture

GPU Architecture, SLI

and CrossFire

����������ก� � ���������

��� 471660

�������������������� �!"�����#$� Seminar in Computer Engineering

(CPE489) ������������ก !"#!$��%&# '

��()�*+)����ก !���& '

!,���()�*+) +-��&

./ก� �0ก1� 1/2550

Page 2: Gpu Architecture

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�"ก���899�������������� �!"��#$� Seminar in Computer Engineering (CPE489) :���;�����<��=> "�����"ก������ก"9ก���?����"<��:�@AB�:�C �ก� ��ก9���D� E;AF�ก��:��=> "�?����"B�����#$� B���!A"��> "� GGPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire S T� � GPU ������������:�UD� B$AV�;�UD��;A��ก��WXก!"�<":=#��Y"�� T� ����ก"9E�;A��!A":@Z<����A��ก��D?����!"� GPU( GPU Architecture) ��:[���D<Z�Z��D� =\��ก��B$A GPU 2 Y����:ก�<>"�D<Z�Z�� SLI �����#^�ก����A��_�=ก��WXก!"� nVidia V��D<Z�Z�� CrossFire !"� ATI T� ���"^#9��[��<��:����:�!"�VY���D<Z�Z�� Z�:;ก��D?���� =�A":ก99D����!"���!A"D� E;AD?�ก��F�ก�� U@A�;D?��������"�����# ���� �"ก���899������?�:�T� �<��:�@AB�Aก9U@AF�ก�� Z;��8=��U@AD� :�<��:��B�B���> "� GPU Architecture, SLI V� CrossFire ��ก:�!A"U#;=�; ��>"!A"���"V�����ก��B; D��B�;A���"ก��� V�"�<�<��:�@A U@A�;D?��#�;��9E�A=#��� �

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Page 3: Gpu Architecture

�9:# : ����ก� � ��������� 471660 % 9:#- : GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire #�;� )'. <;7����� : ;�."����� Zกd���D ./ก� �0ก1� : 2550 "7��7�"+= : GPU (Graphic Processing Unit)

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Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) ������������:�U;A��ก��WXก!"�<":=#��Y"�� ;����D�� nVidia V� ATI �����A���D<Z�Z��D� �?�ก��WXกก���;:��$> ":Y�"V99 Multi-GPU �=> "B�A$#�ก��WXก���:�U���:ก�B�A��:��[V�;�ก��WXกE;A"����:�<� _�=�@� Z;�D�� nVidia ����ก�D<Z�Z�������� Scaleable Link Interface (SLI) V� ATI ����ก��� CrossFire GPU ������������:�UD� B$AV�;�UD��;A��ก��WXก V�;A���@�V99Z<����A��ก��D?��������V99!���B���;9�@�D� D?�ก��<?��� Y�:ก��� �!"� processing stage GPU ���$���;���;A��ก��V�;�U!"���������:�Uก�� (CPU) E;A����"����:�ก ;A����Y�U;�ก���D?�B�A�ก#;ก���$> ":Y�"V99 multi-GPU Z;��D<Z�Z�� SLI ���?�ก��WXกก���; 2 Y� D� D?����9�$�"��dd� PCI-Express 16X �$> ":Y�"ก�;A�� SLI Bridge :�D?�ก�����:�U_�= V�:�ก��V9������ก��D?����!"� GPU ""ก�����"���������?�����YA"�B$Aก���;�����;���ก��"�Y� T� �����!A"VYกY�����ก Crossfire D� :�ก��D?����V99 master-slave <>" :�ก���;�ก��� �Y� D?���A�D� ����ก���; CrossFire Edition V�ก���; slave ����ก���;����:�Y�p��D �E� D� "�@�B�Y��ก@�;���ก9ก���;Y��ก CrossFire��D?�ก���$> ":Y�"�������ก���;D���"�Y�U���D��="��D DVI V� DMS Z;�B$A��� Y �$> ":�������="��D DVI !"�ก���;D���"�Y� B�����!"�ก��D?������>"ก������;"��_�= �=> "��:ก�����:�U��ก GPU D���"�Y� 9��D<Z�Z�� CrossFire :���;D� �����B�ก��� SLI <>" :�Z�:;B�ก������;"��:�ก[�� 4 Z�:; ���� SLI :��=����"�Z�:;�D����� E:�����������D<Z�Z�� SLI ��>" CrossFire D� :�ก��D?����!"�ก��WXกก���; 2 Y�=�A":ก��$> ":Y�"ก�V99 multi-GPU �����UB�Aก�����:�U_�=V�ก������;"��_�=:�����#D^#_�=�=# :!��������"��D����:>"�ก�D���"��D<Z�Z�� $���B�A��:��[V�;�ก��WXกE;A"����:�<� _�=�@� V�B�A�_�=V�;A":ก��V�;�UD� ��:>"���#��?���9�ก: 3 :#Y#

Page 4: Gpu Architecture

Name : Miss Chulalak Prachaney Project Title : GPU Architecture, SLI and CrossFire Advisor : Dr. UT Goenchanart Academic year : 2550 Keyword : GPU (Graphic Processing Unit)

Abstract

Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) is Processing Unit of Computerus graphic so, NVIDIA and ATI Cooperation have built technology that link GPU together call Multi-GPU for make the high quality by NVIDIA call this technology GScaleable Link Interfaces (SLI)S.

GPU is Processing Unit that used to display image to screen and with it parallel processing topology in high level that computer. Follow the command of processing state GPU So there, it help to reduce frame from CPU, from this case. Multi GPU is born. By this technology SLI is take two graphic that process on PCI-Express 16X link together with SLI Bridge. To processing image. And fragment processing of GPU into two fragments so it must use graphic card in the same version, in the same time. The different of SLI and Crossfire is it processing by master-slave, so use one main graphic card. Use to work in Crossfire Edition and slaveus card is general card that in the family of main card. Gross fire is going to link between two graphic card troughs. DVI port of two graphic card in rendering case, for lie the processing from two GPU on Cross Fire technology have advantage much more SLI is have 4 render modes but. SLI have only two modes.

Nor matter SLI or Gross Fire technology processing with two graphic cards and link by multi-GPU, So it result for high quality of rendering and processing image to two times.

Page 5: Gpu Architecture

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��A� <?��?�................................................................................................................................ ก 9D<;��".......................................................................................................................... ! Abstract........................................................................................................................... < ���9d............................................................................................................................ � ���9d�@�....................................................................................................................... 8 9DD�

1. 9D�?�.................................................................................................................. 1 2. Graphic Processing Unit .................................................................................... 3

2.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 3 2.2 GPU Architecture........................................................................................ 4

3. Scalable Link Interface (SLI) ............................................................................ 5 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 5 3.2 SLI !"�D�� 3dfx......................................................................................... 7 3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology......................................................... 8 3.4 "��ก� �D� �?������?���9�D<Z�Z�� SLI ...................................................... 9

3.4.1. �:�9"��;D� �"��9 SLI Multi-GPU Technology ......................... 3.4.2. ก��WXกก���; PCI Express............................................................. 3.4.3. SLI Connector (SLI video bridge Connector) ............................ 3.4.4. NVIDIA Driver with SLI supported............................................

9 9 10 10

3.5 SLI Rendering Mode................................................................................... 10 3.5.1 SFR ��>" Split - frame Rendering.................................................

3.5.2 AFR ��>" Alternate - frame Rendering ........................................

10 11

Page 6: Gpu Architecture

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4. CrossFire............................................................................................................ 12 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 12 4.2 ก���$> ":Y�"�������ก���;D���"�Y�9� CrossFirezzzzzzzzz... 12 4.3 CrossFire Rendering Mode.......................................................................... 14

4.3.1 Super Tiling Mode (V9��_�=""ก����_�=��"�C)zzzzzz. 4.3.2 Scissor Mode ( V9��_�=�����"�����Y�:V���"� ).................. 4.3.3 Alternative Frame Rendering Mode ( �9_�= )zzzzz..... 4.3.4 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Mode (ก��9�"���ก)...........

14 15 16 17

4.4 ��;�;��!"� CrossFire D� ���>"ก��� SLI !"�D�� nVIDIA............................ 19 4.5 !A"���������9!"� CrossFire �:> "�����9�D��9ก9 SLI !"�D�� nVIDIA...... 20

5. 9D����............................................................................................................... 21 �"ก���"A��"#�.................................................................................................................. 22

Page 7: Gpu Architecture

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�@�D� ��A� 2.1 Illustration of the GPU graphic pipelinezzzzzzzzzzzzz. 4 2.2 Streaming model that applies kernels to an input stream

and write to an output streamzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.............. 5

3.1 �dก� �!"� �D<Z�Z�� SLI !"� NVIDIAzzzzzzzzzzzzz.. 6 3.2 ก��V9��ก�����:�U!"� SLI !"�D�� 3dfxzzzzzzzzzzzzz 7 3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technologyzzzzzzzzzzzzz........... 8 3.4 $#=�T{Y nForce4-SLIzzzzzzzzzzzzz...zzzzz......... 9 3.5 ก��WXกก���; PCI Expresszzzzzzzzzzzzz...zzzzz...... 9 3.6 SLI Connectorzzzzzzzzzzzzz...zzzzz.................. 10 3.7 Split-frame renderingzzzzzzzzzzzzz...zzzzz....... 11 3.8 Alternate-frame renderingzzzzzzzzzzzzz...zzzzz 11 4.1 ก���$> ":Y�"�������ก���;D���"�Y�9� CrossFirezzzzzzzzzzz... 13 4.2 ="��D DMS ="��D DVI V���� Yzzzzzzzzzzzzz.............. 13 4.3 Super Tiling Modezzzzzzzzzzzzz...zzzzz........... 15 4.4 Scissor Modezzzzzzzzzzzzz...zzzzz.................... 16 4.5 Alternative Frame Rendering (AFR) Modezzzzzzzzzzzz 17 4.6 Super Anti-Aliasing (Super AA) Modezzzzzzzzzzzzz.. 19

Page 8: Gpu Architecture

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GPU ����:�ก��B$A�=> "B�Aก�����:�U_�=��{�!���:�กก����กY# T� �B$A�?���9ก���|#9Y#ก���?���9<":=#��Y"��ก��WXก 2D, 3D V���99;#�#Y"��;#Z" ;A����Y�����"�D?�B�A nVidia V� ATI E;A��A���D<Z�Z��D� �?�ก��WXกก���;:��$> ":Y�"V99 Multi-GPU �=> "B�A$#�ก��WXก���:�U���:ก��=> "�"��9ก9�ก:V�<��:YA"�ก��!"�U@AB$AD� YA"�ก��B�AE;A_�=D� �����:�:��#� Z;�D�� nVidia ����ก�D<Z�Z�������� Scaleable Link Interface (SLI) V� ATI ����ก��� CrossFire �D<Z�Z�� SLI �����#^�ก����A��_�=ก��WXก!"� nVidia Z;�=\��:���ก�D<Z�Z��!"�D�� 3dfx T� ����:� �} 1998 <��� 3dfx E;A����U@AD� �#��# :<#;<A� [��V��<#;!"�ก����:ก��WXกก���; 2 Y�:�D?�������:ก� _��BYA$> "�D<Z�Z�� SLI T� �Y"���� <?���� SLI !"�D�� 3dfx ��":���ก Scan Line Interleave Z;�V��<#; SLI !"�D�� 3dfx ��� <>"ก���=# :<��:��{�B�ก�����:�U �=> "�"��9ก9�ก: ��>"����ก���YA"�ก���=# : frame rates Z;�ก���=# : frame rates B�ก������ก:��>"����;"��_�=��กก��Y�" SLI !"� Voodoo2 ��� �����UE�[��<��:��"��; 1024x768 T� �[>"�������<��:��"��;D� �@�:�กB�! ���� T� � 3dfx �"�E;A=\��B�Aก��WXกก���; Voodoo2 !"�Y��"� �"��9ก9�D<Z�Z�� SLI "����E�ก{Y�: ก���; Voodoo2 D� �"��9 SLI !"� 3dfx ��� ก{E:�E;A����?������"����V=����� �����=���V��<#;��� �D� E:�E;A[@ก�?�:�B$A��#� ��> "���กก��:�[��!"�"#��Y"���WT AGP T� �D?�B�AV9�;��#^D� E;A��ก�{"Y AGP :�<���@�ก���V9�;��#^D� E;A��ก�{"Y PCI :�ก�ก V�E:�:�U@AU#YB;D� ��=\��ก��WXกก���; PCI D�� NVIDIA ����?��"��D<Z�Z�����:�B$A �# ���� �D� D?�B�A�D<Z�Z�� SLI !"� NVIDIA ������#�E;A <>"ก��:�[��!"�"#��Y"���WT PCI Express T� �����"#��Y"���WTD� �>;�����B�ก��ก�����$�"��dd� D?�B�A��:��[B$Aก��WWX<ก���;B�"#��Y"���WT PCI Express �?����:�กก������ �Y�E;A (B�! �D� "#��Y"���WT�;#:"���� AGP ��� [@ก�?�ก;�"�E�AZ;�$#=�T{Y D� ��:�E;A�=���

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Page 10: Gpu Architecture

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2.2 GPU Architecture ;A���@�V99Z<����A��ก��D?����!"� GPU ����V99!�����;9�@� V�B�<?�� �D� E;A��กก��ก?���;B�VY��!��Y"�ก��;?���#�ก�� T� � input D� E;A��:���ก output !"�!��Y"�ก�"���A����V������� output D� [@ก���!"�E���!��Y"�Y�"E� ;����ก��<?��� 9� GPU ���<?��� Y�:ก��� �!"� processing stage ��>"D� ����ก��� pipelineT� � :�ก��;?���#�ก�� 3 !��Y"� <>"

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�@�D� 1 2.1 Illustration of the GPU graphic pipeline

:�ก��=9���:�ก���=# :����#D^#_�=<��:YA"�ก��B�"�Y���ก��:�ก:Z;� GPU ��B$A�กก��ก��Y�"V99!��� 2 $�#; <>" ก�����:�UV99���C ;A��9���;Y���C V�ก�����:�UV99V�ก T� �=�ก:���D?����9���;Y;V���;D� V�กC ก� �$�� ก���;�"����ก��C �$�� GeForce 6800 GT :� 6 vertex processors V� 16 fragment processors Y�":�����ก���|#9Y#ก��9� vector 4 :#Y# (��>"D� ����ก��� RGBA) U@A�!������D���E;A"^#9�� GPU �:�B�:��������ก�����:�U�$#�ก��V�!A":@ (streaming processors) ;��@�D� 1.2 T� ������ก"9E�;A�� Texture V� Kernel

Z;�D �E�VA� Texture ���@A�กก�B��@�V99!"� stream B��D<�#<ก���!���_�=B�AE;A�;���� Z;��กY#VA� texture ��B$A�?���9""กV99�@�D��Y���C T� �B� GPU �:�B�:���:��[V�;�Uก��<?��� E�D� texture E;AZ;�Y��B�VY���"9 V���:��[�A"�ก9����"#�=�Y!"� GPU Z;�E:�YA"�:�ก��D?��?������ Kernel ����$�;<?�� �B�����!"�ก��Z��Vก�: fragment B� GPU T� �[@ก�?�E�B$AB�D�กC ����!"� stream ���C ����!"� stream ��!���"�@�ก9�?���� fragment processors B� GPU T� ���:��[���:�UV99!���B� SIMD E;A �$�� GeForce 6800 Ultra :� 16 fragment processors

1D� :� http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf

Page 13: Gpu Architecture

B�ก�����:�U�$#�ก��V�!A":@ ��D?�ก��"���!A":@!��!A�:���กก���9�"� kernel�=> "D� ��D?�ก�� stream V��!���U=^�E�9� output stream B�ก� �!"� kernel ��� kernel, output stream !"� kernel �ก������ input stream �?���9 kernel D� Y�::� Z;�����:�กVA���;�����<�D �C E�!"� GPU ��B$A�=���B� fragment programs �=> "D?�ก��<?��� �D����� B�ก� �D� texture ��E;A�9ก��=#��� ����� input stream V� texture buffer ���� output stream �=������ fragment processors �����[���Y�ก��:!"� SIMD T� �B������� �C ����:��[Z�;E;A�=���Z��Vก�:�;����D�����

�@�D� 2 2.2 Streaming model that applies kernels to an input stream and write

to an output stream ��ก_�= 1) texture ������!A":@D� �!A�:� 2) !A":@!��!A���[@ก���:�UZ;� fragment programs 3) Feedback ��[@ก�?�:����ก"9Z;�ก��B$A output buffer !"�ก�����D� �:9@� � T� ����� input texture !"�Y�[;E�

2D� :� http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf

Page 14: Gpu Architecture

>((N: 3

Scalable Link Interface (SLI)

3.1 Introduction

Scalable Link Interface (SLI) ����$> "�?���9ก���$> ":Y�"V99 multi-GPU T� �<#;<A�Z;� nVidia B$A�?���9�$> ":ก��WXกก���; 2 Y�D� B$A���9�="��YV99 PCI-Express 16X :�D?�ก�����:�U_�=�=> "D� ��$���ก�V�;�U_�=�;���ก� T� ������@�V99!"�ก�����:�UV99!��� �?���9_�=ก��WXก� ��:��[�� ก���=# :!���!"�ก?��ก�����:� VY�Y�:D��|�:���:�����#D^#_�=�=# :!������� 2 �D�� ��กB��ก���;D� ��:>"�C ก� �:> "���:� �} 1998 :�<���ก��WXกก���;<������ �B���:!"� 3dfx (�����9�9�#�D���E;A[@กT>�"E�Z;� nVidia) T� � 3dfx ����U@AD� �#��# :<#;<A� [��V��<#;!"�ก����:ก��WXกก���; 2 Y�:�D?�������:ก� _��BYA$> "�D<Z�Z�� SLI T� �Y"���� <?���� SLI !"�D�� 3dfx E;A��":���ก Scan Line Interleave Z;�V��<#; SLI !"�D�� 3dfx ��� E:�E;A:�"�E�E�:�กก���ก��D� ���=# :<��:��{�B�ก�����:�U�=> "�"��9ก9�ก: Z;�ก���=# : frame rates B�ก������ก:��>"����;"��_�=��กก��Y�" SLI !"� Voodoo2 �����UE�[��<��:��"��; 1024x768 T� �[>"�������<��:��"��;D� �@�:�กB�! ���� T� � 3dfx �"�E;A=\��B�Aก��WXกก���; Voodoo2 !"�Y��"� �"��9ก9�D<Z�Z�� SLI "����E�ก{Y�: ก���; Voodoo2 D� �"��9 SLI !"� 3dfx ��� E:�E;A����?������"����V=����� �����=���V��<#;��� �D� E:�E;A[@ก�?�:�B$A��#� ��> "���กก��:�[��!"�"#��Y"���WT AGP T� �D?�B�AV9�;��#^D� E;A��ก�{"Y AGP :�<���@�ก���V9�;��#^D� E;A��ก�{"Y PCI :�ก V�E:�:�U@AU#YB;D� ��=\��ก��WXกก���; PCI Y�" ���;@��:>"���D?�B�AY?���� SLI !"� Voodoo2 ;9:>;�

�@�D� 1 3.1 �dก� �!"� �D<Z�Z�� SLI !"� nVidia 1D� :� http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html

Page 15: Gpu Architecture

V�����กD� $> "!"��D<Z�Z�� SLI E;A���E�������: 6 �} D�� nVidia �����#9�ก�"��D<Z�Z�����:�B$A �# ���� �D� D?�B�A�D<Z�Z�� SLI !"� nVidia ������#�E;A <>"ก��:�[��!"�"#��Y"���WT PCI Express T� �����"#��Y"���WTD� �>;�����B�ก��ก�����$�"��dd� D?�B�A��:��[B$Aก��WXกก���;B�"#��Y"���WT PCI Express �?����:�กก������ �Y�E;A (B�! �D� "#��Y"���WT �;#:"���� AGP ��� [@ก�?�ก;�"�E�AZ;�$#=�T{YD� ��:�E;A�=����{"Y�;���) D?�B�AD�� nVidia E;A�?��"�V��<#;!"� 3dfx :���9����B$Aก9ก��WWX<ก���;Y��ก@����;!"�Y��"� =�A":D��=\��$#=�T{YD� �"��9ก9ก��WWX<ก���; PCI Express �?���� 2 $�"� B���:!"� nVidia nForce4 SLI V�E;AD?�ก����X;Y� nVidia SLI Technology "�����# �B�d� T� �<?���� SLI !"� nVidia ��� ��":���ก Scalable Link Interface

3.2 SLI �#-(�- 3dfx

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Page 16: Gpu Architecture

3.3 NVIDIA SLI Multi-GPU Technology SLI !"�D�� nVidia ��� ������ Scalable Link Interface T� ���:�ก��D?����E:���:>"�ก9 SLI !"�D�� 3dfx ก��D?���� SLI !"� NVIDIA ��� ��"�F��D<Z�Z��D� ����ก��� Dynamic Load Balancing �=> "V9��ก��D?����E��� GPU D���"�Y�E;A"����:�����#D^#_�=�@���; � �<>" nVidia SLI Multi-GPU ��=����:D?�B�Aก��WXก$#=D���"�Y� D?����V99 full-load Y";���! � rendering (��>"����ก���ก�� balance) V�ก��V9��ก��D?������� ��V9��E:���:>"�ก9 3dfx � �<>" GPU Y�V�ก������;"����ก9���;!"���A��"�:� ���� GPU "�กY���� �������;"��_�=��ก;A�������;!"���A��" V��?�_�=D� ����;"�����{�VA�:���:ก�����_�=D� �:9@� � T� �=>��D� ��A��"D� GPU VY��Y�<?��� :� "����E:��D��ก�ก{E;A �� ������;��� �D� D?�B�Aก��D?���� SLI !"�D�� nVidia :�����#D^#_�=D� �@�ก��� SLI !"�D�� 3dfx �"ก��ก��� SLI !"� nVidia ���"��9 V9�;��#^D� �@�:�ก V��"��9ก��D?����!"���A��"D� :�<��:��"��;�@���;[�� 2048x1536

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3D� :� http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html

Page 17: Gpu Architecture

3.4 #[.ก \'(N:;7�%.]8�7�, +>%("^8^*)N SLI 3.4.1. %!8># '?(N: #- +> SLI Multi-GPU Technology �����9���� :��=���$#=�T{Y!"� nVidia D� :�$> "��� nForce4-SLI �D����� D� ""ก:��"��9�D<Z�Z�� SLI T� �$#=�T{Y nForce4-SLI ��� ""ก:��"��9ก9T�=��@ AMD T"<�ก{Y 939 Z;��8=�� ;���� ��D���� ��<�E:�:� SLI �?���9 Intel Pentium4 ��;�?�<d!"��:�9"��; SLI <>":��{"Y�?���9 PCI Express x16 �?���� 2 �{"Y;A��ก� V��?�����D� YA"�:� SLI Connector :�B�A=�A":ก9�:�9"��;;A��

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5D� :� http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html

Page 18: Gpu Architecture

3.4.3. SLI Connector (SLI video bridge Connector) <"���<�Y"��D� ����ก��� SLI Connector ����<"���<�Y"���{กC D� �$> ":Y�"

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3.5 SLI Rendering Mode �����9� SLI :��#^�ก��D� E;AUB�ก���=# :<��:��{�!"�Y�V�"�@� 2 �#^� 3.5.1. SFR , 9# Split - frame Rendering

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Page 19: Gpu Architecture

�@�D� 7 3.7 Split-frame rendering

3.5.2 AFR , 9# Alternate - frame Rendering

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Page 20: Gpu Architecture

>((N: 4

CrossFire

4.1 Introduction

ก���D� ATI ���?��D<Z�Z�� Multi-GPU �?���9ก��V�;�UV99B�:�!"�Y��"�D� $> "��� CrossFire ""ก:��@Aก9 nVidia E;AYA"�B$A����ก>"9<�� ��} (�9Y��VY���D� ATI E;A:�ก��V[�!���) V:A���Z;��กก��Y���C VA���99;�ก���!"� ATI ��� ก{E:�E;A:�"�E�=#�F�E�ก�����99 SLI !"� nVidia ��ก{Y�: �=����:> "�����9�D��9ก�VA���99D���"���� A��VY�B$A<��:��:��[!"�ก���;V�;�U PCI-Express D� :�����#D^#_�=�@��?�����"�Y�$���ก�D?������:>"�ก� ��> "�E!D� �?�<d!"���99 CrossFire ��:>"�ก9��99 SLI <>"YA"�:�ก���;V�;�U�?�����"�Y� VY�B�ก� �!"� CrossFire �����:�<��:�>;������@�ก��� <>" B�! �D� ��99 SLI !"� nVidia ก���;D���"�Y���YA"���9������99 SLI D��<@�V�D� �?�<dYA"�����ก���;�����;���ก���:" VY��?���9ก���;V�;�U!"���99 CrossFire ���YA"�ก���=���ก���;Y��กD� ��9������>"������"��$� CrossFire �=���Y��;����D����� ����ก���;"�;Y���� �������ก���;����:�Y�p��D �E�"�E�ก{E;A �=���VY�"�@�B�Y��ก@�;���ก9ก���;Y��กก{��:��[D?����E;A Z;�ก���;Y��กD� ������"��$� CrossFire ��[@ก����กก�������ก���; Master ����ก���;"�กY���� �������ก���;Y��"���>"����ก���ก���; Slave 4.2 ก� %�9:#!&@# <,�@�-ก� '?(+c-�#-&+�>8 CrossFire ก���$> ":Y�"�������ก���;D���"�Y�9� CrossFire Y���E���ก��99 SLI !"� nVidia <>"B���99 SLI ��� YA"��$> ":Y�"U���D�� SLI bridge D� ����9�$> ":�������ก���;D���"�Y� VY� CrossFire E:��?�����YA"�B$A SLI bridge �=��� CrossFire :�ก���$> ":Y�"�������ก���;D���"�Y�U���D��="��D DVI V� DMS ;����

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�@�D� 1 4.1 ก���$> ":Y�"�������ก���;D���"�Y�9� CrossFire

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Page 22: Gpu Architecture

�?���9ก��WXกก���;��กD�� ATI D� �"��9 CrossFire ��� �����9�ก{:��"�Y��ก@ <>"Y��ก@ Radeon X800 V�Y��ก@ Radeon X850 T� ��?�����D� ��YA"�B$Aก���; master B�AY������ก9ก���;D� ���?�:�D?� CrossFire Z;�ก���; master ��V9������V<� Radeon X800 CrossFire Edition ก9 Radeon X850 CrossFire Edition �D����� �����:��[D� ��Y�" CrossFire ก9ก���;����B;ก{E;AB�Y��ก@ �$�� [A����"� Radeon X800 XL :�D?� CrossFire ก{YA"�B$A���ก9 Radeon X800 CrossFire Edition ���� �"ก��กก���;V�;�UVA���99 CrossFire ก{��:>"�ก9��99 SLI <>"YA"�:��:�9"��;D� ��9����ก��D?����;A�� ���<>"�:�9"��;D� B$A$#9�T{Y ATI Xpress 200 D� :��{"Y PCI-Express x16 �?�����"��{"Y��>"D� ������"��$� CrossFire �?���9ก���; Radeon D���"�Y� (�:�9"��;T{"ก�ก{Y 775 �?���9T�=��@!"�"#��D��>"T{"ก�ก{Y 939 �?���9T�=��@!"��"�"{;;�)

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Page 23: Gpu Architecture

�@�D� 3 4.3 Super Tiling Mode

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ก��D?����B�Z�:; Scissor ��� B�AU;�Y�"ก���"��9D�กV"=#�<$� D�ก�ก:E:���������� OpenGL ��>" Direct3D ก{Y�: [��V:A�����E:�E;AB�AU;�Y�" load balancing �������ก���;D���"�Y�:�ก�D��E����ก "����E�ก{Y�: B� Scissor Mode ก���;D���"�Y�ก{��<��?�����YA"����:�U_�=B�D�กC �W�:D� �ก#;!���

3D� :� http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf

Page 24: Gpu Architecture

�@�D� 4 4.4 Scissor Mode

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%#ก�� #j�-#�- 1 ��_ก#� ��:!?�. 2548. CrossFire �#�8 SLI ?j�)"��!d -d>>�#-. <��8. CHIP.

=�F�#ก���.96-97 2 Ajit Datar and Apurva Padhye. 2005 (April, 14). Graphics Processing Unit Architecture

(GPU Arch) With a focus on NVIDIA GeForce 6800 GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://www.d.umn.edu/~data0003/Talks/gpuarch.pdf

3 ATI CrossFire. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_CrossFire 4 ATI Technologies Inc. 2005. ATI CrossFire. [Online].Available URL:

http://image.compusa.com/retail/collateral/ati/CrossFireWhitePaper.pdf 5 Gerrit Voss and others. Biological Sequence Alignment on Graphics Processing

Units. [Online].Available URL: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/asbschmidt/paper/BioGPU.pdf Graphics processing unit . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit

6 James Fung and Steve Mann. 2004 (September, 9). COMPUTER VISION SIGNAL

PROCESSING ON GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNITS. [Online].Available URL: http://www.eyetap.org/papers/docs/procicassp2004.pdf

7 Jin Hyuk Jung y. Cholesky Decomposition and Linear Programming on a GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://www.cs.umd.edu/Grad/scholarlypapers/papers/jjung.pdf

8 Martin Christen. 2005 (January 19). Ray Tracing on GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://gpurt.sourceforge.net/DA07_0405_Ray_Tracing_on_GPU-1.0.5.pdf

9 Ryszard Sommefeldt. 2004 (November, 22). NVIDIA's SLI - An Introduction. [Online].Available URL: http://www.hexus.net/content/item.php?item=916

10 Scalable Link Interface. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Link_Interface Simon Green. 2005 (March, 7). SLI MULTI-GPU. [Online].Available URL: http://http.download.nvidia.com/developer/presentations/2005/GDC/OpenGL_Day/ OpenGL_SLI.pdf

11 Spin9. 2004 (December, 21). NVIDIA SLI Technology. [Online].Available URL: http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/nvidia/sli/index.html

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20 Spin9. 2005 (October, 27). ATI CrossFire Multi-GPU Technology. [Online].Available URL: http://www.overclockzone.com/spin9/review/vga/ati/crossfire/index.html

21 Tor Dokken. 2006 (March, 10). The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) as a high performance computational resource for simulation and geometry processing. [Online].Available URL: http://www.aimatshape.net/downloads/nig-nirg/workshop2006/dokken-darmstadt-march-2006_print.pdf/view

22 Zhe Fan and others. 2004 (November, 6). GPU Cluster for High Performance Computing. [Online].Available URL: http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~vislab/papers/GPUcluster_SC2004.pdf