gramatica - vianu2006
TRANSCRIPT
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LIDIA VIANUDirector CTITC
(Centrul pentru Traducerea şi Intrepretarea Textului Contemporan)Catedra de EnglezăFacultatea de Limbi şi Literaturi StrăineUniversitatea din Bucureşti
Tabele de gramatică folosite în:
English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice (toate la Editura Teora: 252-1431, 0724-821.361)
SPELLING (The Verb)
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INFINITIVE -ING -ED -S
to dine (e final cade)[excepţie: to dye (avopsi)
diningdyeing
dineddyed
dinesdyes]
to die dying died dies
to stay(y după vocală nu seschimbă)
staying stayed stays
to cr y(y după consoanădevine i,
pentru –ed, -s)
crying cr ied cr ies
to stop (consoană precedată de vocalăscurtă şi accentuată)[to develop[excepţie: to kidnap
stopping
developingkidnapping
stopped
developedkidnapped
stops
develops]kidnaps]
to travelto focus travel(l)ingfocus(s)ing travel(l)edfocus(s)ed travelsfocus(s)es
to refer (r final sedublează)
referring referred refers
to panic panick ing panick ed panics
PLURAL OF NOUNS
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SINGULAR PLURAL
car carsclass classesway wayssky sk ies
potato potatoesExceptions: cantos, dynamos, concertos,curios, embryos, halos, magnetos, scenarios,studios, solos, photos, pianos, archipelagos,radios
wife, thief wives, thievesExceptions: roofs, gulfs, chiefs, griefs, muffs,
proofs, cliffs, safes, handkerchief Double: scarfs, scarves; wharfs, wharves;calfs, calves; hoofs, hooves
FOREIGN PLURALS
thesiscrisis
basisanalysis
thesescrises
basesanalyses
datumaddendummediumerratumcandelabrum
dataaddendamediaerratacandelabra
phenomenoncriterion
phenomenacriteria
alga algaedogma dogmataopus opera
IRREGULAR PLURALS
man menwoman womenchild childrenox oxen
brother brethren (fraţ i de credinţă)goose geesetooth teethfoot feetmouse micelouse (păduche) lice
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die (zar) dice
AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY Form of the verb to beconjugated
Tense/Mood formed
1. to do, did short Infinitive Present
Past Tense(interrogative, negative)
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2. shall, will short Infinitive FutureFuture Perfect
3. should, would short Infinitive Future-in-the-PastConditional PresentConditional Past
4. to have Past Participle Present PerfectPast PerfectPerfect InfinitivePerfect -ing
5. to be 1. –ing2. Past Participle
1. Continuous Aspect2. Passive Voice
TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT PERFECT
acţiune începută în trecut şi continuată sau cuconsecinţe în prezent
PAST PERFECT
acţiune trecută, înaintea unui alt momenttrecut
PRESENT
acţiune prezentă (generală sau în desfăşurare)
PAST TENSE
acţiune începută şi terminată în trecutFUTURE PERFECT
acţiune viitoare, înaintea unui alt momentviitor FUTURE
acţiune viitoare
FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
acţiune viitoare faţă de un moment trecut(numai în subordonate cu timp trecut în
principală)
FORMATION OF TENSES/MOODS/VOICES
TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE(To Be + PastParticiple)
VOICE
Common Continuous(To Be+ -ing)
Common Continuous
1. Present Infinitive
+ s (3rd
person inthe singular)
to Be (Present)
+ -ing
to Be (Present)
+ Past Participle
to Be (Present
continuous) +Past Participle
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do/does; do not+ Infinitive
2. Past Tense Infinitive +
-ed; secondform (irregular verbs)did/did not +Infinitive
to Be (Past
Tense) + -ing
to Be (Past
Tense) + PastParticiple
to Be (Past
Tensecontinuous) +Past Participle
3. PresentPerfect
to Have(Present) + PastParticiple
to Be (PresentPerfect) + -ing
to Be (PresentPerfect) + PastParticiple
4. Past Perfect to Have (PastTense) + PastParticiple
to Be (PastPerfect) + -ing
to Be (PastPerfect) + PastParticiple
5. Future shall/will +Infinitive to Be (Future) +-ing to Be (Future) +Past Participle6. Future Perfect shall/will +
PerfectInfinitive
to Be (FuturePerfect) + -ing
to Be (FuturePerfect) + PastParticiple
7. ConditionalPresent (Future-in-the-Past)
should/would +Infinitive
to Be(ConditionalPresent) + -ing
to Be(ConditionalPresent) + PastParticiple
8. ConditionalPast
should/would +Perfect
Infinitive
to Be(Conditional
Past) + -ing
to Be(Conditional
Past) + PastParticiple9. Infinitive to ask to Be
(Infinitive) +-ing
to Be(Infinitive) +Past Participle
10. PerfectInfinitive
to Have(Infinitive) +Past Participle
to Be (PerfectInfinitive) +- ing
to Be (PerfectInfinitive) +Past Participle
11. –ing Infinitive + -ing to Be (-ing) +Past Participle
12. Perfect -ing to Have (-ing) +
Past Participle
to Be (Perfect
–ing) + PastParticiple
13. PastParticiple
Infinitive + -ed
PRESENT – PRESENT PERFECT – PAST TENSE – PAST PERFECT(common, continuous)
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♥ I read every day – Citesc zilnic.
♥ I am reading at this moment – Citesc acum.
♥ I have been reading for an hour – Citesc de o oră .
♥ I have been reading since you came – Citesc de când ai venit.
♥ He never sang when he lived in Paris – Nu cânta când locuia laParis.
♥ When you came he was singing – Cânta când ai venit.
♥ He had been singing for two hours when you came – Cânta de două ore când aivenit.
TENSES
TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE(To Be + PastParticiple)
Common Continuous(To Be+ -ing)
Common Continuous
1. Present I ask, do I ask he asks, does heask
I am asking I am asked I am being asked
2. Past Tense I askeddid I ask
I was asking I was asked I was beingasked
3. PresentPerfect I have asked I have beenasking I have beenasked
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4. Past Perfect I had asked I had beenasking
I had been asked
5. Future I shall/will ask I shall be asking I shall be asked
6. FuturePerfect
I shall/will haveasked
I shall have beenasking
I shall have been asked
7. ConditionalPresent(Future-in-the-Past)
I should/wouldask
I should beasking
I should beasked
8. ConditionalPast
I should/wouldhave asked
I should have been asking
I should have been asked
9. Infinitive to ask to be asking to be asked
10. PerfectInfinitive to have asked to have beenasking to have beenasked11. –ing asking being asked
12. Perfect -ing having asked having beenasked
13. PastParticiple
asked
CONTINUOUS ASPECT NOT USED
VERBS EXCEPTIONS (change of meaning)
1. to be temporary stateHe is being noisy (he is usually quiet).
2. feelings, attitudes (to love, like, hate) only colloquialI am loving it.
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3. perception (to see, hear, feel) voluntary actionThe manager is seeing him now.colloquial
I can’t believe what I am hearing.
4. wish (to desire, want)
5. mental activities (to understand, know, believe, think – a crede...)
voluntary actionI am thinking of him.
6. auxiliarieslink verbs (verbe copulative)modal verbs7. repeated actions to show irritation
He is always buying sweets (and I hate it).
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVENominative Dative,
AccusativeAdjective Pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
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she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
thou (tu; vechi) thee thy thine thyself
IMPERATIVE
IMPERATIVE NEGATIVE EMPHATIClet me go let me not go
do not let me go
do let me see you home
(please)go do not godon’t yóu worry (accentuat)
do go
let him/her/it golet us gogolet them go
ORDER OF WORDS
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subject în propoziţii afirmative, de obicei pe primulloc
predicatedirect object de obicei nu se separă de verbindirect objectmanner
placetime 1. definite:
sfârşitul propoziţiei (după verb) sau începutulei (accentuat).[He came yesterday.]
2. indefinite (şi alte adverbe) [ever, never,
always, often, usually; only, first, last,already, just]: între subiect şi predicatsau între auxiliar şi verbul de conjugat (dupăprimul auxiliar).[He never laughs.He has already forgotten.I should never have guessed what it was.]
ARTICLE
COMPULSORY DEFINITE ARTICLE
1. rivers the Thames2. mountains the Alps3. oceans, seas the Pacific, the Mediterranean4. islands in the plural the Hebrides5. channels, canals the Channel (Canalul Mânecii)6. parks the Zoo7. shops the baker’s8. institutions the British Museum9. hotels the Ritz
10. ships the Hope11. newspapers the Times
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12. family names in the plural the Eliots13. nouns with attributes the England he knows
NO (ZERO) ARTICLE USED
1. proper names Jack 2. countries, continents, towns England, Europe, London
[Exceptions: the Congo, the Hague]
3. languages English4. nouns of material water 5. abstractions friendship6. individual nouns in the plural (generic) merchants
WHO: Cases
NOMINATIVE GENITIVE DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE
who whose whom
mi se... (reflexiv impersonal, în română) Passive
mi se spune
mi se dămi se aratămi se oferămi se predămi se promitemi se ordonăni se recomdadămi se decernează
I am told
I am givenI am shownI am offeredI am taughtI am promisedI am orderedI am recommendedI am awarded
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Inversion(when the sentence beginswith a negative or
restrictive adverb)I have never done this before.
I realized only later that hehad been fishing.I had hardly opened my eyeswhen I saw a hare.They had no sooner set outthan the car broke down.
Never have I done this before.Only later did I realize thathe had been fishing.Hardly had I opened myeyes when I saw a hare.No sooner had they set outthan the car broke down.
HARDLY (Past Perfect)
Hardly had he bought the gunHe had hardly found the coin
WHEN (Past Tense)
when the rabbit attacked him.when the beggar stole it from him.
NO SOONER (Past Perfect)
No sooner had the film startedThe baby had no sooner fallen asleep
THAN (Past Tense)
when the dwarf walked out.than the dog began barking.
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SEQUENCE OF TENSES
I. PAST TENSE in the
main clause(or any other past tenses)
Changes from direct toindirect speech:
1. PRESENT ----------------->
2. PRESENT PERFECT,PAST TENSE ---------------->
3. FUTURE ------------------->
in the subordinate
1. PAST TENSE2. PAST PERFECT3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
1. PAST TENSE
2. PAST PERFECT
3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
II. Temporal Clause
replace Future by 1. PRESENT2. PRESENT PERFECT(după ce...)
III. Conditional Clause
replace Future by PRESENT
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replace Conditional Present by
replace Conditional Past by
PAST TENSE (Subjunctive)
PAST PERFECT(Subjunctive)
ExamplesI. Past Tense in the mainclause
He said he knew, he was readinghe had finished, he had beenreading for hours
he would come back soonII. Temporal Clauses
I shall come 1. when I am free.2. after I have finished.
He said he would come when he was free.after he had finished.
He asksHe asked
Direct object clausewhen you will come.when you would come.
When will you come?
(adverb)Do not come till I ask you. (până nu terog)III. Conditional Clauses
I shall come if I buy the house.He said he would come if he had time.He would come if he knew.He would have come if he had known.I should be reading now if you had brought me the
book yesterday.
He would not have run away if you did not always beathim
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Use only past tenses(see The Subjunctive)
He would understand if you told him what you wanted. (ce vrei)
what you had done. (ce aifăcut)what you would do. (ce veiface)
He would have come if he had known. what you wanted.where you had been.who would help him.
He asks/askedDirect object clauseif/whether you would havecome.
I should have come
(Veneam
if I had known.
dacă ştiam.)Traducerea frazelor cu SEQUENCE OF TENSES în româneşte
Principală cu PastTense/Past Perfect
Completivă directă Temporală Traducere ( înromână nu existăSequence of Tenses)
He said/had said he would do it. că o va facehe had understood. că a înţeleshe had been walkingfor an hour.
că se plimbă de o oră
he would come back. că va revenihe would buy the
book when he found it . că va cumpăra cartea
când o va găsihe would write thenovel
after he had published his poems.
că va scrie romanuldupă ce-şi va publica
poemele.Principală Condiţională cu
Past Tense/PastPerfect(Subjunctive)
Orice subordonată
He would stay with
you
if you told him a witch was
following you.
dacă i-ai spune că te
urmăreşte ovrăjitoare
you had lost your keyand could not go in.
dacă i-ai spune că ţi-ai pierdut cheia şi nu
poţi intrayou would telleveryone the truth.
dacă i-ai spune că veispune tuturor adevărul
if he had been told who you were. dacă i s-ar fi spuscine eşti
what you had
decided.
dacă i s-ar fi spus ce
ai hotărâtwhen you would go dacă i s-ar fi spus
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to the Congo. când o să te duci înCongo
Câteva fraze complexe:
1. If you told him when you came back from Venice that you did not want him to phone you,he would stop calling you up every five minutes. [Dacă i-ai spune când te întorci de laVeneţia că nu mai vrei să te sune, nu te-ar mai chema la telefon din cinci în cinci minute.]2. He stated he would come back home when I had finished painting it and if I told himwhom I had been working with and when I would do it again, if this ever happened. [Adeclarat că se va întoarce acasă după ce voi termina s-o zugrăvesc şi dacă-i voi spune cu cineam lucrat şi când o s-o fac din nou, dacă aceasta se va întâmpla vreodată.]Forms of THE SUBJUNCTIVE
I. Synthetical
Present (=Infinitive)(old English, exclamatory)
Past (=Past Tense)simultaneity
Past Perfect (=Past Perfect)anteriority
I suggest that he go now.Suffice it to say that he waswrong.Long live England!
He is speaking as if he didnot know the truth.He was looking at me as if Ihad all the answers.
He is speaking as if he hadnot been told anything.He was looking at me as if Ihad stolen his golden watch.
II. Analytical
MODAL VERB simultaneityIndefinite Infinitive
anteriorityPerfect Infinitive
may, might
can, couldshouldwill, would
come today
be reading now
have come yesterday
have been reading at 7
EXAMPLES
It is strange that he should arrive tonight have arrived last night
It is natural that he should be asking this question have been dancing atseven
I suggest that you should forget about the party.
I shall give so that he may read
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him the book it tonight.
I came last
night
so that the witch
might
give me the broom.
He did not ask anything
lest you should shout at him.
SITUATIONS in which the Subjunctive is used
Main clause Conjunction Subjunctive form used
1. It is (natural, advisable...) that[subiective introduse cu itimpersonal]
he SHOULD go, be reading,have finished, have beenreading at seven o’clock (he go)
2. I suggest, insist, urge,demand, order...[dorinţa vorbitorului]
that he SHOULD go(he go)
3. (I shall comeI came yesterday...)
so that (final clauses) he may/might see mehe should see mehe can/could see mehe will/would see me
lest (ca să nu) he SHOULD forget
4. (He is/was walking) as if/as though(ca şi cum)
he did not knowhe had already finished
5. (I should tell youI should have told you)
if unless (dacă nu)
I knewI had known
omiterea conjuncţiei if Poetic; condiţionala pe primul loc; inversiune:
Should I know, I should tellhim.Had I known, I should havetold him.
6. I wish (aş vrea)I wished (aş fi vrut)
you came nowyou would come now(ce n-aş da să vii)you had come before
7. I would rather/sooner (aş prefera)If only (măcar dacă)
Suppose (dacă cumva)It is (high/about) time
he left nowhe had finished before
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(e vremea să)[To Be – use were in all
persons
I/he were here]8. Exclamatory sentences Long live... (lozinci)Long live the King!May you... (urări)May you live to be ahundred.So be it. (aşa să fie)Suffice it to say...(ajunge dacă spun că...)
[9. ...ever (whoever,
whatever, whenever,wherever)
he may/might do, be doing,
have done, have been doingWhatever he may be doing,you must not disturb him.Whoever he may have been,you should have told him thetruth.
After the SUBJUNCTIVE Past and Past Perfect, in the following situations, use onlypast tenses (Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future-in-the-Past):
Subjunctiveform whichrequires thechange
Subjunctivesituation whichrequires thechange
Tenses changed into Traducere înromână
1. SubjunctivePast2. SubjunctivePast Perfect
PRESENT----> PAST TENSE
PRESENTPERFECT,PAST TENSE
PASTPERFECT
FUTURE------> FUTURE-IN-
THE-PAST
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for clauses in asentence withconditional
clauses whichuse SubjunctivePast or PastPerfectas if/as thoughI wish/wishedif onlyI would rathersupposeit is time
Examples
I should tell youif I knew
you wanted togo there now.
că vrei să te duci
you had alreadyfound the key.
că ai găsit dejacheia
you would notscold her.
că n-o vei certa
I should havelistened if hehad explained
what he wantedto do.
ce vrea să facă
where he had
lost the book.
unde a pierdut
carteawhy he would
be leaving sosoon.
de ce va plecaatât de curând
I wish he knew where themoney was.
unde sunt banii
If only he hadtold us
why he hadshouted.
de ce a strigat
I would rather you told me
what wouldhappen.
ce se vaîntâmpla
Suppose he
never found out
why he had been
punished!
de ce a fost
pedepsit
Câteva fraze complexe:
1. If I knew you would not tell him what I was telling you, I might explain to you that he wasnot going to pay his debt because he had not yet found a means of making money whilesleeping.[Dacă aş şti că nu-i vei spune ce-ţi spun, poate ţi-aş explica cum că n-are de gând să-şi
plătească datoria fiindcă nu a descoperit încă un mijloc de a face bani în vreme ce doarme.]
2. If you had announced him when you would come back and how much you would be
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willing to pay for his monkey, he would certainly be waiting for you now.[Dacă-l anunţai când te vei întoarce şi cât vei fi dispus să-i dai pe maimuţă, acum precis căte-ar aştepta.]
3. I wish he had told us when he wanted to sell the house he had bought in Norway.[Aş vrea să ne fi spus când vrea să vândă casa pe care a cumpărat-o în Norvegia.]
4. I would rather he did not tell everyone he met that he had pawned his shirt because Irefused to give him any money and he would hang himself unless I paid all his debts by theend of the week.[Aş prefera să nu spună tuturor celor cu care se întâlneşte că şi-a amanetat cămaşa fiindcărefuz să-i dau bani şi că se va spânzura dacă n-am să-i plătesc toate datoriile până la sfârşitulsăptămânii.]
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
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Comparative
(C)
Intensified
Comparative
Traducere Examples
longer/better more expensive
much/far +C
mult mai much better far shorter much more expensive
C and Cever + C
din ce în ce mai better and better more and more unbelievableever larger ever more scared
the C 1, theC 2
cu cât... , cu atât The more, the merrier.The more interesting, the better.
The sooner he arrives, the less timeyou will have to spend without him.even + C şi mai even farther
even more attractiveC + by far cu mult mai cheaper by far
IRREGULAR COMPARISON
good, well better the best bad, ill worse the worstmuch, many more the mostlittle (puţin) less the leastfar farther
further (suplimentar)the farthestthe furthest
near nearer the nearestthe next (următorul)
old older elder
(our/your... elder s = ceivârstnici)
the oldestthe eldest (numai atributiv;
pentru fraţi)
late later the latter (al doilea din doi;the former – primul din doi)
the latest (cel mai recent)the last (ultimul)
AGREEMENT OF NOUNS (Acordul substantivelor)
PLURAL: THEY ARE
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Substantiv Traducere Acord 1, 2, 3... Exemple
THEY
ARE
pair(s) of
I.clothes hainetrousers pantalon(i) His trousers are dirty and they are
on the bed.shorts şortoveralls salopetăglasses/spectacles ochelari I only need a pair of glasses.
Have you seen my glasses?compasses compas
(compass – busolă)scales cântar
binoculars binoclutongs cleşte
pliers cleştescissors foarfecă I have three pairs of scissors in the
house.shears foarfecă
mare pyjamas pijama
pincers/tweezers pensetăflannels lenjerie de
flanelătights pantalon
strâns braces breteleannals letopiseţarchives arhivăashes cenuşă
(ash – scrum)
customs vamădregs zaţoutskirts periferiewages salariusavings economii
bellows foaleII. THEY
ARE
the Police poliţia The Police are looking for a thief.
the clergy clerulthe rich (articol + cei bogaţi The rich have much more than the
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adjectiv) poor.III. IT IS;
THEY
ARE
family (membri)
How long have your family livedhere? Are they at home?
crew echipaj (unitate) How many members does your crew have? Is it large?
team echipăIV. (Nouns of material in theplural)
sorturi de are
butters How many butters have you bought?coalsoils...
SINGULAR: IT IS
Substantiv Traducere Acord 1, 2, 3... Exemple
I. IT IS piece(s) of
news veşti No news is good news.information informaţii I need two pieces of information.knowledge cunoştinţeluggage bagajefurniture mobilă/mobil
emoney baniadvice sfaturifruit fructehomework temeII. IT IS
politicsmumps oreion Mumps is a dangerous disease.measles pojar rickets rahitism
billiards biliard
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draughts joc de damecards joc de cărţiskittles, ninepins popice
physics
SINGULAR = PLURAL
Au aceeaşi formă pentru singular şi plural.Forma de singular are şi sens de plural.
Substantiv Traducere AcordIS, ARE Exemple
series serie, seriispecies specie, speciimeans mijloc, intermediuworks uzină, uzinefish peşte, peşti How many fish have
you got?deer căprioară, căprioare A deer was running
across the street.
carp crap, crapitrout păstrăv, păstrăvisheep oaie, oi He had five sheep
when he startedfishing carp andtrout.
MODAL VERBS
1. SHALL (trebuie) 1. For the secondand third persononly: Modal Futureof promise,command and
determination (OldEnglish)
He shall come. (Va trebui să vină/ Garantez căva veni)You shall not go. (Îţi interzic, n-ai voie)
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2. For the firstperson,interrogative
Shall I go? (Vrei să mă duc? Să mă duc?)What shall I do? (Ce mă fac?)
2. SHOULD (ar trebui) 1. He asked me what he should do. (ce să facă)
2. You should come today/be reading now. (Artrebui)You should have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia să)
3. I think he should be there. (Presupun)
iritare, surpriză 4. Why should I do it? (De ce tocmai eu?)
dacă s-ar întâmpla(în condiţionale)
5. If I should find him, I should beat him.(Dacă s-ar întâmpla să-l găsesc)
omiterea conjuncţieiif
6. Should he know, he would come. [poetic](De-ar şti el...)
3. WILL (vrea) 1. First person:Modal Future(învechit)
I will not forget you. (Promit că nu te voi uita)
2. Will you help me? (Te rog)
Help me, will you? (Fii bun şi...)Go away, will you! (Fă bine şi pleacă de aici!)
3. Let him go if he will go. (dacă vrea/ţine să seducă)
pentru obiecte:opune rezistenţă
4. The door will not open. (nu vrea să sedeschidă)
5. That boy over there will be his son. (o fi,cred că este)
FrequentativeMood(în general)
6. He will always read when he has breakfast.(Mereu citeşte)
4. WOULD (voia) 1. FrequentativeMood
He will do that. (Mereu face aşa) – în generalHe would/used to come here of old. (Obişnuiasă vină) – în trecut
2. He wouldn’t even see us. (Nici n-a vrut)
3. I wouldn’t know. (N-am de unde să ştiu)
4. You wouldn’t do that to me! (Nu-mi faci tu
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mie una ca asta!)
5. You could go if you would. (Dacă ai vrea,
te-ai duce)
6. You would not (do not) want to know. (Nu teinteresează...)
5. OUGHT TO (ar trebui)
1. You ought to come today/be reading now.(Ar trebui)You ought to have finished yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia)2. I think he ought to be there. (Presupun)
6. MUST (trebuie) 1. You must go now. (Trebuie)
nu se schimbă dupăPast Tense
He said you must go.
neapărat 2. You must pay me a visit.
precis, trebuie că 3. He must be reading now. (Precis că citeşte)He must have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Se vede că, trebuie că avenit/citea)
e interzis 4. You must not come in. (Nu ai voie, e
interzis)
Înlocuitor modal:TO HAVE TO
You will have to go soon.He said I would have to go to the States.I realized he had had to walk all the way to theSahara.
7. TO HAVE TO(trebuie)
I have (got) to go.Have you got to go?/Do you have to go?I do not have to go yet.
8. TO BE TO(urmează să, e partedintr-un planstabilit)
1. He is to come today. (Urmează să vină)
2. He was to come today. (Urma să vină azi.)He was to have come yesterday. (Urma să fivenit ieri.)
e interzis 3. You are not to go in there. (E interzis săintri)
de-ar fi să 4. If he were to come, I should tell him. (De-arfi să vină)
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9. CAN (poate, ştie,e în stare să)
ştii să, poţi 1. Can you read? (Ştii să citeşti?)Can you lift a chair? (Poţi ridica un scaun?)
n-ai dreptul 2. You can’t go in. (N-ai dreptul)
nu e cu putinţă 3. He can’t be your brother. (Nu e cu putinţă)He can’t be reading now. (Nu se poate să, nu ecu putinţă)He cannot have finished yesterday. (E imposibilsă fi terminat, nu putea să termine)Can he have been reading at seven? (Nu-mivine să cred că, nu se poate, cum să cred că..?)
familiar, pentruMAY 4. Can I go now? (Am voie?)
Înlocuitor modal:TO BE ABLE TO
You will be able to read next year.He had been able to speak Japanese for yearswhen we met.
10. COULD 1. Past Tense(could)
He said he could read. (poate, ştie)
2. ConditionalPresent (could)
You could go if you would. (Ai putea)
3. Conditional Past(could + PerfectInfinitive)
You could have gone if you had been free. (Aifi putut, puteai)
4. It could be true. (S-ar putea, cred eu că...)
11. MAY (Am voie;POATE, habar n-am)
Am voie 1. May I come in? (Am voie să)
Înlocuitor modal:TO BE ALLOWEDTO
He confessed he had never been allowed to eatraspberries.
2. POATE, nu ştiu,n-am idee (nu-miexprim nici o
părere)
He may come today, tomorrow.He may be reading now.He may have come yesterday.He may have been reading at seven.He may have finished by then. (Va fi terminat
până la zece.)
3. He may as well be a thief, for all I know. (Ofi şi hoţ, habar n-am.)
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12. MIGHT 1. Past Tense He said I might go. (am voie)He said it might rain. (se poate să, poate o să...)
2. ConditionalPresent (might)
a) It might be true. (S-ar putea, nu ştiu) b) You might send me a letter. (Ai putea, îţisugerez, aş vrea s-o faci)
3. Conditional Past(might + PerfectInfintive)
You might have helped him. (Ai fi putut, puteai, de ce nu l-ai ajutat? – reproş)
13. NEED (E nevoie –
impersonal)
[To need (verb regulat) – a avea nevoie(personal):
He needs a book. – Are nevoie de o carte.Will he need this book? – Va avea nevoie decarte?He does not need to be warned about this. – Nuare nevoie să fie prevenit.]
1. Need you go? (E nevoie să te duci?)He need not go.I do not think he need come. (de obicei nu areafirmativ, ca verb modal; excepţie fac verbelecare vin după o negaţie în propoziţia anterioară)
nu se schimbă dupăun timp trecut
2. He said you need not go.
3. You need not have come so soon. (Nu eranevoie)
14. DARE(Îndrăzneşte)
How dare you steal my apples? (Cumîndrăzneşti să-mi furi merele?)
DEGREES OFPROBABILITY(precis, probabil,
posibil, poate, s-ar putea)
precis 1. He must be reading.
cred, probabil 2. He should/ought to be reading.
mă gândesc că e posibil
3. He could be reading/He will be reading.
poate, nu ştiu 4. He may come.
s-ar putea, chiar nu 5. He might come.
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ştiuTREBUIA... (nutrebuia, nu era
nevoie, trebuia, ar fifost cazul, trebuie, atrebuit)
1. Nu era nevoie You need not have come.(Nu trebuia să vii, nuera nevoie)
2. Ar fi trebuit/trebuia, era cazul
You should have come. (Trebuia să vii, ar fitrebuit)
3. Reproş You might have come. (Trebuia să vii, de ce n-ai venit?)
4. Era mai bine You had better have come. (Trebuia să vii, mai bine veneai)
5. Trebuie să He said I must go. (trebuie să)
6. A trebuit Did he have to go? (a trebuit)
MAI BINE... 1. HAD BETTER (urmat numai deinfinitiv scurt)
You had better go tomorrow/be reading now.(Mai bine ai pleca)You had better have finished yesterday/have
been reading at seven. (Mai bine terminai)
2. would rather I would rather you left now. (Mai bine ai pleca,aş prefera să pleci)
I would rather you had left yesterday. (Mai bine plecai, mai bine ai fi plecat, aş prefera)
3. should You should go tomorrow/be reading now. (Mai bine ai pleca, ar trebui să)You should have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Mai bine citeai, trebuia să)
4. need You need not go. (Mai bine nu pleci, nu enevoie)You need not have finished/have been reading.(Mai bine nu terminai, nu era nevoie)
SĂ ?... may 1. May I help you? (Îmi permiţi să te ajut? Nuţin neapărat.)
can 2. Can I help you? (Cu ce pot să te ajut? Ce potface pentru tine? Vreau să te ajut)
shall 3. Shall I help you? (Vrei să/Să te ajut?)
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ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE
VERB ACCUSATIVE INFINITIVE
I. I. Long Infinitive
1. I want/should like him to go
2. I allow, order, expect you to stay
3. I think, suppose, know,suspect, imagine, believe
her to be intelligent
4. I wait for (verbs withcompulsory prepositions)
them to come
II. II. Short Infinitive
1. I see, hear him go in
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2. I make, let (help)Causative Have (îl pun să):I shall have
her eat the orange
Examples
I know her to be in town.I expect them to be running now.I imagined you to have finished before he arrived.I suppose him to have been reading before the storm began.
THERE IS se transformă în THERE TO BE:
I should not like there to be another war.I do not want there to be any argument.I did not expect there to be so many obstacles.
NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE
NOMINATIVE VERB LONG INFINITIVE
I. Passive
He 1. is allowed, ordered to stay
He 2. is known, supposed(se ştie că, se presupune că)
to be abroad
He 3. is seen, heard to run down the street
He 4. is made, let to sweep the floor
He 5. is said, reported(se spune că)
to have finished
II. Active
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(one by one)de (numeral) ori (numeral) times five times – de cinci ori
(once, twice)
VÂRSTA
He is in his teens (e adolescent)He is in his early twenties (are puţin peste douăzeci de ani)He is in his middle twenties (are în jur de douăzeci şi cinci de ani, e trecut bine de douăzeci)He is in his late twenties (n-a împlinit încă treizeci de ani, mai are puţin şi face treizeci)He is in his prime (e în floarea vârstei)He is middle-aged (e între două vârste)
He turned 27 yesterday (a împlinit)He is under age (nu e major)He came of age last year (a devenit major)
Come back on Monday week . (de luni într-o săptămână)I swim in the pool every two days/ every other day. (din două în două zile)I used to read that novel every three years. (din trei în trei ani)DE...
Since-for-ago-before DE Examples, in onesentence Traducere
SINCE DE la (dinmomentul)
I have been readingsince seveno’clock,
Citesc DE la oraşapte,
FOR (timp) DE (durata) for two hours, DE două ore,
AGO DEmult (în urmă/acum cinci ani)
since he came back,long /two hours
ago,
DE când s-aîntors el,
DEmult/ acumdouă oreBEFORE (faţă de un moment
trecut) Înainte/DEand told me he hadarrived a week before.
şi mi-a zis că asosit DE osăptămână.
DE (fără sens real) (nu se traduce înengleză)
A venit deieri/de aseară.He cameyesterday/lastnight.
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MAI
1. longer thanthe most interesting
The street is longer than thehighway.
It is the most interesting playI have ever read.
mai lung
cea mai interesantă2. most people, almosteveryone, nearly all of them
Most people sleep at night.Almost everyone had left.
mai toţi
3. else Who else is there? Cine mai e?4. another, other I want another book/other
books.mai vreau
5. more I want (some) more milk/twomore loaves of bread.
mai vreau
6. still Is he still here? Mai este acolo?7. again Come again. Mai vino.
8. longer Stay a little longer. Mai stai.9. before Have you seen her before? Ai mai văzut-o?10. ever/never Have you ever seen her?
I have never been there.Ai mai văzut-o până acum?
N-am mai fost acolo.11. especially especially now mai ales acum12. other What other novelists do you
know?Ce romancieri mai ştii?
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CAUSATIVE HAVE
HAVE Accusative 1. Past Participle
I shall haveI must have
my hair cut pun pe cineva să, daula făcut...She has her dressesmade in Paris.
2. short InfinitiveI had them buy the dwarf i-am pus să
Have him translatethe sentence intoEnglish.
3. –ing
I cannot have him smoking nu permitI shall not have youtalking to your
grandfather like this.
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EMPHATIC ITIt was the
presidentwho broke a leg. Preşedintele a
fost cel careIt will not be you who will win the
race. Nu tu vei fi celcare va câştiga.
It had been themonk
who had taught himhow to pray.
Călugărul fusesecel care l-aînvăţat să seroage.
It must have been
the mayor
who built the school. Se vede că
primarul e celcare a construit.It is today that he wants it. O vrea chiar azi.
It was there that he first saw you. Acolo te-a văzutIt is in July that you must come
back.În iulie trebuiesă revii.
It was the wind that made him run sofast.
Vântul a fost celcare l-a împinssă fugă aşa iute.
It is by bus that you must go to
the Hague.
Cu autobuzul
trebuie să te ducila Haga.
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-ING
His being rude to youamazedeveryone.
Faptul că a fost nepoliticos cu tinei-a uimit pe toţi.
Jack’s finding the treasure wassheer luck.
Faptul că Jack a găsit comoara afost doar un noroc.
Your having bought the novelimpressed him.
Faptul că ai cumpărat romanul l-aimpresionat.
What do youthink of his
losing his passport? Ce crezi despre faptul că şi-a pierdut paşaportul?
I dislike his having left without me. Nu-mi place că a plecat fără mine.Have you heardof their
stealing the painting? Ai auzit că a furat tabloul?
On entering the garden Inoticed a lion.
Când am intrat în grădină am zăritun leu.
While waiting for the plumber I fell asleep.
Pe când îl aşteptam pe instalator am adormit.
Having alreadyseen the house
he waited for her outside.
Fiindcă văzuse deja casa, aaşteptat-o afară.
He remembered posting the letter. A ţinut minte că a pus scrisoarea lacutie (în trecut).
[to post the letter.] A ţinut minte să pună scrisoarea lacutie (în viitor).You must haveforgotten
posting the letter. Se vede că ai uitat că ai pus dejascrisoarea la cutie.
[to post the letter.] Se vede că ai uitat să puiscrisoarea la cutie.
He went on singing the samesong.
A cântat mai departe.
[to dance a newdance he hadlearnt.]
A trecut la un dans nou pe care-lînvăţase.
Try buying the book,if you cannot
Încearcă să cumperi cartea dacăn-o poţi lua cu împrumut. (printre
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borrow it. alte posibilităţi)[to buy the book now.]
Cumpără cartea acum.
ROMANIAN TENSES translated into English
Timp în română Timp în engleză Exemple în română Traducere înengleză
1. PREZENT 1. Present, common Vine adesea să nevadă.
He often comes to seeus.
2. Present, continuous Acum citeşte şi nu poate veni.
He is reading nowand cannot come.
3. Present Perfect,common
Mă cunoşti demult? Have you known mefor a long time?
4. Present Perfect,
continuous
Mă aştepţi demult? Have you been
waiting for me for along time?5. Past Perfect,common
A zis că vine după cetermină.
He said he wouldcome after he hadfinished.
6. Past Perfect,continuous
A zis că citeşte demult. He said he had beenreading for a longtime.
7. Past Tense,common
A zis că ştie. He said he knew.
8. Past Tense,
continuous
A zis că citeşte. He said he was
reading.9. Future Vine mâine. He will come
tomorrow.10. Future-in-the-Past A zis că vine când
vrea.He said he wouldcome whenever hewanted to.
11. Imperative Te duci şi te culci. Go to bed.
12. Frequentative Aşa fac copiii. Children will bechildren.
13. Subjunctive E ciudat că pleci chiar
acum.
It is strange that you
should leave rightnow.
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14. Infinitive Se aştepta că ştii deasta.
He expected you toknow about this.
2. IMPERFECT
1. Past Tense,common
Simţea că e adevărat. He felt it was true.
2. Past Tense,continuous
Citea. He was reading.
3. Frequentative Venea adesea pe la noi. He would often/oftenused to come to seeus.
4. Future Tu erai tata şi eu erammama.
You will be father and I will be mother.
5. Near Future Nu ştia ce am de gând
să fac.
He had no idea what I
was going to do.6. Past Perfect,common
A zis că merge acolozilnic de un an.
He said he had gonethere daily for a year.
7. Past Perfect,continuous
Ploua de două ore. It had been rainingfor two hours.
8. Conditional Present Dacă ai fi sărac, nuaveai bani.
If you were poor, youwould not have anymoney.
9. Conditional Past Dacă voiai veneai. If you had wanted to,you would havecome.
10. Subjunctive Măcar dacă veneai şi tuieri.
If only you had comeyesterday, too.
11. Perfect Infinitive Mai bine veneai cu noi. You had better havecome with us.
12. Modal verbs Trebuia să vii.
Urma să vină.
You should havecome.He was to come.
13. Present Aveam ceva să te rog. I want to ask you afavour.
3. PERFECT
COMPUS
1. Past Tense,common
Ai venit ieri? Did you comeyesterday?
2. Past Perfect,common
Zicea că a uitat. He was saying he hadforgotten.
3. Present Perfect,common
Ai citit ultima luicarte?
Have you read hislatest book?
4. Present, common Am auzit că ştii. I hear you knowabout it.
5. Present, continuous Ei gata, am plecat! I am going now.
6. Frequentative Ani de zile nici nu l-a For years he would
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băgat în seamă. not even notice him.7. Subjunctive E ciudat că a plecat
deja.It is odd that heshould already have
left.4.CONDIŢIONALPREZENT
1. Indefinite Infinitive Cică ar fi hoţ.
Cică ar citi acum.
He is said to be athief.He is said to bereading now.
2. Past Tense Dacă ai vrea ai veni. If you wanted to, youwould come.
3. Present Se pare că ar fi ocupat. It seems he is busy.4. Conditional Present Aş veni şi eu dar nu pot.
I should come, too, but I cannot.
5. Future Cică ar pleca mâine. They say he willleave tomorrow.
6. Modals N-ar trebui să pleci. You should not goaway.
5.CONDIŢIONALTRECUT
1. Past Tense Cică ar fi venit ieri.
Nu că n-ar fi ştiut, dar n-a vrut.
They say he cameyesterday.He knew all right, buthe would not.
2. Past Perfect Dacă ar fi vrut, ar fivenit.
If he had wanted to,he would have come.
3. Conditional Past Ar fi venit dacă-ispuneai.
He would have comeif you had told him.
4. Subjunctive Măcar dacă ai fi venitieri.
If only you had comeyesterday.
5. Modals Ar fi fost cazul să vii. You should have
come.6. Perfect Infinitive Se zice că ar fi
terminat.He is said to havefinished.
6. PERFECTULSIMPLU
1. Past Tense Sosi şi se culcă. He arrived and wentto bed.
2. Hardly...when Nici nu sosi bine, că şiauzi pianul.
Hardly had he arrivedwhen he heard the
piano.
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INTRANSITIVE-TRANSITIVE VERBS
1. to rise, rose, risen (a se ridica) to raise, raised, raised (a ridica ceva)to rouse, roused, roused (a stârni)
2. to lie, lay, lain (a zăcea) to lay, laid, laid (a culca, a aşeza culcat)
3. to sit, sat, sat (a sta jos) to set, set, set ( a pune, a aşeza)
4. to fall, fell, fallen ( a cădea) to fell, felled, felled (a abate, a doborî)
5. to hang, hung, hung (a atârna)to hang, hanged, hanged (a spânzura)
ADJECTIVE-NOUN-VERB
ADJECTIVE NOUN VERBstrong strength strengthen
long length lengthen
high height heighten
wide width widen
broad breadth broaden
deep depth deepen
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DO and MAKE
DO MAKEgoodharmright/wronghomework one’s dutya favour a servicethe roomone’s hair
the housesums problemswondersa job
businesshonour/creditdamagerepairs
tea/coffeethe bedthe firea noisefriends/enemies
peace/war laws/rulesthe distinctionthe difference
moneya livinga fortunefacesa bowa journey/voyage/travela tripa startan attempta blunder mistakes
an excusea choicerooma mess
VERBS AND ADJECTIVES WITH COMPULSORY PREPOSITIONS
used in
English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice
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VERBS
the land abounds in gamehe abstains from drink you must account for your behaviour he was accused of robberyare you acquainted with T.S. Eliot?add this money to the sumI agree with you on thisI agree to this
what are you aiming atwhat does he allude tothe dance alternates with concertswhat does the sum amount todid you apologize to him for breaking the vase?it does not appeal to meapply to your boss for a risedo you approve of the plan?don’t argue with me for the pricewhen did you arrive at the shop?ask him for a loaf of bread
what does he aspire to?he associates with thievesI can assure you of my good intentionshe must atone for his crimehe will attend to your problemwhom was the play attributed towhom is the dog barking at?what is the book based onhe is basking in the sunhe beckoned to me to go awayI shall begin by saying who I am
whom does it belong to?he was bereft of his moneya large fortune was bestowed on her
beware of dogsdon’t blame me for not goingdon’t blame this on mehe kept blinking at mehe blushed at her wordswhat is he boasting of?what does England border on?whom did you borrow the book from?
what is he brooding on?whom do you care for?
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he was changed into a dwarf he was charged with murder she is chatting with a friend
he cheered me upit coincides with your birthdayhe collaborates with usthe plane collided with another planewhat is he commenting on?I compared him to/with her do you compete with us?what are you complaining of?I concealed it from her concentrate on your homework he concluded with a few English words
he was condemned to ten years of jaildo you confide in her?it is confined to this spaceit has been confiscated from smugglers (contrabandişti)you must conform to the rulesdon’t confound him with meconfront me with her I congratulate you on your birthdayI consent to the marriagewhat does the book consist in?how many chapters does it consist of?
they conspired against the kinghe is consulted on various mattersit contrasts with the wallshe has converted to Catholicismhow much can you contribute to the sum?he was convicted of murder are you convinced of his guilt?I shall cooperate with you in writing itcan you cope with everything?it culminated in a quarrelhe was cured of measles
he darted/dashed at the door it dawned on me that I had seen him beforewhat does the book deal with?have you decided on the punishment?whom is it dedicated to?whom did you defend him from?he was deferred to the policeshe was delivered from the wizardcan I depend on it?he was deprived of everythinghe is devoted to his friends
he died of/from pneumoniadoes this differ from your result?
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he was dipped into water I disagree with youhe disappeared from town
I disapprove of your ideacan you dispense with it?it was divided into seven shareshe was divested of all his gloryhe was doomed to prisonhe dotes on his daughter what are you dreaming of?he is endowed with a musical ear he enlarged on the subjecthe escaped from goalhe excels in physics
I exchanged the book for a penthis horse feeds on wheathe fired at the foxhe flung a stone at her it floated on water what are you fussing about?he is gazing at the lakehe glanced at my handshe grieves for his friendhe was grinning at meshe is harping on the same subject
hide it from her he was hindered from going therewhat did he hint at?let us hope for the besthe hungered for her sightis he implicated in this?this rule was imposed on usthey incited him to actionhe indulged in his work I infer from your words that you don’t knowthe air was infested with the smell
don’t inflict injuries on your friendsI informed him of what was going onhe inquired into her affairsI insist on your going homethe book inspired him with faiththey instigated him to actionshe is intended for himare you interested in this?don’t interfere in/with what she is doinghave you introduced him to her?I don’t want to intrude on you
he was isolated from his fellowswill you join in the talk?
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he jumped at her he knocked at the door don’t laugh at me
lean on my armlean against the wallhe left for Irelandthe pipe is linked to the wash basincan you listen to me?he lives on tea and breadshe longs for news from himlook at ithe marvelled at the sightthe bag doesn’t match with your dressdon’t mistake me for a coward
whom are you mocking at?multiply 6 by 7don’t nag at himcan I negotiate with her?note down the wordwhat do you object to?has it ever occurred to you that I am busy?when will he be operated on?what does it originate in?I parted with/from her they participated in the show
what did he pay for?what is he peering at?the raven is perched on a branchdon’t persevere/persist in your error I persuaded her of my sincerityexiles pine for homehe pleaded for his friendthe diver plunged into the seadon’t point to the door don’t point your forefinger at mehe pounced on the gold
he was praised for his hard work I prefer this book to thatare you prepared for the exam?he presided over the assemblydon’t prevent him from goingdon’t pride yourself on your achievementhe proceeded to townyou will not profit by his advicehe was promoted to a higher rank I protected her from the witchthe stick protrudes from your bag
he provided for her he provided her with food
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don’t pry into other people’s affairshe was punished for his crimeI tried to reason with him
he recoiled from the touchhas he recovered from his illness?do you refer to him?I refrained from any commenthe reigned over the whole countrythis does not relate to what I was sayingcan I rely on you?your face reminds me of someonehe was remunerated for his work he repented of/for his deedwhat did you reply to him?
he reproached me with extravagance/ for being latehe reproved me for being latewhat do you require of/from us?I have reserved this table for youwhat does it reside in?he resorted to forceshe will not respond to forcehe retired from businesswhat will it result in?he was rewarded for his couragehe rushed at the door
he searches for truthshe saved him from destructionhe was separated from his friendsthe clerk was sent for don’t shoot at birdsshe never shrinks from dutywhom do you side with?she smiled at those wordsthe dog sniffed at himspeak to me about itdon’t spend money on sweets
he spies on youdon’t stare at peoplestick to what you are doinghe stumbled on a stonehe substituted his book for another subtract 5 pounds from the sumhe succeeded in finishingthey supply us with sugar we surround him with carewe suspect him of lyinghe suffers from rheumatism
she swore at meI sympathise with you
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can you thank him for it?he theorizes on beautywhat are you thinking of?
he threatened us with a finethey throw stones at your dogI thrust the stick into the groundtranslate it into EnglishI travel by planedon’t tread on that plank he trembles with fear don’t trespass on his propertyshe triumphed over everyonedon’t tumble over the chair turn to him and see
wait for meI warned her against the danger what do you wish for?don’t worry about thathe yelled at meshe yielded to the thief
ADJECTIVES
he is absent from schoolis it necessary to you?I am not accustomed to reading aloudhe is active in politicshis means are not adequate to his aimhe is adverse to progressdon’t be afraid of me
he is ahead of his fellowsare you akin to her?he is alert to changesthis is alien to my way of thinkinghe is aloof from everyonedon’t be angry with me for doing thatmy book is anterior to hersmy opinions are antithetic to yoursdon’t be anxious about the resultapart from all this, you are rightit is apparent to all of us
he is apt for sportswhat are you ashamed of?
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are you aware of what it means?he is away from homehe is bent on spending money
he is blind to all her defectsthe ship is bound for Indiahe is busy with his work is he capable of murder?I am certain of successhe is clever at gamesshe was charmed with himthe house is close to the park this feature is common to all of ushe is competent at his jobmy work is complementary to his
is this compatible with your ideas?he is conscious of the implicationsyour lecture was conspicuous for its originalityI am consistent with my decisionyou are contemporary with meone must be content with one’s fateit is contrary to my expectationsis it convenient for you to stay?are you conversant with Arabic?he is crazy about musiche is dear to her
you are deficient in mathematicshe is delighted with the ideathe idea is detrimental to our planshe is diffident about strangershis attitude is discrepant with his slogansthis part is distinct from the othersthe village is distant from the seathe prospect is distasteful to methe error is due to hurryhe is eager for new friendsyou are early for tea
it lies east of Chinais it easy for you?he is entangled in something complicatedhe is engaged in work he is engaged to her he is enthusiastic about the ideayou are envious of her luck is it equivalent to the sum?I am even with youhe is exempt from attendancehe is expert in astronomy
she is faithful to youshe is false to her friends
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are you familiar with the idea?he is famous for his poetrythe house is far from the baker’s
it can be fatal to anyoneit is favourable to themhe is fit for nothingshe is fond of cocoait is full of peoplehe is good at drawingI am grateful to you for helping medon’t be hard on her the idea is harmful to everyone
be honest about ithe is hostile to us
this is identical with mineI am ignorant of the circumstancesit is imperative for her to gohe was impressed with your knowledgethe path is inaccessible to travellersI am indebted to youshe was indignant at the newshe is inferior to noneyou are inseparable from mehe is intent on his studyare you interested in this?
don’t get involved in thattake them, irrespective of the priceshe is jealous of you
be kind to ushe is lucky at cards/in love
be merciful to themhe is native to Indiathe street is near to the stationit is not necessary to mesit next to meis he obedient to the rules?
you are oblivious of what is going onit is obvious to meI am opposed to any changehe sits opposite to mehe is overcome with joy
be patient with her it is peculiar to his countryshe is pleased with her dress
be polite to your eldershe is popular with kidsI am positive of success
this is preliminary to the testthe book is previous to the film
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you are prejudiced against foreignershe is prone to various moodsis she qualified for the job?
he is ready for the testregardless of consequences, you must gothe house is remote from the park you are responsible for all the mistakesthe land is rich in gameyou are being rude to mewho is sad about the loss?he is safe from his pursuersthe same as that onehe is sensitive to kind treatmentshe is short of money
they are sick of sweetsyour boat is similar to minehe is sorry for being latethis is subject to improvementare you sure of that?it is useful to ushe is not used to waitingit is vital to us to goyou are welcome to our townhe is wrong about many things
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IRREGULAR VERBS
arise arose arisen a se ridica
awake awokeawaked
awokenawaked
a se trezi
be was / were been a fi
bear bore borne born
a purtaa se naşte
beat beat beaten a bate
become became become a deveni
begin began begun a începe
bend bent bent a se îndoi
bet bet betted
bet betted
a paria
bid bid bade bid bidden a licita, a porunci
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bind bound bound a lega
bite bit bitten a musca
bleed bled bled a sângera
blow blew blown a sufla, a bate
break broke broken a sparge
breed bred bred a creste, a educa
bring brought brought a aduce
broadcast broadcast broadcasted
broadcast broadcasted
a difuza
browbeat browbeat browbeaten browbeat
a intimida
build built built a construi
burn burned burnt
burned burnt
a arde
burst burst burst a exploda
buy bought bought a cumpăra
cast cast cast a arunca
catch caught caught a prinde
choose chose chosen a alege
cling clung clung a se agăta
come came come a veni
cost cost cost a costa
creep crept crept a se târî, a se furisa
cut cut cut a tăia
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deal dealt dealt a trata, a se ocupa de
dig dug dug a săpa
do did done a face
draw drew drawn a trage, a desena
dream dreameddreamt
dreameddreamt
a visa
drink drank drunk a bea
drive drove driven a şofa, a mâna
dwell dweltdwelled
dweltdwelled
a locui
eat ate eaten a mânca
fall fell fallen a cădea
feed fed fed a hrăni
feel felt felt a (se) simţi
fight fought fought a (se) lupta
find found found a găsi
fit fittedfit
fittedfit
a se potrivi
flee fled fled a fugi, a se refugia
fling flung flung a arunca
fly flew flown a zbura
forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
forecast forecastforecasted
forecastforecasted
a prevedea
foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
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foretell foretold foretold a prezice
forget forgot forgotten a uita
forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
forsake forsook forsaken a părăsi
freeze froze frozen a îngheţa
frostbite frostbit frostbitten a degera
get got got a primi, a obţine
give gave given a da
go went gone a merge
grind ground ground a măcina
grow grew grown a creşte
hang hung hung a atârna
have had had a avea
hear heard heard a auzi
hew hewed hewnhewed
a despica
hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde
hit hit hit a lovi
hold held held a ţine
hurt hurt hurt a lovi, a răni, a durea
interweave interwoveinterweaved
interwoveninterweaved
a (se) întreţese
keep kept kept a ţine, a păstra
kneel kneltkneeled kneltkneeled a îngenunchia
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knit knittedknit
knittedknit
a tricota
know knew known a şti, a cunoaşte
lay laid laid a pune, a aşeza
lead led led a conduce
lean leanedleant
leanedleant
a se apleca, a se sprijini
leap leapedleapt leapedleapt a sări
learn learnedlearnt
learnedlearnt
a învăţa
leave left left a pleca, a lăsa
lend lent lent a da cu împrumut
let let let a lăsa, a permite
lie lay lain a zăcea, a se afla
light litlighted
litlighted
a aprinde
lip-read lip-read lip-read a citi pe buze
lose lost lost a pierde
make made made a face
mean meant meant a însemna
meet met met a (se) întâlni
miscast miscast miscast a distribui într-un rol nepotrivit
mislay mislaid mislaid a pierde
mislead misled misled a îndruma greşit
misread misread misread a citi greşit
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misspell misspelledmisspelt
misspelledmisspelt
a ortografia greşit
mistake mistook mistaken a confunda
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood a înţelege greşit
mow mowed mowedmown
a cosi
outbid outbid outbid a licita mai mult ca
outdo outdid outdone a întrece
outgrow outgrew outgrown a (se) face prea mare
outshine outshoneoutshined
outshoneoutshined
a eclipsa
outspeak outspoke outspoken a vorbi tare
overcome overcame overcome a covârşi
overdo overdid overdone a exagera
overdraw overdrew overdrawn a depăşi
overdrink overdrank overdrunk a bea în exces
overeat overate overeaten a mânca în exces
overfeed overfed overfed a (se) supraalimenta
overhang overhung overhung a atârna peste
overhear overheard overheard a auzi din întâmplare
overlay overlaid overlaid a pune peste
overpay overpaid overpaid a plăti prea mult
override overrode overridden a încălca
overrun overran overrun a depăşi
oversee oversaw overseen a supraveghea
oversell oversold oversold a supraevalua
oversleep overslept overslept a dormi prea mult
overtake overtook overtaken a depăşi
overthrow overthrew overthrown a răsturna
overwrite overwrote overwritten a suprascrie
partake partook partaken a împărtăşi
pay paid paid a plăti
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preset preset preset a preconfigura
proofread proofread proofread a corecta
prove proved proven proved
a (se) dovedi
put put put a pune
quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen a îngheţa rapid
quit quitquitted
quitquitted
a abandona
read read read a citi
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt a reconstrui
recast recast recast a remodela
remake remade remade a reface
repay repaid repaid a recompensa
reread reread reread a reciti
rerun reran rerun a relua
resell resold resold a revinde
resend resent resent a retrimite
reset reset reset a reaşeza
retell retold retold a repovesti
rethink rethought rethought a regândi
rewind rewound rewound a derula înapoi
rewrite rewrote rewritten a rescrie
rid rid rid a scăpa de, a se descotorosi
ride rode ridden a călări
ring rang rung a suna
rise rose risen a răsări, a se ridica
run ran run a fugi
saw sawed sawnsawed
a tăia cu fierăstrăul
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say said said a spune
see saw seen a vedea
seek sought sought a căuta
sell sold sold a vinde
send sent sent a trimite
set set set a pune
sew sewed sewnsewed
a coase
shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura
shave shaved shavedshaven
a (se) rade
shear sheared shearedshorn
a tunde oi
shed shed shed a vărsa (lacrimi, sânge)
shine shoneshined
shoneshined
a străluci
shoe shod shod a potcovi
shoot shot shot a împuşca
show showed shown a arăta
shrink shrank shrunk a se strânge
shut shut shut a închide
sing sang sung a cânta
sink sank sunk
sunk a (se) scufunda
sit sat sat a sedea
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slay slewslayed
slainslayed
a ucide
sleep slept slept a dormi
slide slid slid a aluneca
sling slung slung a arunca
slink slunk slunk a se furisa
slit slit slit a (se) crăpa
smell smelledsmelt smelledsmelt a mirosi
sneak sneakedsnuck
sneakedsnuck
a se furişa
sow sowed sownsowed
a semăna (ceva)
speak spoke spoken a vorbi
speed spedspeeded
spedspeeded
a grăbi, a accelera
spell spelledspelt
spelledspelt
a ortografia
spellbind spellbound spellbound a fermeca
spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece
spill spilledspilt
spilledspilt
a vărsa
spin spun spun a toarce
spit spatspit
spatspit
a scuipa
split split split a despica
spoil spoiledspolit
spoiledspoilt
a răsfăţa
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spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed a hrăni cu lingurita
spread spread spread a (se) întinde
spring sprangsprung
sprung a izvorî, a sări
stand stood stood a sta (în picioare)
steal stole stolen a fura, a se furişa
stick stuck stuck a lipi
sting stung stung a înţepa
stink stunk stank
stunk a mirosi urât
strew strewed strewnstrewed
a presăra
stride strode stridden a merge cu paşi mari
strike struck struck stricken
a lovi
string strung strung a înşira
strive strovestrived
strivenstrived
a năzui
sublet sublet sublet a subînchiria
sunburn sunburned
sunburnt
sunburned
sunburnt
a se arde de soare
swear swore sworn a jura, a înjura
sweat sweatsweated
sweatsweated
a transpira
sweep swept swept a mătura
swell swelled swollenswelled
a se umfla
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swim swam swum a înota
swing swung swung a legăna
take took taken a lua
teach taught taught a preda
tear tore torn a rupe
telecast telecast telecast a teledifuza
tell told told a spune, a povesti
test-drive test-drove test-driven a testa o maşină
test-fly test-flew test-flown a testa un avion
think thought thought a (se) gândi
thrive throve thriven a prospera
throw threw thrown a arunca
thrust thrust thrust a înfige
tread trod troddentrod
a călca
typecast typecast typecast a distribui într-un rol tipic
typeset typeset typeset a culege pentru tipar
typewrite typewrote typewritten a dactilografia
unbend unbent unbent a (se) dezdoiunbind unbound unbound a dezlega
underbid underbid underbid a oferi un preţ prea mic
undercut undercut undercut a submina
underfeed underfed underfed a subalimenta
undergo underwent undergone a trece prin
underlie underlay underlain a sta la baza
undersell undersold undersold a vinde mai ieftin
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understand understood understood a înţelege
undertake undertook undertaken a lua asupra sa
underwrite underwrote underwritten a scrie sub
undo undid undone a anula
unfreeze unfroze unfrozen a dezgheţa
unwind unwound unwound a desfăşura
uphold upheld upheld a susţine
upset upset upset a tulbura
wake wokewaked wokenwaked a se trezi
waylay waylaid waylaid a întinde o cursă
wear wore worn a purta
weave woveweaved
wovenweaved
a ţese
wed wed
wedded
wed
wedded
a (se) cununa
weep wept wept a plânge
wet wetwetted
wetwetted
a uda
win won won a câştiga
wind wound wound a răsuci
withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage
withhold withheld withheld a reţine
withstand withstood withstood a rezista la
wring wrung wrung a stoarce
write wrote written a scrie
Ediţie revizuită şi adăugită
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LIDIA VIANU
Martie 2006
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