Verbets Tider

Det største problemet:- å unngå å skifte tid - spesielt i stiler om roman, novelle

eller film

Årsak:• en historie du ser eller leser har

alltid sin egen tidsreferanse• men du leser den NÅ.

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:Derfor

• sjekk alltid hvilken tid du bruker• sørg for at den ikke endres

Hvilke tider:

• nåtid• fortid• fremtid

– før nåtid (perfektum)• He has gone now.

– Før fortid (pluskvamperfektum)• He had gone when we arrived

Grunnform s-form Samtidsformen-ing form

Preteritum Perfektum partisipp

Base formPresent Simple

3rd person singular Present participle / Gerund

Past Simple Past Participle

Actions that are repeated or habitual

States Statements

that are always true

The form of the verb is usually the same as the base form, but in the 3rd person singular adds –s.Some verbs change like to bewhich uses am, is, are and to have where the 3-rd person is hasThe auxiliary verb to do is used in a negative structure or a question see below:

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Grunnform s-form Samtidsformen-ing form

Preteritum Perfektum partisipp

Base formPresent Simple

3rd person singular Present participle / Gerund

Past Simple Past Participle

I get up at 6.00 am every morning

I like coffee The sun (it)

sets in the west

s/he drops by every Sunday

s/he goes home at 4pm

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- ing form of the verb

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http

://ndla.no/en/node/91502?fa

g=42&meny=

1617

Tenses

• The term tensetense means the way verbs change to express the time in which the action takes place.

• The Historical Present Historical Present describes the past as if it were happening now

• The use of the historical present may be an effective device if you are writing fiction BUT

• You can also get very confused about where you are in time… BE VERY CAREFUL

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Historical PresentExamples:

• I hear you resigned• In jokes and imaginative writing it gives

dramatic immediacydramatic immediacy: The battle rages all around him (dear reader) We see the brave Captain Francis Drake standing by the wheel with the Spanish Amada burning as he continued to attack and destroy the Spanish fleet. As the fighting ends…..

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Verbets former

FLERTALLS FORM, ENTALLS BETYDNING:

• news (nyheter): No news (it) is good news. • crossroads (veikryss): They met at a crossroads(it)• mathematics (matematikk): Mathematics (Its) is an

interesting subject.• physics (fysikk): Physics (It) is studied in schools. • measles (meslinger): Measles (Its) is a children's illness. Disse substantivene, som har flertalls form, tar likevel

verbet i entall etter seg og pronomenet • it, its.

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ENTALLS FORM, FLERTALLS BETYDNING:

• cattle (storfe): The cattle are grazing in the paddock.• police (politi): We rang the police. They came at

once. • A policeman - two policemen. Cattle og police har flertalls betydning og tar derfor

verbet i flertall og pronomenene • they, them, their, theirs.

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ORD MED BÅDE ENTALLS OG FLERTALLS BETYDNING:

a) Med flertalls betydning: • people: There were a lot of people present. They are working hard.• family: The family (= they) were sitting around the table. • crew: The crew (= they) were discussing their wages. • party: The Labour Party (= they) have voted for him. Disse substantivene brukes med flertalls betydning når vi tenker på at gruppen ersammensatt av enkeltpersoner. Pronomen som viser tilbake på dem, må da vare i 3. personflertall (they, them, their, theirs).

b) Med entalls betydning: • people: People of the world unite ! (= it unites)• family: The family (= it) comes from France. • crew,: The crew (= it) comes from the Australian boat ”Fanfare” .• party: The Conservative Party (= it) is against the plan. Når gruppene betraktes som en enhet, har disse ordene entalls betydning. Pronomen: • it, its.

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Genitiv (eieform) (The Genetive)

a) Flertall• The peoples’mountains• The girls’work• The boys’ car• The children’s bike• The men’s friends• Their faces

Husk !!• Its = dens/dets • It’s = it is

a) Entall• Narvik’s book• Napster’s internet site• The boy’s car• Fiona’s friend• Its face

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Genitiv entall dannes ved Genitiv entall dannes ved apostrof og s ('s). apostrof og s ('s). Genitiv flertall skrives bare Genitiv flertall skrives bare med apostrof (') etter ord med apostrof (') etter ord med flertalls s. Ellers skrives med flertalls s. Ellers skrives apostrof og s ('s) som i entall apostrof og s ('s) som i entall og uttales som flertalls s i og uttales som flertalls s i substantivsubstantiv

Vanlig feilIncorrect use of it is or there is/there are is one of the most common mistakes

Norwegian students make in writing or speaking English. As a general rule you should try to remember that when it is possible to say “det fins” or “det eksistere”, then you should use there is or there are. Fill in with either it or there.

• ___________ is an exciting story to read• Do you think _______________ is enough action in the story?• ___________is extremely cold in the water in winter.• What is ____________________ to worry about?• Is _____________ anybody home ?• ____________________ is always so much to do at school.

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ENGLISH IDIOMS

• in any case • anyway • in other words • on the whole • It’s no wonder • as far as I am concerned • in spite of • to a great extent • in my opinion • on the one hand • a typical problem • as a result • from my point of view • in my opinion • for that reason • as far as I am concerned

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Star Writing Tricks

Figurative Language add “spice” to writing and canhelp paint a more vivid picturefor the reader.

It was a beautiful June morning,and the last few days offreedom before school wereslipping away faster thanspringtime showers.

"Will you walk a little faster?" said awhiting to a snail,"There's a porpoiseclose behind us, and he's treading onmytail.”C.S. Lewis

Three parallel groups of words, usually separated by commas, which create a poetic rhythm or add support for a point, especially when the three groups have their own modifiers.

I like reading mysteries thatchallenge me, watchingscience fiction films, andsending e-mail to all of myfriends when I am not busystudying.

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