Grammar and usage Grammar and usage

unit1

The form of the Present perfect tense

We form the present perfect tense with

have/has and the past participle of the v

erb.

have (has) + 过去分词

The disappearance of Justin __________

(make)Kelly very unhappy.

has made

We use the present perfect tense to talk about

things that happened in the recent past, but

are connected to the present.

Note:

The uses of the present perfect tense

I ____________ (not see) Justin since

last Friday night.

have not seen

We also use the present perfect tense

to talk about something that started

in the past, and is still happening

now.

Note :

1. We ___________ (study) English for

about five years.

2. They__________ (live) in the south

since their daughter was born.

3. I_________ (read) your article three

times. It’s well written.

4. The student __________ (finish) her

homework already.

have studied

have lived

have read

has finished

5. Eric_________ (go) back to his

hometown today.

6. The police________________ (just

finish) searching the area.

has gone

have just finished

We use the present perfect tense when

the exact time of an action is not clear

or important. We use it with time

expressions such as:

already ever for just lately never

recently since yet

already, yet, for, since

We use already for affirmative

statements and yet for negative

statements.

We use for + a period of time and

since + a point in time.

We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that were completed only a short time ago. In this case, just is used. Pay attention to the position of just.

Note:

He has just gone out.(=He went out a few minutes ago.)We use the present perfect tense here to tell others that he isn’t here now. I have just heard the news. (Now I know the news.)

We can also use the present perfect

tense for repeated actions, that is, we

use the present perfect tense with the

time expressions once/twice/three

times…

Tom has rung up three times this

morning. (Now it is still in the

morning.)

Tom rang up three times this morning.

(Now it is not still in the morning.)Actions occurring in an incomplete period

might be indicated by today or this

morning/afternoon/ evening/ week/

month/ year/ century or all

day/night/week, all the time, always etc.

Look at the following sentences and point

out what tense or tenses are used in them

and the reasons why they are used.

1. We have studied English for about five years. We began to study it five years ago.2. They moved to the south in 1990 and have lived there since then.3. Eric left home last year and has just

come back.

4. Justin has been away from home for

several days. He disappeared last

Friday.

5. They bought this house three years ago

and they have lived here since then.

6. My brother went to see my grandpa

last week. He has visited him three

times this month.

1 ‘_____ you _____ my pen?’ ‘Yes, I it on your desk just now.’ (see)

2 ‘_____ you ____ dinner?’ ‘Yes, I ____ it with Mary.’ (have)

3 _____the postman_____ yet this morning?

____ the postman_____ this morning? (come)

Have

Have had

Did

Have

The present perfect tense and the past

simple tenseseen

come

come

had

The present perfect tense is normally used

for an action which lasts throughout an

incomplete period, but with the past

simple tense, we use time expressions

which a fixed point in the past.

We haven’t seen Justin for a week. (He is still missing.)Justin disappeared last week. (It may mean that this week Justin is here.)He has smoked since he left school. (He still smokes.)He smoked for six months.(It means that he stopped smoking then.)

Sometimes, however, the action finishes

at the time of speaking.

It has been very cold lately but it’s just

beginning to get warmer. 

On meeting someone, you may say: I

haven’t seen you for ages. (But I see you

now.) 

1. Tom has had a bad car crash.(He’s probably still in hospital now.)

Tom had a bad car crash.(But he’s probably out of hospital now.)

2. The lift has broken down.(We have to use the stairs.)

The lift broke down.( But it’s probably working again now.)

For a past action whose time is not definite

and often has a result in the present.

(2) saw (3) has visited (4) loves

(5) hasn’t visited (6) has swum

(7) has never met (8) has dived

(9) has found (10) hasn’t found

(11) Has, been

Read the diary entry and then complete it

using the correct forms of the verbs in

brackets.

The form of the Present perfect

continuous tense

We form the present perfect continuous

tense with have/has been and the

present participle of the verb.have (has) +been + doing

1. I ________________ for an hour and

he still hasn’t turned up. (wait)

2. I’m so sorry I’m late. _____ you

____________ long?

have been waiting

Have

The uses of the Present perfect continuous

tense

been waiting

Note:We sometimes use the Present perfect

continuous tense to talk about actions

that started in the past and are still

continuing, or have just finished but are

still connected to the present in some way.

Present perfect or present perfect

continuous tense?

Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge.

Li Jia has been reading a book about Sto

nehenge.

In the first sentence, it means the action r

ead isn’t still continuing, and Li Jia know

s what the book is about now, but in the s

econd sentence , it means the action read

is still continuing.

I’ve cleaned the house.

I’ve been cleaning the house.

Read Point 1 on page 10.

I ____________Egypt twice this month. (visit)

I__________________ Egypt for two months.

(tour)

The present perfect continuous tense can’t be

used with time expressions such as twice or how

many times, because in this tense the action is

continuous, not stopped and started again.

We can use the present perfect tense for

repeated actions, and the present perfect

continuous tense for non-stop actions.

have visited have been touring

______________ have you swum in the lake?_________have you been swimming in the lake?

How many times

How long

how many times/how long

We usually use the present perfect tense to ask questions beginning with how many/much, and the present perfect continuous tense to ask questions beginning with how long.

A state verb or an action verb

I have had this camera for five years.

(state verb)

I have taken photos of UFOs with this

camera. (action verb)

I have been taking photos of UFOs with

this camera. (action verb)

An action means something happening

or changing. A state means something

staying the same. Some examples of

action verbs are do, go, and play. Some

examples of state verbs are like, know

and exist.

A state verb doesn’t mean an action,

so it can’t be used in a continuous

tense.

They’ve always had a big garden.

How long have you known each

other?

He’s been in hospital since his

accident.

always, never, yet, already and ever

can’t be used in a continuous tense.

I’ve never visited Paris.

I’ve already been to Paris.

Answers on page 11

A (1)heard (2) been doing (3) been

researching (4) been doing (5) started

(6) done (7) read (8) found (9) started

(10) been doing (11) been making

1. He has been waiting at an underground station.

2. They have been traveling in an UFO. It looks like a saucer.

3. They probably have talked to animals or plants on the earth as well as creatures on other plants.

4. They have visited Mars, Venus, Jupiter and some other planets.

Sample answers on page 11 part B

How long have you learnt English? Or

How long have you been learning

English?

It has snowed for a long time.

It has been snowing for a long time.

Both present perfect tense and

present perfect continuous tense

An action which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished can, with certain verbs, be expressed by either the present perfect or present perfect continuous. Verbs which can be used in this way include expect, hope, learn, lie, live, sleep, sit, study, wait, want, rain, etc.

1. ___ that dress when I first saw you

at the station?

A. Were you wearing

B. Have you worn

C. Did you wear

D. Do you wear

即时训练

2. ―Kate doesn’t look very well. What’s

wrong with her?

― She has a headache because she ___

too long; she ought to stop work.

A. has been reading B. had read

C. is reading D. was reading

3. “Tell the students to stop shouting.

We ____ our essays .”

A. write

B. have been writing

C. are writing

D. have written

4. My uncle, Sam, __ manager of the

firm.

A. has just made B. is just being made

C. has just been made D. is just made

5. This is the first time the students __ to

Hyde Park.

A. have gone B. have been gone

C. have been going D. are being gone

6. She ______ her mother’s work since

she was admitted into hospital.

A. is doing B. has been doing

C. has done D. has been done

7. It ___ every day so far this month.

A. is raining B. rains

C. has rained D. has been

rained

高考链接1. I haven’t heard anything from him yet.

(P8)

[ 考点 ] 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响，句中可以没有具体的时间状语。肯定句中用 already ，否定句和疑问句中用 yet 。

[ 考例 1] —_____ you _____ him aroun

d the museum yet?

—Yes. We had a great time there.

( 江苏 2007)

A. Have ； shown B. Do ； show

C. Had ； shown D. Did ； show

[ 点拨 ] 此句强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，即：是否已经带他参观了博物馆。

[ 考例 2] We _____ our new neighbors yet,

so we don’t know their names.( 上海 200

6 春 )

A. don’t meet B. won’t meet

C. haven’t met D. hadn’t met

[ 点拨 ] 此句表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响。

2. My friend Jack has just sent me an e-m

ail, telling me about his travels around th

e world.(P8)

[ 考点 ] V-ing 短语作后置定语，表示 V-i

ng 形式和被修饰的名词之间是主动关系。

[ 考例 1] Peter received a letter just now

_____ his grandma would come to see hi

m soon. ( 四川 2007)

A. said B. says

C. saying D. to say

[ 点拨 ] saying 修饰 a letter ，相当于 wh

ich said ... 。

[ 考例 2] Don’t respond to any e-mails _____ personal information, no matter how official they look.( 天津 2006)A. searching B. askingC. requesting D. questioning[ 点拨 ] 句意：不要答复任何索要个人信息的电子邮件，不管他们看上去有多正规。search 和 ask 后面应加介词 for ； request意为“询问”； question 意为“提问，盘问，审问”。故选 C 。

3. Kelly: Sorry I’m late. Have you been w

aiting long?

Mavis: Yes. I’ve been waiting for an hour.

(P9)

[ 考点 ] 现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始的动作到现在为止一直在进行，且可能持续下去。有时含有不耐烦、责备等感情色彩。

[ 考例 1] —I have got a headache.

—No wonder. You _____ in front of that

computer too long. ( 江西 2007)

A. work B. are working

C. have been working D. worked

[ 点拨 ] 由语境可以看出 work 动作开始于过去，持续到现在，对现在还有影响，且含有责备的口吻，所以用现在完成进行时。

[ 考例 2] Cathy is taking notes of the gra

mmatical rules in class at Sunshine Schoo

l, where she _____ English for a year. ( 湖南 2007)

A. studies B. studied

C. is studying D. has been studying

[ 点拨 ] 句意：凯茜正在阳光学校的课堂上做语法笔记，她一直在那里学英语，到现在已经一年了。

Homework

Part C1 and C2 on page 88 in Workbook

Review Task part