б 81.2Англ 1ЦG72 рЕСПУБ Л И КАСЫ НЫ Ц Б1Л1М ЖЭНЕ ГЫЛЫМ МИНИСТРЛ1Г1

С. ТОРАЙГЫРОВ АТЫНДАГЫ ПАВЛОДАР МЕМЛЕКЕТТ1К УНИВЕРСИТЕТ!

GRAMMAR FOR PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED

FOREIGN LANGUAGE5B050900 - «К,аржы», 5B060800 - «Экология», 5B070800 - «М^най газ ici», 5В071200 - «Машина жасау», 5В072900 - «К^рылыс», 5В073200 - «Стандарттау, сертификаттау жэне

метрология (сала бойынша)», 5В080100 - «Агрономия» мамандыктарыныц студенттерше арналган

оку-эдцстемелш кур алы

Павлодар

Казахстан Республикасыньщ Бшм жэне гылым министр/пп

С. Торайгыров атындагы Павлодар мемлекеттж университет!

Гуманитарлык-педагогикалык факультет!

Шетел тшдер! кафедрасы

GRAMMAR FOR PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED

FOREIGN LANGUAGE5B050900 - “Каржы”, 5B060800 — “Экология”, 5B070800 - “М^най газ ici”, 5В071200 - “Машина жасау”, 5В072900 -

“К¥рылыс”, 5В073200 - “Стандарттау, сертификаттау жэне метрология (сала бойынша)”, 5В080100 - “Агрономия”

мамандьщтарыньщ студенттерше арналган оку-эдютемелш к^ралы

ПавлодарКереку

ЭОЖ 811.111(07)КБЖ 81.2 Англ-9 --------G7I-С. Торайгыров атындагы Павлодар мемлекетпк университетшш

гуманитарлык-педагогикалык факультет!Н1Н оку-эд1Стемел1к кенес!мен баспага усынылды

П|К1рсарапшылар:Р. Ж. Саурбаев — филология гылымдарынын кандидаты,

Павлодар мемлекетпк педагогикалык институтын шетел тшдер кафедрасынын профессор!;

Д. Е. Капанова — филология гылымдарынын кандидаты, С. Торайгыров атындагы Павлодар мемлекетпк университетшш шетел тшдер кафедрасынын доценть

Курастырушылар: Ф. Р. Авазбакиева, А. С. Сарсенбаева

G71 Grammar for professionally-oriented language: 5B050900 - “Каржы”, 5B060800 - “Экология”, 5В070800 - “Мунай газ ici'% 5В071200 - “Машина жасау”, 5В072900 - “Кдаылыс”, 5В073200- “Стандартгау, сертификаттау жэне метрология (сача бойынша)”, 5В080100 - “Агрономия” мамандыктарынын студенттерше арналган оку-эд1стемел1к кэдралы / кураст. : Ф. Р. Авазбакиева, А. С. Сарсенбаева. - Павлодар : Кереку, 2013 .-58 б.

Оку-эд!стемел1к куралында «Grammar for professionally-oriented language» пэншен барлыгы мамандыктарынын студенттерше арналган K3ci6n багытталган тапсырмалар, пшрлер, жумысты жазудьщ максатттары, такырыптын нускэулары 6epinreH.

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Материалдын дурыс болуына,

ЭОЖ 811.111(07) КБЖ 81.2 Англ-9

С.Торайгырое А ^ойаййт OMP-.jC pc«

tfipfe ВтыыМш атында^ гылыми

юаева А. С., 2013 1МУ, 2013

>1К кателерге авторлар

Алгы соj

Елш Ь тэуелаздж алып, егеменд! ел болып, казак тЫ Казакстан Републикасынын мемлекеттж Tijii болып жарияланды. Замам талабына сай каз1рг> тачда мелекеттж тшдё окитын жогары оку орындарыныц студенттерше арналган сапалы оку - эд,»стемел|’к куралдар мен окулыктарды шыгаруга баса кешл бел ¡нуде.

¥сынылып отырган оку - эдютемелш куралы «Grammar for professionally-oriented foreign language» мемлекеттж т^лде жогары оку орындарында окитын студенттерге арналган.

Айтылмыш куралдын фамматикалык жаттыгуында кзаби- багдар беру багыты бар. Айтылмыш жаттьну мынадай облыстарда сиякты табиги-гылыми, техникалык, гуманитарлык, экономикалык жэне тагы баска катысады.

Оку - эд1стемелк куралы 12 сабактан тирады. Олар аудиторияда орындауга арналган.

I Active voice

1.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous:

1) 1 was tired because 1 ....... (work) hard all day.2) When 1 got to the station, the last train....... (already/leave)3) B en.......(live) in Rome for two years before he moved to Paris.

4) Sally.......(eat) so much chocolate that she felt sick.5) My hand was hurting because I ....... (write) all day.6) I got wet because I ....... (forget) to take my umbrella.7) He was pleased because h e ....... (pass) his exam.8) 1 (study) for three days before I took my test.

1.2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenseMy uncle Quentin (1 ) ....... (travel) to Rome frequently. He (2 ) ........

(already/go) there twice this month. He (3) ....... (fall) in love with abeautiful Italian woman two years ago and he ( 4 ) ....... (go) out with herever since. 1 think he (5 ) .......(propose) to her soon.

1.3 Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous:

1) I was tired because I ....... (work) hard all day.2) When I got to the station, the last train .......(already/leave)3) B en....... (live) in Rome for two years before he moved to Paris.

4) Sally....... (eat) so much chocolate that she felt sick.5) My hand was hurting because I ....... (write) all day.6) I got wet because I ....... (forget) to take my umbrella.7) He was pleased because h e ....... (pass) his exam.8) I ....... (study) for three days before I took my test.

1.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenseThe Queen (1) ....... (have) a garden party at Buckingham Palace

ever>' year. Last year she ( 2 ) ....... (invite) a friend of mine. He ( 3 ) .........(borrow) some money from me to buy a new outfit and he (4) .......(still/try) to pay it all back. I think ( 5 ) .......(write) to Her Majesty and askher not to invite him again!

1.5 Put each verb given into the present simple or continuous, or the past simple or continuous:

1) What (usually you d o )..... at the weekend?2) What (you ge t)....... for your birthday last week?

3) ‘What are you doing?’ ‘I (check) ....... this letter for spellingmistakes.’

4) 1 got to the station at 3pm, (w ait)....... for half an hour, then cameback here.

5) George (watch)....... the television when I arrived at his flat.6) At the moment inflation (increase).......slowly.7) James (turn o n ) ....... the television so we could watch the football

match.8) Every day Helen (check)....... her emails when she gets home.9) ‘Where (you g o ) ....... ?’ ‘To the shops. Do you want to come

with me?’10) ‘What games (you play) ....... when you were young?’ ‘Hiding

from people, trying to catch people, all the usual things.’11) When I arrived at the checkout a lot of people (w ait)....... in the

queue.12) Buy one next year - prices (go down) ....... quite fast at the

moment.13) ‘Where (you g o ) .......on Saturday afternoons?’ ‘Shopping, with

my mother.’14) Prices (go down) .......quite fast when other, similar models

started to appear.15) ‘What game (you play) ....... just now?’ ‘We were playing

chess.’ [2, p. 124-130]

1.6 Put each verb given into the past simple or the present perfect:

1) A: What’s the matter?B: I (cut) have cut myself.

2) A: What did you do on your holiday?B: We (g o )....... to the disco most nights.

3) A: How is the holiday going?B: Great! We (go )....... to the disco most nights.

4) A: Did you carry on working at the shop after your argument with the manager?

B: No, i (leave).........5) A: Are you still working at the shop?

B: No, 1 (leave).........6) A: Why are the police here?

B: There ( is ) ....... an accident.7) A; Why did the metro stop running yesterday evening?

B: There ( is ) .......an accident.

8) A: How are the unemployment figures this year?B: They (rise)....... by 2%.

9) A: How were the unemployment figures last year?B: They (rise).......by 2%.

1.7 Put each verb given into the present simple or continuous, or the past simple or continuous:

1) Ugh, don’t show me that picture! I (hate) hate mice!2) Where (you g o ) ....... for your holidays last year?3) At the moment Helen (read )....... a book written by a Brazilian

author.4) I left school around 5.00, (play) ....... football for a while, then

went home.5) Mary (listen)....... to the radio when her friend Barbara called.6) Mary (turn o ff) ....... the radio when her friend Barbara called.7) In her free time Helen (read)....... a lot.8) ‘Where (you spend)....... your holidays next year?’ ‘In France.’9) 'What (you d o ) .......when the rain started?’ ‘We went inside.’10) When they arrived in the park a lot o f people (p lay)....... football.11) People (become)....... more and more interested in solar energy.12) ‘Where (you spend)....... your holidays?’ ‘Usually in France.’

13) She (become) ....... rich in the fashion industry and retired toMajorca.

14) ‘What (you d o ) ....... when the rain started?’ ‘We were playingtennis.’

15) At the moment I (stay )....... at a friend’s house. [4, p. 14 -16 ]

1.8 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence:

1) Steve left before my arrival.When / arrived. Steve had already le ft .2) This is my first visit to Italy.I’v e ........3) Your taxi arrived a moment ago.Your taxi has ........4) The film started before my arrival.When I arrived, the film .........5) Would you like me to call back later?Shall.......6) Simone has been learning English for two years.Simone started........

7) I last went to Spain in 1998.I haven’t ..........8) After the exam we'll go for a pizza.When the exam ..........9) I intend to speak to my boss tomorrow.I’m ..........

1.9 Underline the correct word in each sentence:1) I’ve worked here since/for 2002.2) He’s late. He hasn't arrived already/yet.3) I finished this magazine 5 days since/ago.4) Karl’s played tennis for/since ten years.5) The team have just/since won their first match.6) I will/am working at 9.00.7) i will/am going to have a salad, please.8) I will tell/am telling you tomorrow.9) Michelle has just told me. Her sister \s going to/will have a baby.10) They are going to arrive/are arriving at 5.00.

1.10 Change the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:1) She (arrive) arrived at two o’clock yesterday morning.2) We (have)....... a party next month, I promise.3)John (ea t)....... his sandwich at the moment.4).It (not g o ) ....... to snow — it’s too warm.5) He (not com e)....... to class yesterday.6) She (finish)....... her homework already.7) I (see )....... the dentist at ten o’clock today.8) It (ra in )....... all day yesterday.9) The bus (leave)....... at 6.30. [8, p. 18-22]

1.11 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence:1) What time go you/do you go to bed on Saturdays?2) I want a new computer, but / d idn’t save/1 haven 7 saved enough

money yet.3) Don’t worry, 1 'm not going to be/I w on’t be late.4) It’s very hot in here. Shall 1/Will 1 open the window?5) How long have you been waiting/are you waiting?6) When I was younger 1 was going/J used to go to the seaside every

summer.7) I've lived/1 lived in Barcelona all my life.

8) While I was cleaning/! had cleaned my room I found this old photograph.

9) You look sad. What are you thinking/do you think about?10) I go/I m going to my parents’ house next weekend. Do you want

to come?11) I’ve been looking for my bag, but / still didn t find/I still haven t

found it.12) I like your new room! When have you painted/did you paint it?13) Where will you be working/do you work next year?14) I know the play is boring, but we can’t leave until it will finish/it

finishes.\5) I'm seeing/I will see the doctor tomorrow at 10.00.16) Where are you go/are you going on holiday?

1.12 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in bold, and so that the meaning stays the same:

1) I felt really tired, so I stayed at home and had a rest, becauseI stayed at home and had a rest because I felt really tired.2) A new student joined our class. She is called Joanna, whoT he........3) I have a friend. This person’s father comes from Sweden, whose1 have.........4) Jim gave me a book. It is really good, thatT he.........5) Jim gave me a book. It is really good, whichJim '

2 Passive voice

2.1 Complete each sentence in the passive:1) Brazil won the World Cup.The World Cup was won by Brazil.2) Someone took my pencil.My pencil........3) The police arrested four people.Four........

8

4) Universal Studios make many films.I M any........

5) Alexander Bell invented the telephone.The telephone........6) Michael sent three books to my aunt.My au n t........

K I2.2 Rewrite each sentence in the passive. Start each sentence with

the words underlined:1) Three people saw the robbery.The robbery was seen by three people.2) Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.3) Watt invented the steam engine.4) Real Madrid won the Cup.5) Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.6) Someone stole my bike.7) The Chinese invented paper.8) Someone has eaten my banana.9) Robots make cars.10) Indian women wear saris.11) The Scots make whisky.12) Uruguay won the first World Cup.13) The Romans built these roads.14) Someone has eaten mv apple.15) Some Indian men wear turbans.16) Someone stole mv car.17) Stan Lee created Spider - Man.18) Two people saw the accident.19) Faraday invented electricity.20) The Irish make whiskey.21) The Chinese invented fireworks.22) Peugeot make cars.

2.3 Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple PassiveThere is a chimpanzee which ( I ) ...... (call) “Bubbles”. It ( 2 ) ..........

(own) by Michael Johnson. It ( 3 ) ....... (keep) in his home. It ( 4 ) .................(feed) every day by Michael Johnson himself. It ( 5 ) ....... (always/dress) infunny clothes. It ( 6 ) ....... (say) that “Bubbles” is Michael Johnson’s only

friend. [5, p. 16-19]

9

2.4 Look at the hotel information table (Table 1) and write sentences as in the example

Table 1

Hotel InformationBreakfast

In Pierrot’s Restaurant 7-9.30 am Dinner

In Main Restaurant 8-10 pm Newspapers — Telephone calls

At the reception Desk

Rooms Maid Service daily

Hot Water 24 hours a day Hotel cinema

Film every night at 10 pm

1) Breakfast / serve - where and when?Breakfast is served in Pierotts’s Restaurant between 7 and 9.30 am2) Dinner I serve - where and when?

3) Newspapers / sell - where?

4) Telephone calls / can make - where?

5) Rooms / clean - who by and how often?

6) Hot water / supply - when?

7) Films / show -- where and when?

[10. p. 22-25]

2.5 Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple PassiveTwo men ( I ) ...... (see) breaking into a house in my street last night.

The police (2) ......... (call) and they arrived very quickly. One man (3)....... (catch) immediately. The other escaped, but he ( 4 ) ......... (find) verysoon. Both men ( 5 ) ....... (take) to the police station where they ( 6 ) .......(question) separately by a police officer. The two men (7) ....... (charge)with burglary.

2.6 Turn from Active into Passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted:

1) The gardener has planted some trees.Some trees have been planted by the gardener.

10

2) Doctor Brown will give you some advice.3) A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.4) Steven Spielberg directed “E.T.”5) Someone has broken the crystal vase.6) His parents have brought him up to be polite.7) Fleming discovered penicillin.8) They will advertise the product on television.9) Someone is remaking that film. [2, p. 184-185]

2.7 Using the passive ask questions to which the bold type words are answers:

1) Columbus discovered America.Who was America discovered by?2) We keep money in a safe.3) A bee stung her.4) They speak Italian in Italy.5) They have taken his aunt to hospital.6) The boys damaged the television.7) Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.8) He invited 30 people to his party.9) They grow bananas in Africa

2.S Turn from Active into Passive as in the example:I ) He gave me a present./ was given a present, (more usual)__A present was given to me (less usual) ...2) The waiter will bring us the bill.

3) The queen presented him with a medal.

4) Her mother bought Mary some sweets.

5) Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.

6) Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.

2.9 Turn from Active into Passive:1) Someone is helping her with the housework. She is being helped with the housework. ...2) A pickpocket robbed me.

3) You must extinguish your cigarettes.

4) The mail-order company sent Mrs Green a parcel.

5) You must dry-clean this shirt.

6) Someone will pay you within the next few days.

7) You can improve your health with more exercise.

8) A dog is chasing the child.

[8, p. 44-45]

3 Modal verbs

3.1 Choose the correct option, A, B, C or D, to complete the sentence:

1) Are you any good at athletics? How fa s t..... you run?a) should;b) must;c) need;d) can.

2) Y o u ..... take some money with you in case you need it.a) have to;b) shouldn’t;c) can;d) should.

3) I think that was the last bus........ look for a taxi.a) we needn’t:b) we’d better;c) v/e’re able to;d) we don’t have to.

12

4) I'm really tired, but luckily 1 .....get up early in the morning.a) can’t;b) don’t have to;c) had better;d) shouldn’t.

5) Y ou..... look at other students' work, it’s against the rules.a) had better not;b) needn’t;c) don't have to;d) mustn’t.

6) ’My tooth really hurts!’ ’I think y o u .....go to the dentist's.a) mustn’t;b) needn’t;c) ought to;d) can.

7) Sorry, but my train is at 6.00.1 ..... leave now.a) have to;b) shouldn’t;c) mustn’t;d) can.

8) Y ou ..... eat so many sweets. They aren't good for you.a) can’t;b) don’t have to;c) shouldn’t;d) needn't. [13, p. 89]

3.2 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word or words in capitals. Leave out any unnecessary words:

1) It was impossible for ancient sailors to travel far because they usually followed the coastline. COULDN’T

2) Early ships were very small, but they were forced to carry a lot of fresh food and w’ater. HAD

3) Small sailing ships found it impossible to survive heavy storms and very bad weather. WERE

4) There was no radio, so it was only possible for them to send messages home if they met other ships. COULD

5) They didn't have accurate maps, so it was necessary for them to guess their exact position. HAD

6) They didn't have radar, so it was necessary for them to keep a close look-out for dangerous rocks. NEEDED

7) It was necessary for them to see the Sun or the stars in order to navigate. HAD

8) There were no rescue organizations, so if they got into trouble, it was necessary for them to look after themselves. HAD [13, p. 196]

3.3 Complete the text with could, couldn't, had to, didn’t have to, didn't need to, needn't have, should have or shouldn't have and the verbs in brackets. Not all are used in the text

History contains a lot of stories about people who ( ! ) ..... (be) a littlebit more careful. In 1576 the explorer Sir Martin Frobisher sailed to thenorth of Canada trying to find a way to Asia. Unfortunately, he ( 2 ) .....(find) it. but during the voyage, his men landed on Baffin Island as they (3)..... (look for) food and shelter. Here he discovered some rocks which hethought contained gold. When he returned to England he showed the piece of rock to people who agreed that it was gold, and Frobisher returned to theisland with a larger ship. It was a difficult journey, as the ship (4) .....(avoid) huge icebergs. On the island there were polar bears which ( 5 ) .....(kill) a man quite easily. And Frobisher was worried that someone elsewould get to the gold first. Perhaps he ( 6 ) ..... (tell) so many people abouthis discovery, he thought. But he (7) ..... (worry) about his secret. Hefound the place again, and his men ( 8 ) ..... (work) in the freezing weatherto dig for the gold. They returned to England again, and this time he (9)..... (stop) his discovery from becoming generally known. More and morepeople wanted to go to Baffin Island, and the next year the ships came back with hundreds o f tonnes o f gold. Unfortunately, this is where things went wrong. When Frobisher tried to sell the gold, he discovered that perhaps he(1 0 ) ..... (show) it to more people in the first place. The people he hadshowed it to had been wrong. They (1 1 ) ..... (tell) the difference betweengold and iron pvrite, a compound o f iron and sulphur. Everyone laughed atSir Martin and his men. and he (12) ..... (admit) that he had made amistake. [13, p. 93]

3.4 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence:1) I don't think you could/should tell anyone yet.2) 1 couldn't/shouldn't possibly leave without paying.3) That mustn't/can't be the hotel Jane told us about.4) There are times when the traffic here can/could be really heavy.

14

5) We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could/must bebetter.

6) You couldn't/shouldn't really be sitting here.7) You could/may be older than me, but that doesn't mean you're

cleverer,8) You might/should like to look over these papers if you have time.9) I'm afraid that nobody should/would help me in that kind of

situation,10) No member of the association musr/shall remove official

documents from these premises without written permission.

3.5 Put one suitable word in each space. C ontractions (can't) count as one w ord

Bill: This ( I ) ......be the house, I suppose, number 16 Elland Way.Jane: I pictured it as being much bigger, from the estate agent's

description.Bill: Well, we'd (2 ) ......go inside.Jane: We ( 3 ) ......as well. Wait a minute. 1 ( 4 ) ........to just find my

glasses. I ( 5 ) ......see a thing without them.Bill: I don't think much o f it from the outside, to be honest.Jane: Yes, it ( 6 ) ......ceitainly do with a coat o f paint or two.

Bill: Rather you than me! I ( 7 ) ......like to have to paint it all! Andthe gutters ( 8 ) ..... replacing.

Jane: I ( 9 ) ......think they haven’t been replaced since the house wasbuilt.

Bill: They (1 0 ) ......really be replaced every four years ideally.Jane: And I don't like that big ivy plant growing up the side. Ivy(l 1)

..... get in the brickwork and cause all sorts o f damage.Bill: I wonder if there's a lock on that big downstairs window? It

looks very easy to break in to.Jane: There's (1 2 ) ..... to be one, surely.Bill: Well, (1 3 ) ..... we go inside?Jane: Do we (1 4 ) ..... to? I think I've seen enough already. 1 (1 5 ).......

possibly live here. [1 1, p. 68]

4 Conditionals

4.1 M atch the following parts of the sentences:1) If I go on a d ie t,.........2) If it is sunny tomorrow...........3) If John doesn’t h u rry ,.........

15

4) If it snows,........5) If there are no buses,........6) If you are a good g irl,........

a ) we’ll make a snowman.b ) I’ll buy you some chocolate.c ) she’ll have to take a taxi.d ) I’ll lose weight.e ) ................................he’ll be late.f ) we’ll go for a picnic.

4.2 Fill in: unless or if'.1 ) you make so much noise, I won’t be able to sleep.2) I’ll tell y o u ..... there are any messages for you.3) I won’t finish the w ork....... you help me.4 ) you’re hungry, I’ll make you a sandwich.5) We’ll miss the bus.......we hurry.6) They won’t get married.......He gets a job.7) You won’t understand....... you listen carefully.

4.3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenseSarah is a bored teenager. If she ( 1 ) ..... (join) a club, she ( 2 ) .........

(make) more friends. She ( 3 ) ....... (enjoy) herself if she ( 4 ) .........(go) outmore. Her schoolwork is suffering too. If she (5 ) ....... (study) more, she (6)....... (have) better marks and she (7) ....... (enter) university.Unfortunately, she is becoming overweight. She ( 8 ) ..... (feel) fitter if she(9 ) .......(start) swimming, and she (1 0 ).........(get) thinner if she (11)........(stop) eating so much chocolate.

4.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenseIf John (3 ) .... (not/oversleep), he ( 2 ) ........ (not/be) late for work. If

he (3 ) .......(not/be) late for work, his boss ( 4 ) .........(not/fire) him. If John( 5 ) .......(not/lose) his job, he ( 6 ) .........(not/need) money and he ( 7 ) .........(not/rob) the bank, the police (9 ) .......(not/arrest) him. [2, p. 212-214]

4.5 Match the parts of the sentences:1) -If 1 had missed the bus,.......2) If she hadn’t felt ill this •morning.........3) If the food hadn’t been aw ful,.......4) If he had passed his exam.........5) If the salary had been good.........

16

6) If it hadn’t been my birthday,.......

a ) he would have gone to university.b ) Chris wouldn’t have given me flowers.c ) she wouldn’t have gone to school.d ) I would have accepted the job.e ) 1 wouldn’t have been late for work.f ) we would have eaten it.

4.6 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:1) If she ......... (not/break) the window, she wouldn’t have had to

pay for a new one.2) If i t ........... (not/be) cold, they wouldn’t have lit the fire.3) If she studied more, sh e ....... (be) a better student.4) T hey ........... (not/see) the Queen if they hadn’t visited London on

that day.5) If you should win that competition, you .... (be) rich.6) If I lived in France, I ........... (speak) French well.7) If they .... (lock) the doors, the burglars wouldn’t have got in.8) W e..... (have) a party if Alan passes his driving test.9) I ......... (give) John your message if I should se him today.10) They ........... (not/have) any money if their cousin hadn’t lent

them some.11) Those plants............ (not/grow) if you don’t water them.12) I wouldn’t buy that bag if i t ........ (be) cheaper.13) If sh e ........ (open) the letter, she wouldn’t have been surprised.

4.7 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:1) If she studied more, sh e ...... (be) a better student.2) W e...... (have) a party if Alan passes his driving test.3) 1 would buy that bag if I ...... (have) enough money.4) If you study hard , y o u ...... (pass) your exam.5) If the d o g ...... (to keep) barking, the neighbors will complain6) If I lived in France, I ...... (speak) French well.7) If the weather is bad on Saturday, w e ...... (stay) at home.8) You should see a doctor if y o u ...... (not/feel) well. [4, p. 35-36]

4.8 Choose the best ending (1) If you work hard,.....2) If you worked in an office,3) If he went hom e,.......

a i oinH“' ----- *aK6AeMMK C.6eiiceM63e i

aTbWASfM fuiibiMM

K lT A H X A H A ^ k

17

4) If I were you ,.......5) If you go home now.........6) If I knew the answer,.......7) If she studied,.......8) If you do that,.......9) If he breaks that cup ,.......

a ) he could watch the television.b ) I still wouldn’t tell you.c ) she would pass her exams.d ) you’ll get rich.e ) I’d go home.0 .....you will have an accident.g ) he will be in trouble.h ) you’d be bored.i ) you won’t miss the news.

4.9 Put the verbs into the correct tense1. If i t ...... (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 2. If h e ........(to

work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 3. If it is not too cold, 1...... (not to put) on my coat. 4 .1 ........(to write) the composition long ago ifyou had not disturbed me. 5. If my friend...... (to be) at home, he will tellus what to do. 6. If he were not such an outstanding actor, h e ...... (not tohave) so many admirers. 7. If y o u ...... (to give) me your address, I shallwrite you a letter 8. If sh e ...... (not to be) so absent-minded, she would bea much better student. 9. If my sister does no go to the south, w e ...... (tospend) the summer in St Petersburg together. [5, p. 36 - 37]

4.10 Put the verbs into the correct tense1. It they...... (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have

heard that famous musician. 2. If you ...... (not to get) tickets in thePhilharmonic, we shall stay at home. 3. If you were not so careless aboutyour health, you ...... (to consult) the doctor. 4. If she (to ask) meyesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 5. If he is not verybusy, h e ...... (to agree) to go to the museum with us. 6. If I ........(not to be)present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 7. Ifhe reads fifty page every day, his vocabulary...... (to increase) great 8. Ifthey ...... (to know) it before, they would have taken measures. 9. If youreally loved music, yo u ...... (to go) to the Philharmonic much more often.

4.11 Rewrite the sentences using the conditionals:1) I didn’t pay attention. I crashed the car.I f I had paid the attention, I wouldn 't have crashed the car.2) I haven’t got much money. I won’t be able to pay for repairs.3) I borrowed my friend’s car. 1 had an accident4) I’ll drive more carefully in future. I won’t have another accident.5) 1 am not an experienced driver. I’m not a very driver.6 I didn’t see the tree. I crashed into it. [8, p. 53-54]

5 I Wish

5.1 Make up the tasks:a) Ann doesn’t like her new house. Write what she wishes.The house is so old and dirty. She has to paint it. The house doesn’t

have central heating. The kitchen is small.1) I wish the house wasn't so old and dirty.2) . . . . . . .3) ........4 ),... . , . .

b) Kate wants things to be different in the future. Write what she wishes.

I want my father to give me more pocket money. I want my brothers to stop fighting. I don’t want my mother to make me eat vegetables. I don’t want my sister to wear my clothes.

1) I wish my father would give me more pocket money.2 ) 3 ) 4 )

c) Ted regrets what he did or didn't do. Write what he wishes.1) I wish I hadn’t left my job.2 ) 3 ) 4 )

d) Read what Hilda says and write what she wishes.I didn’t go to the university. I didn’t get any qualifications. I can’t

find a better job. The telephone never stops ringing. My boss doesn’t like

19

me. I‘d like to be rich. I always feel tired. It was wrong of me to shout at Ann.

1) 1 wish I had gone to university.2 ) . . . . . . . .3 ) 4 ) 5)6 ) . . . . . . . .7 ) -;-8 )

5.2 Write what these people wish they had or hadn’t done as in the example:

1) John drove his car so fast that he had an accident.John: I wish / hadn 7 driven my car so fast. I wouldn 7 have had an

accident.2) Julie was late and she missed the beginning o f the film.Julie:................3) Jack ate too much and he was sick.Jack:...............4) Claire was very nervous during her driving test and she didn’t

pass.Claire:...........5) Susan didn’t take off her gold ring when she went swimming and

she lost it in the sea.Susan: ...........6) Terry and Jane didn’t save any money so they didn’t go on

holiday last summer.Terry and Jane:........ [8, p. 55-56]

5.3 Fill in the correct form of the verbs in brackets:1) I wish I ........ (meet) that actor when he was in town.2) He wishes h e ........... (buy) that book last week - now he hasn’t

got enough money.3) If only I ....... (be) older, I could have a driving license.4) I wish I ........ (can) remember where that book is.5) Tony wishes h e ........ (go) to Paris with his brother, but he has to

work.6) If only the d o g ......... (not/eat) the tickets — now we can’t go to

the show.7) If only I ............. (not/make) that mistake yesterday.

20

8) I wish this b o x ............. (not/be) so heavy - 1 can’t lift it.9) We wish we ......... (not/leave) the gate open. Now the dog has

escaped.10) Paula wishes sh e ........... (have) more time for gardening, but she

hasn’t.11) Mrs Brown wishes sh e ....... (write) those letters yesterday.

5.4 Using the bold type in the sentences, write wishes as in the example:

1) You left the radio on and now the batteries don't work.You say, “/ wish I hadn ’t left the radio on."2) It’s very dark outside and you can’t find your torch.You say, “ ....... I.................................................................................. ”3) You didn’t do your homework and your teacher is angry.You say, “.............I................. ......... I................................................”4) You are working at a beautiful flower. You don’t know what it is

called.You say, “ ..................... ................... ................. | ....................... ¡.....”5) It is raining outside and you want it to stop.You say, “ ............................................................................ .............. ”6) You stayed up late last night and today you are very tired.You say, “ .............., .......................... ..............................................7) You are having a party but nobody has come yet.You say, “ ............................................ ........................ ....................”8) You have short, straight hair. You would like long, curly hair. You say, “ ............................................................................................”9) You have just left your house and left the keys inside.You say, | ............................................................................................”10) It is Christmas Day and it doesn’t look like it is going to snow. You say, “: . . . . ..............................................I................................... ”11) You live in the city. You prefer the countryside.You say, “ ................................. ..........................................................”[13, p. 77]

5.5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:1) Steve wishes h e ........... (not/speak) so rudely to his boss.2) If only sh e ....... (tell) him the truth. He wouldn’t be so angry with

her.3) If only I..........(have) the money to buy a new car.4) Tom wishes h e ........ (not/have) so much homework to do.5) I wish I ..........(steal) the money. I wouldn’t be in prison now.

6) I wish sh e ............ (stop) interrupting me all the time.7) Mrs. Jones wishes she ....... (speak) a foreign language.8) If only I ............. (be) taller. I would join the basketball team.9) He wishes h e ......... (not/crash) his father’s car. Now his father is

upset.10) I wish M um ......... (let) me go to the party next week.

6 Infinitive. Gerund

6.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct formYesterday I went with my sister (1) ..... (buy) something for her

birthday. She didn’t really know what (2 ) ........... (get) but she seemed (3)........... (like) the idea of a pet, so we went to the nearest pet shop. Shestarted (4 ) ......... (look) around at all animals. The man in the shop let her( 5 ) ......... (pick up) the rabbits and stroke the hamsters, but when she sawsome puppies ( 6 ) ........... (p|aiy) in a box, she said that she would like (7)......(have) one of them. I didn’t know if we had enough money (8 ) ..........(buy) one and I hoped my mother wouldn’t object ( 9 ) ........... (have) a dogin the house, but my sister promised (1 0 )........ (look after) it properly andwe did have enough money, so we bought a little brow'n dog. The man gaveus a special brush for (11) ....... (brush) him and some special food.Tomorrow we are going to take Splash to the beach.

6.2 Read the letter and put the verbs in brackets into the correct form

Dear Julie,

I’m writing ( I ) ..... (thank) you for my birthday present. I was sohappy ( 2 ) ......... (receive) it - 1 had so many lovely presents, I don’t knowwhat ( 3 ) ........ (do) with them all! On my birthday 1 went for a meal withsome friends and afterwards we went (4 ) ......... (dance) at that new club onPoplar Street. If you haven’t been, it’s certainly worth (5 ) ..... (go) there.

Now that I’m old enough (6) ........ (drive), I’m busy (7)..................... (take) driving lessons. Dad has said he’ll let me ( 8 ) .............(use) his car as long as I promise (9 ) ............. (be) careful.

Well, I must (1 0 )............. (go) now. I hope (11 ) ............ (hear) fromyou soon.

Love,Madeleine

6.3 Put the verbs in brackets in the infinitive o r the -ing form:1) I don't like singing/ to s in g ......... in public, (sing)2) It’s no u se .........her. She won’t listen, (tell)3) I'm still too upset......... about it. (talk)4) Don'i disturb him! He’s busy ....... (work)5) S to p ...... your nails! (bite)6) Don’t expect h im ..............you any money, (lend)7) I’ve decided........... him. (leave)8) Mum made m e ........ my medicine, (take)9) She agreed............him 1000$. (lend)10) He denied ........ the stolen goods, (receive)

6.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or - ing formMy mother is an amazing woman. She is 87 years old and she still

enjoys (1) ... going out ... (go out) for a walk every day. She doesn't mind(2) (do) all her housework and she’s glad (3) ............. (help) herelderly neighbours when they can’t ( 4 ) ............(go) to the shops. She’s tooold (5 ) .............(dig) the garden any more - she stopped ( 6 ) ...........(do) thatlast year — but she’s still healthy enough ( 7 ) ......... (mow) the grass! In thesummer she still goes ( 9 ) ........ (bury) her in the sand. She often says, “It’sno good (10) .........(be) alive if you don’t enjoy yourself’. I’d love (II)......... (be) like my mother when I’m her age.

6.5.Put the verbs in brackets in the infinitive or the -ing form:1) I h a te .........by train, (travel)2) He left w ithout......... goodbye, (say)3) She m anaged......... a lot o f weight, (lose)4 ) ....helps you keep fit. (swim)5) They made h im ........... them the truth (tell).6) Matt g o es .........every morning, (jog)7) We are sorry ....... you that you have failed the exam, (inform)8) I'd lo v e ..........to the cinema tonight, (go)9) I look forward t o .........you again soon, (see)10) It’s no u s e ................to make him change his mind, (try)11) Sue went to the library............some books, (borrow)12) I don’t know h o w ..........this test, (do)

7.1 Complete the extracts from a report of a public meeting about a pollution problem:

1 ) “Nitrate levels in the local water supply are slightly higher than normal.”

CEO Ben Straw announced th a t.....2) “It is possible that the factory is responsible.”Mr Straw admitted.......3) “There was a small chemical leak last Friday.”Plant Manager Jane Lee explained.....4) “WE have taken measures to ensure that this situation cannot

reoccur.”Mrs Lee reassured the meeting th a t.....5) “We are negotiating a settlement with the town council.”Mr Straw sa id__6) “We will announce full details in après statement in a few days’

time.”He promised the meeting th a t....7) “Has there ever been a problem like this before?”Mrs Green, a local resident, asked if ....8) “When do you plan to re-open the factory?”Pat Holz, a union representative, enquired w hen.....9) “As soon as possible, but some staff may be laid off for a few

days.”Mr Straw warned th a t.....

7.2 Read the following extracts from an interview with the CEO of a multinational oil company. Report the phrases in italics using the verbs in brackets:

1) “1 repeat what I said a few moments ago: my company does everything it can to limit the impact o f our activities on the environment.” (emphasize)

2) “I really can’t accept that. You need to understand that developing countries are extremely grateful fo r the investment and the jobs that we bring." (argue)

3) “I think there’s a slight misunderstanding here. Yes, we do make fair profits and pay good dividends, but we've never exploited our employees. " (explain)

7 Reported speech

24

4) "Yes, that’s a fair point: we can, and we will, do more to develop sources o f alternative energy such as wind, wave and solar power." (accept)

5) “Well, we have little or no influence on government policy on taxation, but no, / do not feel that higher petrol prices will reduce traffic and pollution." (comment) [3, p. 74]

7.3 Here are some things that you were asked at the interview. Later that day you tell your friends what an interviewer asked you. Use reported speech as in the example below:

1) “Where do you yourself in 10 years’ time?”She asked me where I saw myself in 10 year’s time.2) “How do you manage working with someone who deosn’t like

you?”3) “How did you motivate people to do their best?”4) “What are you weaknesses?”5) “Can you give an example of a situation you found stressful, and

how you coped with the stress?”6) “What value can you add to my enterprise as an employee?”7) “Why are applying for this job?”8) "How do you make sure things get done?”9) “What are the most difficult kinds of decisions for you to make?”

7.4 Read the information about Heinrich Schliemann. Then complete the text by writing said or told in each space

H. Schliemann

Heinrich Schliemann - an interview in the 1860s

Heinrich Schliemann was a German archaeologist who excavated a city in Turkey in 1871 and decided that it was ancient Troy. He found

7 Reported speech

7.1 Complete the extracts from a report of a public meeting about a pollution problem:

1) “Nitrate levels in the local water supply are slightly higher than normal.”

CEO Ben Straw announced th a t.....2) “It is possible that the factory is responsible.”Mr Straw admitted.......3) “There was a small chemical leak last Friday.”Plant Manager Jane Lee explained.....4) “WE have taken measures to ensure that this situation cannot

reoccur.”Mrs Lee reassured the meeting th a t.....5) “We are negotiating a settlement with the town council.”Mr Straw sa id __6) "We will announce full details in après statement in a few days’

time.”He promised the meeting th a t....7) “Has there ever been a problem like this before?”Mrs Green, a local resident, asked if ....8) “When do you plan to re-open the factory?”Pat Holz, a union representative, enquired w hen.....9) “As soon as possible, but some staff may be laid off for a few

days.”Mr Straw warned th a t.....

7.2 Read the following extracts from an interview with the CEO of a multinational oil company. Report the phrases in italics using the verbs in brackets:

I ) “I repeat what I said a few moments ago: my company does everything it can to limit the impact o f our activities on the environment." (emphasize)

2) “I really can’t accept that. You need to understand that developing countries are extremely grateful fo r the investment and the jobs that we bring." (argue)

3) “I think there’s a slight misunderstanding here. Yes, we do make fa ir profits and pay good dividends, but we've never exploited our employees. ” (explain)

24

4) “Yes, that’s a fair point: we can, and we will, do more to develop sources o f alternative energy such as wind, wave and solar power." (accept)

5) “Well, we have little or no influence on government policy on taxation, but no, I do not feet that higher petrol prices will reduce traffic and pollution." (comment) [3, p. 74]

73 Here are some things that you were asked at the interview. Later that day you tell your friends what an interviewer asked you. Use reported speech as in the example below:

1) “Where do you yourself in 10 years’ time?”She asked me where I saw myself in 10 year’s time.2) “How do you manage working with someone who deosn’t like

you?”3) “How did you motivate people to do their best?”4) “What are you weaknesses?”5) “Can you give an example of a situation you found stressful, and

how you coped with the stress?”6) “What value can you add to my enterprise as an employee?”7) “Why are applying for this job?”8) “How do you make sure things get done?”9) “What are the most difficult kinds of decisions for you to make?”

7.4 Read the information about Heinrich Schliemann. Then complete the text by writing said or told in each space

H. Schliemann

Heinrich Schliemann - an interview in the 1860s

Heinrich Schliemann was a German archaeologist who excavated a city in Turkey in 1871 and decided that it was ancient Troy. He found

evidence o f destruction by war, and also discovered some gold objects. Nowadays archaeologists believe that his methods of excavation were unscientific, and they also believe that some of his discoveries were false.

Recently many experts have ( 1 ) ..... that Schliemann had a habit ofnot telling the truth, and this has raised doubts about his work. Forexample, he ( 2 ) ..... everyone he was a US citizen, but in fact this wasn'ttrue. He also ( 3 ) ..... he had a degree from the University o f Rostock, but infact the university rejected his thesis. He (4) ..... he had found goldjewellery at Hissarlik, but some people believe these were modem pieces.In fact, his servant later (5)..... people that no jewellery had been found inthe places that Schliemann claimed to have found it. He also ( 6 ) ..... theauthorities in Turkey that he was an archaeologist, but he didn't have anyqualifications. When he talked about his work, he always ( 7 ) .....peoplethat he had dreamed o f finding Troy when he was a small boy, but many people feel that he invented this story later. However, although manyarchaeologists at the time ( 8 ) ..... that his work was inaccurate, we have toremember that archaeology was not a science in Schliemann's time. Hemay not have always (9 ) ..... the truth, but he brought a lot of energy to thediscovery o f the ancient world, and devoted his life and his wealth to his excavations. [13, p. 64]

7.5 Rewrite each sentence about Schliemann in direct speech:1) He told journalists that he had always been interested in the story

of Troy.2) He said (that) his father had read the stories to him when he was a

child.3) He said (that) he had always believed that Troy was a real place.4) He said (that) at an early age he had decided to discover the site of

the city.5) He said (that) for many years he had worked as a merchant in the

USA and Russia.6) He said (that) he was a wealthy man and he had retired from

business.7) He said (that) he had first been / gone to the site at Hissarlik in

1868.8) He said (that) since then he had spent a lot o f his own money on

the excavation.9) He said (that) he was working with a British archaeologist.10) He said (that) they were hoping to prove that Hissarlik was the

site of ancient Troy.

7.6 Translate into Kazakh language:1) The buyers informed the suppliers that they were prepared to

double the order if the price was reduced by 15 per cent.2) The sellers pointed out that the goods had been sold on c.i.'f.

terms, and for that reason the buyers, and not the sellers were responsible for damages incurred during the transport.

3) They were informed yesterday that the company in question paid all accounts promptly.

4) The buyers stated in their enquiry that they had been importing timbersince 1955.

5) The buyers telegraphed to the suppliers that they could not accept their offer on the conditions proposed.

6) It was stated in the bill o f lading that the goods were to be delivered at Newcastle.

7) We informed the suppliers that the goods which we had received in execution of our order No. 1225 did not correspond to the sample which had led to our placing the order.

8) The sellers stated in their olfer that orders were executed within six weeks.

9) The exporters informed the buyers that they were making arrangements for the shipment o f the goods by the s.s. “Arizona”.

10) The representative of the company said that the cargo of wheat was intended for the manufacture o f a special grade of flour.

1 i ) The buyers stated in their letter that they had charted the tanker “Marine Traffic” to load gas oil at Tuapse at the beginning of November and that they were also negotiating for tonnage for loading lubricating oils at Batumi at the end o f November.

12) The importers informed the suppliers that they wanted to know when delivery would be made as the goods were urgently required. {I, p. 335]

8 Articles

8.1 Fill in “a” , “an” or “ the’’ in the dialogues hollowDialogue I:A Are these Mother’s things?B: What are they?A: (1).. ..hat, (2)....... orange dress. ( 3 ) ..........coat and ( 4 ) ............pair

of glasses.B: ( 5 ) .......hat and ( 6 ) ..........coal are mine. (7) . . orange dress anil

(8 ) ........ pair o f glasses are mother’s.

Dialogue 2:A: Here you are. (9 ) ..... stamp, (10)....... envelope, (11)....... pen and

(12).......notebook.B: Oh, (1 3 )........ envelope is too big and (1 4 )....... pen isn’t blue, it

is red. Can I have (15).... small envelope and (16).....blue pen, please?

8.2 Fill in “a”, “an” or “the”Last night I went to (1 ) ...... Indonesian restaurant. I had (2 ) ...... very

nice meal with (3 ) ........ good friend, Helen. (4 ) ..........waiter was Chinese.(5 ) ..... food was great. We drank (6 ) .........Bottle of Coke. When we askedfor (7) ....... bill we didn’t have enough money, so we had to do (8)....washing-up. It was not (9 ) .......good way to end (10).........evening.

8.3 Fill in “a”, “anv or “the”I arrived at (1 ) ..... airport just in time to see (2)_____aeroplane take

off. There is nothing usual about this, except that I was supposed to be onthat plane! When I went to (3) ..... desk to ask when (4) ....... nextavailable flight was, 1 heard (5 ) ......... awful noise. I turned to see (6 ) ........car crashing through ( 7 ) ........ front windows with ( 8 ) ..... police car justbehind it. As I ran towards (9) departure gate (1 0 ).......policeman stoppedme to see if I was (1 1 ).......armed robber they were chasing. I told him Iwas not (1 2 ) .......armed robber but (13) businessman who had missed hisplane. He let me go and I was able to catch (14) ..... last flight to mydestination.

8.4 Fill in “the” where necessary:1) I s ....... Lisbon------ Capital o f ........ Portugal?2) Is .... Malta i n .....Mediterranean?3) Is .... Paris in .......United Kingdom or i n ..........France?4) Where i s .....Sahara Desert?5) What i s .....biggest island in ........ Greece?6) What is .... Capital o f .......Italy?7) I s ..... Indian Ocean bigger than ...Arctic Ocean?8) I s .....Everest the highest mountain in .... world?9) Where a re .....Malta an d ........ Corsica?10) Where a re .......Mississippi River and .......Thames?

8.5 Fill in “a”, “an” o r “the”At (1) ..... weekend, Alex and Amanda went to (2)....... theatre.

They saw (3) .... great play called “1 Would Die For You”. ( 4 ) ........play

was (5) .... romantic story about ( 6 ) ..... lives of ( 7 ) .........couple in love.After going to (8).... theatre, Alex and Amanda went to (9) .... restaurant. They both ate (10) .... very large meal. Amanda had (11) .... huge bowl of spaghetti and Alex had (12) .... enormous plate of various kinds of meat.(13).... spaghetti and meat were followed by chocolate cake. After leaving(14........) restaurant, Alex and Amanda got (1 5 ).............. taxi home. On the wayhome they saw (16) .....nasty car accident. (1 7 ) ....... yellow car had runstraight into (18) .... black van. (1 9 ) .......yellow car was badly damaged.(20 )..... taxi driver had to take Alex and Amanda home by another route.

8.6 Fill in “a” or “the” where necessaryLast year ( 1 ) ..... Smiths went on holiday to (2) .... London with

their friends ( 3 ) .....Browns. They visited ( 4 ) .......Hyde Park and went on( 5 ) .....boat trip on (6 ) .......Thames. ( 7 ) ........ Mrs. Brown visited (8 ) ..........Buckingham Palace hoping to see ( 9 ) ..... Queen. Unfortunately, (10) ....Queen Elizabeth II wasn’t at (1 1 ).....home at the time.

8.7 Fill in “a”, “an” or “the” where necessary:1) I s ..... tomato.......fruit o r .........vegetable?2) I s ....... apple ....red ..... o r .......blue?3) What i s ....... capital o f ..........France?4) When we visited.......London we stayed a t .......Hilton Hotel.5) D oes.......River Seine run through.........Paris o r .........Madrid?

6) I s ..... Indian Ocean larger than .......Mediterranean Sea?7) I s ..... New York in ... USA or i n ........ Canada?8) I s ....... elephant bigger th an .........alligator?9) Does ....... Amazon run through ....... Africa or ....... South

America?

8.8 Fill in “a”, “an” or “the” where necessary in the dialogues bellow:

Dialogue I:John: Do you want to come to ( I) ....... theatre with me tonight?Ann: Sorry, I can’t. I’m going to (2).......restaurant with my cousin

from 3 ) .....America.John: What part o f (4 ) .......USA does he come from?Ann: He lives in (5) .... Colorado, near (6) ..... Rocky Mountains.

He is quite ( 7 ) ....... famous man in America. He plays ( 8 ) .........guitar in( 9 ) ....... rock band. In fact he’s giving a concert at (1 0 ) .......Odeon in ( 11).....Regent Street tomorrow evening.

29

Dialogue 2:Damon: Oh, (12 ).....glove! Where is that from?B: It’s (1 3 )....... glove Michael Jackson wore in the “Bad” video!Damon: Why is there (1 4 )........ can of Pepsi here?Betty: Oh, that is (1 5 )..... can that Michael drank from in the Pepsi

advertisement.Damon: Oh and (16) .... old pair of flared trousers. They are

horrible.Betty: They are my prize possession. Those are (1 7 )....... trousers he

wore when he was with the Jackson Five!Damon: Oh and let me guess, this was one o f (18) ........ bananas

Bubbles ate!Betty: No, don’t be stupid, that was my breakfast!

8.9 Fill in “an” or “ the” where necessary(1 ) ....... Australia is ( 2 ) .......interesting country. ( 3 ) .......Australians

are very friendly, happy people. Some o f ( 4 ) ..... strangest animals in (5).......world live there. In (6 ) .... Great Victoria Desert you can find ( 7 ) .......kangaroos and ( 8 ) ..... koala bears. ( 9 ) .......most famous city in Australia is(10 ) Sydney.

8.10 Put “a” , “an” or “ the” in each space or leave the spaceblank

We had (0)_a_ great holiday in ( 1 ) ...... London. We arrived at (2)...... airport late on Sunday evening, and we decided to take ( 3 ) ........ taxi,even though it was very expensive. (4 ) ...... taxi took us to our hotel, whichwas very nice, although (5 ) ...... rooms were quite small. On ( 6 ) ........nextday we woke up early and had ( 7 ) ...... enormous breakfast. I don’t knowhow (8 ) ...... people can eat so much in ( 9 ) ........morning! But it was goodfor us because eating out in (1 0 )...... London is expensive, and with such(11) big breakfast we didn’t need to have (12) ...... lunch. Afterbreakfast we went to (13) ...... art gallery. 1 can’t remember (14) ......name, but it was full of (15 )...... famous paintings and I really enjoyed it.

8.11 Put a/an o r the in each space or leave the space blankIt’s not difficult to find my house. If you come by (0) - train, you

come out of (1 ) ...... station and turn right. You’ll see (2 ) ........bank on (3)...... corner o f ( 4 ) ....... street. Carry on down ( 5 ) .......road until you cometo ( 6 ) ...... church. You can’t miss it - it’s one of ( 7 ) ........biggest ones in( 8 ) ...... Brighton. Just after (9 )______church turn left. It’s (1 0 )........verysmall street and (1 1 ) ...... people often go past without noticing it. You’ll

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see my house at (12)...... end of the street - it’s got {13)........red door. Tryand get here in time for (1 4 ) ...... lunch. Give me (1 5 ) ........ call on yourmobile if you get lost. I’ll be waiting for you!

9 Prepositions

9.1 Fill in: at, in or on:1 ) the evening;2 ) Monday;3 ) midnight;4 ) April 13th;5 ) . 5.30;6 ) Tuesday morning;7 ) Christmas;8 ) 1!... 6.30;9 ) November:10 ) the summer;11 ) : ...... 1967;12 ) noon;13 ) the 15lh century;14 ) Sunday morning;15 ) a spring night.

9.2 Complete the text with in, at and onMany archaeologists had searched for the tombs of Pharaohs ( 1 )

........ the Valley of the Kings (2) .......... Egypt- Only Howard Carterbelieved he knew where the tomb might be. He had a map of the valley,and ( 3 ) .......... it he had marked all the excavations until he discovered aspace. (4 ) ........ the ground there was a pile of stones and earth from earlierexcavations. Some steps were uncovered, and (5) ....... the bottom of thesteps was a door. (6 ) ..... the door was the symbol of Tutankhamun.

Carter had to wait for Lord Carnarvon, who was ( 7 ) ...... home (8)....... England, to arrive. Carnarvon was paying for the work When hearrived ( 9 ) ........ the excavation, after digging some more. Carter and hisworkers broke through a door and found themselves j the tomb. (10)........ this point they thought they had failed, becausè the tomb was empty.Then they found another door, which led to an undisturbed room. There were many beautiful things (I I) ........... this room, and Wonderful paintings

(12 ) the walls. Most o f the objects from the tomb are now displayed(13 ) a local museum.

9.3 Fill in: on, in, by or atLast year when I was (1) .....on ... holiday I received a telegram

asking me to go home immediately. I travelled (2 ) ......... plane and landed(3 ) ............ London at midnight. My flight was terrible because there werelots of babies (4) ......... the plane with me and most of them criedthroughout the trip. After I left the airport, 1 waited (5 ) ......... a bus stop forover half an hour but no bus came so I decided to continue my journey (6)........ taxi. My sister lives (7) .................. 10, Mill road, Hariton, and so Iasked the driver to take me there. The house is (8 ) ............. the outskirts ofthe town and it took quite a while to find. We had to stop ( 9 ) ...............suburbs to ask for directions as I had never been there before. When we finally arrived at the house, my sister was waiting for me.

9.4 Complete the text with these time prepositions: at, during. From, in, until, within

(1 ) ........... the 90s we worked with a series of different local agents.(2) 2002 we started using APL, and they hae been our exclusiveagent (3) ........... that time (4) .................Now. They are very good atcollecting payment from local customers, and we give them the discretionto ask for payment (5 ) ............ either 60 or 90 days. They forward to us allpayments they have collected, after taking their commissions, and receive money from them (6 ) ................... the end of every month. [3, p. 109]

9.5 Complete the story with appropriate prepositions. Sometimes no preposition is needed:

1) On vacation in Kenya, a buyer with IBM heard.......a small newfactory and called ....... a salesman.

2)She asked ....... the salesman if his components conformed .......American norms.

3).She insisted.......seeing the workshop and commented.........thepoor working conditions.

4) Nevertheless, the salesman succeeded ....... convincing her toconsent....... a trial order.

5) He told ....... the buyer that she could rely ....... him to organizeeverything.

6) She returned to the US, looking forward ....... receiving thecomponents, but after several weeks she had heard nothing.......Kenya.

7) Eventually she rang ....... the factory and complained ....... themanager.

8) The manager apologized politely ....... the delay, but explainedthat he was still waiting ..... a report on the new customer’screditworthiness. [3, p. 100]

9.6 Fill in: at, on or inHightown Zoo opens (1) ..... 9 o’clock (2) ....... the morning. (3)

........... Saturday and Sundays it opens ( 4 ) ......... 10.30. It’s a good idea tocome early ( 5 ) ....... the summer because the zoo gets very full. The besttime to visit is (6) ....... the afternoon because you can see the animalsbeing fed. The zoo first opened ( 7 ) ........ Easter ( 8 ) .......... 1903. But mostof the buildings were built (9) ........ the nineteenth century. People canvisit Hightown Zoo (10) ........ any time, (11) ............. summer or (12)........winter. It’s only closed (13) ......... Christmas and (14) ......... Is'January.

9.7 Fill in: at, to, by or inLast summer, (1 ) ...... the end of July, I went ( 2 ) .............Nottingham

to visit a friend who was ( 3 ) ........ university there. I arrived (4 ) .........theafternoon and went ( 5 ) ....... bus to my friend’s house, which is ( 6 ) .......the suburbs of the town, (7) ............... 123, Park Manor Road. My friendwasn’t ( 8 ) ....... home, so I waited until she got back ( 9 ) ...........5 o’clock.(10) the evening we went out to have a drink ( I I ) ............. theoldest pub (12) ......... England, which was built (13) ......... the 13lhcentury.

9.8 Choose the correct option, A, B, C o r D, to complete the text

We know that the inside of the Earth has a metallic core (or central part), a rocky mantle (or outer part), and a thin crust or surface.

As a result of high pressure(1) the core, it is hotter (2)....... the centre of the Earth than itis ( 3 ) ....... the Sun. The mantle is alayer of dense rock that lies (4 ) ..... /the surface and above the liquid core Um«* «.«*•* outer «.r«>

Picture I - The Earth’s structure

The crust is the thinnest layer, being only about 35 km deep (5 ) .......continents, and (6)....... the oceans it is even thinner - only 5 km. Becauseo f the crust's low density the material floats (7 ) ...... the denser mantle. Thecrust is divided into sections called tectonic plates. The Earth as we now know it was formed in four different stages. First of all, the most densematerial (eg. iron) sank ( 8 ) ...... the centre of the planet. Lighter materialsand gases stayed (9)...... the surface and (10) ....... the atmosphere. Thedense material formed the core of the Earth, and the lighter solids formed the crust. In the second stage, impacts from objects eg asteroids, comets, left the kind o f crater marks we can still see (1 1 )....... the Moon.

During the third stage, lava came up (1 2 )...... the Earth's crust andrain began to fall (1 3 ) ....... the sky. The first heavy rains formed ocean sand lakes.

The fourth stage is still going on now as the surface changes.Mountains are rising (14) ....... some areas. Large areas of solid

material, tectonic plates, are moving just (1 5 )..... the surface.

1) a to b at c from d outside2) a to b from c under d at3) a on b under c to d from4) a into b outside c below d on5) a to b at c under d in6) a under b in c on d outside7) a on b from c under d out of8) a at b in c on d to9) a in b to c at d from10) a at b on c under d in11) a in b on c to d from12) a in b from c at d outside13) a , from • b to c under d in14) a at b to c in d on15) a to b from c below d in

[13, p. 155]

10 Linking words and phrases

10.1 Underline the best word or phrase in each sentence:1) Apart from snakes / As fa r as snakes are concerned, Spain has five

poisonous ones.

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2) Amphibians, as well as / such as frogs and toads, can live on land and in water.

3) There are a number of advantages to consider. In a way / First o f all, there is the lower cost.

4) Everyone attended the meeting apart for / from CFO, who was on business trip.

5) They've got a terrible record over tax and education. Nevertheless /On the other hand, I still think the Democrats will win the election.

6) Balding's 'People in the Sky' is a very disappointing painting. At any rate /In contrast, Rae's 'Beach Scene' really brings this exhibition to life.

7) I would like to complain about the way I was treated in your shop. For one thing/Besides, the assistant was rude.

8) We saw the Eiffel Tower, the Seine and the Louvre, what's more/as well as Eurodisney.

9) The country's economy depends to a large extent/at least on the tourist industry.

10) The weather is likely to be dry and warm. In the far north-west of Scotland, however/whereas, it will be wet and windy.

10.2 Read the interview and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space

Interviewer: The recent scandal involving your finance minister has done little to restore public confidence in the government.

Minister: (1 ) .... . I think the 'scandal', as you call it, has shown us tobe a very moral party. The minister concerned resigned his post and showed great contrition for what he'd done.

Interviewer: ( 2 ) ..... a scandal is a scandal. (3) ...., a senior ministeraccepts a large donation on behalf of his party from the entrepreneurRobert Tivwell, then five weeks later, Tivwell's company, which (4) .....just happens to be neatly bankrupt, wins a contract with the government worth millions of pounds.

Minister: Well, as I say, the minister has resigned, (5) .... I should point out that there is technically nothing illegal about what he did.

Interviewer: Yes, there is, minister. It's called bribery.Minister: Well you can call it that if you want. I prefer to call it

'sharp practice' ( 6 ) .......But it happens, it's always happened, and I'm sureit'll continue to happen. (7 ) ..... , we will not condone this kind of financialdealing and will continue to stamp down on it.

Interviewer: This is pure double talk!

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Minister: No that's not true. (8 ) .....we take such matters extremelyseriously. But we are realistic enough to know that we can't eliminate them altogether. You see, there is nothing to stop people or companies makingdonations to parties - (9 ) .....if we didn't have such money, we wouldn't beable to survive. It’s just that the timing of such payments can beunfortunate. So each case has to be investigated on its merits. But (10).....,this practice is causing less controversy than it has done under previous governments.

1) a Incidentally b First of ail c On the contrary;

2) a Even so b As a matter fact

of c Hence;

3) a By and large b Consequently c First of all;4) a in contrast b incidentally c at any rate;5) a despite b although c Whereas;6) a anyway b furthermore c to be honest;7) a Having said

thatb Moreover c To make

mattersworse;

8) a As a result b As a matter fact

of c To some extent;

9) a although b thus c indeed;10) a in contrast b in addition c broadly

speaking.

10.3 Read the text and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space

Starting your own business could be the way to achieving financialindependence. (1 ) .......it could just as well land you in debt for the rest ofyour life. (2) ......., that is the view of Charles and Brenda Leggat, aScottish couple, who last week saw their fish farm business put into the hands of the receiver. 'We started the business at a time when everyone wasbeing encouraged by the banks to borrow money. (3 ) ......., we fell into thesame trap, and asked for a big loan. (4 ) ......., at the time we were sure thatwe could make it into a going concern,' said Charles Leggat, a farmer from the Highlands. The bank analysed the proposals we put forward and they agreed that it would be a highly profitable business.' Sure enough, within five years the Leggats were exporting trout and salmon products to hotelsall over Europe, and ( 5 ) .......they took on over fifty staff. (6 ) ..........withthe advent of the recession, they began to lose ground as orders dried up.

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'( 7 ) ....... . said Brenda Leggat, ’the business has now been valued by thebank at a fraction of its true worth. If they had left us to work our way outof our difficulties, (8) ....... virtually bankrupting us, I am sure that wecould have gone back into profit. As it is, we have been left without a livelihood, and the bank has not recovered what it lent us.' The Leggatsboth felt that their banks had not treated them fairly. '( 9 ) ....... . they werefalling over themselves to lend us the money initially, (1 0 ) .......now theyare doing very little to keep the business going, and fifty local people in work.' A spokesman for the bank concerned refused to commcnt.

1) a Moreover b On the other hand

c As well as;

2) a At least b However c To make matters worse;

3) a Incidentally b At any rate c As a result;4) a To put it

another wayb Nevertheless c In contrast;

5) a what's more b on the other hand

c to tell the truth;

6) a Hence b Consequently c However;7) a In contrast b Whereas c To make

matters worse;8) a as opposed to b as well as c in addition to;9) a However b To tell the

truthc As a result;

10) a as well as b whereas c on the otherhand.

[13, p. 169-171]

10.4 Underline the best word or phrase

Globalization

What exactly is globalization? To some extent/ Moreover the term means whatever people want it to mean. In economics, the term usually refers to the way the world has become one market, with free exchange of goods and capital. At least/' However, it is also used to describe cross- cultural contacts. Furthermore/ As well as being part of the same economic system, countries in different paits of the world share entertainment, food, and in some respects/ owing to, similar attitudes to life. Above all> Thus, globalization often refers to the way TV and the Internet have created a

37

unified world in which information can be exchanged very rapidly. In fact, a ‘global economy’ is only possible as a result of/ however modem information technology. Despite/ Furthermore, politics has also become ‘globalized’, creating co-operation between countries. However/ Although, there are many critics of globalization who point that while business has become global, there are still winners and losers: consequently/ nevertheless, the richer nations grow richer, and the poorer nations grow poorer. They also argue that above all/ as a result o f the global power large corporations and international financial institutions, many countries no longer control their own economics. [12, p. 187]

10.5 Complete the following sentences using the words and phrases for causes and effects in the box

| because of (x2) caused consequently due toowing to_____ result in______________ result o f _________

1) Bird strikes c a n .....damage to aircraft.2) Bird strikes were a potential problem for the train ,..... its speed.3) During the test, the train was severely damaged as a ..... the

impact.4) The damage occurred..... a problem relating to temperature.5) The impact of the chicken..... it to enter the train.6) The engineers thought the gun was faulty, so..... they called their

colleagues.

10.6 Read the following engineering urban legends and complete the descriptions of causes and effects using the correct form of the words and phrases in Exercise 10.5. Sometimes more than one word or phrase is possible:

1) Apparently, the biggest challenge in space exploration was developing a pen for astronauts to use in orbit as ordinary ballpoint pensdon't work in space, ..... the fact that there's no gravity. So ....... thisproblem, there were teams of researchers working for years, trying to find a solution. Eventually, someone came up with the idea of using a pencil.

2) When they designed the foundations of the library on the university campus, they forgot to allow for the weight of the books on theshelves, w hich..... the building to start sinking. S o ........ . half of the floorshave had to be left empty, without books, to keep the weight down.

3) Did you hear about that Olympic-sized swimming-pool that was built? They got the length wrong ..... , the tiles. They forgot to take into

38

account the thickness, which.....the pool measuring a few millimeters tooshort. S o ...... it can't be used for swimming competitions. [6, p. 76 - 77]

It Adverbs

11.1 Choose the best option, A, B, or C, to fill each gap

Street design

People in some British town are complaining about the (1) .....uninteresting streets and squares being designed by local council architects.It seems that one (2 ) .....unexpected result of improved health and safetylaws in a/ an (3) ..... unimaginative approach to urban design. (4) ......street features such as fountains, steps and even cobbled roadways, arebeing excluded from our streets because of the risk of accidents. (5 ) .....,many councils are paying out huge sums on claims for damages made against them by people who injure themselves in the street, and although itis (6) ..... possible to design a/an (7) ..... accident-proof urbanenvironment, architects are taking the easy way out. Hence the (8 )__ dulldesign we now see in some city centers. It seems (9) ..... obvious thatstreets should be safe, but it is also (10) ..... important that they shouldmake us feel proud to be walking in them. (11) ...... there are architectswho have come up with (12).....more creative solutions, as a visit to manycity centers will show. So in the end, it’s up to local councils to try harder.

1) a quite b extremely c hardly;2) a entirely b very c fairly;3) a rather b fairly c entirely;4) a Technically b Financially c Surprisingly;5) a Logically b Apparently c Naturally;6) a rather b hardly c fairly;7) a completely b very c extremely;8) a politically b rather c clearly;9) a extremely b utterly c perfectly;10) a surprisingly b particularly c hardly;11) a Fortunately b Absolutely c Really12) a extremely b fairly c rather;

Bibliography [12, p. 131]

39

11.2 Complete the text with a word or phrase from the list in each gap:

a) absolutely key;b) completely free;c) entirely financed;d) extremely expensive;e) financially speaking;f) generally speakingg) naturally;h) quite clear;i) quite unable;j) quite usual;k) totally private;1) veiy basic.

Health serviceIn recent years it has become (1 ) ..... that the provision o f health care

is one of the (2) ..... issues in modem society. In some countries theprovision of health care is ( 3 ) ..... at the point of use. ( 4 ) ....... this meansthat people who visit the doctor, or have to go into hospital, do not handover money to the people who treat them. Instead, the system is (5 ) .....bycentral government, and paid out of revenues ( taxes) collected from everyone. In some health system everyone is treated free, regardless of their ability to pay, while in other systems, patients pay a standard charge,even for (6) ..... drug treatments, while those who are (7) ..... to payreceive free treatment. In other countries the system is (8) ..... andeveryone has to pay for their treatment. (9) ..... this means that patientseither have to pay for their own insurance, which will pay for their bills when they are ill, or pay bills from their own pockets. In many countries it

(10)..... for both systems to exist side by side, with the state providing(11) services, and the better off, naturally, paying for services of ahigher quality. This is sometimes known as a “two-tier” system. [12, p. 216]

113 Complete the sentences with an adverb from the box:a) severely;b) deeply;c) eagerly;d) desperately;e) virtually;f) distinctly

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g) sorely;h) highly:i) fatally;j) interminably; k ) perfectly;I) conscientiously.

1) 1 need a holiday. I haven’t had a break for three years.2) The return of the Shakespearean actor Donald Benett to the

London stage i s .....awaited.3) 1 work with a .....- motivated sales team. We all work hard.4) It i s ..... impossible to get away from mobile phones these days.

5) Bad weather has ..... affected the roads this weekend. Drivingconditions are treacherous.

6) The politician’s speech seemed to go on ..... , but in fact it wasonly thirty minutes.

7) I hate cold climates. I am ..... tempted to emigrate somewherewarm.

8) I ..... remember you telling me not to phone before 2 p.m.9) Having worked ..... for the same firm for forty years, he was

awarded a gold watch.10) In her anger she hit him. Later sh e .....regretted this.11) Two people escaped unhurt in the accident, but unfortunately the

third passenger w as..... injured and died on the way to hospital.12) Alison made her views on the subject of politicians .....clear.

She dislikes all of them.

11.4 Choose the two correct adverbs in these sentences1) I totally/perfectly/ quite agree with you.2) She totally/ quite/strongly disagrees with me.3) Some people sincerely/ seriously/ entirely believe there’s life in

space.4) I perfectly/strongly/ completely understand what you're trying to

say.5) I totally/ really/quite like spicy food.6) Kate thinks maths is hard, and she’s absolutely/ very/quite right.7) Personally 1 find maths extremely/ totally/quite impossible.8) She’s absolutely/ completely/ extremely terrified of dogs.9) I was absolutely/ very/ terribly pleased to hear you’re getting

married.10) I'm sure you’ll be totally/extremely' really happy together.

41

! 1.5 Underline the most suitable adverb for each space1) Someone obviously/currently/fortunately must have picked it up

by mistake.2) He could really/cheerfully/easily have stolen the painting without

anyone knowing.3) I may surely/well/dearly have made a mistake.4) You really/clearly/needlessly shouldn't have spent so much on my

present.5) Bill rarely/simply/certainly wouldn't listen to anything we said.6) I couldn’t just/yet/already have left without saying a word.7) Certainly/Rarely/Surely you can't seriously believe that 1 am

guilty!8) I opened the window, I greatly/surely/simply had to get some fresh

air.9) I still/unfortunately'/surely couldn't have come to your party,10) How dangerous! You could still/strongly/well have been injured! [11, p. 76]

12 Word-building

12.1 Make up nouns of these words using word-building suffixes:1) 1 er, or - to organize, to exploit, to work, to sail;2) - tion - to dictate, to decorate, to educate, to connect;3) - ment - to improve, to agree, to govern, to develop;4) - ship - leader, dictator;5) - ing - to build, to dance, to draw;6)— ist - art, science, biology, type, material;7) - ness - dark, weak, mad, cold, bright.

12.2 Make up adjectives of these words according to the example below:

Example: care - careful - careless.1) use, hope, truth, beauty;2) rain, peace, help, harm;3) colour, thought, meaning, power;4) power, tune, delight.

12.3 Read the texts below. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the space

Text 1: Coca-ColaJohn Pemberton, a chemist from Georgia, was responsible for the (I)

INVENTION of Coca-Cola in 1866. He decided to make a syrup that was both (2).... (ORIGIN) and thirst-quenching.

In his drugstore, he produced a (3 ) ....... (MIX) of cola-nut extract,sugar and caffeine. The exact (4 ) .....(COMPOSE) is still a secret. A fewmonths later, one of Pemberton’s (5) ..... (ASSIST) mistakenly servedCoca-Cola with (6 ).....(ADD) soda water, which turned out to be very (7).....(SUCCESS). To market his new drink Pemberton decided to form a (8)..... (PARTNER) with Frank Robertson whose elegant (9) ..... (HAND)was used for the Coca-Cola trademark.

In 1985, the (10).....(INTRODUCE) of an improved recipe calledNew Coke did not meet with the (11).....(APPROVE) of Coke drinkersand the old recipe was revived. [7, p. 123]

Text 2: MoneyBefore the (1) ..... (INVENT) of money, people used to get the

goods and services they wanted by (2) ..... (SWAP) things with others.This system was entirely (3) ..... (DEPEND) on an (4) ..... (AGREE)between both people, who each needed to have what the other wanted.

The system of (5) ..... (CHANGE) started to work much moresmoothly with the (6) ..... (INTRODUCE) of money. By using preciousmetals, which had been (7 ) .....(OFFICIAL) weighed and made into coins,it (8 ) .....(COME) possible to sell what you produced in return for coins,then use the coins to buy (9 ).....(ANY) you wanted from a third party.

Some societies have developed (10) .....(ACCEPT) substitutes forcoins by using things which, in (11).....(REAL), have a fixed value suchas salt or cigarettes. [7, p. 167]

Text 3: Telephone CallsToday an enormous amount of (1) .....(PERSON) and business (2)

..... (COMMUNICATE) takes place by telephone and fax machine. It’susually quite easy to make a call to (3 ).....(ONE) right on the other side ofthe world because these days most long- (4).... (DISTANT) calls travel viasatellite. Fifty years ago, however, an (5 ) .....NATION call was far moredifficult. It could sometimes take the (6 ) .....(OPERATE) a very long timeto make a (7 ) .....(CONNECT), and even then the (8 )...... (RECEIVE) wasoften rather poor. Telephones at that time could only Work between places connected by (9 ) .....(CONTINUE) w'ires which had to cross the oceans.

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The world’s (1 0 ).....(LONG) cable still stretches (1 1 )...... (WATER) forfifteen thousand kilometers beneath the Pacific Ocean.

Text 4: The greatest writer of all timeGraphology is the study and (1 ) .....(ANALYZE) of handwriting as

a way of telling you about the writer’s (2 ) .....(PERSON). In order to carryout a (3 ) .....(SUCCESS) study of someone’s character, graphologist needa full-page specimen of someone’s handwriting. This has to be (4) .....(WRITE) spontaneously under normal conditions.

One of the most widely analyzed (5 ) .....(SIGN) IS THAT OF THEgreatest English writer of all time, William Shakespeare. The onlyexamples we have of Shakespeare’s (6) ..... (ABLE) to write are sixexamples of his signature. (7 ) .....(FORTUNATE), experts do not agree onwhether he wrote them at all. If he did, he could (8) ..... (HARD) havebeen the writer who ‘never blotted a line’. The signatures are nearly (9 ).....(LEGIBLE) and it can be seen that the name is spelt in several (10) .....(DIFFER) ways and written in several different styles. The three most (11).....(CONTROVERSY) signatures are those on Shakespeare’s will. Theirshaky letters may be a symptom of the writer’s deathbed (12) .....(WEAK). However, some expert graphologists claim that these signatureswere not written by Shakespeare at all , but by his (13) .....(LAW). Onegraphologist, Duming-Lawrence, claims with (14) ..... (CERTAIN) thatthe greatest writer of all time could not so much as manage to scrawl his own name! [7, p. 131]

44

Эдебиеттер

1 Качалова К. Н., Израилевич Е. Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка / Юнвес Лист, 2000. - 720 с.

2 Alexander L. G. English practice for intermediate students I Longman, 1990. - P. 296.

3 Allison J., Emmerson P. The Business. Intermediate. Student's Book - Macmillan, 2008. - P. 155.

4 Evans V. Introduction: Round up. Grammar Practice 4. — Longman, 1995.- P. 192.

5 Evans V. Introduction: Round up. Grammar Practice 5. - Longman, 1995. - P. 208.

6 Ibbotson M. Cambridge English for Engineering - Cambridge University Press, 2008. - P. 110.

7 Kenny N. First Certificate Passkey. Student's Book, - Macmillan, 1996.- P . 240.

8 Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. - Cambridge University Press, 1985. - P. 390.

9 Placement test / www.cambridgeenglish.org/test-your-english.10 Redman S. English Vocabulary In Use. Pre-intermediate and

intermediate. - Cambridge University Press, 1997. - P. 272.11 Vince M. Advanced langue practice. — Macmillan, 2003. - P. 336.12 Vince M. Macmillan English Grammar In Context. Advanced. -

Macmillan, 2008. — P. 240.13 Vince M. Macmillan English Grammar In Context. Intermediate.

- Macmillan, 2007. - P. 233.

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A KOCbiMiuacu (Herbri)

Placement testFor the questions below, please choose the best option to complete

the sentence or conversation.1. When can we meet again?a) When are you free?b) It was two days ago.c) Can you help me?

2. My aunt is going to stay with me:a) How do you do?b) How long for?c) How was it?

3. When do you study?a) at school.b) in the evenings.c) in the library.

4. Would you prefer lemonade or orange juice?a) Have you got anything else?b) If you like.c) Are you sure about that?

5. Let's have dinner now:a) You aren't eating.b) There aren't any.c) Tom isn't here yet.

6. The snow was ...... heavily when I left the house:a) droppingb) landingc) fallingd) descending

7 .1 can't find my keys anywhere - 1 ......have left them at work:a) canb) mustc) ought

46

d) would

8. When a car pulled out in front of her, Jane did well not to .....control of her bicycle:

a) missb) losec) faild) drop

9. According to Richard's......the train leaves at 7 o’clock:a) opinionb) advicec) knowledged) information

10. When you stay in a country for some time you get used to the people's...... of life:

a) habitb) customc) wayd) system

11. The builders are ...... good progress with the new house:a) gettingb) doingc) makingd) taking

12. She is now taking a more positive ...... to her studies andshould do well:

a) attitudeb) behaviorc) mannerd) style

13. My father...... his new car for two weeks now:a) has hadb) hasc) is havingd) had

47

14. What differences are there.... . the English spoken in the UKand the English spoken in the US?

a) amongb) betweenc) besided) with

15. At 6 p.m. I started to get angry with him because he was late

a) as usual.b) in general.c) typically.d) usually.

16........you get your father's permission, I'll take you skiing nextweekend:

a) Althoughb) Providedc) Asd) Unless

17. A local company has agreed to ...... the school team withfootball shirts:

a) contributeb) supplyc) gived) produce

1 8 .1 really enjoy stories that a re ...... in the distant future:a) foundb) setc) putd) placed

19. That old saucepan will come in ...... when we go camping:a) convenientb) fittingc)handyd) suitable

48

20. Anyone ...... after the start of the play is not allowed in untilthe interval:

a) arrivesb) has arrivedc) arrivingd) arrived

21.1 d idn 't---- driving home in the storm so I stayed overnightin a hotel:

a) fancyb) desirec) preferd) want

22. The judge said that those prepared to...... in crime must beready to suffer the consequences:

a) involveb)engagec) undertaked) enlist

23. Marianne seemed to tak e......at my comments on her work:a)annoyanceb) insultc) offenced) indignation

24. You should not have a dog if you are n o t......to look after it:a) preparedb) adaptedc) arrangedd) decided

25. The farmhouse was so isolated that they had to generate their own electricity......

a) current.b) supply.c) grid.d) power.

49

I

Keys to Placement test1 - a; 2 - g; 3 - b; 4 - a; 5 - c; 6 - c; 7 - b; 8 - b; 9 - d; 10 - c ; 11 -

c; 12- a ; 13- a ; 14 — b; 15 — a; 1 6 - b; 17-b; 1.8- c ; 19- c ; 2 0 - c ;2 I -a ; 22 - b; 23 c; 24 - a; 2 5 -b .

Results:6 — 10 — Elementary;11. - 15 - Pre-Intermediate;16 — 21 — Intermediate;22 - 25 - Upper-Intermediate.

50

E KOCbiMiuacbi (Heri3ri)

Tables of Active and Passive voices

E. 1-KecTe — Active VoiceTense Predicate What action it

expressesTense pointers /

markers1 2 3 4

PresentSimple

Vl(s)

do/does (he, she, it) + VI

1) permanent situations2) repeated actions in the present3) facts which are permanently true4) timetables or programmes

always, usually - normally, every day (week, decade, month, year...), sometimes, from time to time, often

PresentContinuous

amis + Ving are

1) temporary situations2) actions happening at or around the time of speaking3) with always to express annoyance or criticism4) fixedarrangements in the near future

now, at the moment, this week (month, year...)

PresentPerfect

have+ V3

has

1 ) actions which happened at an unstated time in the past2) to express actions which have finished so recently that there’s evidence in the present3) actions which started in the past

1) already, just, ever, never, yet, recently, so far2) since, for

51

B. 1 -KecTecmiH acanracbi1 2 3 4

and continue up to the present 4) a past action whose time is not • mentioned but it is connected with the present.

PresentPerfectContinuous

have+ been +

Vinghas

1 ) actions which started in the past and continue up to the present2) past actions o f certain duration which have visible results or effect in the present3) to express irritation, anger, annoyance, explanation or criticism4) to put emphasis on duration, usually with for, since or how long.

1) since, for

Past Simple V2

did + VI

1) actions which happened at a stated time in the past2) to express a past state or habit.3) past actions which happened one after the other.4) a past action whose time is not mentioned and it is not connected with the present

when, then, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year, two days ago, in 2009, on Monday

52

E.l-KecteciHiH wajiracw1 2 3 4

PastContinuous

was+ Ving

were

1 ) an action that was in the middle of happening at a stated time in the past.2) a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it3) to describe the background to the events in a story.

when, while, a t ...

Past Perfect had + V3 1) a past action which happened before another past action or before a stated past time2) a complete action in the past.

| | by2) already, just

Past Perfect Continuous

had + been +Ving

1) an action continuing up to a specific time in the past.2) a continuous, past action which had visible results or effect in the past.

for, since

FutureSimple

shall (I, we)-t-

VIwill

1 ) prediction2) supposition3) promise4) immediate decision

next week (month, year...), tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in a week, in a couple of days

FutureContinuous

shall+ be +

Vingwill

1) action will have a certain duration in the future2) polite question

at 5 o’clock

1

53

E.l-KecTCciHiH acarcracbi1 2 3 4

FuturePerfect

shall+ have +

V3will

1 ) a complete action in the future

by Monday, by 10 o’clock, by your coming

FuturePerfectContinuous

shall+ have +

been + Ving will

a continuous, future action which will have visible results or effect in the future.

for, since

E.2-KecTe — Passive VoiceSimple Continuous Perfect Perfect

Continuous1 2 3 4 5

Present am + V3 is 1 V3 are + V3

am + being + V3is + being + V3are + being + V3

have + been + V3has + been + V3

Past was + V3 were + V3

was + being + V3were + being + V3

had ¡I been + V3

Future will + be +V3shall + be + V3

will + have + been + V3 shall + have + been + V3

Future-in-the-Past

would + be +V3should + be +V3

would + have + been + V3 should + have + been + V3

54

В косымшасы (непзп)

В. 1 -кесте - List of irregular verbsNo. Infinitive Past Past participle Аудару

1 2 3 4 51 be was/were been болу2 beat beat beaten соту3 become became become болу, туру4 begin began begun бастау5 bite bit bitten т^стеу6 blow blew blown согу, дем шыгару7 break broke broken сындыру8 bring brought brought экелу9 build built built салу, жасау10 buy bought bought сатып алу11 catch caught caught устау12 choose chose chosen ектмру13 come came come келу14 cost cost cost туру15 cut cut cut кесу16 dig dug dug казу17 do did done ¡стеу18 draw drew drawn сурет салу

19 dream dreamt dreamt армандау, туе кору

20 drink drank drunk ¡шу21 drive drove driven журпзу22 eat ate eaten жеу23 fall fell fallen тусу24 feed fed fed жем/ тамак беру25 feel felt felt сечу26 fight fought fought куресу27 find found found табу28 fly flew flown ушу29 forbid forbade2 forbidden руксат етпеу30 forget forgot forgotten естен шыгару31 forgive forgave forgiven кеынру

55

ВЛ-кестесшщ жал гасы1 2 3 4 5

32 freeze froze frozen муздату, тоцдату33 get got got алу34 give gave given беру35 go went gone бару, журу36 grow grew grown есу, улкею37 have had had бар болу38 hear heard heard еату39 hide hid hidden тыгу40 hit hit hit согу, кагу41 hold held held устау42 hurt hurt hurt ауырту43 keep kept kept сактау, беру44 know knew known бхлу45 lay laid laid жату46 learn learnt learnt зерттеу47 leave left left тастап кету48 lend lent lent карыз беру

49 let let let ерш беру, руксат ету

50 lie lay lain жату

51 lose lost lostжогалту,

айырылып калу, жещлу

52 make made made дайындау,жасау,шыгару

53 mean meant meant б|р мэню! болуы. мэащ болу

54 meet met met жолыгу, карсы алу55 pay paid paid телеу56 put put put кою57 quit quit quit кою, тастау58 read read read оку59 ride rode ridden атпен журу60 rise rose risen кетершу61 run ran run жупру62 say said said айту63 see saw seen кору64 sell sold sold сату

56

w rIfK1

B. l-KecteciHiH acaJiracH1 2 3 4 5

65 send sent sent *i6epy66 show showed shown KepceTy67 sing sang sung 3H afiTy68 sink sank sunk 6aTy69 sit sat sat on.rpy70 sleep slept slept VHMKTay71 speak spoke spoken ceiiiiey72 spend spent spent wapaTy73 stand stood stood U S74 steal stole stolen ¥PJiay75 swim swam swum *Y3y76 take took taken any77 teach taught taught OKblTy78 tell told told aihy79 think thought thought ofijiaHy80 throw threw thrown jiaKTbipy81 understand understood understood TyciHy82 wake woke woken OHHy83 wear wore worn KHIO84 win won won *eny85 write wrote written

57

Ma3My.Hbi

Aflfbl C©3.................. .............. ................................................... ..............3 ;if|1 Active voice .......................................................... ......................................42 Passive voice .................. ................. ........... ............. .................. ¡............ .g3 Modal verbs........... .......................................................... ..........................124 Conditionals............ .............................. . r........... ... ................. 155 I wish............................................................... .............................................196 Infinitive. Gerund...................................................................................... ..227 Reported speech.................................. ....................7. . , . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . ............248 Articles................................................................... ........ ......r..r.v;.„.......... ..279 Prepositions............................................................. .................................. ..3110 Linking words and phrases........................................... .........................34 JU11 Adverbs....................................................... ........................................... ..3912 Word-building............................................................................. ............ ..42

0 Ae6HeTTep ..................................... ............... ....... ............................... ..45A KocbiMuiacu (Hemri) Placement te s t................... ............................. ..46B KOCbiMiuacu (Herisri) Tables of Active and Passive voices... ......... ..51C KocbiMiuacbi (Heri3ri) List o f irregular verbs .............................. ..... ..55

Авазбакиева Ф. Р., Сарсенбаева А. С.

GRAMMAR FOR PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Оку-эд1стемел!к куралы

Техникалык редактор Б. В. Нургожина Жауапты хатшы А. К. Темиргалинова

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