Grammar Review 2:Case-functions and case-takers1. Case-functions

2. Case-takers

3. Exercises with answer key

2. Case-functions: GENITIVE

GENITIVE

of possession• hōrum praeda (these

men’s plunder)

partitive• sex pastōrum (six of

the shepherds)• vestrum prīmus (the

first among you)• nihil novī (nothing

new)

subjective• senātōrum spēs (the

senators’ hope/optimism)

objective• asylī spēs (hope for

refuge)

of description• armillās magnī

ponderis (bracelets of significant weight)

of (indefinite) value• tua dōna magnī

habeō (I hold your gifts [to be] of great value)

of characteristic• nōn est lictōris

consilium dare (it is not characteristic of/the role of a lictor to dispense advice)

2. Case-functions: DATIVE

DATIVE

of indirect object• fīliam Aenēae in

mātrimōnium dedimus (we gave our daughter in marriage to Aeneas)

of possessor• est mihi scūtum aureum

(I have a golden shield)• illī oppidō nōmen erat

Rōma (that town had the name Rome)

of purpose (and double dative)

• hoc pecus tibi dōnō damus (we give this cattle to you as a gift)

of reference/advantage• mihi haec rēs facta est

nova sed grāta (to me this thing came about unexpected but welcome).

of disadvantage• omnia bona nostra

nōbīs rapta sunt (all our goods have been seized from us).

with intransitive or compound verb

• virgō Ascaniō nūbit (the maiden marries/wears the veil for Ascanius)

• Tarpēius praeerat nōbīs (Tarpeius was in charge of us)

of agent (with passive

periphrastic)• arx est vōbīs

occupanda (the citadel must be seized by you)

2. Case-functions: ACCUSATIVE

ACCUSATIVE

of direct object• Amūlium

occīdunt (they kill Amulius)

double accusative

• fīliōs dōnum ōrant (they ask the sons for a gift)

subject of infinitive• eōs iubeō vincīrī (I order

them to be bound)• dīcunt eum impetum

facere (they say that he is making an attack)

adverbial• multum timent

(they are much afraid)

• nihil convenimus (we agree not at all)

of exclamation• ō urbem

opulentam (o what a wealthy city!)

of respect• mōrēs tuos mox

corrumpēris (you will soon be corrupted in your character)

of body part with middle verb

• bracchia aegrē parātur (he is scarcely prepared in his arms)

of supine, expressing purpose:

• ad stagnum lūnam vīsum adit (he comes to the pool to see the moon)

(see also time & place)

2. Case-functions: ABLATIVE

ABLATIVE I

of separation• mox līberī bellō

eritis (soon you will be free from war)

of origin• Rōmulum, deō

nātum (Romulus, born from a god)

of accompaniment• exercitū magnō ad nōs adit (he is

approaching us with a great army)

of means (instrument)• precibusne urbem dēfendis?

(you are defending the city with prayers?)

of personal agent• ab Aenēā victus

est (he was defeated by Aeneas)

of manner• manibus sublātīs sē dēdunt

(they surrender themselves with their arms raised)

2. Case-functions: ABLATIVE

ABLATIVE II

of respect• Rōma bonīs

exemplīs dītior est (Rome is richer in good examples)

• nātū maximus (greatest in age)

of cause• mātris precibus ex

urbe effugimus (we flee from the city because of our mother’s pleas)

absolute• pulsō frātre īrātī sunt

(when/because their brother was expelled, they got angry)

• mulieribus loquentibus augurium recēpimus (while the women were speaking we received a bird omen)

• duce Rōmulō nihil timēmus (with Romulus our leader, we do not fear at all)

of description• mulier multīs

virtūtibus (a woman of many virtues)

of comparisonquī rex est

Amuliō benignior? (what

king is kindlier than Amulius?)

of degree of difference

• Amulius multō benignior est quam frāter (Amulius is much kinder than his brother)

(see also time & place)

2. Case-functions: TIME & SPACE

TIME &

SPACE

accusative of extent of space

• mūrus trēcentōs pedēs longus (a wall three-hundred feet long)

accusative of motion toward (cities, towns,

small islands)• omnēs effugiunt Rōmam (everyone

flees to Rome)• cf. domum, rūs

ablative of motion from (cities, towns, small

islands)• Lāvīniō omnēs recēdunt

(everyone pulls back from Lavinium)

• cf. domō, rūre

locative (cities, towns, small islands)• iamdiū Rōmae/Carthāgine nullī philosophi

sunt (for a long time now there have been no philosophers in Rome/Carthage)

• cf. domī, humī, rūrī

accusative of duration of time

• ipse tantum duōs annōs regnāvit (he himself reigned for only two years)

ablative of time when

• decimō annō pulsus est (in the tenth year he was pushed out)

ablative of time within which

• brevī tempore erunt tibi geminī fīliī (in a short time you will have twin sons)

2. Case-takers with accusativePrepositions

ad

adversus

ante

apud

circā/circum

cis/citrā

contrā

ergā

extrā

to, towards

towards, against

before, in front of

among, with, near, at the house of

around

on this side of

against

(feelings) toward

outside of

Prepositionsin

inter

intrā

iuxtā

ob

per

post

praeter

into, onto; against

between, among

inside

next to

on account of

through

after, behind

except, besides

Prepositionsprope

propter

secundum

sub

super

trāns

ultrā

near

because of

alongside, following

(to) under, beneath

(to) over, above, on top of

across

on the other side of

2. Case-takers with ablative

Prepositionsab/ā

cum

dē

ex/ē

in

prō

sine

sub

super

away from; by

with; pariter cum …; ūnā cum …

down from; about, concerning

out of, from

in, on

in front of; on behalf of; instead of

without

under, beneath

over, above, on top of

Adjectivesdignus

frētus

līber

orbus

vacuus

plēnus

worthy (of)

relying (upon)

free (from)

deprived (of); childless

empty (of)

full (of)

2. Case-takers with ablative (cont.)

Verbscareō, carēre, caruī, (caritūrus)

fruor, fruī, fructus sum gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum

nītor, nītī, nixus sum

potior, potīrī, potītus sum

ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum

vehor, vehī, vectus sum

mālō, mālle, māluī

be without, lack

enjoy

rejoice, be glad; delight (in)

support oneself, lean (upon)

get hold of, acquire

use

be carried upon, drive

prefer, want more (to, + infin.) (than, + abl. of comparison)

2. Case-takers with ablative (cont.)Impersonal expressions

interest/rēfert

opus est, esse, fuit

it is important, it matters, it concernse.g. meā (abl. sg. f.) interest vidēre it matters to me to see e.g. amīcī (gen.) interest vidēre (infin.) it matters to my friend to see

there is a need, I neede.g. opus est mihi (dat.) pecuniā (abl.) there is need to me of money (I need money);e.g. opus est mihi equum vendere I need to sell my horse

2. Case-takers with genitive“Postpositions”

causā/grātiā

iniussū

iussū

for the sake of, because of (with preceding gen.)

without the command of

by command of

Adjectivescupidus

dissimilis

similis

desirous (of)

unlike, different (to, + gen./dat.)

like, similar (to, + gen./dat.)

Verbs—, —, meminī, meminisse, —

oblīviscor, obliviscī, oblītus sum

I remember

forget

2. Case-takers with genitive (cont.)Impersonal expressions

interest/rēfert

Verbs of feeling, with person feeling in acc. and object of feeling in gen. or infin.:

miseret, miserēre, miseruit

paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit

piget, pigēre, piguit

pudet, pudēre, puduit

taedet, taedēre, —

it is important, it matters, it concernse.g. amīcī (gen.) interest vidēre (infin.) it matters to my friend to seee.g. meā (abl. sg. f.) interest vidēre it matters to me to see

it pities;e.g. mē miseret fīliōrum (gen.) I feel pity for the sons

it pains (I regret)

it disgusts (I feel abohorrence)

it shames (I am ashamed)

it bores (I am bored)

2. Case-takers with dativeAdjectives

inimīcus

dissimilis

similis

pār, paris

proximus

unfriendly, hostile (to)

unlike, different (to, + gen./dat.)

like, similar (to, + gen./dat.)

equal (to)

near (to)

Impersonal expressionslicet

placet

opus est, esse, fuit

it is permitted (for someone, dat.) (to, + infin.)

it is pleasing (to someone, dat.) (to, + infin.)

there is a need, I neede.g. opus est mihi (dat.) pecuniā (abl.) there is need to me of money (I need money)e.g. opus est mihi equum vendere there is need to me/I need to sell my horse

2. Case-takers with dative (cont.)Compound verbs

adsum, adesse, adfuī

afferō (adferō), afferre, attulī, allātus

dēsum, deesse, dēfuī

inferō, inferre, intulī, illātus

obeō, obīre, obiī

offerō (obferō), offerre, obtulī, oblātus

praeferō, praeferre, praetulī, praelātus

praestō, praestare, praestitī, —

praesum, praeesse, praefuī

resistō, resistere, restitī, —

respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsus

be present, near; be of service to (+ dat.)

bring to (+ dat.); cause

be wanting, be missing (to, + dat.)

bring in, introduce; inflict (on, + dat.)

go to meet, encounter (+ dat.); meet death, die

offer, bring forward (to, + dat.)

carry before; prefer (to, + dat.)

excel, stand ahead of (+ dat.); give, furnish

be ahead, superior; in charge (of, + dat.)

resist, oppose (+ dat.); take a stand

answer, reply; correspond to (+ dat.)

2. Case-takers With dative

Intransitive verbscēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessūrus

crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus

faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautus

fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum

imperō

ignoscō, ignoscere, ignōvī, ignōtus

īrascor, īrascī, īrātus sum

go, withdraw; yield (to, + dat.)

believe, trust (+ dat.)

favor, be favorable to (+ dat.)

trust, confide (in, + dat.)

command, order (+ dat. of person)

forgive (+ dat.)

grow angry, be angry (at, + dat.)

2. Case-takers with dative (cont.)

Intransitive verbs (cont.)

noceō, nocēre, nocuī, (nocitūrus)

nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī, nuptus

parcō, parcere, (pepercī), (parsus)

pāreō, pārēre, pāruī, (paritūrus)

persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī, (persuāsūrus)

placeō, placēre, placuī, (placitūrus)

serviō, servīre, servīvī, servītus

harm, be harmful to (+ dat.)

marry (with woman as subject) (+ dat.)

spare, refrain from (+ dat.)

obey, be obedient to (+ dat.)

persuade (+ dat.)

please, be pleasing (+ dat.)

serve, be subservient to (+ dat.)

3. Exercises Fill in the blankEnglish Latin

1. It isn’t characteristic of a young man to make peace. 

nōn est iuven___ pācem facere. 

2. Lavinia is not permitted to marry the king’s son. 

Lāvīni___ nōn licet rēgis fīli___ nūbere.

3. All our friends have been corrupted on us. 

nō___ omnēs amīcī corruptī sunt.

4. Because I have lost my shield, let me retreat in the meantime. 

scūt___ āmiss___, interim recēdam.

5. Twelve of us will become priests. 

duodecim nostr___ sacerdōtēs fīēmus. 

6. Those women must find the mountains. 

montēs ill___ mulier___ inveniendī sunt.

7. When the Vestals were about to flee, we recognized that we had been conquered by the gods. 

Vestāl___ effugitūr___ nōs ā d____ victōs esse agnōvimus.

8. Who surpasses you when it comes to divination? 

quis t___ auguri___ praeest?

Answer key: next slide

3. Exercises Fill in the blankEnglish Latin

1. It isn’t characteristic of a young man to make peace. 

nōn est iuvenis pācem facere. 

2. Lavinia is not permitted to marry the king’s son. 

Lāvīniae nōn licet rēgis fīliō nūbere.

3. All our friends have been corrupted on us. 

nōbīs omnēs amīcī corruptī sunt.

4. Because I have lost my shield, let me retreat in the meantime. 

scūtō āmissō, interim recēdam.

5. Twelve of us will become priests. 

duodecim nostrum sacerdōtēs fīēmus. 

6. Those women must find the mountains. 

montēs illī mulieribus inveniendī sunt. [or illīs agreeing with mulieribus]

7. When the Vestals were about to flee, we recognized that we had been conquered by the gods. 

Vestālibus effugitūrīs nōs ā dīs victōs esse agnōvimus.

8. Who surpasses you when it comes to divination?

quis tibi auguriō praeest?

3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)

English Latin9. In Alba Longa we told the lictors everything. 

Alb___ Long___ omnia lictōr___ narrāvimus.

10. I consider your gifts to be of greater value than gold. 

dōna vestra plū___ aur___ habeō.

11. In your words you are great, but you do not persuade me. 

verb___ vestr___ maximī estis, sed m___ nōn persuādētis.

12. The twins found something dry. geminī invēnērunt aliquid sicc___.

13. Those women are not near the fortifications but next to the river. 

illae nōn prope moeni___ sunt sed proximae flūmin___.

Answer key: next slide

3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)

English Latin9. In Alba Longa we told the lictors everything. 

Albae Longae omnia lictōribus narrāvimus.

10. I consider your gifts to be of greater value than gold. 

dōna vestra plūris aurō habeō.

11. In your words you are great, but you do not persuade me. 

verbīs vestrīs maximī estis, sed mihi nōn persuādētis. [or acc. verba vestra]

12. The twins found something dry. geminī invēnērunt aliquid siccī.

13. Those women are not near the fortifications but next to the river. 

illae nōn prope moenia sunt sed proximae flūminī.

3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)English Latin

14. We are now free from death. 

iam mort___ līberī sumus.

15. Instead of gold, they offered us weapons. 

prō aur___ tēla nō___ offerēbant.

16. These words may serve as advice for the Trojans.

haec verba Trōiān___ sint consili___.

17. The bandits use their own hands. latrōnēs man___ su___ ūtuntur. 

18. We are hurrying to the countryside. 

rū___ properāmus.

19. Using good sense they forgive the bandits. 

bon___ consili___ ūsī latrōn___ ignoscunt.

20. They say that few mothers are present for their children.

pauc___ mātr___ adesse līber___ s___ dīcunt.

21. I am bored of the crying of the twin boys. 

m___ taedet geminōrum puerōrum vāgīt___.

Answer key: next slide

3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)English Latin

14. We are now free from death. 

iam morte līberī sumus.

15. Instead of gold, they offered us weapons. 

prō aurō tēla nōn offerēbant.

16. These words may serve as advice for the Trojans.

haec verba Trōiānīs sint consiliō.

17. The bandits use their own hands. latrōnēs manibus suīs ūtuntur. 

18. We are hurrying to the countryside. 

rūs properāmus.

19. Using good sense they forgive the bandits. 

bonō consiliō ūsī latrōnibus ignoscunt.

20. They say that few mothers are present for their children.

paucās mātrēs adesse līberīs suīs dīcunt.

21. I am bored of the crying of the twin boys. 

mē taedet geminōrum puerōrum vāgītūs.

3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)

English Latin22. It’s important to me to tell this thing to your father. 

m___ rēfert hoc tu___ patr___ narrāre.

23. We need a sign. opus est n____ sign___.

24. Within a few years, Rome will be a rich city. Rōma pauc___ ann___ opulenta erit.

25. We want to take counsel around the neighboring cities. 

consilium capere circā vīcīn___ urb___ volumus.

26. I do not wish to disembark. m___ nōn placet ēgredī.

27. Let us wage war against the Romans. bellum gerāmus in Rōmān___.bellum gerāmus cum Rōmān___.

 

28. Nowhere have I found a people similar to this one.

nusquam populum h___ similem invēnī.

Answer key: next slide

3. Exercises Fill in the blank (cont.)

English Latin22. It’s important to me to tell this thing to your father. 

meā rēfert hoc tuō patrī narrāre.

23. We need a sign. opus est nōbīs signō.

24. Within a few years, Rome will be a rich city. Rōma paucīs annīs opulenta erit.

25. We want to take counsel around the neighboring cities. 

consilium capere circā vīcīnās urbēs volumus. [alternate acc. form urbīs]

26. I do not wish to disembark. mihi nōn placet ēgredī.

27. Let us wage war against the Romans. bellum gerāmus in Rōmānōs.bellum gerāmus cum Rōmānīs.

 

28. Nowhere have I found a people similar to this one.

nusquam populum hūic similem invēnī. [or with gen. huius]