Grammar Review 3:The verb: forms and functions1. Finite verbs

2. Non-finite verbs

3. Verbal adjectives and nouns

4. Total form review

5. Exercises with answer key

Seven verbs to work with

conjugation

1st sg. pres. act.

indic.

pres. act. infin.

1st sg. perf. act. indic.

perf. pass. pple.

1 vocō vocāre vocāvī vocātus

2 moveō movēre mōvī mōtus

3 regō regere rēxī rēctus

3-iō capiō capere cēpī captus

4 audiō audīre audīvī audītus

irreg. sum esse fuī futūrus

irreg. eō īre īvī/iī itum

Warm-up: Identify and transform

Identify Now make it …

1. vocātī erant2. vocārī

3. mōvisset4. movē5. regitis

6. regēbātis7. capimus8. cēpērunt

9. audī10. audīta erō

11. sīs12. futūrum esse

13. eat14. īverim

1. subjunctive2. active

3. imperfect4. plural5. future

6. passive7. 3rd person

8. the alternative form9. passive

10. masculine11. imperfect

12. the alternative form13. indicative

14. future perfect and indicative

Answer key: next slide

Warm-up: Identify and transform

Identify Now make it …1. vocātī erant 3 pl. plupf. pass. indic.

2. vocārī pres. pass. infin.3. mōvisset 3 pl. plupf. act. subjnctv.

4. movē 2 sg. pres. act. impv.5. regitis 2 pl. pres. act. indic.

6. regēbātis 2 pl. imperf. act. indic.7. capimus 1 pl. pres. act. indic.8. cēpērunt 3 pl. perf. act. indic.

9. audī 2 sg. pres. act. impv.10. audīta erō 1 sg. f. futpf. pass. indic.

11. sīs 2 sg. pres. act. subjnctv.12. futūrum esse m./n. sg. acc. fut. act. infin.

13. eat 3 sg. pres. act. subjnctv.14. īverim 1 sg. perf. act. subjunctv.

1. subjunctive vocātī essent2. active vocāre

3. imperfect movēret4. plural movēte5. future regētis

6. passive regēbāmur7. 3rd person capiunt

8. the alternative form cēpēre9. passive audīre

10. masculine audītus erō11. imperfect essēs

12. the alternative form fore13. indicative it

14. future perfect and indicative īverō

1. Finite verbsThat is to say … verbs with person endings

pers.

no.

active passive

1sg.

-ō/-m -or/-r2 -s -ris/-re3 -t -tur1

pl.-mus -mur

2 -tis -minī3 -nt -ntur

*perfectactive

-ī

-istī

-it

-imus

-istis

-ērunt/-ēre

1. Finite verbsPresent-system stems: indicative & subjunctive

present active infin.

indicative subjunctive

present imperfect

future present imperfect

vocāre >> vocā- vocā-bā- vocā-bi- vocē- vocāre-

movēre >> movē- movē-bā- movē-bi- moveā- movēre-

regere >> regi- regē-bā- regē- regā- regere-

capere >> capi- capiē-bā- capiē- capiā- capere-

audīre >> audī- audiē-bā- audiē- audiā- audīre-

sum/esse >> su-/es- erā- eri- sī- esse-

eō/īre >> ī- ī-bā- ī-bi- eā- īre-

1. Finite verbsPerfect-system stems: indicative & subjunctive

1st pers. perf. act.

indic.

perf. pass. pple

indicative subjunctive

perf. pluperf. fut. perf. perf. pluperf

vocāvī >> ACTIVEvocāv- vocāv-erā- vocāv-eri- vocāv-eri- vocāvisse-

vocātus >> PASSIVEvocātus sum vocātus

eramvocātus erō vocātus sim vocātus

essem

etc. for all regular conjugations

fuī >> fu- fu-erā- fu-eri- fu-eri- fuisse-

īvī/iī >> īv- īv-erā- īv-eri- īveri- īvisse-

1. Finite verbsFunctions of the subjunctive

INDEPENDENT

jussive/hortatory

• consilium capiāmus (let us take counsel)

• mūrum meum nē transiliat (let Remus not jump over my wall)

• nē cēperis (do not capture)

deliberative• quid faciāmus? novam urbem condāmus et nova

bella pugnēmus? (What are we to do? [Are we to] found a new city and fight new wars?])

• quid facerent? novam urbem conderent et nova bella pugnārent? (What were they to do? [Were they to] found a new city and fight new wars?])

potential• id faciam/fēcerim (I

would/could/might do that)

• oculīs nōn crēderēs (you would not have believed your eyes)

• Rōmulus deus factus sit (Romulus may

have become a god)

optative• utinam id fīat! (Would that this could be!)• nē id factum esset! (Would that that hadn’t

happened!)

1. Finite verbsFunctions of the subjunctive

DEPENDENT

clauses introduced by various subordinating

conjunctions

• illa mulier marītō persuādebit ut patrem interficiat (that woman will persuade her husband to kill her father)

• illa mulier marītō persuāsit ut patrem interficeret (that woman persuaded her husband to kill her father)

conditional constructionssī Rōmulus deus iam esset, nōs iuvāret (if Romulus was

a god now, he would be helping us)

any subordinate clause inside indirect speech

• “frāter meus, quem maximē amō, perit.” >> dīcit frātrem suum, quem maximē amet, perīre (he says that his brother, whom he loves greatly, is dying)

See further Grammar Review 4:

Conjunctions and clauses

2. Non-finite verbs Imperative

ACTIVE sg. pl.

present 2nd pers. amā, movē, rege, cape, audī, es, ī

amāte, movēte, regite, capite, audīte, este, īte

future2nd pers. amātō … estō amatōte … estōte

3rd pers. amātō … estō amantō … suntō

PASSIVE sg. pl.

present 2nd pers. amāre etc. amāminī etc.

future2nd pers. amātor —

3rd pers. amātor amantor

2. Non-finite verbs ParticipleFORMS active passive

present vocans, -ntis …iens, euntis —

perfect—

vocātus, -a, -um …(itus)

future vocātūrus, -a, -um …futūrus … itūrus

vocandus, -a, -um …eundus

ATTRIBUTIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

ille perturbātus homō redit, nōn ille alter tranquillus

(that upset person is returning, not that other,

tranquil one)

ille homō, maximē ā sacerdōtibus perturbātus,

redit(that person, greatly upset by

the priests, is returning)

illō homine adeo maximē ā sacerdōtibus perturbātō nōs

trepidī sumus(with that person so greatly upset by the priests, we are

fearful)

FUNCTIONS

3. Verbal adjectives and nounsGerundive

form function example

vocandus, -a, -um

movendus

regendus

capiendus

audiendus

= “future passive

participle” with sense of obligation:

“(needing) to be —ed”

+ dat. of agent

transitive verbs:quid petendum est, quid fugiendum?

(what must be sought, and what avoided?)

illī montēs vōbīs inveniendī sunt(those mountains must be found by you

[you must find those mountains]

intransitive verbs:Rōmam conveniendum est (it must be

come together to Rome by us [we must come together to Rome])

sacerdōtibus crēdendum est ā nōbīs(it must be believed to the priests by us

[we must believe the priests])

2. Non-finite verbs Infinitive

active passive

present vocāre, movēre, regere, capereaudīre, esse, īre

vocārī, movērī, regī, capī, audīrī, —, īrī

perfect vocāvisse … vocātus, -a, -um esse …

future vocātūrus, -a, -um esse (vocātūm īrī …)

FORMS

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEMENTARY INDIRECT STATEMENT

patrēs vocāre constituit(he decided to summon the

senators)

patrēs interficere ausus est(he dared to kill the senators)

crēdimus Rōmulum ad caelum rediisse(we believe that Romulus has returned to heaven)

crēdēbāmus Rōmulum ad caelum rediisse(we believed that Romulus had returned to heaven)

crēdēbant Rōmulum ā dīs raptum esse(they believed that Romulus had been seized by the gods)

3. Verbal adjectives and nounsGerund

CASE gerundconstructions

gerundival versions/ “gerundival attraction”

NOM (amāre) — —

GEN amandī …eundī

consilium urbem capiendī(a plan of capturing the city)

librōs scrībendī causā(for the sake of writing books)

consilium urbis capiendae

librōrum scrībendōrum causā

DAT amandō …eundō

adhibuit sē agrōs colendō(he applied himself to capturing

the city)

adhibuit sē agrīs colendīs

ACC amandum …eundum

veniunt ad urbem capiendum(they come to capture the city)

veniunt ad urbem capiendam

ABL amandō … eundō

urbem capiendō rex factus est(by capturing the city he

became king)

urbe capiendā rex factus est

3. Verbal adjectives and nounsSupine

FORM FUNCTION examples

vocātus, -ūs m.…

acc. expressing purpose after verb of

motion

lūnam vocātum adeunt(they approach to call

upon the moon)

abl. of respect lūna ipsa eōs allocūta est—mīrābile vīsū et dictū

(the moon herself addressed them—a thing wondrous to see and to

tell)

4. Deponents

PPLE active meaning passive meaning

present loquens, -ntis —

perfect locūtus, -a, -um —

future locutūrus, -a, -um loquendus, -a, -um

INFIN active passive

present loquī —

perfect locūtus, -a, -um esse —

future locūtūrus, -a, -um esse —

GERUND: loquendī …

5. Total form review 1st conjugation finite

5. Total form review 1st conjugation non-finite

5. Total form review 2nd conjugation finite

5. Total form review 2nd conjugation non-finite

5. Total form review 3rd conjugation finite

5. Total form review 3rd conjugation non-finite

5. Total form review 3rd–iō conjugation finite

5. Total form review 3rd conjugation non-finite

5. Total form review 3rd–iō conjugation finite

5. Total form review 3rd conjugation non-finite

4. Total form review Deponent (e.g., 3rd conj.) finite

4. Total form review Deponent (e.g., 3rd conj.) non-finite

4. Total form review Sum and possum finite

4. Total form review Sum and possum non-finite

4. Total form review Eō finite

4. Total form review Eō non-finite

4. Total form review Ferō finite

4. Total form review Ferō non-finite

4. Total form review Volō, nōlō, mālō finite

4. Total form review Volō, nōlō, mālō non-finite

4. Total form review Fīō

5. Exercises Fill in the blank

Latin English

1. rēgīna in forum proper___. The queen may hurry into the forum.

2. nihil bonī fieri potest cīvēs sanguine resperg___.

Nothing good can be accomplished by spattering the citizens with blood. [gerund]

3. nihil bonī fieri potest cīvi___ sanguine resperg___.

Nothing good can be accomplished by spattering the citizens with blood. [gerundival version/gerundival attraction]

4. fīliōs ita allo____, māter mort__ ___. Having addressed her sons in this way, the mother died.

5. patrī n__ ostend___ male regn___ exemplum.

Do not show to your father an example of governing badly.

6. putā___ rēgem ā geminō frātre interf____ ____.

We think the king has been killed by his twin brother.

Answer key: next slide

5. Exercises Fill in the blank

Latin English

1. rēgīna in forum properet. The queen may hurry into the forum.

2. nihil bonī fieri potest cīvēs sanguine respergendō.

Nothing good can be accomplished by spattering the citizens with blood. [gerund]

3. nihil bonī fieri potest cīvibus sanguine respergendīs.

Nothing good can be accomplished by spattering the citizens with blood. [gerundival version/gerundival attraction]

4. fīliōs ita allocūta, māter mortua est. Having addressed her sons in this way, the mother died.

5. patrī nē ostendās male regnandī exemplum.

Do not show to your father an example of governing badly.

6. putāmus rēgem ā geminō frātre interfectum esse.

We think the king has been killed by his twin brother.

5. Exercises Fill in the blankLatin English

7. quō fug___? ā Trōiānīs cap___? Where are we to flee? Shall I be captured by the Trojans?

8. quō fug___? ā Trōiānīs cap___? Where was I to flee? Was I to be captured by the Trojans?

9. ad loquendum, nōn ad pācem faciend___ vēnimus.

We came to speak, not to make peace. [gerund]

10. ad loquendum, nōn ad pācem faciend___ vēnimus.

We came to speak, not to make peace. [gerundival version/gerundival attraction]

11. quis aud___ sē dēd___? Who would dare to surrender?

12. amīcōs hort___ ____ ut montēs inven_____.

We exhorted our friends to find the mountains.

Answer key: next slide

5. Exercises Fill in the blankLatin English

7. quō fugiāmus? ā Trōiānīs capiāmur? Where are we to flee? Shall I be captured by the Trojans?

8. quō fugerem? ā Trōiānīs caperem? Where was I to flee? Was I to be captured by the Trojans?

9. ad loquendum, nōn ad pācem faciendum vēnimus.

We came to speak, not to make peace. [gerund]

10. ad loquendum, nōn ad pācem faciendam vēnimus.

We came to speak, not to make peace. [gerundival version/gerundival attraction]

11. quis audeat sē dēdere? Who would dare to surrender?

12. amīcōs hortātī sumus ut montēs invenīrent. [or, with feminine speaker, hortātae]

We exhorted our friends to find the mountains.