Agustin MongoldGRAMMAR BOOK

Preterit (IYF)…………………………………………………………………………..3

Imperfect (IYF)……………………………………………………………………….4

Preterit vs Imperfect………………………………………………………………5

Constructions with Se…………………………………………………………….6

Adverbios………………………………………………………………………………..7

Por…………………………………………………………………………………………..8

Para…………………………………………………………………………………………9

Por vs. Para……………………………………………………………………….....10

Stressed Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns…………………........11

Commands……………………………………………………………………………..12

Object Pronoun Placement…………………………………………………….13

Present Subjunctive……………………………………………………………….14

Subjunctive with verbs of will and influence………………………..15

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRETERITE

-Ar Verbs -Er/Ir Verbs

Yo-é Yo-í

Tú-aste Tú-iste

Él, ella, ud.-ó Él, ella, ud.-ó

Nosotros-amos Nosotros-imos

Uds- aron Uds- ieron

Ayer- yesterday

Anoche- last night

Después- Afterwards

Anteayer- the day before yesterday

La semana pasada- last week

El mes pasado- last month

El año pasado- last year

El fin de semana pasado- last weekend• Has a definite time in the past

• Has a beginning or ending• The most recent past• Shows Interruption• Perfected time

-que -camos

-caste Casteís

-có -caron

CAR-GAR-ZAR

--cé -zamos

-zaste -zasteís

-zó -zaron

-gue -gamos

-gaste -gasteís

-gó -garonSpock Verbs-Dar/Ver -Hacer -Ser/Ir

-í -hice -fuí

-iste -hiciste -fuiste

-ió -hizo -fue

-imos -hicimos -fuimos

-isteis -hicisteís -fuisteis

-ieron -hicieron -fueron

IMPERFECT

-ar -er -ir

Yo Aba Ía Ía

Tu Abas Ías Ías

Usted Aba Ía Ía

Nos Abamos Íamos Íamos

Vos Abais Íais Íais

Ustedes Aban Ían Ían

Todos los dias- every dayCada dia- every day

Cada mes- everymonthSiempre- always

Nunca- neverA veces- sometimes

Muchas Veces- many timesFrecuentemente-

frequentlyA muendo- often

Casi siempre- almost always

Todo el tiempo- all the time

Todos los lunes- every Monday

Irregular Ser Ver Ir

Yo Era Veía Iba

Tu Eras Veías Ibas

Usted Era Veía Iba

Nos Éramos Vivíamos Íbamos

Vos Erais Veíais Ibais

Ustedes eran Veían Iban

PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT

-Completed actions in the past-Have a defined beginning and end-Specific time

-Continuing actions-Non-completed

-Outgoing-Not a specific time

-Take

s place

in the past

Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb

When using “se” the verb is always in the 3rd person

Can be used in all tenses

Ejemplos

Se vende fruta en el mercado

Se habla Ingles

Se hizo mucho

CONSTRUCTIONS WITH SE

Add –mente (in most cases) to the feminine singular form of an adjective

This ending corresponds to –ly in English

ADVERBIOS

Passing through something (PORtal)

General description rather than specific description Location (PORtugal)

How long something lasts (PORever)

The cause of something (PORpuse)

An exchange (imPORt or exPORt)

Doing something in place or instead of someone else (I can get that POR you)

A means of transportation (transPORtation)

POR

For whom something is done (Jack’s PARAty)

Destination (PARAguay)

Purpose for which something is done

Expresses an opinion (PARAdon me, but I like blue)

To compare or contrast (comPARAson)

Express an idea of deadline (PARAmedic)

PARA

POR VS. PARA

Por Para

Motion or a general location Destination Place

Duration of an action Destination Person

Reason or motive for an action Future time limit

Object of a search Purpose or goal

Means by which something is done Use or function

Exchange or substitution Comparisons

Unit of Measure Opinion

STRESSED POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS

Masculino

Feminino

Mío(s) Mía(s)

Tuyo(s) Tuya(s)

Suyo(s) Suya(s)

Nuestro(s)

Nuestra(s)

Vuestro(s)

Vuestra(s)

Suyo(s) Suya(s)

Stressed possessive adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. Unstressed possessive adjectives are placed before the noun.

Must agree in gender and number

Ellos son mis coches - =They are my cars

1. Drop the final “o” in the yo form

2. AR Verbs (-e or –en) or ER/IR Verbs (-a or –an)

• Affirmative: Attach to command, add accent on third to last syllable, and on the fourth to last if you add two

(one pronoun or two)• Negative: Place pronouns before command, and do not

add accents

MANDATAS FORMALES UD. + UDS.

Affirmative:

1) Drop the ending of the verb (habl)

2) Add a/e to the end (habla)

Ex. Habla tú más lentamente

Used to give someone a direct command

TU COMMANDS

Negative:

1) Convert to yo form (hablo)

2) Drop O and add an as/es to the end (opposite)(hables)

3) Add a no before the verb (no hables)

Ex. No hables por el día

For Affirmative:

1) Convert verb to nosotros form (hablamos)

2) Drop the s at the end, and add the needed pronouns (hablamonos)

For Negative:

3) Convert to nosotros (hablamos)

4) Add a no then pronoun(s) before the verb (No nos hablamos)

NOSOTROS COMMANDS

ir- to go

Ser- to be

Saber – to know

Estar- to be

Dar- to give

Jugar- to play

Llegar- to get

Buscar- search for

Tocar- To touch

Empezar- To start

MANDATOS FORMALES IRREGULARES

Vaya(n)Sea(n)Sepa(n)Esté(n)Dé(n)Juegue(n)Llegue(n)Busqie(n)Toque(n)Empiece(n)

T- Tener and TraerV- VenirD- Dar, DecirI- IrS- SalirH- Hacer, HaberE- EstarS- Ser

T- Tenga, TraigaV- VengaD- De, DijeI- VayaS- SalgaH- Haga, HayaE- EsteS- Sea

Tu Commands

Decir > di

Haver > haz

Ir > ve

Poner > pon

Salir > sal

Ser > sé

Tener > ten

Venir > ven

MÁS MANDATOS IRREGULARES

• For affirmative commands, the object pronouns are attached directly to the end of the commanding form of the verb

• Compre + lo = Comprelo• For negative commands, object pronouns come before

the commanding form of the verb• No + compre + lo = No lo compre

OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT

1. Start with yo form of present indicative (hablo)

2. Drop the –o ending (habl)

3. Add opposite endings depending on form (hable) (very similar to the commands)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

• Used to express desire, certainty, or objectivity• Esperar que… > To wish that…• Querer que… > to want that…• Es necesario que… > It is necessary that…• Creer que… > to believe that…• No es dudoso que… > It is not doubtful that…

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF WILL AND INFLUENCE