Greek Gods

Lecturer ： Wu Shiyu

课程参考书籍1. Hesiod’s Works and Days, Theogony

2. Homeric Epics ： The Iliad, The Odyssey

3.三大悲剧作家4.奥维德：《变形记》5. Greek mythology

6. Apollodorus ，周作人翻译：《希腊神话》

有关神话（ Myth ）

“Myth” ： means “story” “speech”

希腊神话有着不同的源头

希腊神话也有不同的版本

希腊的地理

多山

靠海

土地贫瘠

多岛

Greek picture of the world

Take the form of a circular disc

Level, except rising up mountains

Capped by immense roof or dome of the sky

Sun, stars

Boundary: stream of Ocean (a great river)

The residence of the gods: Mt Olympos

Interested in: its genesis

《神谱》的由来

“伟大宙斯的能言善辩的女儿们，从一颗粗壮的橄榄树上摘给我一根奇妙的树枝，并把一种神圣的声音吹进我的心扉，让我歌唱将来和过去的事情。”

赫西俄德：《神谱》

Hesiod: Theogony

First Beginnings

Chaos: void, murky, empty

Gaia: broad-bosomed

Tartaros: gloomy, underworld

Eros: Sexual desire (birth)

motor, drive mating

Gods then came into existence through birth

天地的原初

古希腊：天地起于 chaos

圣经：起初神创造天地。地是空虚混沌。渊面黑暗。

中国：天地混沌如鸡子，盘古生其中

大地盖亚

古希腊的盖亚是大地之神，也是众神之母，宙斯等诸神都来自她。

中国的女娲是众人之神。

First Beginnings

Chaos: void, murky, empty

Gaia: broad-bosomed

Tartaros: gloomy, underworld

Eros: Sexual desire (birth)

motor, drive mating

Gods then came into existence through birth

First Generation

The First Generation

The Twelve Titans

女提坦神

Mnemosyne （谟涅摩绪涅）：记忆女神

Tethys （忒修斯）Theia （忒亚）Phoebe （福柏）：月亮神Rhea （瑞亚）Themis （忒弥斯）：公正之神

男提坦神：

Oceanus （俄刻阿诺斯）：大海Hyperion （许佩里翁）：太阳、

光明Coeus （科俄斯）Cronus （克诺洛斯）：主神Crius （克利俄斯）Iapetus （伊阿佩忒斯）

三个巨眼神 Cyclops （库克洛佩斯）

布戎忒斯 （ brontes ） 斯忒罗佩斯 steropes 阿耳戈斯 Arges

"thunderer“ "lightning" "bright"

百臂神 Hekatonkheires

The Second Generation of Gods

Ouranos not allow born

pushes back;

Gaia, anger and pain, conspire,

Cronos, sickle, genitals from inside

Sea-foam gathered, Aphrodite

The Erinyes, Giants, Meliai

Ouranos, the dome of the sky.

Physical space and Time (Cronos)

Chronology (time), Chronic

生殖器里产生的神厄里倪厄斯（ Erinyes）：复仇三女神

• 阿勒克图 ( 不安 )(Alecto)

• 墨纪拉 ( 妒嫉 )(Megaera)

• 底西福涅（报仇）(Tisiphone)

• Walk in darkness, pitiless of heart

癸干忒斯 Gigantes：巨人

生殖器里产生的神（ 2 ）阿佛洛狄忒（ Aphrodite）：生殖器在大海的浪花里，诞生了一位少女，被称为美神，罗马语为 venus。

The Second Generation: The Titans

Cronos Rheia: six children

Hestia, Demeter and Hera;

Hades, Poseidon and Zeus

Cronus swallows

Zeus saved

Grew up in Crete

Set free

The Third Generation

Vomit up in reverse order

The stone (sign, wonder)

Released Cyclops

A war ensued

With the Titans (10 years)

Mt Othrys, Mt Olympos

Hundred-handers

The entire universe resounded

The order of the universe fixed forever.

The Olympians

Zeus’ affairs to settle:

divide the conquered universe

provide himself with a consort

The “Triple Division”

Hades: lord of Tartaros, king of the dead

Poseidon: ruler of the seas and waters (earthquake)

Zeus: ruler of the sky (most powerful)

Hera: goddess of marriage and married women

Hestia: goddess of the hearth

Demeter: goddess of grain and agriculture

Zeus’s Mating (With different goddesses)

Metis (only time, fate): Athena

Themis: Horai, the Moirai (Fates)

Eurynome: Graces

Demeter: Persephone

Mnemosyne: the Muses

Leto: Artemis, Apollo

Hera: Hebe, Ares, Eileithuia

Mortal women

Alcmene: Heracles

Leda: Helen

…

宙斯的第一任妻子：墨提斯

最聪明的神 十二提坦的女儿 雅典娜的母亲 据预言，墨提斯要生一位众神和人类之王，因此 被宙斯吞进腹中，从此宙斯 有了她的智慧。

宙斯的第二任妻子：忒弥斯 (law, order)

蒙眼天秤利剑白袍蛇狗书Nemesis

Justitia

宙斯与忒弥斯的后代

命运三女神（ Moirae ）

克洛索 (Klotho) 纺线

拉赫西斯 (Lachesis)分配给每个人长短

阿特洛泊斯 (Atropos)剪线

宙斯最后的妻子：赫拉 (Juno)

赫拉是宙斯的姐姐

嫉妒

妇女之神、丰产之神

赫拉与宙斯的后代

Revenge of Hera

Leto

Semele

Io

Alcmene

宙斯与欧律诺墨 (Eurynome) 的女儿

美惠三女神（ Charites graces）光辉女神阿格莱亚(Aglaia)

激励女神塔利亚(Thalia) ，欢乐女神欧佛洛绪涅(Euphrosyne ）Beautiful and charming

Muses and Aphrodite

宙斯和谟涅摩绪涅的女儿

缪斯九女神 Calliope (Epic Poetry)史诗 Clio (History)历史 Erato (Love Poetry)爱情诗 Euterpe (Music) 音乐 Melpomene (Tragedy)戏剧 Polyhymnia (Hymns)合唱 Terpsichore (Dance)舞蹈 Thalia (Comedy)戏剧 Urania (Astronomy) 天文

奥林匹亚山的十二主神

Zeus (Jupiter) Hera (Juno)

Poseidon (Neptune) Demeter （ Ceres ） Apollo Athena (Minerva)

Artemis (Diana) Hestia(Vesta)

Ares (Mars) Aphrodite (Venus)

Hephaestus (Vulcan) Hermes (Mercury)

云上的日子

That hour then

And on god’s hunger lacked a share of the handsome banquet

Or the gorgeous lyre Apollo struck or the Muses singing

Voice to voice in choirs, their vibrant music rising.

At last, when the sun’s fiery had set,

Each immortal went to rest in his own house,

The splendid high halls Hephaestus built for each

With all his craft and cunning, the famous crippled Smith.

And Olympian Zeus the lord of lightning went to his own bed

Where he had always lain when welcome sleep came on him.

There he climbed and there he slept and by his side

Lay Hera the Queen, the goddess of the golden throne.

太阳初起，时光三女神卷起笼罩在宫殿上的迷雾与乌云，开启神圣的大门，诸神陆续来到万神殿，参加每日的宴饮，人间献祭的牛羊香味，随风而上，飘入宫殿里，供诸神享用。青春女神赫柏给他们盛倒甘美的琼浆，阿波罗用他无以伦比的琴技，献上一曲曲动人的歌曲。神殿的中央，缪斯女神轻轻吟唱，歌颂那不朽的神灵，卡里忒斯翩翩起舞，宴会到日落才结束，时光三女神在众神离去后，乌云重新锁住天庭。夜幕来临，赫斯提亚点燃神殿中的每一盏蜡烛，诸神散去，日日如此，周而复始。

宙斯是这一切的中心，他高坐在神殿中央，俯视诸神，正义女神毗邻而坐，随时准备对诸神之间的纷争做出公正的裁决。彩虹女神伊利斯则随时待命，她是宙斯的信使，有风一般的速度，荷马说她就像冰雹和雪花一样，冲破云层，一泄千里，为了传递天庭的任务，她可以“上穷碧落下黄泉”，到宇宙的任何一个地方。

Features of the gods

Have actual bodies (larger and more beautiful);

eat ambrosia and drink nectar;

Move vast distance; disguise

Defining difference: dividing line, immortal; humans must die

The most powerful oath, by the River Styx

Immortals and Mortals: The Story of Pandora

Hesiod doesn’t tell us where the men came from;

Men and gods met at Mekone

The way men offer sacrifice to the gods

Prometheus tricked Zeus

Done the first time, done forever

Punish men by hiding fire

Prometheus stole fire away

Prometheus punished

(permanent)

Zeus punished men by giving

them woman.

Gods and goddess gave her something

irresistibly beautiful

Epimetheus, a jar, all the evils

Evils flies out, but hope remains.

Pandora 的魔盒

宙斯的惩罚并未停止Zeus命令 Hephaestus 造个女人一个宝盒，神命令不能打开Epimetheus 娶 Pandora 为妻好奇杀死猫魔盒打开，死亡、忧伤、疯狂等跑向人间关上时，只有 hope还在盒子里

Punishment by Zeus

Punish human for Prometheus’s mistake

Denying fire

Giving Woman (“beautiful evil”)

irresistibly beautiful

Pandora and Eve

What a Trouble Women are

They are worthless

They are a burden.

You can’t have any children.

There is no way to escape the will of Zeus

Discussion

Think about what Hope is doing in the jar. Why is Hope in the jar? How to interpret Pandora’s box?

Judeo-Christian tradition, three cardinal virtues: faith, hope, and charity.

The jar representing Pandora’s womb

Pandora and all women are responsible for evil in that they are responsible for life itself. They give birth.

Birth also provides the only hope, by providing a new generation.

Reflecting male anxieties about and resentments of sexual reproduction

Common in Greek literature

All important for men to have sons

Pandora can choose to open but could have chosen to leave closed the jar.

人的五个时代

宙斯毁灭世界

霹雳火，付之一炬，国王，人肉大水丢卡利翁和他的妻子是唯一幸存的人类石头扔入大地，长出新的人类

还是大洪水的故事

Baucis and Philemon

小亚西亚，贫穷，鹅。Zeus 和 Hermes访问破衣服敲了 100次的门老夫妇门口洪水、宫殿、愿望看门人，一起死亡

神话故事： Echo 和 Narcissus

Echo 是 nymph ，喜欢说话偷情， Hera,只能重复他人的话的最后几个字爱上 Narcissus ，遭拒Narcissus 不爱任何人“愿他只爱自己，永远享受不到他所爱的东西”（ P61 ）水边的，再见。

皮刺摩斯和提斯柏

邻居墙，裂缝桑树底下约会提斯柏，雄狮、牛，衣服外套，宝剑，自杀提斯柏也自杀，桑树浆果变红

其他著名的神话故事

雅典娜和波塞冬之争雅典娜和阿拉恪涅，蜘蛛Venice 和阿多尼斯Dianna 和俄里翁、塞勒涅麦德斯和黄金、驴子耳朵丹妮伊德的惩罚西西弗斯的石头

希腊神话的特点

古希腊众神祇有人神同形同性的特点，众神和英雄都受到崇拜。古希腊人举办宗教仪式表达崇敬。无论是公开还是私人生活里，在宗教仪式里被戏剧化（花月节）。敬神和不敬神的对立是模糊的。法律上需要向宙斯、波塞冬、德墨忒尔起誓。神是有缺点的。

对希腊神话的评价

我爱回忆那 /毫不掩饰的时代——波德莱尔有粗野的儿童，有早熟的儿童。古代民族中有许多是属于这一类的。希腊人是正常的儿童。“——马克思他们都是嗜好征服的首领，是些海盗之王。他们既打仗又宴饮，又游玩又快乐，他们开怀痛饮，并大声嘲笑那侍候他们的瘸铁匠。他们只只怕自己的王，从来不只惧怕别的，除了在恋爱和战争中而外，他们从来不说谎。——罗素

古希腊神话与中国神话的不同

情和欲望的崇拜：对爱神和酒神的崇拜。“我们还可以套用孔子的话，说海洋国家的人是知者，大陆国家的人是仁者。古希腊人崇尚知识和智慧，中国人崇尚伦理。古希腊人追求现世的欢愉，赞美肉体，而中国人则节制情欲。一个追求利己，一个追求利他（珀罗普斯故事）。

Tartaros

Tartaros lies as far beneath the earth as heaven rises above the earth.

天地混沌如鸡子，盘古生其中，万八千岁，天地开辟，阳清为天，阴浊为地。 盘古在其中，一日九变，神于天，圣于地。天日高一丈，地日厚一丈，盘古日长 一丈，如此万八千岁。天数极高，地数极深，盘古极长。后乃有三皇。

Three-generation struggle for power

Increased anthropomorphism, civilization

Apparent anxiety throughout Greek culture about the power of women

Psychological anxieties of males about coming to maturity

Zeus: abstract concepts

Oversees justice

Oaths (punish oath-breaker)

Xenia, guest-host relationships (hospitality)

Swift-passing Night (deadly, kindly)

Assign individual destinies to mortals at birth

Hypnos: roam peacefully over the earth and is kindly to mortals.

Thanatos: has a heart of iron, a heart within his breast of pitiless bronze, and keep a firm grip on any mortal once he catches hold of him.

女娲中华上古之神，人首蛇身，为伏羲之妹，风姓。起初以泥土造人，创造人类社会并建立婚姻制度；而后世间天塌地陷，于是熔彩石以补天，斩龟足以撑天。