Journal of Serbian Archaeological Society

28 (2012) 259278.

.

e-mail: antonijaropkic@yahoo.com

: 26. 3. 2012. : 904:666.171652(497.11)

: 6. 7. 2012.

: , -. 1978. 1990. - . , -, I IV . - - . - , . , , , . , .

: , , , , ,

Abstract: This article presents a group of glass vessels-guttus, which have been found during a long-term salvage archaeological excavations on the archaeological site , the largest necropolis of the ancient Viminacium. Among the rich archaeolog-ical material excavated between 1978 and 1990 a small collection of specific glassware with glass bird-shaped recipients can be distinguished. Based on the grave units in which they were found and based on the analogies, guttus can be dated from the end of the first to the end of the fourth centurie AD. Guttus found during the excavation of the necropolis were probably imported from Italo-Gallic glass workshops. Their purpose is still debated, which caused the problem of using a proper name for these vessels. They are believed to have served for precise pouring of small quantities of various liquids, with uses in medi-cine, pharmacology and cosmetics, although some researchers believe they were used as feeding bottles for the infants. According to the position of the narrow tubular spout this vessels have been divided into three typological groups.

Key words: grave, guttus, necropolis, Peine, spout, Viminacium

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- XX -, , . - , .1 I IV . I IV , I III (- 2002, 182).

- .2 - , I , - . , , , - . -, , II - III . , -, - (- 2002, 108). , III , IV . , ,

1 , - . -, , , , - , -.2 449 -, , 10 . e I IV , . - , , , ( 2005, 293).

261

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13 9 , . .5 - . guttatim, (Rich 1883, 306), (Vessberg 1952, 148). - . - . . - , : 154, 148, 127 (Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi 1981, 15). . - (Bulat 1976, 90), . . - , , - (aranovi-Svetek 1986, 25; Rui 1994, 53). - . , , (tefanac 2009, 111). , - , 1,5 2 mm 2,5 3 mm, .

3 ( 1999, 96), Pannonia Inferior - (Miloevi 1976, 102).4 , - , 35 (Muci 1990, 28). , XX - , 1915. , ( 19891990, 23).5 .

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, - , . , - -- .6 , . , I II , ( ), titina (tefanac 2009, 111, 115).7

. - (tefanac 2009, 115). .

(Westholm nd Vessberg 1956, 209), . - , - . , - , . , , , , , , , , , - , - , - .8

6 .7 (Westholm and Vessberg. 1956, 210).8 (Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi 1981, 15).

263

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. , , - , , . , .9 - je , I IV . II , III IV (Pakvalin 1976, 116; Barkoczi 1988, 127). - , IIIV , , 266910 1783,11 I .

. , , , , . - . : , , , , . , , .

, :

9 II . , II III . , , (Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi 1981, 6).10 2669, C-7335 , III (Rui 1994, 20).11 1783, C-5070 , - , III . , ( 1987, 73, . 23).

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(. . 111) . - , , . , - , (Rui 1994, T. XLI/5). .

(. . 1216) . - , , , , -, , , , (Gothert-Polaschek 1977, kat. 1528; Bucovala 1968, kat. 123, 126; ubi 1976, T. IV/35; tefanac 2009, sl. 3, T. I/3; Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi i dr. 1975, 173174; Rui 1994, T. XLI/4, T. XLI/7; aranovi-Svetek 1986, 25). , .

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- (. . 1922).

. . 1 (T. I/1), . . -5070, . . 03/37775 : 1783, ( ): ,

, . . - . . .

: : R = 3,2 cm; h = 8,6 cm: III

265

. ...

. . 2, . . -7638 : 2774, ( ): ,

, . . - . .

: : R = 2,8 cm; h = 8,1 cm: IIIV

. . 3, . . -9037 : 3091, ( ): ,

, . . - . .

: : R = 3 cm; h = 9,7 cm: IIIV

. . 4 (. 1), - . . -9806, . . 03/2546 : 3332, - ( ): , -, . . - , . . .

. 1. . . -9806, . . 03/2546, 3332, Fig. 1. C-9806, inv. no.03/2546, grave 3332, bluish glass guttus

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: : R = 2,7 cm; h = 7,2 cm; . 1,5 2 mm: IIIV

. . 5 (. 2), . . -10176, . . 03/2480 : 3422, - ( ): , -, . . - . . . : : R = 2,9 cm; h = 8 cm: IIIV

. . 6, . . -9296, . . 03/5563 :

1844,

: , , . . - , . . - .

: : R = 2,8 cm; . 2 3 mm: II

. 2. . . -10176, . . 03/2480, 3422, Fig. 2. C-10176, inv. no. 03/2480, grave 3422, bluish glass guttus

267

. ...

. . 7, . . -5729 :

1472,

: , - , . -. . - .

: , : R = 2,7 cm; h = 8,8 cm: IIIII

. . 8 (. 3, . I/3), . . -7268, . . 03/2404 : 328: -, , - . . . - . - . : : R = 2,4 cm; h = 9,8 cm: IIIV

. . 9, . . -5470 : 309: , -

. 3. . . -7268, . . 03/2404, 328, Fig. 3. C-7268, inv. no. 03/2404, trench 328, bluish glass guttus

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, . . . .

: : R = 2,9 cm; h = 7,7 cm: IIIV

. . 10 (. I/2), . . -9959 : 3374, ( ): , -

, . . . .

: : R = 3,2 cm; h = 6,7 cm: IIIV

. . 11, . . -4806, . . 03/6789 :

1392,

: , - , . - . , . - . - . . .

: : R = 2,8 cm; . 1,5 2 mm : IIIII

. . 12 (. 4, . II/3), . . -2942, . . 03/2942 : 868, ( ): , -

-, . . . . .

269

. ...

: : R = 2,7 cm; h = 9 cm: IIIII

. . 13 (. 5, . II/2), . . -3044, . . 03/3958 : - 902 : -, - , -, . . . - . : : R = 2,4 cm; h = 8,5 cm : II

. . 14 (. 6), . . -3767, . . 03/2403 : 1024, . : , -

, , .

. 4. . . -2942, . . 03/2942, 868, Fig. 4. C-2942, inv. no. 03/2942, grave 868, greenish glass guttus

. 5. . . -3044, . . 03/3958, 902, Fig. 5. C-3044, inv. no. 03/3958, under the grave 902, greenish glass guttus

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. . , . .

: : R = 2,8 cm; h = 7,6 cm : IIIV

. . 15, . . -6498 :

124 i

131

: , - , , . . . .

: : R = 3,2 cm; h = 8 cm: II

. 6. . . -3767, . . 03/2403, 1024, Fig. 6. C-3767, inv. no. 03/2403, grave 1024, greenish glass guttus

271

. ...

. . 16, . . -6949 : 2508, ( ): .

. . .

: : IIIV

. . 17 (. 7, . II/1), . -7335, . . 03/2334 : 2669, - ( ): - , -, , . -. . - . . : : R = 2,4 cm; h = 6,6 cm: III

. . 18, . . -11108 : 3918, : , -

, . . .

: : R = 2,6 cm : IIIV

. 7. . . -7335, . . 03/2334, 2669, Fig. 7. C-7335, inv. no. 03/2334, grave 2669, green-ish glass guttus

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. . 19, . . -4055, . . 03/5601 : 1138, ( ): , -

, . -. . .

: : R = 2,5 cm: II

. . 20, . . -10244 : 340: . .

. : : R = 4 cm: IIIV

. . 21, . . -10939 : 3722, , : -

. , . . .

: . : 2,5 3 mm : IIIV

. . 22, . . -10939 : 3722, , : -

. . .

: : IIIV

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Barkoczi, Lszlo. 1988. Romishe Glassfunde in Ungarn. Budapest: Academia Scientiarum Hungaricae. , . 1987. - . - , . , 7284. : .Bulat, Marko. 1976. Antiko staklo u Muzeju Slavonije. Arheoloki vestnik 25: 8894.Bucovala, Mihai. 1968. Vase antice de sticla la Tomis. Constanta: Muzeul de Archeologie.Vessberg, lof. 1952. Roman glass in Cyprus. Opuscula rchaeologica 7: 109165.Goethert-Polaschek, Karin. 1977. Katalog der rmischen Glaser des Rheini-schen Landesmuseums Trier IX. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern., . 1999. . Viminacium 10: 7599., . 2005. - . 21: 293317.Miloevi, Petar. 1976. Radionice stakla u Sirmijumu. Arheoloki vestnik 25: 102108.Muci, Dinka. 1990. - . 6: 2628.Pakvalin, Veljko. 1976. Antiko staklo sa podruja Bosne i Hercegovine. Arhe-oloki vestnik 25: 109164.Petru, Snja. 1976. Rimsko steklo Slovenije. Arheoloki vestnik 25: 1335. Rich, Antony. 1859. Dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et romains. http://books.google.rs/books?hl=sr&lr=&id=ywCOOayhTNEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Dictionnaire+des+antiquit%C3%A9s+grecques+et+romains&ots=UVHs-hr7R7&sig=k6AZQWny3tLjTLwM_Kq-8r7v7_4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Dictionnaire%20des%20antiquit%C3%A9s%20grecques%20et%20romains&f=false ( 1. 2012).Rich, Antony. 1883. Dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et romains. In Dic-tionnaire des antiquits grecques et romains, ed. Charles Daremberg. Paris: Ha-chette.Rui, Mira. 1994. Rimsko staklo u Srbiji. Beograd: Filozofski fakultet, Centar za arheoloka istraivanja.

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-, . 2002. . : ., . 19891990. . Viminacium 45: 223224.Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi, Aleksandrina. 1976. Pregled i razvitak rimskog sta-kla u Crnoj Gori. Arheoloki vestnik 25: 175190.Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi, Aleksandrina. 1981. Antiko staklo Sirmiuma. 10: 729.Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi, Aleksandrina. 1987. Rimsko staklo. Beograd: Na-una knjiga.Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi, Aleksandrina, Olivera Velimirovi-ii, i Dra-goslav Srejovi. 1975. Antika Duklja. Nekropole. Cetinje: Obod.aranovi-Svetek, Vesna. 1986. Antiko staklo u jugoslovenskom delu provinci-je Donje Panonije. Novi Sad: Vojvoanski muzej.tefanac, Berislav. 2009. Staklene kapaljke s antike nekropole Relja u Zadru. Vjesnik za arheologiju i povijest dalmatinsku 102: 109127.ubi, Zorka. 1976. Tipoloki in kronoloki pregled rimskega stekla v Poetovi-oni. Arheoloki vestnik 25: 3961.Westholm, Alfred, and Olof Vessberg. 1956. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, vol. IV/3. Stockholm: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition.

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Antonija S. Ropki oreviBelgrade

GLASS GUTI FROM THE ROMAN NECROPOLIS OF PEINE AT VIMINACIUM

Summary

Glass vessels-guti are slightly studied, but very interesting type of vessels, with bodies shaped like stylized birds. Their shape and dimensions allow the use of small amounts of fluid; precisely pour out through tubular spout or dropper. Their function and purpose cannot be precisely defined. They were most likely used for containing and for precision pouring of various liquids, with uses in medicine, pharmacology and cosmetics. One of the assumptions is that they were used to feed infants. This is perhaps the most common theory about the function of these vessels. One of the arguments in favor of this assumption was the chemical analyses of the contents of some glass and ceramic guti found in a grave in the area around Cologne. These analyses proved that these vessels contained milk. Although this is different type of guti or guti with applied small dropper, these analyses confirm hypotheses, and also open up new discussions regarding the function of different types of guti, or the ability to use the type with applied dropper and type with dropper pulled out from the recipient for different purposes.

The high number of guti from the Peine necropolis were found in the childrens graves, but unfortunately, the conditions did not allow the analysis of the chemical content that would support or negate this assumption. It must be point out that the known specimens were found in graves, not in the inhabited areas. This fact gives us the space to perceive guti as objects used in funeral rituals.

Vessels from the necropolis were made by free-blowing technique. They are characterized by ovoid recipient with long or short cylindrical neck with funnelled or ring-shaped thickening of the rim. The recipient may be more or less stylized. The neck is set either vertically or at an angle to the recipient. The bottoms are generally flat or slightly conical. The main feature of guti is the narrow tubular spout or dropper pulled out

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from the recipient, which may be placed at various parts of the body: on top, in the middle or low, near the bottom. They were mainly made of thin, slightly transparent greenish and bluish glass. Small number was made from whitish, yellow or colorless glass. According to the portable finds discovered in the tombs and based on close analogy, guti from the Peine necropolis can be dated from the late 1st to the end of the 4th century AD.

The current level of research does not allow us any definitive conclusions about the workshop centers. Based on the known analogies with similar technological characteristics of glass, color and craftsmanship, which were, in high number discovered in the territory of the western provinces, it can be assumed that these guti represent the import of Italian-Gaelic workshops. Guti from the Peine necropolis represent a valuable contribution to a more precise understanding of this type of vessels in the territory of the Empire, both technologically and functionally.

277

T. I 1. . . -5070, . . 03/3775, 1783, , 2. . . -9959, 3374, , 3.

. . -7268, . . 03/2404, 328, Pl. I 1. C-5070, inv. no. 03/3775, grave 1783, yellow glass guttus, 2. C-9959, grave

3374, whitish glass guttus, 3. C-7268, inv. no. 03/2404, trench 328, bluish glass guttus

278

T. II 1. . . -7335, . . 03/2334, 2669, , 2. . . -3044, . . 03/3958, 902,

, 3. . . -2942, . . 03/2942, 868,

Pl. II 1. C-7335, inv. no. 03/2334, grave 2669, greenish glass guttus, 2. C-3044, inv. no. 03/3958, under the grave 902, greenish glass guttus, 3. C-2942, inv. no. 03/2942, grave

868, greenish glass guttus