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BỘ CÔNG THƯƠNG

TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG CÔNG NGHIỆP TUY HÒA

KHOA CÔNG NGHỆ HÓA

TỔ BỘ MÔN HÓA DẦU

BÀI GIẢNGHÓA HC DẦU M! "À KH#



M$C %$C

NỘI DUNG T&'()

MỤC LỤC 2

CHƯƠNG 1: TỔNG QUAN DẦU MỎ VÀ KHÍ 41.1. Nguồn g!.............................................................................................................41.2.T"#n" $"%n "&' "(!...............................................................................................)CHƯƠNG 2: TÍNH CH*T V+T L, -C T/ƯNG C0A DẦU TH VÀ H3N L5

DẦU MỎ 172.1.89! ;n" !9! <! =>?ng @= B !' $"En Fn %u IJ 172.2.-9n" g9 !"= B?ng !' %u IJ u' !9! <! =>?ng O'u.......................................212.7.C9! <! =Pn" !' %u =" @# ORn $"SI %u IJ.....................................................22.4."En BF %u IJ..................................................................................................22..T"#n" $"%n @# $"En BF "P................................................................................7WCHƯƠNG 7: CXC H3N -5N DẦU MỎ VÀ YNG DỤNG C0A CXC H3N -5N

DẦU MỎ 71GZ ="[u: 717.1."En Fn "P.......................................................................................................727.2."En Fn \]ng....................................................................................................7^7.7."En Fn _>FO_n................................................................................................4`7.4."En Fn g'OFB n"a............................................................................................17.."En Fn g'OFB n<ng b"En Fn %u n"cnd......................................................77.)."En Fn !<n %u IJ b!<n guFnd......................................................................`CHƯƠNG 4: CƠ ef L, THUhT C0A QUX T/iNH CHƯNG C*T )24.1.Cj Ok B ="ulm=.....................................................................................................)24.2.C9! ="ng O !ng ng"[ Rn" "?kng mn u9 =>n"................................................)2CHƯƠNG : CXC QUX T/iNH CHUoN HpA HpA HqC DƯr6 TXC DỤNG

NH6sT )4.1.et mn v !' !9! "l>F!'!Fn ?Z =9! wng n"[=..........................................)4.2.Qu9 =>n" !>'!ng n"[=.......................................................................................)

.7.Qu9 =>n" @O>_ng............................................................................................. )^.4.Qu9 =>n" n"[= $"En b$l>FBlO_d............................................................................)^..Qu9 =>n" !! "&'.................................................................................................)^CHƯƠNG ): CXC QUX T/iNH CHUoN HpA HpA HqC DƯr6 TXC DỤNG C0A

8xC TXC )`).1.TPn" ?u @[= !' \y! =9!.......................................................................................)`).2.Qu9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9!....................................................................................^1).7.Qu9 =>n" >_zF>Ing \y! =9!.................................................................................^^).4.Qu9 =>n" OFI_> "&'............................................................................................`W

)..Qu9 =>n" 'BlB "&'...............................................................................................`2CHƯƠNG ^: eƠ LƯ{C DẦU MỎ VÀ KHÍ C0A V6sT NAM `4^ 1 V# |= } # " % "P k V[= N `4



^.2.T}I n]ng !' %u =" V[= N'I.........................................................................`~• V€ng MEl..........................................................................................................`)

^.7.D%u =" [n !"F !9! • =>%I =P!" Cu LFng‚ N'I Cn ejn @# M'B'l ƒ T"v C"u `)

TÀ6 L6sU THAM KH„ W



CHƯƠNG *+ TỔNG ,UAN DẦU M! "À KH#

*-*- N)./( )01*-*-*- N)./( )01 23 14

T"_F gR ="ulm= n#l =>Fng B…ng T>9 = !& !"†' !9! !'!u' I BF n"? AB 4C7‚

C'C2. C9! !"= n#l ; $"En "l k n?Z! • =F >' CH 4 @# C2H2:

AB4C7 ‡ 12H2 4ABbHd7 ‡ 7CH4

C'C2 ‡ 2H2 C'bHd2 ‡C2H2

C9! !"= "k %u & bCH4‚ C2H2d u' u9 =>n" mn v ?Z =9! wng !' n"[=

ˆ‚ 9$ Ou= !'F =>Fng B…ng = @# \y! =9! B# !9! "F9ng O|=‚ =F ="#n" !9! "l>F!'!Fn

!& =>Fng %u "P.

-• !"†ng In" !"F }u &‚ n]I 1`))‚ ~_>="_BF= ‰ =vng "$ ?! "l>F!'!Fn

="jI =Š '\_=lB_n k n"[= ˆ !'F =>‹n \y! =9!. N]I 1W1‚ e''=_> @# e_n_>_uO ‰ ="t!

"[n $"Rn †ng "l>F "&' '\_=lB_n =>‹n \y! =9! N_n @# OŒ= k n"[= ˆ =>Fng "FRng

2WW ƒ 7WWWC‚ ‰ ="u ?! Iˆ= BF= !9! "l>F!'!Fn =?jng †ng n"? =>Fng ="#n" $"%n

!' %u. Cng @Z "#ng BF= !9! ="P ng"[I n"? =>‹n‚ gR ="ulm= @} nguồn g! @ !j

!' %u IJ ‰ ?! !"$ n"n =>Fng Iˆ= ="c g'n "9 #.

e'u n#l‚ " =>n" ˆ "F' "(! @# Ž ="u= ng#l !#ng $"9= =>•n =" ng?c =' Œ=%u "F# ng" Bun •I =>‹n @:

-‰ $"En =P!" ?! bng !9! $"?jng $"9$ "[n d =>Fng %u IJ !& !"†' !9!

F>$"l>n !& nguồn g! =Š ˆng ="t! @=.

T>Fng @J uR =‚ "#I B?ng !'!u' I BF B# "ng 9ng •.

C9! "l>F!'!Fn ="?cng g<$ =>Fng !9! BZ$ =>%I =P!"‚ = & n"[= ˆ P= " @?=

u9 1W 2WWWC b@ 9$ Ou= >= !'Fd‚ n‹n "ng n"[= ˆ !%n ="m= !"F $"Rn

†ng "&' "(! \Rl >'.

C"Pn" @ @l I# gR ="ulm= nguồn g! @ !j ng#l !#ng $"' Ic F !& P= !]n !†.

*-*-5- N)./( )01 67. 14 -& B# gR ="ulm= @} Ot "n" ="#n" %u IJ =Š !9! @= B[u "‘u !j 'n %u. N"‘ng

@= B[u & !"Pn" B# \9! ˆng ="t! @= •n‚ "F<! =>‹n !n n"?ng ; !9! …ng Ong !un

=> >' •n. f =>Fng n?Z! •n !& >= n"}u !9! BF @ "uSn "mu "P @# lmI "P‚ !"F

n‹n " !9! ˆng ="t! @= ; !"m=‚ B<$ =†! ; !"yng $"En "l. N"‘ng $"%n n#F ’ ;

$"En "l bn"? !9! !"= ABuIn‚ !9! "l>'= !'!Fnd =" ; @ "uSn =n !ng =>?Z! =F



="#n" !9! !"= ’ ='n =>Fng n?Z! "F<! "P 'l ‚ !9! !"= n#l O“ "ng =F n‹n %u

"P. Ng?! B‚ !9! !"= "& ; $"En "l bn"? !9! $>F=_n‚ !"= |F‚ >?u !'F $"En =‚

O9$‚ %u‚ n"t'd O“ %n BŒng (ng =F n‹n BZ$ =>%I =P!" ?Z 9l •n” El !"Pn" B# !9!

@= B[u "‘u !j %u =‹n !' %u "P. C9! !"= n#l u' "#ng =>[u n]I mn v O“ =F

="#n" !9! "l>!'!Fn 'n %u:

/C/ ‡ H2 /CH ‡ /H

/CH /H ‡ C2

/CH2H /CH–CH2 ‡ H2

/CH–CH2 ‡ H2 /CH2CH7

T"_F =9! gR _=>F@‚ !9! '\P= |F !' ="t! @= ="?cng B# !9! '\= |F "ng nF‚ O“ mn v =F ="#n" B'!=Fn‚ O'u & =F ="#n" n'$"=_n "F<! '>FI'=:

T"ulm= nguồn g! "‘u !j !' %u IJ !"F $"|$ gR ="P!" ?! n"}u "[n =?ng

=>Fng ="t! =m. C"—ng "n n"?: %u IJ k !9! nj "%u n"? }u "9! n"'u‚ Ot "9! n"'u

& !& ="• B# F @= B[u "‘u !j 'n %u. VP w‚ nmu @= B[u "‘u !j 'n %u g#u !"=

|F =" !& ="• =F >' BF %u $'>'zn!˜

D%u ?! On" >' >R >9! =>Fng !9! BZ$ =>%I =P!"‚ ?! g( B# ™9 Iaš. DF 9$ Ou=

k El !'F n‹n !"yng ; Sl >' ngF# @# uˆ! $"R !? mn nj k IZ u' !9! =%ng ™9

!"†'š ="?cng !& !u =>y! >›ng \$. et !"ul•n =m$ =w! \Rl >' !"F mn " !"yng

g<$ }u [n ="un B • !& ="• k B l @# =P!" =w ="#n" %u IJ.

T>Fng u9 =>n" !"ul•n‚ %u IJ $"R u' !9! =%ng 9 \$‚ !& ="• O“ \Rl >'

Ot "$ $"w‚ !9! !"= !& !t! ; "$ $"w @# k B !9! BZ$ 9‚ m= uR B# %u O“ n"a "jn @#

O!" "jn. N"?ng nmu u9 =>n" !"ul•n !' %u ; =m$ \y! @Z F\l "ng "P‚ !"yng

!& ="• ; F\l "&' œn mn =F !9! "$ !"= !"†' !9! ; ngul‹n =‚ B#I %u ; gRI!"= B?ng.

K" %u =P!" =w @# nI =>Fng !9! IJ %u‚ u9 =>n" mn v "%u n"? P= \Rl >' nmu

IJ %u Pn. T>Fng =>?cng "$ !& !9! "_ "k‚ F\l‚ n?Z! "P ul•n !& ="• B(= @#F‚ O“

\Rl >' mn !"= ="_F !"}u "?Zng \u F $"Rn †ng "&' "(!.

C9! "l>F!'!Fn 'n %u !' %u "P ="?cng !& $"En = B?ng >= BZn bC 7W ƒ

C4Wd‚ ="I !"P !'F "jn. C9! !"= "‘u !j n#l nI =>Fng BZ$ =>%I =P!" O“ !";u n"}u mn

v "&' "(! ?Z Rn" "?kng !' n"[= ˆ‚ 9$ Ou= ‚ \y! =9! bB# "F9ng O|=d. Ng?c ='

="l >ng !† Byn !"I OEu \ung 7W I|= =" n"[= ˆ =>Fng BZ$ =>%I =P!" =]ng =Š W 4



ƒ 1‚2WWC‚ !…n 9$ Ou= =]ng =Š 7 ƒ ^‚ '=I. N"?ng @l k ˆ OEu !#ng BZn‚ n"[= ˆ‚ 9$

Ou= !#ng =]ng @# =>Fng !9! BZ$ =>%I =P!" =F %u "P‚ n"[= ˆ !& ="• B‹n =Z 1WW ƒ

2WWWC @# 9$ Ou= =Š 2WW ƒ 1WWW '=. f }u [n n#l‚ !9! "l>F!'!Fn !& $"En = BZn‚

I!" #‚ !u =>y! $"†! =$ O“ $"En "l n"[=‚ =F ="#n" !9! !"= !& $"En = n"J "jn‚

!u =>y! jn gRn "jn‚ O B?ng @…ng ="jI P= "jn˜

T"c g'n # !€ng B# !9! lmu = ="y! Sl u9 =>n" !>]!ng \Rl >' In" "jn.

C"Pn" @ @l‚ =uv %u !#ng !'F‚ ˆ Byn !"I !#ng OEu‚ %u ?! =F ="#n" !#ng !"†'

n"}u "l>F!'!Fn @Z =>(ng B?ng $"En = !#ng n"J. eEu "jn n‘' !& "R n]ng

!"ul•n "&' "F#n =F#n ="#n" "P‚ =>Fng & "P I_='n B# }n @‘ng n"= n‹n "#I B?ng

!' n& >= !'F. C€ng !"Pn" @ @l‚ " =]ng !"}u OEu !' !9! gmng "F'n ="]I … %u

"P =" \9! Ou= =I ="l "P ="?cng !'F "jn.

*-5- T68(6 96:( 6;' 6<1

*-5-*- T68(6 96:( 6=>&?1'1@?( &?() >:. Hl>F!'!Fn B# ="#n" $"%n !"Pn" !' %u‚ "%u n"? !9! BF "l>F!'!Fn b=>Š

FB_znd }u !& I<= =>Fng %u IJ. C"yng ?! !"' ="#n" !9! n"&I $'>'zn‚ n'$"=_n‚

'>FI'=‚ "›n "$ n'$"=_n ƒ '>FI'=.

H=>&?1'1@?( 9'&'E(E1Hl>F!'!Fn $'>'zn! b!…n g( B# 'B!'nd B# BF "l>F!'!Fn $"v mn n"=.

T>Fng %u IJ !"yng =ồn = k ' ng: "P‚ BJng‚ >Œn. C9! "l>F!'!Fn "P bC 1 ƒ C4d‚

" nI =>Fng %u‚ F 9$ Ou= !'F n‹n !"yng =ồn = k ="• BJng @# "…' ='n =>Fng %u

IJ. e'u " "' ="9!‚ F 9$ Ou= gRI‚ !"yng ="F9= >' "J %u. C9! "P n#l gồI

I_='n‚ _='n‚ $>F$'n @# u='n g( B# "P ồng "#n"‚ ngF# >' !…n !& Iˆ= B?ng >= n"J

$_n='n 'l "j >' !ng.

T>Fng %u IJ !& "' BF $'>'zn: n ƒ $'>'zn @# F ƒ $'>'zn‚ =>Fng & n ƒ

$'>'zn !"mI ' O b2 ƒ 7Wž ="• =P!"d !"yng !& O ngul‹n = =Š C 1 mn C4. C9! n ƒ

$'>zn !& O ngul‹n = !'!Fn ng "F<! BZn "jn C1`‚ k n"[= ˆ ="?cng !"yng B# !"=

>Œn. C9! $'>'zn n#l !& ="• "…' ='n =>Fng %u "F<! =F ="#n" !9! =n" ="• Bj Bng =>Fng

%u. K" "#I B?ng !9! $'>'zn BZn u9 !'F‚ %u !& ="• ; ng <!‚ gEl "& "]n !"F

u9 =>n" @n !"ul•n. H#I B?ng !' !"yng !#ng !'F‚ n"[= ˆ ng <! !' %u !#ng

BZn. K" jI @# @n !"ul•n !9! BF %u n#l $"R 9$ wng !9! $"?jng $"9$ O'u: G'n"[= ?cng ng‚ !"F ="‹I $"w g'‚ =9!" Z= $'>'zn >Œn = nj "' ="9! • " •I



ng <!. C9! $'>'zn >Œn =9!" =Š %u =" B# ngul‹n B[u u • =vng "$ "&' "(!‚ •

}u !"m !"= =Sl >' =vng "$‚ =j O n"En =F‚ $"En &n‚ !"= ŸF˜

C9! F ƒ $'>'zn ="?cng !" nI k $"En n"a @# $"%n !& n"[= ˆ O =>ung n"

!' %u. C"yng ="?cng !& !u =>y! jn gRn‚ I!" !"Pn" #‚ n"9n" $"w P= @# ngŒn‚

n"9n" $"w ="?cng B# n"&I I_=lB. C9! F ƒ $'>'zn !& O !'!Fn =Š C mn C1W B# !9!

!u = >= u‚ !"yng B#I =]ng "R n]ng "R n]ng !"ng P!" nv b=]ng =>; O F!='nd !'

\]ng.

H=>&?1'1@?( ('96F(E1

N'$"=_n! b\l!BF $'>'znd B# Iˆ= =>Fng O "l>F!'!Fn $"v mn @# u'n =>(ng

=>Fng %u IJ. H#I B?ng !& ="• ="'l v =Š 7W mn )Wž =>(ng B?ng. C"yng ="?cng k

ng @…ng ‚ ) !n"‚ !€ng !& ="• k ng ng?ng =w 2 "F<! 7 @…ng. C9! "l>F!'!Fnn'$"=_n! !& I<= =>Fng !9! $"En Fn n"a b="?cng B# Iˆ= @…ng @# P= n"9n" $"wd "F<!

k $"%n n"[= ˆ =>ung n" @# !'F b" & B# !9! !u = !& n"}u @…ng @# n"9n" $"w

#d.

R R (CH2)10-CH3

CH3

R

(CH2)11-CH3

CH3

H3C

Hl>F!'!Fn n'$"=_n! B# ="#n" $"%n >= u'n =>(ng =>Fng n"‹n B[u ˆng !j @#

%u n"cn. C9! n'$"=_n! I =̂ @…ng B#I !"F \]ng !& !"= B?ng !'F” n"‘ng

"l>F!'!Fn n'$"=_n! Iˆ= @…ng !& I!" n"9n" # B# ="#n" $"%n >= == !"F %u

n"cn @ !"yng !& ˆ n"Z= !'F @# P= ="'l v ="_F n"[= ˆ. -<! [=‚ !"yng B# !9! !u

= >= u !"F n"‹n B[u $"Rn Bt!‚ F !"yng !& n"[= !"9l !'F‚ ồng ="c g‘ ?! =Pn"

Bn" ˆng k n"[= ˆ ="$.

Hl>F!'!Fn n'$"=_n! =>Fng %u IJ !…n B# ngul‹n B[u u • =Š & }u !"m

!9! "l>F!'!Fn ="jI: _n_n‚ =FBu_n‚ \lB_n b~T8d‚ B# !9! !"= "k %u =>Fng ORn

\u= =j O =vng "$ @# !"= ŸF.

D%u IJ !"†' n"}u "l>F!'!Fn n'$"=_n! B# ngul‹n B[u == !"F ORn Ou= %u

n"cn !& !"= B?ng ==. C"yng B !& n"[= ˆ ng <! ="$ n‹n g‘ ?! =Pn" Bn"ˆng‚ "ng gEl "& "]n !"F u9 =>n" jI‚ @n !"ul•n‚ $"un n"‹n B[u.



H=>&?1'1@?( 64 '&?'

Hl>F!'!Fn ="jI ="?cng g<$ B# BF Iˆ= @…ng @# ồng —ng !' !"yng

b_n_n‚ =FBu_n‚ \lB_n˜d. C9! !"= n#l ="?cng nI =>Fng $"%n n"a @# B# !u = B#I

=]ng "R n]ng !"ng P!" nv !' \]ng. C9! !"= ng?ng =w 2‚ 7 "F<! 4 @…ng ="jI !&

I<= =>Fng $"%n !& n"[= ˆ O =>ung n" @# !'F !' %u IJ” "#I B?ng !9! !"= n#l

="?cng P= "jn.

bezen

CH3

naphtenxylentoluen

CH3

CH3

antraxen pyren diphenyl

K"9! @Z n"‹n B[u \]ng‚ k n"‹n B[u $"Rn Bt! @# __n nmu "#I B?ng '>FI'=

n"}u =" !"yng B#I gRI !"= B?ng !' !9! BF n"‹n B[u & F "& =t ! !"9l @#

=F !!‚ =F !<n =>Fng ˆng !j. C9! !u = '>FI'= Iˆ= @…ng !& n"9n" $"w # B#

ngul‹n B[u u • ORn \u= %u n"cn !& ˆ n"Z= @# !" O ˆ n"Z= !'F.

H=>&?1'1@?( ?JE 6( 6L9 ('96F( '&?'

LF n#l >= $"v mn =>Fng %u‚ !"yng ="?cng nI k $"En Fn !& n"[= ˆ O

!'F. Mˆ= O "l>F!'!Fn "›n "$ n'$"=_n ƒ '>FI'= ="?cng g<$ =>Fng %u IJ !& !u

=>y! n"? O'u:

tetralin indan xyclohexylbenzen

*-5-5- C1 68(6 96:( 96E 6=>?1'1@?(



C1 16 16' Q. 6.(6

T>Fng ="#n" $"%n $" "l>F!'!Fn !9! "$ !"= B?u "u¡n" B# $"v mn n"=‚

!"yng B#I \u !"= B?ng !' %u =". C9! BF %u !"†' P= "jn W‚ž B?u "u¡n" B#

BF %u ==‚ %u !"†' =Š 2ž B?u "u¡n" =>k B‹n B# BF %u \u. C9! !"= !"†' B?u

"u¡n" ="?cng k ng O'u:

M_>!'$='n

eunzu'

DOunzu'

T"F$"_n

L?u "u¡n" =t F

/eH

/e/

/ee/

S

e‚ H2e

L?u "u¡n" ng I_>!'$='n: I_>!'$='n B# !9! "$ !"= !& n"&I eH B‹n m= =>t!

=m$ @Z g! "l>F!'!Fn‚ !"yng "ng }n @# ’ $"En "l k n"[= ˆ !'F:

2/eH300

0C

/e/ ‡ H2e

/eH5000C

/CH–CH2 ‡ H2e

C9! !"= I_>!'$='n ="?cng !& =>Fng $"En Fn n"[= ˆ O ="$‚ g!

"l>F!'!Fn ="?cng =Š C1 ƒ C`.

L?u "u¡n" ng Ounzu' @# Ounzu': !9! !"= n#l ="?cng !& k !9! $"En Fn !&

n"[= ˆ O =>ung n" @# !'F. G! "l>F!'!Fn !& ="• B# I!" ="—ng‚ @…ng nF "F<!

@…ng ="jI. VP w:

SR (CH2)n SR

L?u "u¡n" ng ="F$"_n: !9! "$ !"= !"†' B?u "u¡n" ng ="F$"_n !& !u=>y! I!" @…ng‚ n"?:

SS S

thiophen benzothiophen dibenzothiophen

T"F$"_n B# BF !"= !"†' B?u "u¡n" $"v mn n"= b!"mI =Š 4 ƒ 2ž =>Fng ==

!R !9! ng "$ !"= !"†' B?u "u¡n" !' %u IJd. C"yng ="?cng !& k $"%n n"[= ˆO =>ung n" @# !'F !' %u



L?u "u¡n" k ng =t F: & B# B?u "u¡n" k ng ngul‹n = @# ng H 2e. Dt'

@#F "#I B?ng B?u "u¡n" k ng H2e !& =>Fng %u I# ng?c =' $"En ="#n" "' BF

%u: %u !"u' B?ng H2e ¢ 7‚^ IB£ 1 B= %u‚ %u ng(= B?ng H2e ¤ 7‚^ IB£ 1 B= %u.

C1 16 16' (E4

C9! !"= !"†' n=j ="?cng !& >= P= =>Fng %u IJ bW‚W1 mn 1ž =>(ng B?ngd‚

!"yng nI =>Fng $"En Fn !& n"[= ˆ O !'F‚ ="?cng !& 1‚ 2 "F<! 7 ngul‹n = N=j.

N"‘ng "$ !"= !& Iˆ= ngul‹n = n=j ="?cng !& =Pn" 'j @# B# BF !"Pn". Mˆ= O @P

w @} !9! "$ !"= !"†' Iˆ= n=j n"? O'u:

N N NN

pyridin quinolin izo-quinolin acridin

NH

NH

NH

NH

pyrol indol cacbazol benzocacbazol

C1 16 16' ?S=

C9! !"= !"†' F\l =>Fng %u IJ ="?cng =n = ?Z ng '\=‚ \_=Fn‚ $"_nFB‚

_=_‚ _O=_˜=>Fng & !9! '\= @# $"_nFB B# u'n =>(ng "jn !R‚ !"yng ="?cng nI k n"[=ˆ O =>ung n" @# !'F. C9! $"_nFB ="?cng g<$ B#:

H H

CH3

H

phenol crezol β−naphtol

C1 E ?JE (()

H#I B?ng !9! I BF !& =>Fng %u ="?cng "ng n"}u b@# $"%n =>[ud.

C"yng !& =>Fng !u =>y! !' !9! $"†! I BF‚ !" lmu B# $"†! !' "' ngul‹n = V

@# N. NgF# >' !…n !& Iˆ= B?ng >= n"J !9! ngul‹n = "9! n"? ¥_‚ Cu‚ ¦n‚ T˜

H#I B?ng I BF n<ng n"}u O“ Rn" "?kng mn u9 =>n" !"m mn \y! =9!‚

!"yng O“ B#I ngˆ ˆ! \y! =9!. V @l‚ @Z u9 =>n" !>]!ng @# >_zF>Ing‚ l‹u !%u

"#I B?ng n#l "ng ?! u9 mn 1W $$I.



C1 16 (6V' 28 'W96'(F(

N"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n B# n"‘ng !"= !"†' ồng ="c !9! ngul‹n = C‚ H‚ ‚ e‚ N” !&

$"En = B?ng >= BZn bWW ƒ )WW @C =>k B‹nd. N"n } ngF# !"yng }u !& I#u OSI‚

n<ng "jn n?Z!‚ @# "ng ='n =>Fng n?Z!. C"yng }u !& !u =>y! "[ @…ng ="jI ng?ng

=w !'F‚ ="?cng =$ =>ung n"}u k $"%n n<ng‚ n"= B# =>Fng !<n %u IJ. Tul n"‹n !€ng

!& ="• $"En [= ?! n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n ="_F !9! <! •I O'u El:

N"t'

T>(ng B?ng $"En =: )WW ÷ 1WWW @C

D’ ='n =>Fng ung I "‘u !j. K" ='n

=F ung ;!" ="t!

-ˆ ="jI "&': W‚14÷ W‚2

AO$"'n=_n

T>(ng B?ng $"En =: 1WWW ÷ 2WW @C

K"& ='n =>Fng ung I "‘u !j. K" ='n

=F ung ;!" _F

-ˆ ="jI "&': W‚2÷ W‚^C9! !"= n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n ="?cng !& n"}u k $"%n n<ng‚ <! [= B# $"%n !<n

O'u " !"?ng !=‚ !"yng }u B#I \u !"= B?ng !' %u IJ. et !& I<= !' !"yng

=>Fng n"‹n B[u O“ B#I !"F ORn $"SI ; OSI I#u‚ " !"9l "ng "m= O“ =F !<n‚ %u

ˆ! \y! =9!. Tul n"‹n‚ %u IJ n#F !"†' n"}u n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n O“ B# nguồn ngul‹n

B[u == • ORn \u= n"t' ?cng

NQX1

T>Fng %u IJ‚ 'F gc !€ng !& Bœn Iˆ= B?ng n?Z! n"= ;n"‚ !"yng =ồn = k

ng n"€ =?jng. C9! ngul‹n n"En œn mn Ot !& I<= !' n?Z! =>Fng %u IJ‚ & B#:

n?Z! !& =Š " ="#n" n‹n %u "P F Ot Byn !"I !' !9! @= B[u "‘u !j ?Z 9l •n

@# n?Z! =Š "P ul•n ngI @#F !9! IJ %u.

N?Z! =>Fng %u IJ !"†' Iˆ= B?ng >= BZn !9! Iu "F9ng. C9! !'=Fn @#

'nFn ="?cng g<$ B#: N'‡‚ C'2‡‚ Mg2‡‚ HC7‚ e4

2˜NgF# >' !…n Iˆ= O F\= "ng

$"En Bl k ng _F n"?: AB27‚ ¥_27‚ e2.

K" "' ="9! %u‚ • BŒng‚ n?Z! O“ =9!" >' "J %u. T>Fng =>?cng "$ n?Z! =F

="#n" "[ n"€ =?jng }n @‘ng‚ By! & Iun =9!" n?Z! $"R ng $"w g' $"9 n"€.

C%n !"y Iˆ= O Iu "F9ng =>Fng n?Z! ; ="l $"En =F >' '\=‚ gEl ]n I…n

="m= ; ="_F $"Rn †ng:

MgCB2 ‡ 2H2 MgbHd2↓ ‡ 2HCB

MgCB2 ‡ 2H2 MgbHdCB ‡ HCB



CHƯƠNG 5

T#NH CHT "ZT %[ Đ\C TRƯNG C]A DẦU THÔ "À

PH^N %O_I DẦU M!

5-*- `1 ab(6 11 a1 &Q() 2c d 1e' 96f( a?J( >:. 5-*-*- T68(6 96:( 16Q() 1 96f( a?J(

T"#n" $"%n != B# Iˆ= =>Fng n"‘ng !" =‹u u'n =>(ng !%n $"R \9! ;n" @Z

!9! ORn $"SI =>Œng n"? \]ng‚ _>FO_n‚ ‹_n. T"_F ="#n" $"%n != $"En Fn !& ="•

m= ?! !9! BF ORn $"SI ="u @# " Bung !' !"yng. C9! $"En Fn %u 'F gc

!€ng gồI >= n"}u !9! jn !"= "9! n"'u @Z n"[= ˆ O ="'l v. DF @l <! =>?ng

!"F =Pn" !"= 'l "j !' Iˆ= O $"En Fn B# n"[= ˆ O %u @# n"[= ˆ O !u.

Qu9 =>n" !"?ng != ?! ="t! "[n =>Fng ˆ !"?ng != =‹u !"uSn §ngB_>.

C"F 1WW IB Iœu @#F n". G' n"[= n"[= =Š =Š‚ =! ˆ ="ng ="?cng =Š 4 mn

IB ORn $"SI =>Fng 1 $"y=. K" !& g(= BJng %u =‹n >Z= \ung n" "†ng =" n"[= ˆ

O By! & B# n"[= ˆ O %u‚ =m$ & g" B n"[= ˆ O †ng @Z 1W‚ 2W‚ 7W˜‚ Wž ="•

=P!". -mn " n#F !ˆ= ="l ngEn =>Fng n"[= m =Š !t! =w= \ung ˆ= ngˆ= =" & B#

n"[= ˆ O !u.

TŠ !9! g9 =>; &‚ =' tng ồ ="; $"w ="uˆ! g‘' ž ORn $"SI !"?ng != ?! @#n"[= ˆ O g( B# ?cng !Fng !"?ng !=.

M› Iˆ= BF n"‹n B[u‚ ?! <! =>?ng k ="#n" $"%n !"?ng != n"= ;n".

N"?ng n"n !"ung‚ nmu !ng B# \]ng‚ "F<! !ng B# _>FO_n =" l‹u !%u @} "FRng

n"[= ˆ O g%n n"? n"'u.

T"#n" $"%n != $"%n Fn \]ng ˆng !j !& ng"¨' >= u'n =>(ng. N"[= ˆ O

=Š 1W mn 7Wž !& ng"¨' ulm= ;n" "R n]ng "k ˆng !' ˆng !j. K"FRng n"[=

ˆ & !#ng ="$ ˆng !j !#ng ’ "k ˆng " I9l nguˆ. Tul n"‹n ="$ u9‚ ’ =F

ny= "j =>Fng "[ ="ng !$ n"‹n B[u gEl "'F =vn n"‹n B[u. N‹n n"[= ˆ O 1Wž

"ng @u= u9 ^WWC.

N"[= ˆ != Wž !& ng"¨' ulm= ;n" "R n]ng =]ng =! !' ˆng !j @# u9

=>n" = n&ng ˆng !j. Nmu n"[= ˆ != Wž u9 !'F " ="'l v =! ˆ‚ B?ng n"‹n

B[u =>Fng I9l P=‚ !ng Ou= gRI }u "•n \_ "& "]n. DF @l n"[= ˆ != Wž b=Š

4Wž mn ^Wžd !#ng ="$ !#ng == @ ’ #ng =]ng O @…ng u'l !' ˆng !j B‹n I†!

= ' =>Fng ="c g'n ngŒn n"=. Tul @l nmu u9 ="$ O“ =F ny= "j gEl ="= ="F9=



N"[= ˆ != Wž !& ng"¨' @} I<= n" =m‚ nmu n"[= ˆ Wž !'F‚ \]ng "ng

! "j "F#n =F#n =>Fng uồng =. 8]ng k =>ng ="9 BJng ="_F \lB'n" @(= u'

\_!I]ng @#F !'=_ !"†' %u‚ B#I BF‰ng %u n"cn‚ B#I gRI "R n]ng =>jn @# I#

I…n ˆng !j.

N"[= ˆ != !u 9n" g9 I†! ˆ 'l "j "F#n =F#n @# B#I BF‰ng %u n"cn.

Nmu n"[= ˆ O !u !'F u9 => %u n"cn O“ ; >' => =>‹n ="#n" \lB'n"‚ I# I…n

$O=Fn‚ @ ="m n"[= ˆ O !u "ng u9 ?! 2WWC.

5-*-5- g9 W. 64E @h? 6i'X$ Ou= "j ‰F "…' B# Iˆ= =>Fng !9! =Pn" !"= @= B u'n =>(ng !' !9! !"= BJng

’ 'l "j. -El !"Pn" B# 9$ Ou= "j I# = &‚ ="• "j !En ng @Z ="• BJng. C"=

BJng !& 9$ Ou= "j ‰F "…' !#ng BZn =" }u [n RF uRn‚ =ồn =>‘ @# @n !"ul•n

!#ng $"R ng"‹I ng<=‚ =uEn =" !"<= !"“ !9! [n $"9$ 'n =F#n $"…ng !"ng !"9l nv.

X$ Ou= "j RF "…' /_ B# 9$ Ou= =ul[= k 1WW W¥ b7^‚`WCd <! =>?ng <!

=>?ng !"F "R n]ng 'l "j !' $"En Fn \]ng. -& B# 9$ Ou= "j ‰F "…' F ?! k

}u [n !' FI /_ k 7^‚`WC. - B?ng n#l !#ng BZn ˆ 'l "j !#ng !'F.

X$ Ou= "j ‰F "…' ?! \9! ;n" =>Fng wng !w =‹u !"uSn g( B# jI /_

b"n" .1d.

C"F \]ng @#F n" 2‚ n ="ng @Z n" 1‚ >ồ !"F @#F n" vn n"[=‚ O'u " vn ;n"n"[= ˆ b7^‚`WCd =>Fng 1 $"y= =" Ik @n • n =F#n ˆ "[ ="ng @Z 9$ m ="l

ngEn. -ˆ !"[n" B[!" " O“ !"F m= 9$ Ou= "j ‰F "…' !' \]ng !%n F. -ˆ ! "j !'

\]ng !#ng !'F‚ ˆ !"‹n" " !#ng BZn.



5-*-j- Tk &<()TŽ =>(ng B# =Ž O g‘' =>(ng B?ng >‹ng !' Iˆ= @= k Iˆ= n"[= ˆ n"= ;n" @#

=>(ng B?ng >‹ng !' Iˆ= @= "9! ?! !"(n B# !"uSn‚ \9! ;n" k !ng @; =>P. - @Z

!9! BF ORn $"SI %u BJng }u Bl n?Z! != k n"[= ˆ 4WC @# 9$ Ou= ^)W IIHg B#I

!"uSn.

TŽ =>(ng !' %u IJ‚ "F<! Iˆ= $"En Fn %u IJ k n"[= ˆ = =>‹n =>(ng B?ng

>‹ng !' n?Z! k 4WC‚ =' !& ="• g" =4. -• ’ OF O9n"‚ =Ž =>(ng ?! •u ="; k !ng

Iˆ= n"[= ˆ‚ $"%n BZn !9! n?Z! }u Bl k 2WWC b2W4d "F<! 1‚)WC b=?jng †ng @Z

)WW¥d OF @Z n?Z! k !ng n"[= ˆ.

f Iˆ= O n?Z! •n "n" B# M© !…n •u ="; =Ž =>(ng ng ˆ WA6. Cng ="†!

!"ul•n v =Ž =>(ng O'ng ˆ WA6 n"? O'u:

171‚

141‚A6

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TŽ =>(ng !' ORn $"SI %u IJ ="'l v >= n"}u " n"[= ˆ ="'l v‚ n"?ng

"ng $"w ="uˆ! @#F 9$ Ou=. Tul n"‹n nmu 9$ Ou= !'F =" !& Rn" "?kng !"y= P=.

C& ="• \9! ;n" =Ž =>(ng ng $"?jng $"9$ n"?: ng $" m‚ !En ="l =¨n"‚

$!nFI_=. "?jng $"9$ $!nFI_= B# $"v mn n"=‚ ng !"F = • BF !"= BJng n#F.

"?jng $"9$ n#l t' =>‹n Ot OF O9n" =>(ng B?ng !' %u @Z n?Z! != =>Fng !ng ="•

=P!" @# !ng n"[= ˆ.

5-*-l- Đm (6X-ˆ n"Z= B# =Pn" !"= !' Iˆ= !"= BJng‚ ?! \_I B# I' O9= nˆ !' !"= BJng @#

!Rn =>k Ot !"Rl !' !"= BJng. ngul‹n n"En !& ˆ n"Z= B# F 9 Bt! !j "(! g‘' !9! "=

!u =F n‹n !"= BJng.

-ˆ n"Z= !' %u IJ !& B‹n u'n mnu9 =>n" jI @n !"ul•n‚ Ot =>jn‚ Ot

$"un n"‹n B[u =>Fng !9! ˆng !j. -ˆ n"Z= $"w ="uˆ! @#F n"[= ˆ‚ " n"[= ˆ =]ng

ˆ n"Z= gRI.

-ˆ n"Z= ˆng Bt! b ª"F<! d: -ˆ n"Z= ˆng Bt! •u ="; !"F !9! !"= BJng …ng

"ng !& g' =!‚ ?! =Pn" ng !ng ="†!:

– «C

T>Fng &: B# ="c g'n !"Rl !' !"= BJng

C B# "ng O n"Z= m‚ "ng $"w ="uˆ! @#F n"[= ˆ I# !" $"w ="uˆ!@#F P!" ="?Z! "n" "(! !' n"Z= m.

Nmu ˆ n"Z= BZn $"R ng n"Z= m !& ?cng Pn" I'F uRn BZn” !…n ˆ n"Z= !'

!"= BJng !%n F n"J‚ =" ng n"Z= m !& ?cng Pn" I'F uRn n"J” O'F !"F ="c g'n

!"Rl !' !"= BJng "ng u9 2WW gEl.

-ˆ n"Z= ˆng Bt! ?! =Pn" ng $F'j bd "'l !_n=$F'j b!d.

1 – 1WW ! – W‚1 N.O£ I2 – 1 ln.O£ !I2 – 1 g£!I.O

-ˆ n"Z= ˆng "(! b d:-ˆng n"Z= ˆng "(! B# =Ž O g‘' ˆ n"Z= ˆng Bt! "(!

@# =Ž =>(ng n& b!R "' }u \9! ;n" k !ng n"[= ˆ @# 9$ Ou=d:

H

¬ - =

T>Fng &: B# ˆ n"Z= ˆng "(!‚ =Pn" ng O=! be=d "F<! !_n=O=! b!e=d

ªB# ˆ n"Z= ˆng Bt!

B# =>(ng B?ng >‹ng‚ g£!I7

1 e= – 1 !I2£O – 1WW !e=



89! ;n" ˆ n"Z= ˆng "(! ng !9!" F ="c g'n !"Rl !' %u u' n"Z= m I'F

uRn n‹@!.

-ˆ n"Z= ul ?Z! bˆ n"Z= §ngB_>d: -ˆ n"Z= ul ?Z! "'l ˆ n"Z= •u mn‚ !…n

g( B# ˆ n"Z= §ngB_> B# =Ž O g‘' ="c g'n !"Rl !' 2WW IB Iœu k n"[= ˆ ="P

ng"[I @# 2WW IB n?Z! != k 2WWC u' ng n"J =>Fng wng !w F ˆ n"Z=:

W

==

2W

W

®

®§ =

T>Fng &: =

2W

W § B# ˆ n"Z= §ngB_> k n"[= ˆ =.

= B# ="c g'n !"Rl !' Iœu k n"[= ˆ =

W B# ="c g'n !"Rl !' n?Z! k 2WWC

5-*-n- ĐQo() 1?() aEp W3E 6V1-• \9! ;n" ="#n" $"%n $"En Fn !' %u IJ‚ ="?cng =mn "#n" !"?ng != =>Fng

ˆ !"?ng != =‹u !"uSn @Z !9! }u [n ul ;n" !"<= !"“‚ g( B# !"?ng $"†! =$

b@Š' !"?ng @Š' Bul[nd.

Qu9 =>n" !"?ng != n"?ng @l O“ !"F ˆ $"En !"' !'F. e'u & tng ồ ="; u'n

"[ n"[= ˆ O $"%n =>]I ORn $"SI !"?ng != OF @Z %u =" bž ="• =P!" "F<! =>(ng

B?ngd. -ồ ="; n#l g( B# ?cng !Fng •I O ="t!.

TŠ m= uR ="u ?! \9! ;n" •I O ="t!‚ !& ="• \9! ;n" ="#n" $"%n !9! $"EnFn !' %u IJ !& n"[= ˆ O mn 2WWWC‚ 7WWWC ˜mn 4`WC b"n" 2.2d.

N& !"ung‚ ?cng !Fng •I O ="t! B# Iˆ= ?cng !Fng u'n =>(ng n"= !'

%u IJ. N& !"F $"|$ 9n" g9 ?! ="#n" $"%n !' !9! $"En Fn !& n"[= ˆ O

"9! n"'u. NgF# >' !…n gy$ !9! n"# !ng ng"[ \9! ;n" $"?jng 9n !"m mn • =l‹u !%u @} !"= B?ng @# O B?ng !9! $"En Fn IFng Iun.



5-*-q- ĐEp '(EE(-•I 'nBn B# n"[= ˆ ="$ n"= =>Fng }u [n \9! ;n"‚ 'nBn B# ORn $"SI

=?jng †ng "…' ='n @#F n"'u • =F ="#n" Iˆ= "›n "$ ồng n"=. K" ="#n" $"n "&'

"(! "9! n"'u =" g9 =>; !' •I 'nBn "9! n"'u. Hl>F!'!Fn ="jI !& •I 'nBn

="$ "jn OF @Z !9! BF "l>F!'!Fn "9! >= n"}u b@ "l>F!'!Fn ’ #ng ='n =>Fng'nBn "jnd. T>Fng !ng Iˆ= BF "l>F!'!Fn =" •I 'nBn =]ng B‹n ="_F =>(ng

B?ng $"En =.

-•I 'nBn ="ng ="?cng ?! \9! ;n" u' $"?jng $"9$ ="• =P!" ng n"'u

g‘' 'nBn @# ORn $"SI. AnBn ng • \9! ;n" $"R "ng !& I#u‚ @Š' IZ !"?ng

!=. C" ng $"%n !"?ng != =>Fng "FRng 1W mn Wž.

"?jng $"9$ •I 'nBn ="?cng ?! O wng • \9! ;n" ="#n" $"%n !9!

"l>F!'!Fn ="jI !& =>Fng $"En Fn. "#I B?ng "l>F!'!Fn ="jI !#ng BZn‚ •I

'nBn !#ng ="$.

5-*-r- N6Es am 16X9 16= N"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l B# n"[= ˆ = &‚ " $"En Fn %u IJ ?! = n&ng‚ "j

"l>F!'!Fn O“ ="F9= >' =F @Z "ng "P \ung u'n" Iˆ= "›n "$ I# nmu ?' ng(n

B' mn g%n !"yng O“ ng !"9l >ồ $"w= =Œ= n"? B# Iˆ= =' !"Z$.

N"? @l n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l B‹n u'n mn "#I B?ng !9! ORn $"SI n"a =>Fng

$"En Fn. D%u !#ng !& n"}u !u = n"a‚ n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l !#ng ="$.

"En Fn \]ng: N"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l "ng ul ;n"‚ ="?cng B# ˆ EI.

"En Fn _>FO_n: N"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l =Š 2` mn )WWC‚ ="ng ="?cng 4WWC.

N"[= ˆ -‹_n: N"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l !! Pn =Š 7 mn `)WC‚ ="ng ="?cng

B# )WWC.

"En Fn %u n"cn: N"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l =Š 17W mn 24W WC.

C& "' $"?jng $"9$ • \9! ;n" n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l: "?jng $"9$ !! Pn @# $"?jng $"9$ !! "k.

"?jng $"9$ !! Pn ="?cng 9$ wng @Z @Z !9! ORn $"SI ’ 'l "j

n"? _>FO_n‚ • !R _O_n.

"?jng $"9$ !! "k ="?cng 9$ wng @Z !9! ORn $"SI "ng 'l "j n"?

%u n"cn.

"?jng $"9$ !! Pn 'F gc !€ng !"F n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l ="$ "jn OF @Z

$"?jng $"9$ !! "k.



89! ;n" n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l !& ng"¨' >= u'n =>(ng =>Fng @[! =ồn !"†' @# RF

uRn n"‹n B[u. Nmu n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l !' n"[n B[u ="$‚ " RF uRn =>Fng •

!"†' ngF# =>c nŒng n&ng $"R } $"…ng !& =' B' [n k g%n • =>9n" !"9l nv. -

@Z n"‹n B[u ‹_n !"F \_ =]ng‚ nmu n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l ="$‚ !& ng"¨' B# "#I B?ng

!9! !u = n"a n"}u‚ >= ngul "•I !"F ng?c ngồ =>Fng & @ \_ =]ng $"R B#I @[!

=>Fng }u [n Pn "F#n =F#n.

K" \9! ;n" n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l !' Iˆ= $"En Fn n#F &‚ ="l n"[= ˆ !"Z$

!"9l "9! ="?cng‚ !& ="• ng"¨ >ng =>Fng $"En Fn ‰ Bœn !9! n"‹n B[u n"a.

5-*-t- N6Es am a3() a1u aEp a3() a1 28 aEp v E(6-ng <! B# Iˆ= =Pn" !"= !' %u IJ @# ORn $"SI %u IJ. C"yng ; I= =Pn"

Bn" ˆng " n"[= ˆ " ="$. TPn" Bn" ˆng I= B# F Ot =F ="#n" n"‘ng Ing

m= =n" $'>'zn "F<! F ˆ n"Z= =]ng In".

Mng =n" ="• $'>'zn =F ="#n" @ =>Fng n"‘ng ORn $"SI %u IJ gồI "›n "$

"l>F!'!Fn !& n"[= ˆ ng <! "9! n"'u. K" B#I Bn" mn Iˆ= n"[= ˆ n"=

;n"‚ n"‘ng $'>'zn !& $"En = B?ng BZn m= =n" =>?Z!‚ n"‘ng "l>F!'!Fn !& $"En

= B?ng n"J "jn O“ !"u @#F "ung =ng ="• &‚ œn mn Ot @œn w! =>?Z! " ng

<!. T"ng ="?cng •I @œn w! BZn "jn •I ng <! =Š 7 mn WC.

et $"w ="uˆ! n"[= ˆ ng <! @#F "#I B?ng $'>'zn ?! •u ’n u' •u="†! O'u:

BgCK K T 21

W

+=

T>Fng &

C B# "#I B?ng $'>'zn >Œn !& =>Fng $"En Fn bž =>(ng B?ngd

K 1‚ K 2 B# !9! "ng O

T>Fng =>?cng "$ "#I B?ng $'>'zn ="$‚ Ot ng <! B# F " gRI n"[= ˆ‚

ˆ n"Z= =]ng In" B#I !"F !R " n"‹n B[u ˆng <! B.

N"‘ng =Pn" =>‹n $"w ="uˆ! >= n"}u lmu = n"?: =Ž B[‚ !u =F !9! "l>F!'!Fn

=>Fng ORn $"SI %u IJ‚ •u B#I Bn"‚ ˆ n"Z=‚ B?ng !9! !"= n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n‚

"#I B?ng n?Z! ˜

-•I ng <!: B# n"[= ˆ !'F n"= I# ORn $"SI %u BJng _I B#I Bn" =>Fng

}u [n n"= ;n" "ng !…n !"Rl ?! n‘'.

-•I @œn w!: B# n"[= ˆ I# " ORn $"SI _I B#I Bn" =>Fng n"‘ng }u [nn"= ;n"‚ n& Œ= %u @œn w! F Iˆ= O !u = Œ= %u m= =n".



-•I m= =n": B# n"[= ˆ • ORn $"SI Œ= %u m= =n" !& ="• n"n ="l ng IŒ=

="?cng.

5-*-w- N6Es 16= N"[= !"9l B# B?ng n"[= =J' >' " = !"9l Iˆ= B?ng n"‹n B[u @Z }u [n

B# n"[= ˆ !' n"‹n B[u =>?Z! " = @# ORn $"SI !"9l B# 2W WC. N"[= !"9l B# Iˆ==>Fng n"‘ng <! =Pn" !" lmu !' n"[n B[u. K" = !"9l "F#n =F#n !9! n"‹n B[u

"P‚ n"‹n B[u BJng "F<! n"‹n B[u >Œn }u =F ="#n" C2 @# H2 @# =J' n"[= ="_F

$"Rn †ng:

QH2

l\C

4

l\HC 222l\ ++ →

++

T>Fng =>?cng "$ n"‹n B[u !"†' B?u "u¡n" O“ =F ="#n" e 2

N?Z! =F ="#n" !& ="• k ="• BJng "F<! ="• "j.

G9 =>; n"[= B?ng !'F bQ!'Fd B# B?ng n"[= =J' >' " == !R n?Z! =>Fng ORn $"SI

!"9l k =>ng ="9 BJng‚ Q!'F – Q1 ‡ Q2:

QH2

l\C

4

l\HC 222l\ ++ →

++

H2"j → H2BJng ‡ Q2

G9 =>; n"[= B?ng ="$ bQ="$d B# B?ng n"[= =J' >' " == !R n?Z! =>Fng ORn

$"SI !"9l k =>ng ="9 "P.

H[u g‘' n"[= B?ng =>‹n @# n"[= B?ng ?Z !"Pn" B# n"[= B?ng !%n ="m= •

n?Z! !"ul•n =Š =>ng ="9 BJng O'ng =>ng ="9 "j‚ n"[= B?ng n#l g( B# n"[= "&' "j

!' n?Z!.

5-*-*x-H8 QL() (QX1 &?() 96f( a?J( >:. N"n !"ung n?Z! "ng "…' ='n =>Fng %u IJ @# !9! $"En Fn !' %u IJ.

N"?ng " =]ng n"[= ˆ =" ˆ "…' ='n !' n?Z! =>Fng %u IJ O“ =]ng B‹n.

et !& I<= !' n?Z! =>Fng Iˆ= O $"En Fn %u gEl ngul "•I !"F u9 =>n" O

wng‚ !"—ng "n:

Nmu =>Fng %u mn ="m !& n?Z! O“ B#I gRI ˆ !9!" [n.

T>Fng n"‹n B[u $"Rn Bt! !& n?Z! O“ gEl ngul "•I‚ @ I9l 'l B#I @[! k ˆ

!'F BZn‚ n"[= ˆ " >= ="$ b"FRng ƒ WWCd‚ B?ng n?Z! !& =>Fng n"‹n B[u O“ =F

="#n" !9! =n" ="• n?Z! 9 B# =Œ! @… $"un‚ gEl g9n Fn !ung !$ n"‹n B[u.

T>Fng ORn Ou= LG‚ " ‰n nk O“ " n"[= ˆ‚ n?Z! O“ =F ="#n" !9! =n" ="• n"JgEl =Œ! @'n gRI 9$.



DF @l !%n $"R =9!" n?Z! >' "J !9! $"En Fn O'F !"F "#I B?ng n?Z! !#ng

n"J !#ng ==.

5-*-**-T&b W0 ?1'(T>; O F!='n B# B?ng <! =>?ng !"F "R n]ng !"ng P!" nv !' n"‹n B[u.

C& "' $"?jng $"9$ \9! ;n" =>; O F!='n‚ & B# $"?jng $"9$ ng"‹n !†u b/Nd @# $"?jng $"9$ I=j bMNd.

~Rn !"= !' $"?jng $"9$ n#l B# OF O9n" ˆ }n !"ng P!" nv !' n"‹n B[u ="P

ng"[I @# n"‹n B[u =‹u !"uSn‚ •u ="; ng =>; O F!='n. -ˆ }n !"ng P!" nv !'

FF!='n u ?Z! ng 1WW @# !' n"_$='n ng W.

5-5- Đ(6 )E 16 QL() 1e' >:. y.' 11 a1 &Q() W'.

-• \9! ;n" g9 =>; !' %u =" =>‹n ="; =>?cng‚ ồng ="c ;n" "?Zng !"F !9! u9=>n" O wng‚ !"m mn‚ =Pn" =F9n !ng Ou= ="m= ; !"F n"# I9l B(! %u‚ @[! $"En

=P!"‚ \9! ;n" !9! !" =‹u !' %u =" B# >= !%n ="m=. C& >= n"}u <! =Pn" u'n =>(ng‚

=>Fng $"%n n#l !" ?' >' !9! =Pn" !"= =‹u •u n"=‚ B‹n u'n mn O wng @# u9

=>n" !ng ng"[ !"m mn !"yng.

5-5-*- T68(6 96:( 6=>&?1'1@?( &?() >:. Hl>F!'!Fn B# ="#n" $"%n u'n =>(ng n"= !' %u ="‚ =>Fng %u !"yng !"mI

=Š )W mn Wž =>(ng B?ng. D%u !"†' !#ng n"}u "l>F!'!Fn =" !#ng !& g9 =>; n"=m !'F. "w ="uˆ! @#F "#I B?ng !' =Šng BF: $'>'>zn‚ n'$"=_n‚ '>FI'= I# !& ="•

ORn \u= ?! !9! ORn $"SI n"‹n B[u !& !"= B?ng "9! n"'u. D%u !"†' n'$"=_n‚

'>FI'= O“ !"F $"|$ ORn \u= \]ng !& =>; O F!='n !'F. D%u !"†' n"}u n$'>'zn O“ B#

nguồn =F >' n"‹n B[u ‹_n !& !"= B?ng ==‚ n"?ng "#I B?ng $'>'zn >Œn !'F u9

O“ B#I =]ng •I ng <! !' %u‚ gEl "& "]n !"F u9 =>n" @n !"ul•n‚ ! >&=‚

$"R 9$ wng !9! [n $"9$ • " •I ng‚ gEl =n |I. D%u =>ung g'n n'$"=_n

$'>'zn! O“ B# ngul‹n B[u == • ORn \u= >' %u n"cn !& !" O ˆ n"Z= !'F.

K" "' ="9! ?! %u ="‚ n"= ="m= $"R \9! ;n" "#I B?ng @# <! =Pn" !'

!9! "l>F!'!Fn !& =>Fng %u. C& n"}u $"?jng $"9$ • \9! ;n" !"yng n"?ng $"v

mn B# $"?jng $"9$ "&' B n"? OŒ! "P‚ $"v "ồng ngF b6/d @# = ngF bUVd.

5-5-5- Tk &<()Dt' @#F =Ž =>(ng !& ="• Oj ˆ 9n" g9 %u IJ ="uˆ! BF n<ng "'l n"a‚ I†! ˆ

mn !"= ="$ "'l !'F. T"_F =Ž =>(ng‚ $"v mn ng?c =' !"' %u ="'l 7 !$:

D%u n"a: W‚`7W1

4 <



D%u =>ung n":

D%u n<ng:

W‚``4W‚`7W1

4 ÷=

W‚``41

4 >

D%u =" !#ng n"a‚ "[u Ou= @# !"= B?ng !9! ORn $"SI =>Œng ="u ?! "

!"?ng != !#ng !'F” %u !#ng !"†' P= B?u "u¡n"‚ !#ng I'ng n"}u <! =Pn" $'>'zn!"F<! =>ung g'n n'$"=_n! ƒ $'>'zn!. D%u !#ng n<ng =" !"†' !#ng n"}u !9! !"= ;

ngul‹n =‚ !9! !"= n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n‚ "ng ="un B • ORn \u= !9! ORn $"SI

n"‹n B[u @# %u n"cn‚ n"?ng B B# ngul‹n B[u == • ORn \u= =uI n"t' ?cng @#

!!.

5-5-j- Hs W0 a1 &Q() K H[ O n#l !"F m= %u IJ I'ng <! =Pn" !' BF "l>F!'!Fn n#F B# !" lmu.

H[ O K 'F ˆng =>Fng "FRng =Š 1W mn 17‚ =>Fng &:

H( %u $'>'zn!

H( %u n'$"=_n!

H( %u '>FI'=!

K – 17 ÷ 12‚

K – 11‚4 ÷ 1W‚

K – 1W

C9! "( %u =>ung g'n !& g9 =>; K nI g‘' !9! O =>‹n. ~m= ?! "( %u =" B#

"( g O“ !& "?Zng O wng "$ B. C"—ng "n Iˆ= BF %u =" !& K – 12‚ %u & O“

="uˆ! BF =>ung g'n n'$"=_nF ƒ $'>'zn!‚ n& !"F "[u Ou= @# !"= B?ng !' \]ng‚

_>FO_n‚ g'OFB !'F‚ =uI ="u ?! =Š !<n %u & O“ "ng ==.

5-5-l- H8 QL() 11 6L9 16 16' 11 ().=z( 0 >b 6p C9! !"= !"†' B?u "u¡n"

L?u "u¡n" B# "$ !"= !" lmu !& =>Fng %u =". C"yng =ồn = k n"}u ng:

I_>!'$='n‚ Ounzu'‚ Ounzu'‚ H2e‚ e. C]n !† @#F "#I B?ng B?u "u¡n" ng?c =' !"'%u IJ B#I ' BF:

D%u IJ P= B?u "u¡n"

D%u IJ !& B?u "u¡n"

D%u IJ n"}u B?u "u¡n"

e ¤ W‚ž

e – W‚1÷ 2ž

e ¢ 2ž

D%u IJ !"†' n"}u B?u "u¡n" !& g9 =>; n" =m ="$ "jn %u IJ P= B?u "u¡n".

L " ¡ " B# "= E "} =9 " K" = "9 = e e E ˆ " # ]



I…n ?cng ng‚ ="m= ;. M<= "9!‚ " ?' %u =" !"m mn "&' "(!‚ B?u "u¡n" O“

B# ngul‹n n"En gEl ngˆ ˆ! \y! =9!‚ B#I gRI "[u Ou= @# !"= B?ng ORn $"SI.

T"ng ="?cng %u !#ng n<ng =" "#I B?ng B?u "u¡n" !#ng !'F.

H#I B?ng N=j =>Fng %u

C9! !"= !"†' n=j =>Fng %u ="?cng P= "jn OF @Z B?u "u¡n". C"yng ="?cng !&

=Pn" 'j n‹n !& Rn" "?kng BZn mn u9 =>n" !"m mn %u =>‹n \y! =9! '\= bu9 =>n"

!>Œ!ng‚ >_zF>Ing‚ 'BlB "&'˜d‚ n& B# ngul‹n n"En gEl n‹n I= "F= =Pn" \y! =9!‚

=F !<n =>Fng ˆng !j @# B#I mn I#u ORn $"SI.

C9! !"= n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n.

D%u IJ !& n"}u n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n =" =>Fng ORn $"SI b%u n"cn @# !<nd !#ng

!& n"}u !"= &. N& !"ung n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n B# n"‘ng !"= !& ". Nmu =>Fng ORn $"SI !& n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n =" "R n]ng !"9l O“ "ng "F#n =F#n‚ =F !<n @# =#n‚ B#I

=Œ! @… $"un !' ˆng !j. N"t' B# !"= ’ ; F\ "&'‚ O“ B#I gRI =Pn" vn ;ng !' ORn

$"SI. Tul n"‹n %u =" !"†' n"}u n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n =" $"%n !<n B B# ngul‹n B[u

== • ORn \u= =uI. "%n !<n g>u>Fn !' %u =" V[= N'I !& =vng "#I B?ng

n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n B# >= ="$ n‹n "ng ="• O wng • ORn \u= =uI.

5-5-n- Đm (6X

Dt' @#F ˆ n"Z= !' %u IJ !& ="• =Pn" =F9n ?! !9! u9 =>n" jI @n!"ul•n. D%u !& ˆ n"Z= !#ng !'F =" !#ng "& @n !"ul•n ng ?cng ng. -• @n

!"ul•n $"R =‹u "'F n]ng B?ng‚ @ @l !" !"P @n !"ul•n O“ =]ng B‹n. - @Z %u

=" !#ng n<ng =" ˆ n"Z= !#ng !'F. - @Z !9! $"En Fn %u IJ‚ !"—ng "n %u

n"cn ˆ n"Z= g%n n"? B# Iˆ= !" =‹u u'n =>(ng n"= n"I RI RF !"F u9 =>n"

=>jn ==.

5-5-q- N6Es am a3() a1

N"[= ˆ ng <! $"Rn 9n" =Pn" Bn" ˆng !' %u k n"[= ˆ ="$. Nmu n"[= ˆ

ng <! !' Iˆ= BF %u n#F & !'F =" O“ >= "& "]n !"F u9 =>n" @n !"ul•n‚

jI >&=‚ $"R =mn "#n" !9! [n $"9$ B#I gRI n"[= ˆ ng <! n"? g' n"[= gEl

=n |I.

C& "' ngul‹n n"En œn mn %u !& n"[= ˆ ng <! !'F‚ & B#: %u !& ˆ n"Z=

BZn @# %u !"†' n"}u n ƒ $'>'zn >Œn. VP w %u =" ~!" Hv !"†' n"}u n ƒ $'>'zn

>Œn n‹n n"[= ˆ ng <! B# ‡77WC.



5-5-r- N6Es am 16X9 16= N"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l $"Rn 9n" "#I B?ng !9! "l>F!'!Fn n"a !& =>Fng %u @#

!"F m= ˆ ngul "•I @Z "[n =?ng !"9l nv " RF uRn @# @n !"ul•n. N"[=

ˆ !"Z$ !"9l !#ng ="$‚ !#ng g%n @Z n"[= ˆ !' I =>?cng =" !%n $"R ="n =>(ng

" RF uRn @# @n !"ul•n. "R !& !9! [n $"9$ } $"…ng • gRI = ' !9! "[n=?ng !"9l nv.

VP w‚ \]ng !& n"[= ˆ !"Z$ !"9l ="$ n‹n • RF uRn 'n =F#n !"F !9! ồn •

!"†' \]ng‚ ng?c =' ="?cng Ojn n"€ =>Œng • $"Rn \ n"[=‚ "[ ="ng =?Z n?Z! • B#I

I9= •‚ "F<! \El • ng%I.

5-5-t- H8 QL() 101 1?(&'>W?(-ˆ !! "&' !Fn>'OFn B# B?ng <! =>?ng !"F "R n]ng =F !! !' $"%n !<n

%u IJ. - B?ng n#l !#ng !'F =" "[u Ou= !! ="u ?! !#ng !'F. H#I B?ng !!

!Fn>'OFn !#ng !'F !…n !& ng"¨' "#I B?ng n"t' @# 'O$"'n=_n =>Fng %u IJ O“ !'F‚

@# !& ="• O wng !<n %u IJ BF n#l • ORn \u= =uI n"t' ?cng @Z "[u Ou= @#

!"= B?ng ==.

5-5-w- KE ?JE (() &?() >:.T>Fng %u IJ ="?cng !& n"}u I BF k I†! @ B?ng n"? V‚ N‚ CF‚ ‚ T‚

Mn˜=>Fng & !" lmu B# "' ngul‹n = V'n' @# N_n. H#I B?ng !9! I BF

=>Fng %u $"Rn 9n" I†! ˆ Rn" "?kng !' !"yng " O wng !9! $"En Fn B#I

n"‹n B[u @# ngul‹n B[u !"F !9! u9 =>n" !"m mn. VP w‚ nmu =>Fng n"‹n B[u = B…

!& n"}u V‚ N !9! I BF n#l O“ gEl ="ng B… F =F ="#n" !9! "$ I @Z OŒ= !&

n"[= ˆ n&ng !"Rl ="$‚ !…n =>Fng $"Rn †ng >_zF>Ing \y! =9!‚ !9! I BF ‚ AO O“

B#I \y! =9! I= "F= =Pn" bngˆ ˆ! \y! =9!d.

- @Z %u =" V[= N'I‚ "#I B?ng =>ung n" !' V @# N >= ="$‚ "#I B?ng

V'n' =>Fng $"%n !<n !€ng !" "FRng W‚4) $$I‚ !…n N B# 1W‚W7 $$I.

5-j- C1 a1 {(6 1e' >:. 63 28 W|( 96} >:. 5-j-*- T{(6 @'= 64E

TPn" 'l "j <! =>?ng !"F "R n]ng !"ul•n =Š ng BJng O'ng ng "j !' Iˆ=

ORn $"SI.

Tl ="uˆ! @#F n"[= ˆ‚ 9$ Ou= Iˆ= !"= !& ="• =ồn = ng n#l "'l ng "9!‚

"'l !9! ng nI !En ng @Z n"'u. - @Z !9! ngul‹n !"=‚ k 9$ Ou= \9! ;n" Ot

"&' "j \Rl >' k n"[= ˆ "ng v. K" 9$ Ou= =]ng =" n"[= ˆ "&' "j =]ng. X$



Ou= F $"' "j gEl >' nI !En ng @Z $"' BJng k n"[= ˆ \9! ;n" g( B# 9$ Ou=

"j.

- @Z !u = n"a ’ 'l "j =" 9$ Ou= "j !#ng !'F @# n"[= ˆ O !#ng ="$.

Ng?! B !u = !#ng n<ng !#ng "& 'l "j =" 9$ Ou= "j !#ng ="$ @# n"[= ˆ O

!#ng !'F.

N"?ng @Z !9! ORn $"SI %u "P ?! <! =>?ng k "FRng n"[= ˆ O. VP

w $"En Fn \]ng‚ "FRng n"[= ˆ O =Š 7W WC mn 1`WWC.

T>Fng u9 =>n" O wng !9! ORn $"SI n]ng B?ng $"R !"ul•n =Š ng BJng "

=ồn =>‘ O'ng ng "j " O wng. V @l n& … "J $"R !& g' Fn "&' "j‚ @Z

!9! ORn $"SI %u "P‚ Ot "&' "j \Rl >' k n"[= ˆ =]ng %n =>Fng u9 =>n" "&' "j.

M<= "9!‚ Iˆ= <! •I >= u'n =>(ng !& B‹n u'n mn u9 =>n" "&' "j & B# Ot "&'

"j =‹u ="w n]ng B?ng. Ng?! B u9 =>n" ng?ng =w B# u9 =>n" =J' n"[=. -El B# !9!

<! =Pn" !%n $"R !"y " O wng !9! ORn $"SI %u "P‚ @ n& œn mn @n } n"?:

B#I " n"[= ˆ I =>?cng‚ "& "k ˆng ˆng !j k }u [n Bn"˜

5-j-5- T{(6 @~ 16=C"9l B# u9 =>n" F\ "&' Iˆ= !"= ’n >' >= n"'n" @# ¯I ="_F =J' n"}u n"[=‚

El B# u9 =>n" $"†! =$‚ =>Fng & $"Rn †ng F\l "&' B# !j Ok !' u9 =>n" = !"9l

!9! ORn $"SI %u "P ng F\ b"ng "Pd =" O“ =F ="#n" !9! ORn $"SI !"9l C 2‚H2‚ e2˜N"[= =>; !' !9! !"= !& ="• ="'I "RF k Rng 7.1

bC‚ H‚ ed ‡ 2 C2 ‡ H2 ‡ e2 ‡ Q

C9! ORn $"SI %u "P !& n"[= =>; !'F‚ =Ž B[ H£C !#ng !'F @# "#I B?ng B?u

"u¡n" !#ng ="$ =" n"[= =>; !#ng !'F. N"?ng • u9 =>n" !"9l \Rl >' "F#n =F#n n"=

="m= $"R "ˆ =w !9! }u [n O'u:

- C%n ="m= $"R ?' ORn $"SI O'ng ng "j.

- e wng B?ng ="P!" "$ "ng "P @# ORn $"SI: • u9 =>n" !"9l \Rl >' =" =Ž

B[ n"‹n B[u @# "ng "P $"R nI =>Fng "FRng g‘' gZ "n !"9l ?Z @#

gZ "n !"9l =>‹n.



- C%n !& n]ng B?ng "j I#F: =' B' [n !' u>‚ ng(n B' Iồ "F<! n"[= ˆ

!'F.

~Rng 7.1. N"[= !"9l !' Iˆ= O !"=

C"= = eRn $"SI !"9l N"[= =>; b!'B£ gd

C K"P C2 `177H Hj H2 21WWe K"P e2 2722

5-j-j- T{(6 Q. 16.=p(et B?u !"ul•n !' !9! ORn $"SI %u "P ="ng u' "' ="ng O: =Ž =>(ng @# ˆ

n"Z=‚ & B# "' ="ng O ="'l v ="_F n"[= ˆ‚ " n"[= ˆ =]ng =Ž =>(ng @# ˆ n"Z=

gRI‚ Rn" "?kng n#l B# 9ng •.

5-j-l- Tk &<()

TŽ =>(ng B# =Ž O g‘' =>(ng B?ng >‹ng !' Iˆ= @= k Iˆ= n"[= ˆ n"= ;n" @#=>(ng B?ng >‹ng !' Iˆ= @= "9! ?! !"(n B# !"uSn‚ \9! ;n" k !ng @; =>P. - @Z

!9! BF ORn $"SI %u BJng }u Bl n?Z! != k n"[= ˆ 4WC @# 9$ Ou= ^)W IIHg B#I

!"uSn.

TŽ =>(ng !' %u IJ‚ "F<! Iˆ= $"En Fn %u IJ k n"[= ˆ ™=š =>‹n =>(ng B?ng

>‹ng !' n?Z! k 4WC‚ =' !& ="• g" =4‚ @# =>Fng "[ CGe •u ="; ng g£!I7. -• ’ OF

O9n"‚ =Ž =>(ng ?! •u ="; k !ng Iˆ= n"[= ˆ‚ $"%n BZn !9! n?Z! }u Bl k 2W WC

b2W4d "F<! 1‚)WC b=?jng †ng @Z )WW¥d OF @Z n?Z! k !ng n"[= ˆ.

f Iˆ= O n?Z! !…n •u ="; =Ž =>(ng ng ˆ WA6. Cng ="†! !"ul•n v =Ž =>(ng

O'ng ˆ WA6 n"? O'u:

171‚

141‚A6

1‚)1‚)

W −=

TŽ =>(ng !' ORn $"SI %u IJ ="'l v >= n"}u " n"[= ˆ ="'l v‚ n"?ng

"ng $"w ="uˆ! @#F 9$ Ou=. Tul n"‹n nmu 9$ Ou= !'F =" !& Rn" "?kng !"y= P=.

5-j-n- Đm (6X-ˆ n"Z= B# =Pn" !"= !' Iˆ= !"= BJng‚ ?! \_I B# I' O9= nˆ !' !"= BJng @#

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CgC PH^N ĐO_N DẦU M! "À NG D$NG C]A CgC

PH^N ĐO_N DẦU M!GEXE 6Es.+

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C1).

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CH4 ‡ H2 C ‡ 7H2

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=>; O F!='n !"F \]ng.

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†ng O'u:

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bCH7eHd˜

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I_='n !& ="• ="'I "RF k "n" 4.1.

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n"}u.

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ng ="'n.

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n"? O'u:

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H[u Ou= n"[= !'F.

T"c g'n \El tng ngŒn.

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G9 ="#n" ORn \u= 1 K·" [n =Š "P ="$ "jn OF @Z !9! BF n"‹n B[u "9!



K"P %u IJ "&' BJng bLGd

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K_>FO_n B#I n"‹n B[u $"Rn Bt!

-ˆng !j $"Rn Bt! bHn" 7.2d.

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u' =ul_ >' ngF# @Z =! ˆ >= BZn‚ =F n‹n Iˆ= $"Rn Bt! =9! ˆng B‹n ˆng !j‚ Sl

ˆng !j =mn B‹n $"P' =>?Z!. -El B# ˆng !j $"Rn Bt! =u'n.



Hn" 7.2. -ˆng !j $"Rn Bt!

C"y ="P!":

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[email protected].

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Ngul‹n B B#I @[!: K" $O=Fn =Š •I !"m= =>‹n \ung •I !"m= ?Z‚ @'n

n$ Ik >'‚ "ng "P ?! "y= @#F \l B'n"” O'u & @'n n$ &ng B‚ $O=Fn B =Š

•I !"m= ?Z B‹n •I !"m= =>‹n‚ ="t! "[n u9 =>n" n|n "ng "P. DF ; n|n‚ 9$

Ou= =]ng‚ œn mn n"[= ˆ =]ng !& ="• =Z WW mn ^WW WC. K" $O=Fn B‹n mn g%n •I

!"m= =>‹n n"‹n B[u ?! $"un @#F \l B'n" bn"c jI !'F 9$d ?Z ng O?jng‚ "

g<$ "ng "P k n"[= !'F O“ =t ! !"9l. K" !"9l 9$ Ou= =]ng In" Sl $O=Fn =Š @;

=>P •I !"m= =>‹n \ung •I !"m= ?Z ="t! "[n u9 =>n" ‰n nk On" !ng !& P!" @#

?! =>ul}n u' "[ ="ng ="'n" =>ul}n B#I !"l I9l. O=Fn O'u & B =Š •I !"m=

?Z B‹n •I !"m= =>‹n • ="R ORn $"SI !"9l >' ngF# u' Iˆ= @'n ="R @# =m$ =w!

="t! "[n !"u ¡ IZ.

~Rn !"= !' u9 =>n" !"9l

N"‹n B[u O'u " $"un @#F \lB'n" "ng =t !"9l ng'l I# $"R !& Iˆ= ="c g'n

• F\l "&' OEu !9! "l>F!'!Fn =>Fng n"‹n B[u‚ =F "$ !"= !"†' F\l =>ung g'n‚ !&

"R n]ng =t ! !"9l. K"FRng ="c g'n & g( B# ="c g'n !RI †ng "'l ="c g'n !"9l

=>’. T"c g'n !RI †ng !#ng ngŒn !#ng ==‚ By! & n"‹n B[u O“ !"9l }u "…'. N"? @l‚ • !& ="c g'n !"9l =>’ ngŒn =" =>Fng n"‹n B[u $"R !& n"}u !9! !"=

n ƒ $'>'zn‚ @ !9! !u = n#l ’ ; F\l "&'‚ =†! B# ’ =t ! !"9l‚ !…n !9! F ƒ $'>'zn

@# !9! "$ !"= "l>F!'!Fn ="jI >= "& ; F\l "&' n‹n ="c g'n !"9l =>’ #‚ "R

n]ng =t ! !"9l |I. C& ="• OŒ$ \m$ ="† =t ="_F !"}u gRI "R n]ng F\l "&' b=†! B#

="c g'n !RI †ngd !' !9! "l>F!'!Fn n"? O'u:

n ƒ $'>'zn ¤ n'$"=_n ¤ n ƒ FB_zn ¤ F ƒ n'$"=_n ¤ F ƒ $'>'zn

¤ F ƒ FB_zn ¤ "l>F!'!Fn ="jI.

T>; O \_='n

-• <! =>?ng !"F "R n]ng =t ! !"9l !' n"‹n B[u ‹_n‚ ng?c =' O wng

B?ng =>; O \_='n. T>; O \_='n B# jn @; F ul ?Z!‚ <! =>?ng !"F "R n]ng =t

! B' !' n"‹n B[u ‹_n‚ B# Iˆ= O ngul‹n‚ !& g9 =>; yng ng g9 =>; !' "›n

"$ !"uSn !& !ng "R n]ng =t Œ= !"9l. H›n "$ !"uSn n#l gồI "' "l>F!'!Fn: n

ƒ \_='n bC1)H74d ul ;n" B# 1WW‚ !& "R n]ng =t ! !"9l == @# I_=lB n'$"='B_nbC11H1Wd ul ;n" B# W‚ !& "R n]ng =t ! !"9l |I. C9! "l>F!'!Fn "9! n"'u }u



!& =>; O \_='n "9! n"'u: I!" ="—ng !#ng #‚ =>; O \_='n !#ng !'F‚ ng?! B‚

"l>F!'!Fn ="jI n"}u @…ng‚ =>; O \_='n ="$.

Nmu =>; O \_='n u9 !'F O“ "ng !%n ="m= @ gEl B‰ng $"P n"‹n B[u‚ Iˆ= O

="#n" $"%n n"‹n B[u =>?Z! " !"9l‚ k n"[= ˆ !'F =>Fng \lB'n" ; ="mu F\l n‹n

$"En "l ="#n" !'!Fn =t F‚ =F ="#n" Iuˆ.

Nmu =>; O \_='n ="$ O“ \Rl >' u9 =>n" !"9l P!" nv F: =>Fng n"‹n B[u !&

n"}u ="#n" $"%n "& ; F\l "&'‚ " B?ng n"‹n B[u $"un @#F =>Fng \lB'n" u9

n"}u IZ \Rl >' u9 =>n" =t !"9l‚ œn mn !"9l !ng Iˆ= By!‚ gEl =J' n"[= In"‚ 9$

Ou= =]ng In"‚ ˆng !j >un g=‚ ˜g( B# !"9l P!" nv.

-• =]ng =>; O \_='n !& ="• ="‹I @#F n"‹n B[u !9! $"w g' ="y! Sl u9 =>n" F\l

"&' n"?: F ƒ $>F$lBn=>'=‚ n ƒ u=lBn=>'=‚ 'IlBn=>'=˜@Z B?ng "FRng 1‚ž ="•

=P!"‚ !"= $"w g' !& ="• B#I =]ng =>; O \_='n B‹n 1 mn 2W jn @;.

j-n- P6f( a?J( G'W?E (() P6f( a?J( >:. (6o(VZ "FRng O =Š 7W mn WWWC‚ $"En Fn n#l 'F gồI !9! "l>F!'!Fn =Š

C21 mn C7 "F<! !& ="• B‹n =Z C4W.

j-n-*- T68(6 96:( 6;' 6<1DF !& $"En = B?ng BZn‚ ="#n" $"%n "&' "(! !' $"En Fn %u n"cn >= $"†!

=$: C9! n $'>'zn @# F $'>'zn P=‚ n'$"=_n @# ="jI n"}u. Dng !u =>y! "›n "$

=]ng.

H#I B?ng !9! "$ !"= !' e‚ N‚ =]ng In": "jn Wž B?ng B?u "u¡n" !&

=>Fng %u IJ =$ =>ung k $"En Fn n#l‚ gồI !9! ng n"? OuBzu'‚ ="F$"_n‚ OuBzu'

@…ng˜ C9! !"= N=j ="?cng k ng ồng —ng !' $l>n‚ $l>FB @# !'!'FB. C9!

"$ !"= F\l k ng '\=. C9! I BF n<ng n"? V‚ N‚ Cu‚ ˜C9! !"= n"t'‚

'O$"'n=_n }u !& I<= =>Fng $"En Fn.

T"ng ="?cng ng?c =' =9!" $"En Fn %u n"cn ng !9!" !"?ng != !"En

"ng $"%n !<n %u IJ‚ • =>9n" $"En "l !9! !"= k n"[= ˆ !'F.



j-n-5- () >„() 1e' 96f( a?J( ap W|( S. >:. (6o( Cng wng !' %u =>jn

• Cng wng B#I gRI I' O9=

Mw! P!" !j Rn !' %u n"cn =>jn g‘' !9! } I<= =m$ \y! !' !9! !" =m=

!"ul•n ˆng n"I gRI I' O9=. M9l I&! O“ I…n ng'l nmu "ng !& %u =>jn.

Nmu !"(n yng %u =>jn =" "[ O I' O9= gRI =Š 1WW mn 1WWW B%n OF @Z I' O9=

". K" !"F %u @#F I9l @Z Iˆ= BZ$ #l‚ %u O“ \_n “ g‘' "' } I<=. K"

!"ul•n ˆng‚ !" !& !9! $"%n = %u n"cn =>?= B‹n n"'u. DF & I9l I&! B#I @[!

n"a n"#ng‚ P= ; I…n‚ gRI ?! !ng =‹u "'F @ P!".

• Cng wng B#I I9=

K" I' O9=‚ I BF n&ng B‹n‚ n"? @l Iˆ= B?ng n"[= ‰ On" >' =>Fng u9 =>n"&. L?ng n"[= BZn "'l n"J $"w ="uˆ! @#F "[ O I' O9=‚ =R =>(ng‚ =! ˆ. =! ˆ !#ng

BZn =" B?ng n"[= On" >' !#ng n"}u‚ I BF O“ ; n&ng B#I I9l I&! B#I @[! I=

!"Pn" \9!. N"c =>ng ="9 BJng %u !"Rl u' !9! } I<= I' O9= _I ="_F Iˆ= $"%n

n"[= =>ul}n >' ngF#‚ B#I !"F I9l I&! B#I @[! == "jn.

• Cng wng B#I O!"

K" B#I @[!‚ } I<= I' O9= On" >' In I BF‚ n"‘ng "= >Œn n#l O“ B#I !"F

} I<= !ng =9! ; \?Z!‚ "Jng. ngF# >' !& ="• !& !9=‚ w‚ =$ !"= k ngF# >j @#F }

I<= I' O9=. N"c %u n"cn B?u !"ul•n u' !9! } I<= I' O9=‚ !un ="_F !9! =$ !"=

?' >' !'!=_ %u @# ?! BŒng B(! .

• Cng wng B#I Pn

T>Fng !9! ˆng !j !& n"}u !" =m= =>ul}n ˆng !%n $"R B#I Pn @# !"Pn" \9!

n"? $O=Fn ƒ \lB'n"‚ n"c "R n]ng 9I Pn" =F I#ng‚ %u n"cn !& ="• g&$ $"%n B#I

Pn !9! "_ "k‚ "ng !"F "j ; >… >‚ RI RF !"F I9l B#I @[! n" ="?cng.• ~RF @[ I BF

~} I<= I9l I&!‚ ˆng !j " B#I @[! ="?cng =m$ \y! @Z "ng "P‚ "j n?Z!‚

"P ="R˜B#I !"F I BF ; ]n I…n‚ "? "Jng. n"c %u n"cn !& ="• B#I ="#n" I#ng

IJng $" Pn B‹n } I<= I BF n‹n ng]n !9!" ?! @Z !9! lmu = =>‹n‚ @ @l I

BF ?! RF @[.

"En BF %u n"cn

T"_F ng"¨' O wng‚ %u n"cn !& 2 BF !"Pn"‚ & B#:

D% "c " P " = b B# % ˆ d



D%u n"cn "ng O wng !"F Iw! P!" =>jn b%u !ng ng"[$d

T>Fng ="t! =m‚ %u ˆng !j !"mI Iˆ= =Ž B[ "9 BZn =>Fng !ng ng"[$ ORn \u=

%u =>jn n& !"ung b"FRng 4Wžd @# ?! O wng $"v mn.

C9! <! =>?ng !j Rn !' %u =>jn

• -ˆ n"Z=

-ˆ n"Z= !' Iˆ= O $"En Fn %u n"cn B# Iˆ= B?ng @= B <! =>?ng !"F =>k

Bt! F I' O9= nˆ = !' n& On" >' " !"ul•n ˆng. DF @l ˆ n"Z= !& B‹n u'n mn

"R n]ng =>jn !' %u n"cn.

-• ="t! "[n n"[I @w =>jn‚ %u n"cn $"R !& ˆ n"Z= ="P!" "$‚ $"R 9I

!"Œ! B‹n } I<= I BF @# "ng ; Sl >' ngF#‚ ng"¨' B# n& $"R !& I' O9= nˆ =

n"J.-ˆ n"Z= !' %u n"cn $"w ="uˆ! !" lmu @#F ="#n" $"%n "&' "(!.

C9! "l>F!'!Fn $'>'zn! !& ˆ n"Z= ="$ "jn OF @Z !9! BF "9!. !"}u # @#

ˆ $"En n"9n" !' I!" "l>F!'!Fn !#ng BZn‚ ˆ n"Z= O“ =]ng B‹n.

C9! "l>F!'!Fn ="jI @# n'$"=_n !& ˆ n"Z= !'F. -<! [= O @…ng !#ng n"}u

="; ˆ n"Z= !#ng BZn. C9! "l>F!'!Fn "›n "$ g‘' ="jI @# n'$"=_n !& ˆ n"Z= !'F

n"=.

-ˆ n"Z= !' %u n"cn ="?cng ?! F ng $F'j bd‚ !_n=$F'j b!d‚ "F<!

O=! be=d‚ !_n=O=! b!e=d.

• C" O ˆ n"Z=

Mˆ= <! =Pn" !j Rn n‘' !' %u n"cn & B# Ot ="'l v ˆ n"Z= ="_F n"[= ˆ.

T"ng ="?cng‚ " n"[= =]ng‚ ˆ n"Z= O“ gRI. D%u n"cn ?! \_I B# %u =>jn ==

" ˆ n"Z= !' n& P= ; ="'l v ="_F n"[= ˆ‚ =' n& >ng %u & !& !" O ˆ n"Z=

!'F. ng?! B nmu ˆ n"Z= ="'l v n"}u ="_F n"[= ˆ‚ !& ng"¨' B# %u !& !" O ˆn"Z= ="$.

T' !& ="• \9! ;n" !" O ˆ n"Z= V6 ="_F =F9n ồ k "n" 4.4.

C9!" \9! ;n" n"? O'u: -<= ="?Z! n 2 •I g9 =>; ˆ n"Z= k 4W WC @# 1WWWC‚

•I !Œ= O“ B# g9 =>; !" O ˆ n"Z= V6 !%n =I.



Hn" 4.4. TF9n ồ • \9! ;n" !" O ˆ n"Z= V6

eRn \u= %u n"cn

-• ="t! "[n ?! !"†! n]ng =>jn ==‚ %u n"cn $"R !& ˆ n"Z= "9 !'F •ul => ?! I#ng %u B‹n =w!‚ I<= "9! !" O ˆ n"Z= $"R !'F • " I9l I&! B#I

@[! k n"[= ˆ ="?cng‚ !€ng n"? k n"[= ˆ !'F ˆ n"Z= & P= ; ="'l v b!& ng"¨' B#

%u $"R !& !" O ˆ n"Z= !'Fd. -• = ?! Iw! P!" =>‹n‚ ngul‹n B[u == n"= •

ORn \u= %u n"cn g! B#:

C9! n ƒ $'>'zn O'u " ‰ =9!" Z= !9! !"= !& $"En = B?ng u9 BZn •

=>9n" Ot m= =n".

C9! "l>F!'!Fn n'$"=_n! "F<! ="jI P= @…ng‚ !& n"9n" $"w #” !9! !u

= n#l B# ngul‹n B[u B =?kng • ORn \u= %u n"cn g!‚ @ !"yng @Š' !&

ˆ n"Z= !'F b=Pn" !"= !' !9! @…ng n'$"=_n‚ @…ng ="jId” @Š' !"F !" O ˆ

n"Z= !'F b=Pn" !"= !' n"9n" $"w $'>'znd.

e'u " !& %u n"cn g!‚ • ORn \u= %u n"cn ="?jng $"SI‚ ng?c =' $"R $"'

="‹I !9! $"w g' n"I Iw! P!" =]ng !?cng !9! =Pn" !"= Oµn !&‚ "F<! =F >' n"‘ng

"R n]ng I# =>Fng %u n"cn g! !"?' !&. "w g' • $"' !"m %u =>jn $"R 9$

†ng ?! !9! l‹u !%u: ='n =>Fng %u g!‚ vn ;n" "&' "(!‚ "ng ˆ! "‚ !& =Pn"



=?jng "$‚ ˆ 'l "j ="$ @# "ng $"Rn †ng "&' "(! @Z n"'u. C9! BF $"w g'

="?cng B#:

"w g' !"ng F\l "&' 'F gồI !9! œn \u= !' $"_nFB‚ 'In n"?:

H

C

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3C

CH3

CH3

2+#-tert-butyl-p-crezol

R N R

H

phenyl-α-naphtyla,in

"w g' =]ng !" O ˆ n"Z=

H2C C

CH3

CH3

n

poly-izo-butylen

H2C C

CH3

CCH3

n

poly,etacrylat

"w g' †! !"m ]n I…n

N

N

N

H

CH3C CH2

S

CH3

S

benzothiazol tecpen un.ua

"w g' =Sl >'

Ca

S3R

S3RCa

S3R

H

"w g' " •I ng @# n"}u !9! BF $"w g' "9!.

RR

H

RR

R



j-n-j- () >„() 1e' 96f( a?J( ap W|( S. W|( 96} &~()C9! ORn $"SI =>Œng B# =‹n g( !' ' BF n"‹n B[u: 8]ng‚ _>FO_n‚ ‹_n. -&

B# !9! BF n"‹n B[u ?! O wng n"}u n"=‚ u'n =>(ng n"=. -• B#I =]ng O B?ng

!9! n"[n B[u n#l‚ !& ="• =mn "#n" $"En "l g'OFB n<ng ng $"?jng $"9$ !>]ng"F<! "l>F!>]ng. VZ !9!" n#l‚ !& ="• mn !9! !u = C 21 mn C4W ="#n" \]ng bC

mn C11d‚ _>FO_n bC11 mn C1)d‚ ‹_n bC1) mn C2Wd‚ n"? @l‚ nEng !'F "[u Ou= O

wng !' %u IJ.

j-q- P6f( a?J( 1( >:. 1( ).>?(j-q-*- T68(6 96:( 6;' 6<1

Gu>Fn B# $"%n !…n B O'u " ‰ $"En =9!" !9! $"En Fn • =>‹n !& n"[= ˆ O

BZn "jn WWWC‚ gồI !9! "l>F!'!Fn !& O ngul‹n = !'!Fn BZn "jn C41‚ gZ "n

!u !ng !& ="• B‹n mn C`W.

T"#n" $"%n !' $"En Fn n#l >= $"†! =$. C& ="• !"' ="#n" 7 n"&I !"Pn" O'u:

N"&I !"= %u

N"&I !"= %u 'F gồI !9! "l>F!'!Fn !& $"En = B?ng BZn‚ =$ =>ung n"}u

!9! "$ !"= ="jI !& ˆ ng?ng =w !'F‚ !u =>y! "›n "$ n"}u @…ng g‘' ="jI @#

n'$"=_n‚ El B# n"&I "$ !"= n"a n"=‚ !& =Ž =>(ng \$ \ ng 1‚ "…' ='n =>Fng \]ng‚n ƒ $_n='n‚ Ce2 ˜n"?ng "ng "…' ='n =>Fng !ồn. T>Fng $"En Fn !<n n"&I %u

!"mI =Š 4 mn )Wž.

N"&I !"= n"t'

N"&I n#l k ng _F u9n": gồI "' n"&I ="#n" $"%n & B# !"= =>ung =Pn" @#

!"= '\=.

C9! !"= =>ung =Pn" !& I#u _n "F<! nEu‚ n"[= ˆ "&' I}I n"J "jn 1WW WC‚ =Ž

=>(ng BZn "jn 1‚ ’ #ng "…' ='n =>Fng \]ng‚ n'$"='. C"= =>ung =Pn" =F =>Fng n"t' !&

=Pn" ŸF ' @# =Pn" Pn" m=. H#I B?ng !' n& Rn" "?kng =>t! =m$ mn =Pn" |F #

!' n"t'‚ !"mI "FRng 1W mn 1ž " B?ng !' !<n gu>Fn.

C9! !"= '\P= B# !"= !& n"&I ƒCH‚ I#u nEu OœI‚ =Ž =>(ng BZn "jn 1‚ ’ "…'

='n =>Fng !BF>u'zF>I @# >?u _=lB!‚ !"= '\= =F !"F n"t' !& =Pn" "F= ˆng } I<=.

K"R n]ng m= Pn" !' =uI $"w ="uˆ! @#F "#I B?ng !"= '\= !& =>Fng n"t'‚ n& !"

!"mI "FRng 1ž =>Fng !<n %u IJ. N"&I 'O$"'n=_n



N"&I 'O$"'n=_n B# n"&I !"= I#u _n‚ !u =F =n" ="•‚ =Ž =>(ng BZn "jn 1‚ !"†'

$"%n BZn !9! "$ !"= ; @…ng !& "R n]ng "…' ='n In" =>Fng !9! Ounzu' bCe2d.

-un k 7WWWC "ng ; n&ng !"Rl I# ; !"9l ="#n" =>F.

NgF# ' n"&I !"= !"Pn" n& =>‹n‚ =>Fng !<n gu>Fn !…n !& !9! "$ !"= !j I

!' I BF n<ng‚ !9! !"= !'!_n˜"ng ='n =>Fng !9! ung I ="ng ="?cng‚ !"

='n =>Fng $l>n

j-q-5- () >„() 1e' 96f( a?J( 1( ).>&?("En Fn gu>Fn ?! O wng =>Fng n"}u Iw! P!" "9! n"'u n"? ORn \u=

=uI‚ ="'n !!‚ n"‹n B[u = B…. T>Fng !9! †ng wng =>‹n‚ ORn \u= =uI B# †ng

wng u'n =>(ng n"=.

eRn \u= =uI

• T"#n" $"%n "&' "(! !' =uI

~=uI B# "›n "$ $"†! =$ !' n"}u BF !"=‚ =>Fng & "#I B?ng !9! ngul‹n

= ="u ?! n"? O'u:

~Rng 4..`. T"#n" $"%n ngul‹n = !' =uI

C'!Fn

Hl>F

L?u "u¡n"

N=j

\l

bCd

bHd

bed

bNd

bd

`W ƒ `^ž

1W ƒ 1ž

2 ƒ `ž

W‚ ƒ 2ž

1 ƒ ž

T>Fng !9! ngul‹n = • =>‹n‚ "#I B?ng !'!Fn @# "l>F !"mI Iˆ= =Ž B[ =?jng

BZn. Qu' & ="l >ng n"&I %u B# ˆ $"n !" lmu =F ="#n" =uI.

C9! !"= 'O$"'n=_n ulm= ;n" =Pn" >Œn !' =uI‚ !& ng"¨' B# Iun =uI !#ng

>Œn =" "#I B?ng 'O$"'n=_n !#ng !'F.

C9! !"= n"t' ulm= ;n" =Pn" ŸF @# "R n]ng gŒn m= !' =uI

C9! !"= %u B#I =]ng "R n]ng !";u tng O?jng g&‚ nŒng I?' !' =uI.

Mˆ= BF =uI ==‚ !";u ="c =m= ==‚ !& ˆ !'F =" $"R !& ="#n" $"%n n"? O'u:

2ž n"t'‚ 1 mn 1`ž 'O$"'n=_n‚ 2 mn 4ž %u. TŽ B[ g‘' 'O$"¹'n=_n @# n"t'

"FRng W‚ mn W‚). TŽ B[ n"t' OF @Z %u =Š W‚` mn W‚.



C<n %u IJ !"†' n"}u $'>'zn! >Œn B# ngul‹n B[u \u n"= • ORn \u= =uI.

~=uI O“ !& ˆ }n ="$‚ =Pn" gŒn m= |I F !& n"}u "l>F!'!Fn "ng $"En !t!.

Ng?! B !<n %u IJ BF '>FI'=! "F<! n'$"=_n ƒ '>FI=! B# ngul‹n B[u >= == •

ORn \u= =uI.

• Mˆ= O =Pn" !"= <! =>?ng !' =uI

-ˆ \ul‹n I: B# B?ng <! =>?ng !"F ˆ u9n" !' =uI‚ ?! =Pn" ng

IBI|= !"}u OEu Byn \ung !' I <= ?Z =R =>(ng 1WWg =>Fng ="c g'n gEl k

2WC. -ˆ Byn I !#ng n"J‚ =uI !#ng u9n".

-ˆ ‰n #: B# B?ng <! =>?ng !"F =Pn" ŸF !' =uI‚ ?! =Pn" ng

!_=I_= " |F !]ng Iˆ= Iœu !& =m= [n ul ;n" k 2 WC @Z =! ˆ |F B# !I£

$"y=. -ˆ ‰n # !#ng BZn =" =Pn" ŸF !' =uI !#ng !'F.TPn" vn ;n" n"[=: " n"[= ˆ ="'l v‚ =Pn" !†ng‚ =Pn" ŸF !' =uI !€ng ="'l

v. Nmu Ot ="'l v !#ng n"J =" =Pn" vn ;n" !' =uI !#ng !'F.

TPn" vn ;n" @Z ="c g'n: L# "R n]ng !' =uI !"ng B =9! ˆng !' I

=>?cng \ung u'n". DF Rn" "?kng !' ="c g'n I# =Pn" !"= @# ="#n" $"%n !' =uI

="'l v. et ="'l v & g( B# Ot "&' g# !' =uI.

TPn" vn ;n" !' =uI %u IJ =?jng !'F‚ ="?cng =" O'u 1W mn 1 n]I O

wng‚ !9! =Pn" !"= !' n& IZ ="'l v >° >[=. Yng wng !' $"En Fn !<n B#I n"‹n B[u = B…

C& ="• O wng =>t! =m$ $"En Fn !<n %u IJ B#I n"‹n B[u = B…. N"[= n]ng

!' n"‹n B[u n#l @#F "FRng 1W.WWW !'B£ g. TŽ B[ g‘' C @# H !#ng ="$‚ n"[=

n]ng !' %u !#ng !'F.

Nmu =>Fng n"‹n B[u n#l !& "#I B?ng !9! I BF n<ng BZn‚ " !"9l O“ =F

="#n" "$ I @Z OŒ= !& n"[= ˆ n&ng !"Rl ="$‚ œn mn ="ng B….



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CƠ Š‹ %[ THUYŒT C]A ,Ug TRNH CHƯNG CT

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Qu9 =>n" !"?ng != %u B# Iˆ= u9 =>n" $"En !"' @= B %u =" ="#n" !9! $"EnFn. Tl ="_F !9!" =mn "#n" I# ng?c =' !"' u9 =>n" !"?ng != ="#n": !"?ng !=jn gRn @# !"?ng != $"†! =$.

• C"?ng != jn gRn: !"?ng != 'l "j %n %n‚ !"?ng != 'l "j Iˆ= B%n @#n"}u B%n

• C"?ng != $"†! =$: !"?ng != !& "ồ B?u‚ !"?ng != !& =n" Bul[n• C"?ng != =>Fng !"En "ng @# !"?ng != !& "j n?Z!

C6Q() 1 16f( 63() 28 16Q() 1 2XE 64E (QX1H›n "$ !9! !u = !& I<= =>Fng %u "ng }n k n"[= ˆ !'F b".! !"†' B?u

"u¡n" ¤ !9! !"= !'F $= ¤ $'>'zn ¤ n'$"=_n ¤ '>FI'=!d

K" n"[= ˆ O !' "›n "$ k 9$ Ou= "P ul•n !'F "jn n"[= ˆ $"En "l‚ng?c =' $"R ng !"?ng != !"En "ng bVDd "'l !"?ng != @Z "j n?Z! bgRI 9$Ou= "j >‹ng $"%n‚ gRI n"[= ˆ Od

Tul n"‹n n"[= B?ng 'l "j !' n?Z! "9! \' @Z n"[= ˆ = n&ng !"= BJng.K" =]ng B?ng "j n?Z! O“ B#I gRI ""!' %u‚ œn mn gRI Ot =9!" "j. T ?u

n"= B# B?ng "j n?Z! "FRng 2 ƒ 7ž ngul‹n B[u. K" =mn "#n" !"?ng !=‚ n"[= ˆ

"j n?Z! b7`W ƒ 4WWCd $"R ="$ "jn n"[= ˆ "j %u.Ưu •I !' !"?ng != "j n?Z!: =]ng !?cng "ul =>ˆn‚ =]ng } I<= 'l "j‚

= n&ng !<n %u =>Fng B… ng " !"?ng !"En "ng‚ =>9n" @# ng]n ngŠ' u9 =>n" =F

!! =>Fng B… ng

l-5- C1 63() W0 13() ()6s |(6 6QŽ() av( y. &ˆ(6C9! ="ng O !ng ng"[ Rn" "?kng =>t! =m$ =Z "[u Ou= @# !"= B?ng !' u9 =>n"!"?ng != B#: n"[= ˆ‚ 9$ Ou=‚ $"?jng $"9$ !"?ng !=C6v am (6Es 1e' 69 16Q() .=s(C"m ˆ n"[ !' ="9$ gồI: n"[= ˆ !' ngul‹n B[u @#F ="9$‚ n"[= ˆ n" ="9$‚ n"[=ˆ =>Fng ="9$ @# 9l ="9$.

N"[= ˆ !' ngul‹n B[u b%u ="d @#F ="9$ !"?ng ?! "ng !"m =l ="_F Rn!"= ! 'BF %u ="‚ I†! ˆ !%n $"En !"' ORn $"SI‚ 9$ Ou= =>Fng ="9$ @# B?ng "j

n?Z! ?' @#F 9l ="9$” n"?ng !" lmu B# $"R =>9n" ?! Ot $"En "l n"[= !'ngul‹n B[u k n"[= ˆ !'F. DF @l‚ n"[= ˆ B… ng = n&ng $"R ?! "ng !"m !"<=!"“.

N"[= ˆ 9l ="9$ !"?ng Bul[n $"w ="uˆ! @#F $"?jng $"9$ 'l "j @# $"%n "ồB?u 9l. Nmu 'l "j $"%n "ồ B?u 9l ng Iˆ= ="m= ; = n&ng >‹ng [= b>_FB_>d‚=" n"[= ˆ 9l ="9$ O“ †ng @Z n"[= ˆ ! "j !En ng k 9$ Ou= = 9l ="9$. Nmu

! "j ng !9!" ng "j n?Z! u9 n"[= =" n"[= ˆ 9l ="9$ O“ ="$ "jn n"[= ˆ@ng n$ B[u. N"[= ˆ 9l ="9$ $"R !"(n = ?u‚ =>9n" Ot $"En "l !9! !u = n<ngn"?ng $"R • =9!" "m= "j n"a "J $"%n !<n 9l.

N"[= ˆ n" ="9$ ?! "ng !"m n"I RI RF ?! Ot 'l "j "F#n =F#n ORn

$"SI n" I# "ng gEl >' Ot !un ="_F !9! $"%n n<ng "9!. Mun @l ng?c =' $"Rng "ồ B?u n" ="9$. -• =9!" \]ng "J !9! $"En Fn "P‚ n"[= ˆ n" ="9$ "" k 9 "P • % ‘ " R 1WW 12W WC … Z "9 "



!"En "ng " 9$ Ou= !"?ng B# 1W ƒ ^WIIHg ="?cng "ng u9 12W WC • =9!" "m= $"%n g'OFB n"a !…n Bœn =>Fng ngul‹n B[uDng "ồ B?u O“ =F }u [n $"En !"' == "jn. Hồ B?u n" ="9$ !& 2 ng: "ồ B?un&ng @# "ồ B?u nguˆ.

NgF# "ồ B?u n" @# 9l‚ ng?c =' !…n O wng "ồ B?u =>ung g'n • =]ng !"= B?ng!9! ORn $"SI !n" O?cn @# }u !"n" n"[= ˆ =>Fng ="9$.g9 W. 1e' 69 16Q()

K" !"?ng != %u IJ k 9$ Ou= "P ul•n‚ 9$ Ou= =ul[= =>Fng ="9$ ="?cng!'F "jn Iˆ= !"y= OF @Z 9$ Ou= "P ul•n‚ @# k I› $"%n Bl ORn $"SI >'‚ 9$ Ou=!€ng !& "9! n"'u‚ $"w ="uˆ! @#F @[! =]ng "'l gRI n"[= ˆ ORn $"SI Bl >' "J="9$. X$ Ou= =>Fng ="9$ !"?ng != ?! "ng !"m ng Iˆ= ˆ $"n }u !"n" 9$Ou= <= k ="m= ; ng?ng =w.

K" !"?ng k 9$ Ou= !"En "ng‚ 9$ Ou= ?! "ng !"m =>Fng "FRng =Š 1W ƒ ^WIIHg. -ˆ !"En "ng !#ng OEu‚ !#ng !"F $"|$ !"?ng OEu "jn‚ OFng nmu 9$ Ou=u9 ="$ O“ "& !"F !"m =F ="m= ; @Z n]ng Ou= BZn.et B#I @[! vn ;n" !' ="9$ !"?ng $"w ="uˆ! @#F 9$ Ou= =>Fng ="9$. -}u n#l ="l >°=>Fng $"%n ?Z El.ĐE•. 6Ep(u 60() 16v 16v am 8 2Es1 1e' 69 16Q() 1+-• }u "#n" Ot B#I @[! vn ;n" !' ="9$ !"?ng !=‚ !"yng =' !%n $"R nŒI @‘ng !9!ngul‹n =Œ! O'u:1. -}u !"n" 9$ Ou= =>Fng ="9$ B#I ="'l v •I O !' !"= BJng2. Nmu 9$ Ou= =]ng B‹n‚ !"= BJng O k n"[= ˆ !'F "jn‚ nmu 9$ Ou= =]gn !'F u9 ‚B?ng !"= BJng =>Fng ="9$ n"}u @# n"? @l O“ œn mn "[n =?ng O<! B#I gRI "[uuR $"En !"'.7. Nmu !9! }u [n "9! =>Fng ="9$ B# ! ;n"‚ =" ORn $"SI n"‚ ORn $"SI !n"O?cn @# ORn $"SI 9l =>k n‹n n"a "jn nmu 9$ Ou= =>Fng ="9$ =]ng B‹n.4. Nmu n"[= ˆ 9l u9 ="$‚ ORn $"SI 9l O“ !"†' n"}u $"%n n"a.. Nmu n"[= ˆ !$ B[u @#F ="9$ u9 ="$‚ B?ng "j =>‹n !9! "'l !"†' ¨' O“ n"J‚@l $"%n BJng O“ n"}u @# !"yng !"Rl \ung $"P' ?Z @#F ˆ $"n !"?ng O“ !#ngn"}u.). Nmu n"[= ˆ !' >_FB_> u9 ="$ b@Z Oj ồ !"?ng != !& >_FB_>d O“ "ng=9!" "m= $"%n n"a =>Fng !<n @# B#I =]ng $"%n !<n.^. Nmu n"[= ˆ n" u9 !'F‚ ORn $"SI n" O“ u9 n<ng @# !& n"}u ORn $"SI "jnOF @Z ="m= m @# ng?! B‚ nmu n"[= ˆ n" u9 ="$‚ ORn $"SI n" O“ u9 n"a @#!& P= ORn $"SI "jn.

`. N"[= ˆ !%n ="m= • =9!" $"En Fn %u =" n<ng O“ !'F "jn OF @Z %u =" BFn"a.. C"y n"= B# n"[= ˆ n" ="9$‚ =>9n" n"[= ˆ u9 !'F I# ngul‹n n"En !& ="•B# F B#I Bn" "ng ‚ œn mn ="'l v !"m ˆ "ồ B?u‚ Rn" "?kng n"}u mn !"=B?ng ORn $"SI.



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CgC ,Ug TRNH CHUYN HÓA HÓA HC DƯI TgC D$NG NHIỆT

n-*- ŠV @Ev( a‚E 1e' 11 6=a&?1'1@?( >QXE 1 >„() (6Es

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B‹n m= CC @# CH. L‹n m= CC |I }n n"[= "jn B‹n m= CH‚ n‹n ?Z =9! wng!' n"[= ˆ !'F O“ \Rl >' Ot $"En "l †! I!" B‹n m= CC =>?Z!. K" & =F ="#n"/H !& =>(ng B?ng $"En = ="$ "jn.

Nmu $"En = $'>'zn IZ =F ="#n" !…n !& I!" #‚ n& B ; $"En "l =m$.C" " O ngul‹n = !'!Fn n"J "jn 4‚ By! n#l $'>'zn '"1 }n @# "& ; †' B‹nm= CC‚ n‹n " & \Rl >' Ot †= B‹n m= CH‚ =F ="#n" "l>F.

V; =>P †= I!" CC $"w ="uˆ! n"}u @#F }u [n =mn "#n" u9 =>n" n"? n"[=ˆ‚ 9$ Ou= @# ="c g'n B?u !' "›n "$ $"Rn †ng k n"[= ˆ &. Nmu k n"[= ˆ !#ng!'F @# 9$ Ou= !#ng "=$‚ @; =>P †= I!" !& \9! Ou= BZn "jn k %u I!"‚ F @l I# k }u [n n#l O“ !"F ORn $"SI "P n"}u "jn. N"?ng nmu k n"[= ˆ @Š' $"R b4W ƒ 7WWCd @# 9$ Ou= !'F =" @; =>P †= I!" B !& \9! Ou= BZn k @; =>P g‘' I!". DF & k }u n#l “ =F }u [n ="un B • =]ng "[u Ou= ORn $"SI BJng. -& B# !j Ok ulm=;n" }u [n !ng ng"[ "9! n'"u g‘' !>'!ng n"[= @# l>FBO_.Cj !"m !' !9! $"Rn †ng ?! } ng"; B# !"u› g! @# \Rl >' u' !9! g' Fn O'u:

• TF g! =t F b"j I#Fd• "9= =>•n !"u› =>‹n !j Ok g! =t F• DŠng $"Rn †ng b=Œ= I!" !"u›d

n-*-5- ŠV @Ev( a‚E 1e' 11 6L9 16 ?FE(T>Fng %u =" 'n %u‚ "#I B?ng FB_zn "ng 9ng •. N"?n" ?Z =9! wng

!' n"[= )( !'F‚ !9! "$ !"= FB_zn O“ ?! =F ="#n". C"yng !& "R n]ng $"Rn †ng!F' "jn OF @Z $'>'zn @# "R n]ng mn v ' ng !€ng $"w ="uˆ! @#F }u [n =mn"#n" $"Rn †ng b9$ Ou=‚ n"[= ˆd.

f }u [n n"[= ˆ ="$ @# 9$ OuE= !'F‚ FB_zn !& =>(ng B?ng $"En = ="$ ’ ;=>ng "$‚ $"Rn †ng =>ng "$ !#ng In" nmu 9$ Ou= !#ng =]ng !'F. N"?ng nmu =]ngn"[= ˆ =" =! ˆ $"Rn †ng =>ng "$ B gRI \ung n"?cng !"› !"F $"Rn †ng $"En"l‚ @# nmu ="c g'n B?u =>Fng @ng $"Rn †ng !'F BEu‚ =" Ot $"En "l $"Rn †ng !#ng\Rl >' I‰n" B[=.

Cj !"m $"En "l FB_zn !€ng gng n"? $'>'zn‚ n"?ng $"Rn †ng ="un B B# †=I!" B‹n m= CC k @; =>P º OF @Z n .

NgF# $"Rn †ng =>ng "$‚ $"En "l‚ FB_zn !…n ="'I g' !9! $"Rn †ng ng?ng =w‚'nlB "&' @Z !9! /H n'$"=_n "'l "l>F!'!Fn ="jI =F >' !9! "$ !"= !'F $"En =@# !u !ng B# =F ="#n" n"t' @# !!.n-*-j- ŠV @Ev( a‚E 1e' RH ('96F(

/H n'$"=_n !& ˆ }n n"[= !'F "jn OF @Z $'>'zn !& !ng O ngul‹n = !'!Fn=>Fng I!". C9! mn v <! =>?ng !' /H n'$"=_n k n"[= ˆ !'F B# ="?cng \Rl >' !9!$"Rn †ng ?u =‹n ="_F ="† =t O'u:

• K" n"9n" 'nlB• K" "l>F =F FB_zn @…ng @# O'u & =m$ =w! =F ="#n" /H ="jI• K" "= … ="# " z # B z " B z



N"? @l >° >#ng B# !9! n'$"=_n " ="'I g' $"Rn †ng $"En "l n"[=‚ ORn $"SI ='(="#n" !& <! =>?ng nF "jn OF @Z $'>'zn‚ @# !& \u "?Zng =F ="#n" n"}u !9! $"En =!& =>(ng B?ng =>ung n"‚ ng"¨' B# !"F $"|$ =F n"}u ORn $"SI BJng "jn OF @Zngul‹n B[u B# $'>'znn-*-l- ŠV @Ev( a‚E 1e' RH 64

f n"[= ˆ !'F‚ O? mn v /H ="jI \Rl >' ="_F ul Bu= O'u:• K" n"9n" 'nlB• C9! g! ="jI ng?ng =w @Z n"'u‚ " ">F =F ="#n" g!

IZ !& $"En = B?ng BZn "jn @# n"}u @…ng ="jI "jn.Cu !ng $"9= =>•n ="#n" "$ !"= !'F $"En = g( B# !'!F= "'l g( B# !!. N"? @l!! %u IJ "9! @Z !'!Fn nul‹n = k !"› !"yng B# "[ @…ng ="jI !& ˆ ng?ng =w!'F. C! =F >' ="?cng BŒng (ng‚ 9I @#F ="#n" ng $"Rn †ng "'l ="m= ; =>'F vn"[=‚ B#I gRI =! ˆ =>ul}n n"[= !€ng n"? gRI n]ng Ou= !' jI‚ =]ng !" $"P@n "#n". Nmu n"? u9 =>n" !' !"yng =' "ng n"I Iw! P!" ORn \u= !! =" Ot !&I<= !' /H ="jI ' @…ng B# "F#n =F#n "ng !& B !"F u9 =>n"

n-5- ,. &ˆ(6 1&'1E() (6Esn-5-l- M„1 a{16~ng !9!" $"En "l n"[= n"I nEng !'F "[u \u= ="u "ồ \]ng. Tul n"‹n \]ng ="u?! !& !" O F!='n_ !"?' !'F.

C>'!ng n"[=‚ @>_ng‚ !! "&' B# !9! u9 =>n" mn v ngul‹n B[u %u IJ ?Z=9! wng n"[= ˆ !'F ="#n" !9! ORn $"SI >Œn‚ BJng @# "P. T"#n" $"%n @} O B?ng!€ng n"? !"= B?ng !' ORn $"SI !u ?! ulm= ;n" k !9! ="ng O !ng ng"[!' u9 =>n" n"? n"[= ˆ‚ 9$ Ou=‚ ="c g'n $"Rn †ng. Qu9 =>n" mn v gnul‹n B[uB# Iˆ= u9 =>n" $"†! =$‚ \Rl >' "#ng B'(= !9! $"Rn †ng @Š' n =m$ @Š' OFng OFng.T>Fng !9! u9 =>n" !"m mn " !u =>y!‚ !& 2 @n } u'n =>(ng !%n $"R gR ulm=& B#:

• Ng]n ngŠ' Ot =F ="#n" !! =>Fng ng $"Rn †ng "'l =>Fng !9! ="m= ; =>'F vn"[=

• -RI RF "[u uR O wng !'F !9! =>'ng ="m= ; =>Fng El !"ul}n.n-5-n- C1 =v. 0 |(6 6QŽ()N6Es am

N"‘ng ="ng O !ng ng"[ u'n =>(ng n"= Rn" "?kng mn u9 =>n" !>'!ngn"[= B# n"[= ˆ‚ 9$ OEy=‚ ="c g'n $"Rn †ng. K" =]ng n"[= ˆ‚ =! ˆ !>'!ng =]ngB‹n ="_F u Bu= "#I O I€. T>Fng "FRng n"[= ˆ !"(n =>?Z!‚ Ot ="'l v !9! ="ngO @} n"[= ˆ @# ="c g'n $"Rn †ng !& =9! wng =?jng "› Bœn n"'u: • g‘ !"F ˆ OEu

mn v B# n"? n"'u‚ " =]ng n"[= ˆ !%n $"R gRI ="c g'n $"Rn †ng. - B?ngn"[= ˆ $"Rn †ng B# ="ng O u'n =>(ng. K" =]ng n"[= ˆ‚ =! ˆ $"En "l =]ng B‹n@# ng?! B " gRI n"[= ˆ =! ˆ $"Rn †ng =>ng "$ B =]ng B‹n. GRI n"[= ˆ

!>'!ng O“ B#I gRI =! ˆ $"Rn †ng ' =w. N"? @l‚ • =]ng "[u Ou= !9! ORn $"SI $"En "l b "P‚ BJng @# gRI "[u Ou=

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$"Rn †ng nI =>Fng "FRng n"[= ˆ @Š' $"R.g9 W.

X$ Ou= \9! ;n" =>ng ="9 $"' !' "[ !€ng n"? !"}u "?Zng @# =! ˆ !' $"Rn†ng. X$ Ou= " !>'!ng $"En Fn g'OFB n"a !%n $"R RI RF =>ng ="9 BJng !'=9! n"En >' Ot $"Rn †ng‚ k @ =>ng ="9 BJng =F }u [n == !"F u9 =>n" =>'F vn"[=‚ "ng \Rl u9 n"[= !w! ˆ‚ Ot =F !! B# !t! =•u‚ !…n "[u Ou= \]ng B# !t! .

Nmu !>'!ng !<n n<ng‚ !%n $"R g‘ !"F "[ ="ng k =>ng ="9 $"' "›n "$ "j ƒ BJng. N"[= ˆ !#ng !'F‚ 9$ Ou= !#ng ="$ =" $"' "P O“ !#ng n"}u‚ =! ˆ …ng =>FngB… ng O“ !#ng BZn @# O“ !"F $"|$ gRI Ot BŒng (ng !! =>Fng !9! ng \FŒn !' B….

N"?ng =>Fng u9 =>n" V>_ng‚ Rn" "?kng !' 9$ Ou= "ng BZn. T]ng 9$ Ou= !"!& =9! wng B#I =]ng Iˆ= P= n]ng Ou= !' ="m= ;. X$ Ou= !'F ="?cng B#I =]ng nồngˆ !' !9! =9! n"En ="'I g' $"Rn †ng =>Fng $"' "j‚ }u & O“ =F }u [n ="unB !"F !9! $"Rn †ng m= "$ n"? $"Rn †ng $FBI_ "&'‚ 'nlB "&' @# "l>F "&' I#=".n-5-q- N).=z( Es. 28 W|( 96}N).=z( Es.

Ngul‹n B[u !' !>'!ng n"[= $"v mn n"= B# $"En Fn I'u= !' !"?ng !==>t! =m$ bADd‚ $"En Fn g'OFB n<ng !' u9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9! "'l !<n n<ng !'u9 =>n" B#I O!". C"= B?ng !' ngul‹n B[u B# Iˆ= ="ng O u'n =>(ng \9! ;n";n" !"= B?ng !' ORn $"SI. K" }u [n !>'!ng "ng ="'l v‚ n"?ng nmu ='ng ngul‹n B[u !& ="#n" $"%n != "9! n"'u O“ !"F m= uR "9! n"'u. K" =]ng gZ"n n"[= ˆ O !' ngul‹n B[u‚ =! ˆ $"Rn †ng !€ng =]ng B‹n. -}u n#l ?! !" >°k Rng ?Z El

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Cd H[u Ou= \]ng bž Bd"En Fn Bg>FB 1`W ƒ 22W 12.1"En Fn _>FO_n 22W ƒ 2^W 14."En Fn g'OFB 2^W ƒ 7WW 1.`"En Fn \FB' 7WW 7W 1`.W-ồng ="c "#I B?ng !' !9! /H !& =>Fng ngul‹n B[u !& Rn" "?kng ulm= ;n" mn!"= B?ng ORn $"SI.Š|( 96} 1e' y. &ˆ(6K6{+ C"†' n"}u /H FB_zn @# !& ="• !…n !& !"†' H 2e‚ O“ ?! œn @#F " $"En !"' "P

• =9!" >‹ng /H $'>'zn @# FB_zn ng ="P!" "$ !"F !9! Iw! P!" "9! n"'u n"?:B#I ngul‹n B[u !"F =vng "$ "&' %u "'l n"‹n B[u.%() S€()+eRn $"SI \]ng !& =>; O F>='n bMNd ƒ ^W‚ !"†' n"}u FB_zn n‹n ="?cng $"R u'g' Fn \ B ng "l>F "&' B#I O!" @# !"F u' >_zF>Ing \y! =9! • n"n \]ng!& =>; O F>='n !'F @# ˆ vn ;n" ==g'OFB ="?cng ?! ng B#I ngul‹n B[u • !"m=F Iuˆ !'!Fn "'l • !"m =F n"‹n B[u ¥ !9! BF "9! n"'u. C…n nmu I'ng "l>F "&' B#I O!" =" ng • !"m =F n"‹n B[u D.C( 1&'1E() (6Es+C<n !>'!ng n"[= ="?cng ?! ng B#I ngul‹n B[u • !"m =F ¥ "'l ngul‹n B[u

!"F u9 =>n" !! "&'.



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n-l- ,. &ˆ(6 (6Es 96f( 9=&?=WFMw! P!": N"[= $"En k n"[= ˆ >= !'F n"I ="u "P FB_zn‚ B# !9! ngul‹n B[u !ng

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TŠ !9! BF !<n I'u=‚ !<n gFu>Fn @# !<n !' !9! u9 =>n" ="† !$ b!>'!ng n"[=‚ $l>FBlO_‚ !>'!ng \y! =9! ...d‚ u' u9 =>n" $"En "l n"[= =' O“ ="u ?! !9! BF !!B#I [n !t!‚ !! B#I n"‹n B[u Bul[n I.

n-n-n- Đ1 aEp 1e' y. &ˆ(6

Qu9 =>n" !! "&' n"I ORn \u= !! %u IJ =Š !9! ngul‹n B[u B# !<n n<ng n"?:!<n gu>Fn‚ !<n !>'!ng n"[= "'l !<n !' u9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9!. Qu9 =>n" n#l?! =mn "#n" k }u [n 9$ Ou= "ng !'F @# n"[= ˆ =Š 4W ƒ 2W WC. eRn

$"')7I !"Pn" B# !!‚ ?! ng !"F !ng ng"[$ Bul[n I‚ [n = @’n ="ng˜ngF# >' !€ng ="u ?! !9! ORn $"SI "9! n"? "P‚ \]ng‚ g'OFB !! "&'.

Qu9 =>n" !! "&' B# Iˆ= ng !' !>'!ng n"[=. et =F ="#n" !! B# F !9! $"Rn †ng ng?ng =w !9! /H =F ="#n" !9! "$ !"= !'F $"En = !& ˆ ng?ng =w @…ng="jI !'F. N"? @l nmu ngul‹n B[u !& !"†' n"}u B'( @…ng "ng nF‚ n"}u @…ng="jI ng?ng =w !& I!" ‹n #‚ B# !9! !u = ’ ="'I g' $"Rn †ng ng?ng =w‚ O“ !"F"[u Ou= @# !"= B?ng !! == n'"1)=. K"R n]ng =F !! @# "[u Ou= !! ?! 9n"

g9 ng B?ng g( B# ˆ !! "&' CFn>'OFn. -ˆ !! "&' !' ngul‹n B[u !#ng!'F‚ !#ng !"F $"|$ n"n n"}u !! "jn. T>Fng ="t! =m !& @# BF El !"ul}n !ng ng"[ !! "&': !&! "&' g9n Fn‚ !! "&'

9n B‹n =w! b!! "&' !"Id‚ !! "& 'B‹n =w! =>Fng BZ$ ™Oš !' !9! "= !!



CHƯƠNG q

CgC ,Ug TRNH CHUYN HÓA HÓA HC

DƯI TgC D$NG C]A `‘C TgC

q-*- T{(6 Q. 2Es 1e' S’1 1 TPn" !"(n B(! !'F: !" =mn "#n" n"‘ng $"Rn †ng IFng Iun‚ "n !"m !9! $"Rn †ng

$"w T]ng =! ˆ $"Rn †ng: T"y! Sl !9! u9 =>n" $"Rn †ng \Rl >' n"'n" "jn -}u [n $"Rn †ng I}n "jn: n"[= ˆ‚ 9$ Ou= !9! u9 =>n" $"Rn †ng !%n ="m= •\Rl >' ="$ "jn OF @Z "ng !& \y! =9!.6.1.1. T‚() y.'( 2• `’1 1 “F?EF

K6E (Es 2• ”F?EF+

Zeolite là các alumo-silicat tinh thể rắn có cấu trúc mao quản (pore) đồng đu. H[="ng I'F uRn !& P!" ="?Z! @# <! =>?ng "n" "(! n"= ;n" @Z I› ¦_FB= @#n"c & chúng có thể ph!n tách (r!") các ph!n t# ra hai lo$i ‚ BF !& P!" ="?Z! $"En= n"J "jn P!" ="?Z! I'F uRn !& ="• "um!" =9n @#F =>Fng I'F uRn‚ BF !& P!"="?Z! BZn "jn "ng "um!" =9n u' ?!.¦_FB= ?! O wng B#I \y! =9! F !"yng !& "F= =Pn" !'F @# !& =9! wng !"(n B(!.

C. &’1 1e' ”F?EF +¦_FB= ?! !u =F =Š !9! jn @; !j Ok B# !9! =† [n T 4 @Z T B# !'=Fn e‚ AB‚˜ !&O $" =>P 4‚ !9! F\l k !9! n" !' =† [n‚ !"yng ="uˆ! @} "' =† [n } O9= n"'u.C9! =† [n T4 n#l B‹n m= n"'u =F !u =>y! "ng g'n bOF'B=d‚ "n" ="#n" "[="ng I'F uRn ‹n =>Fng.M› ngul‹n = AB ="'l ="m ồng "n" !"F Iˆ= ngul‹n = e O“ B#I \u= "[n Iˆ= [n=P!" EI =>Fng Ing =n" ="•.C9! !9!" OŒ$ \m$ "9! n"'u !' =† [n T4 ul ;n" P!" ="?Z! I'F uRn "9! n"'u‚"F= =Pn" @# ˆ }n !' !"yng !€ng "9! n"'u n"}u.

Hˆ(6 q-*- Đ4( 2b 1. &’1 14 @|( 1e' “F?EF

Cng ="†! !"ung !' ¦_FB= !& ng : M2£n.AB27.\e2.lH2%rong đó &

- 'im lo$i hoá tr n để *+ tr, đin t.ch !m trong /hung0- 1 2 3i45 6 7l 548 là t9 s: mol c;a 3i45 đ:i <=i 7l 548 trong Zeolit ( mô đun)0- " s: ph!n t# n>=c /?t tinh trong Zeolit .

P6f( ?JE ”F?EF+C& n"}u !9!" $"En BF ¦_FB=_.

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• @h!n lo$i ABa <ào nguồn g:c : !& "' BF ¦_FB=_ =t n"‹n @# ¦_FB=_ =vng"$. C9! ¦_FB= =vng "$ ="?cng = ˆ =n" "m= !'F "jn‚ ?! †ng wngn"}u "jn ¦_FB= =t n"‹n.

• @h!n lo$i theo /.ch th>=c mao quản& =' !& ¦_FB= I'F uRn n"J n"? ¦_FB=A‚ I'F uRn =>ung n" n"? ¦eM‚ I'F uRn BZn n"? ¦_FB= 8‚ ‚˜

~Rng )1. "En BF _FB= ="_F P!" ="?Z! I'F uRn

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• @h!n lo$i theo t9 s: 3i 6 7l : =' !& ¦_FB= "#I B?ng e ="$‚ =>ung n" @# !'F.

H#I B?ng e !& ="• ?! \_I \|= ="ng u' ="ng O I un \ !' ¦_FB=.

Cảng D050 "En BF _FB= ="_F "#I B?ng e :

T B[ e£AB LF ¦_FB=T"$ b1 ƒ 1. d ¦_FB= A‚ 8T>ung n" b2 ƒ d '. ¦_FB= =t n"‹n: IF>_n=‚ !"''=‚ _>Fn=‚

!BnF$=BFn=. . ¦_FB= =vng "$: ¦_FB= ‚ L‚ FI_g'‚ IF>_n= I'F

uRn BZn.C'F b 2W ƒ 1WW d ¦eM‚ ¦eM22

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EFnh D080 Gấu trúc tinh thể Zeolite



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Cảng D0J0 K>Lng 1úc tác s# AMng trong lNc O hoá APu

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C>'!ng \y! =9! ¦_FB=_ 2`W.WWW 7W.WWWABlB "F9 ¦_FB=_ 1^.WWW 24W.WWWHl>F!>'!ng ¦_FB=_ 1.WWW 4).WWW

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C& ˆ }n n"[= !'F

C& P!" ="?Z! B› \$ BZn‚ ’ #ng !"F !9! $"En = n<ng u'”F?EF N6Es am W‰ >„()u ?C N'A )W N' ^WW ÷ ^WC' `WWL' `W

,. &ˆ(6 '= 6?Dng \y! =9!:

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,’' &ˆ(6 EW?F& 6?Dng \y! =9! B?¶ng !"†!‚ 'F gồI:

KI BF = &ng @' =>… F\l "F9 ƒ "

C"= I'ng: _FB=_ ƒ 12 M/‚ ¦eM‚ MF>_n=‚ eA11‚ _FB=_ β.

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,. &ˆ(6 6=>&?1&'1E()8y! =9! O wng: ¥'u'O=_ b8‚ d‚ IF>_n=‚ _n='OB‚ ¦eM‚ Ue‚ eA

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CŒ= In" !'!Fn ?Z Ot !& I<= !' \y! =9! n"I nEng !'F "[u Ou= ="u "ồ \]ng bη» Wžd.8]ng !>'!ng \y! =9! !& =>; O F!='n !'F "jn \]ng !>'!ng n"[=‚ "FRng `^ ÷ 1‚9$ †ng n"u !%u ="?jng I n‹n "ng !%n $"R $"' ="‹I n?Z! !" =>9n" ?! @[! n"’I I =>?cng.

q-5-5- C1 96|( () 16{(6 &?() y. &ˆ(6 1&'1E() S’1 1 "Rn †ng Ÿ g‰l =F !u = n"J b\]ng‚ g'OFBd → nEng !'F "[u Ou= ="u "ồ η. "Rn †ng ồng $"En "&' =F F I!" n"9n" → =]ng =>; O F!='n "Rn †ng "l>F "&' Iˆ= O FB_zn → =]ng =Pn" vn ;n" !' ORn $"SI.

NgF# >' !…n !9! $"Rn †ng ng?ng =w‚ $FBlI_ "&' @# $"Rn †ng =F !!. Ot =F !!=>Fng !>'!ng B# "ng IFng Iun @ !! =F >' ="?cng 9I =>‹n } I<= !' \y! =9!B#I gRI "F= =Pn" \y! =9!‚ gRI ="c g'n "F= ˆng !' \y! =9!.

H[u †ng n"[= !' !9! $"Rn †ng =>‹n "9! n"'u @} g9 =>; !€ng n"? @} u. -'O !9! $"Rn †ng $"En "l B# !9! $"Rn †ng ="u n"[= In"‚ !…n !9! $"Rn †ng ồng

$"En "&'‚ !"ul•n @; "l>F‚ $FBlI_ "&' @# $"Rn †ng ng?ng =w B# !9! $"Rn †ng =J'n"[= lmu. H[u †ng n"[= =vng !ˆng !' u9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9! B# ="u n"[=‚ @Z g9=>; ="'l v =Š 1WW ƒ 4WW K¼£g ngul‹n B[u =l ="_F Rn !"= !' ngul‹n B[u ?! Owng =>Fng u9 =>n".

Cj !"m !' u9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9! B# !j !"m Fn !'!Fn. Cj Ok !' B ="ulm=n#l t' @#F !9! =EI "F= =Pn" B# !9! Fn !'!Fn‚ !"yng ?! =F >' " =9! wng !'

$"En = "l>F!'!Fn !' ngul‹n B[u @Z =EI '\= \y! =9! BF ~>Fn=_O bH‡d "'l L_·ObLd. Mˆ= !9!" =&I =Œ=‚ ="ulm= n#l 'F gồI !9! g' Fn O'u:GE'E a?J( J? E?( 1'1@?(ET† 6=a&?1'1@?( 9'&'E(

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CnH2n ‡ L ‡CnH2n•1 ‡ LH

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6Fn !'!Fn ?! =F >' =Š g' Fn =>‹n B n"'n" !"&ng ="'I g' @#F !9! $"Rn †ng mn v "9! n"'u n"?: $"Rn †ng ồng $"En "&'/ • C • C • C • C‡

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C9! Fn IZ n#l B !& ="• ="'I g' !9! $"Rn †ng ồng $"En "&'‚ !>'!ng "'l 'nlB"&'‚ ng?ng =w. ~mn v !' Fn !'!Fn =m$ =w! =m$ ’n !"F mn " n& !& !u =>y!

}n @‘ng n"=‚ !& ˆ }n !'F n"=. C& ="• OŒ$ \m$ ˆ }n !' !9! Fn !'!Fn ="_F ="†=t O'u:6Fn !'!Fn ! 7 ¢ 6Fn !'!Fn ! 2 ¢ 6Fn !'!Fn ! 1ˆ }n !' Fn !'!Fn O“ ulm= ;n" I†! ˆ ="'I g' !9! $"Rn †ng =m$ ="_F !'!"yng. V Fn !'!Fn ! 7 !& ˆ }n !'F n"= n‹n O“ !"F $"|$ n"n "[u Ou= !'F !9!"$ !"= OF$'>'zn. C"= B?ng ORn $"SI ?! ulm= ;n" k !9! $"Rn †ng !' Fn!'!Fn I# <! [= B# !9! $"Rn †ng: $"En "l‚ ồng $"En "&'‚ $"En "l>F.

q-5-j- `’1 1 1&'1E()"Rn †ng !>'!ng !" lmu \Rl >' =>‹n } I<= !' \y! =9!. C"}u "?Zng !' $"Rn

†ng $"w ="uˆ! >= n"}u @#F Rn !"= !' \y! =9!‚ !€ng n"? $"w ="uˆ! @#F !"= B?ngngul‹n B[u @# !9! ="ng O !ng ng"[ !' u9 =>n". T>Fng u9 =>n"‚ !! =F >' O“

9I =>‹n } I<= !' \y! =9!‚ B#I gRI "F= =Pn" !' n&. V ="m @[! " $"w! B "F==Pn" !' \y! =9! ng u9 =>n" =9 On" \y! =9! !€ng B# Iˆ= @n } "m= O†! u'n =>(ng!%n ?! gR ulm= @Z \y! =9! !>'!ng !ng ng"[$

8y! =9! ?! ng ="?cngB# \y! =9! >Œn‚ \$‚ !& nguồn g! ="‹n n"‹n "'l =vng"$‚ @Z } I<= ‹n =>Fng BZn. 8y! =9! !>'!ng %u =‹n ?! ng B# = O|= ="‹nn"‹n !& =Pn" '\=. e'u & ?! ="'l ="m ng \y! =9! 'BuInF ƒ OB!'= !& "F= =Pn" @#ˆ !"(n B(! !'F. V# !u ="$ n‹n )W !' ="m Ž 2W‚ ngu^F2 =' ‰ !"ul•n %n O'ngng _FB=.

¦_FB= B# "$ !"= !' 'BuInF ƒ OB!. -& B# !"= =n" ="• !& !u =>y! <! [=‚ ng n"‘ng Ing !9! B› >›ng‚ >‰n" >= n"J ="ng @Z n"'u. V} ="#n" $"%n "&' "(! !'_FB= !& ="• •u ’n =vng u9= n"? O'u : M2£n.AB27.\e2.lH2K" !"m =F \y! =9! !>'!ng‚ "#I B?ng N' !%n $"R gRI =Z I†! !t! =•u. Ng?c ='!"F ="l >ng‚ _FB= !"†' !#ng n"}u F\= OB!‚ B?ng F\= n"I !#ng P= =" ˆ '\= !'n& !#ng =]ng. -?jng n"‹n " =]ng =Ž B[ F\= OB!£F\= n"I !%n $"R B?u $"R RFRI !u =>y! !' _FB= "ng ; $"En "l.TPn" !"= "$ $"w !' _FB= \u= "[n O'u " !"yng ?! =9!" SI‚ k @ =>Fgn u9=>n" =vng "$‚ !9! B› >›ng !' =n" ="• ; !"= %l k !9! $"En = n?Z!. N?Z! !& ="•=9!" "J =n" ="• " =' = n&ng _FB= mn n"[= ˆ 7WW ƒ 7W WC.



T>Fng !ng ng"[$ ng?c =' !"m =F _FB= k 2 ng : \y! =9! ng !%u @# \y! =9!ng ˆ=. 8y! =9! ng ˆ= O'u & !R =mn ="#n" \y! =9! ng !%u ?! O wng !"Fu9 =>n" !>'!ng BZ$ O b¥CCd‚ !…n \y! =9! ng !%u @Z P!" ="?Z! 7 ƒ II Owng !"F u9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9! !"ul•n ˆng bTCCd. 8y! =9! !%n $"R }n n"[=‚

}n !j‚ "ng gEl ]n I…n‚ I# I…n ="m= ;. \y! =9! $"R !& "F= =Pn" @# ˆ !"(n B(!!'F. NgF# >' \y! =9! $"R RF RI ’ "ulm!" =9n ngul‹n B[u mn !9! =EI "F= =Pn"@# ORn $"SI =Š } I<= >' ngF#‚ RI RF Ot "ulm!" =9n !' F\ =Z } I<= \y! =9! •’ = !! =>Fgn u9 =>n" =9 On".Đm 6?J {(6 1e' S’1 1 1&'1E()

V Iw! P!" !' !>'!ng B# n"n \]ng ‚ n‹n $"'?jng $"9$ ng "[u Ou= \]ng="u ?! • 9n" g9 ˆ "F= ˆng !' \y! =9! O“ jn gRn "jn. DF @l ˆ "F= =Pn"!' \y! =9! ="?cng ?! •u ’n ="ng u' !" O "F= =Pn" ƒ & B# g9 =>; !' "[uOu= \]ng " !>'!ng ngul‹n B[u Iœu =>Fng }u [n $"…ng ="P ng"[I. HF= =Pn"!' \y! =9! $"w ="uˆ! @#F !9! =Pn" !"= B "&' !' \y! =9!‚ I# =>?Z! "m= B# $"w ="uˆ!@#F ="#n" $"%n "&' "(! !' \y! =9! !€ng n"? $"w ="uˆ! @#F %u [n !ng ng"[ !'u9 =>n".. T>Fng ="t! =m ng?c =' $"En BF \y! =9! ="#n" !9! B'( n"? O'u :8y! =9! !& ˆ "F= =Pn" !'F : "[u Ou= \]ng ¢4ž8y! =9! !& ˆ "F= =Pn" =>ung n" : "[u Ou= \]ng 7W 4ž8y! =9! !& ˆ "F= =Pn" ="$ : "[u Ou= \]ng ¤ 7WžĐm 16<( <1 1e' S’1 1

K"R n]ng !' \y! =9! B#I =]ng =! !9! $"Rn †ng !& B‚ ồng ="c B#I gRI =!ˆ !9! $"Rn †ng "ng IFng Iun ?! g( B# ˆ !"(n B(! !' \y! =9!. T>Fng u9=>n" !>'!ng‚ ˆ !"(n B(! !' \y! =9! ulm= ;n" "R n]ng =F >' !9! ORn $"SI !& g9=>; !' n& : -& B# !9! !u = !'F =>; O F>='n !"F \]ng. Ng?c =' !& ="• 9n" g9 ˆ!"(n B(! ng !9!" \9! ;n" = B[ g‘' "[u Ou= \]ng @# !! b"'l "Pd k !ng Iˆ= ˆOEu mn v. 8y! =9! ="?cng ?! 9n" g9 ồng ="c ˆ "F= =Pn" @# ˆ !"(n B(! !'n& OF @Z \y! =9! Iœu " =mn "#n" =>Fng !ng Iˆ= }u [n !>'!ng. T O g‘' "[uOu= \]ng £ !! b "'l "Pd !#ng BZn‚ =" ˆ !"(n B(! !' \y! =9! !#ng !'F. e'u Iˆ= ="cg'n B#I @[!‚ !€ng gng n"? ˆ "F= =Pn"‚ ˆ !"(n B(! !' \! =9! !€ng ; gRI.-}u & \Rl >' F !& n"‘ng ="'l v @} =Pn" !"= !' \y! =9! =>Fng }u [n B#I @[!.N67() 6'= a‚E {(6 16 1e' S’1 1 6E 8 2Es1

8y! =9! !>'!ng =>Fng u9 =>n" B#I @[! ; gRI "F= =Pn" @# ˆ !"(n B(!‚ "[n=?ng n#l g( B# =>j "&' \y! =9!. C"yng =' !& ="• $"En ngul‹n n"En gEl >' Ot =>j "&'\y! =9! B#I "' u9 =>n" !"Pn" & B# : F =9! wng !' !9! !"= B#I ngˆ ˆ! \y! =9! @#Ot =>j "&' F =9! wng B#I ="'l v !9! =Pn" !"= B ƒ "&' !' \y! =9!. Cw ="• B# F

et =9! wng !' !9! ˆ! = n"? NH7‚ C2‚ !9! "$ !" B?u "u¡n" I# <! ‹;= B# H 2e k n"[= ˆ !'F.et =P!" =w !' !9! I BF n<ng ?Z ng !9! F\= B#I ="'l v !"†! n]ng !' \y! =9!et =9! ˆng !' n"[= ˆ !'F @# "j n?Z!.TE WE(6 S’1 1T9 On" \y! =9! ng?c =' =mn "#n" = !! ng "ng "P n&ng =>Fng B… =9 On". C9!

$"Rn †ng !"9l n#l =J' n"}u n"[=. N"[= B?ng =J' >' ?! ng • !$ n"[= !"F \y!=9! I'ng @#F B… $"Rn †ng @# ngF# >' !…n ?! =n wng • ORn \u= "j n?Z! ng=>Fng "u B‹n "[$.q-5-l- C1 =v. 0 |(6 6QŽ() av( y. &ˆ(6 1&'1E()

N).=z( Es. 1e' y. &ˆ(6 1&'1E()Qul Bu= ="ng ="?cng B# " =]ng $"%n n"a !' ngul‹n B[u‚ "[u Ou= !9! BF/H C C @# \]ng }u =]ng !…n "[u Ou= "l>F @# !! gRI \ung nmu ngul‹n B[u



B# $"%n != !"En "ng !& P= $"En Fn n<ng b¤14 ƒ 1žd O“ B#I =]ng =>; O F>='n !"F\]ng !€ng n"? "[u Ou= \]ng. K" ngul‹n B[u !"†' "#I B?ng n"t'‚ 'O$"'n @# IBF " !>'!ng !%n $"R u' \ B ng "l>F • n"n ?! ngul‹n B[u !& !"=B?ng !'F‚ !…n nmu =>Fng ngul‹n B[u‚ "#I B?ng n"t'‚ 'O$"'n @# I BF =]ng O“ B#I\u !9! !" =‹u !' u9 =>n"K" O wng ngul‹n B[u !& "ng O K !'F‚ O“ !"F $"|$ =]ng !9! !" =‹u !' u9 =>n"!>'!ng \y! =9!

Ngul‹n B[u !j Rn !' u9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9! B# $"%n != !"En "ng !'!<n %u =" " !"?ng != "P ul•n. T>Fng n"}u =>?cng "$‚ ng?c =' !& ="• ng !R

$"En Fn n"a !' !"?ng != "P ul•n‚ $"En Fn _>FO_n ƒ g'OFB !' !>'!ng n"[="'l !! "&'˜!9! <! =>?ng u'n =>(ng n"= !' ngul‹n B[u !& Rn" "?kng ulm= ;n"mn !9! !" =‹u !' u9 =>n" !>'!ng B# : ="#n" $"%n $"En Fn‚ "ng O <! =>?ng K‚="#n" $E"2n n"&I "l>F!'!Fn‚ "#I B?ng n"t' ƒ 'O$"'n=_n‚ "#I B?ng !9! "$!"= n=j‚ B?u "u¡n"‚ I BF @# ˆ !! "&'.T>Fng !ng ng"[$ !>'!ng \y! =9! ng?c =' O wng 4 n"&I ngul‹n B[u O'u :

• N"&I 1 : n"&I ngul‹n B[u n"a !& =‹n B# $"En Fn _>FO_n – \FB' n"n ?!=Š u9 =>n" !"?ng != =>t! =m$ @# !& gZ "n O =Š 21W ƒ 7)W WC‚ !"yng !& ==>(ng =>ung n" =Š W.`7 ƒ W.`). -El B# n"&I ngul‹n B[u == n"= ng • ORn\u= \]ng = @R \]ng I9l 'l.

• N"&I 2 : n"&I ngul‹n B[u Bl =Š $"En Fn g'OFB !"?ng != !"En "ng‚ !&n"[= ˆ O =Š 7W ƒ WWWC. N"&I n#l !& !9! <! =>?ng B# : = =>(ng =>ung ng=Š W.`` ƒ W.2‚ =>(ng B?ng $"En = =>ung n" =Š 2`W ƒ 77W

• N"&I 7 : n"&I ngul‹n B[u !& ="#n" $"%n != >ˆng‚ !& gZ "n O =Š 21W ƒ WWWC

• N"&I 4 : n"&I ngul‹n B[u !& n"[= ˆ O =Š 7WW ƒ 4WWC. =>FngO 4 n"&I

ngul‹n B[u =>‹n =" n"&I g'OFB !"En "ng ?! ng $"v mn n"= =>Fng u9=>n" !>'!ng \y! =9!

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- @Z "l>F!'!Fn =ng "m= " ="'I g' $"Rn †ng‚ =" ˆ !"ul•n "&' ?!F ng B?ng ORn $"SI =F ="#n" ="_F ="c g'n. N"?ng @Z $"En Fn $"†! =$n"? $"En Fn %u IJ‚ =>Fng !>'!ng \y! =9!‚ gn?c =' B F B?ng \]ng B# ORn $"SI!"Pn" @# ORn $"SI $"w n"? "P @# !!. Nmu g( l B# ½ ="• =P!" !' ORn $"SI @Z •IO !u !'F "jn •I O !u !' \]ng‚ =" ˆ !"ul•n "&' C ?! =Pn" ="_F •u ="†!C – 1WW ƒ l

-?jng n"‹n !9! \9! ;n" n"? @l !"?' O9= @Z ="t! =m. -• "[u !"n" mn Ot mn v"&' B =>Fng u9 =>n" =F \]ng @# "P‚ ng?c =' \9! ;n" mn v ="_F !ng ="†! O'u :C – 1WW ƒ lb1WW ƒ dk El B# ž \]ng !& =>Fng ngul‹n B[uT! ˆ n$ B[u >‹ngT! ˆ n$ B[u >‹ng "'l =! ˆ "ng g'n 'n$ B[u B# = B[ g' B?ng ngul‹n B[u?! n$ =>Fgn Iˆ= jn @; ="c g'n =>‹n B?ng \y! =9! =>Fng >_'!=F>‚ P "[u M£H£M

Nm$ $ B# 9$ Ou= !' >_'!=F> @# ?! =Pn" ng '=‚ =" ˆ !"ul•n "&' C !& B‹n u'n @ZM£H£M ="_F •u ="†!

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k El K B# "ng O =! ˆ =vng !ˆng !' u9 =>n"K" =]ng =! ˆ n$ B[u >‹ng‚ O“ B#I gRI ˆ !"ul•n "&'‚ !…n " gRI =! ˆ n$B[u >‹ng =" ˆ !"ul•n "&' =]ng‚ @ >ng =! ˆ n$ B[u B# B?ng ng?! @Z ="cg'n $"Rn †ng. K" O wng \y! =9! !& ˆ "F= =Pn" !'F‚ =' !& ="• =]ng =! ˆ n$ B[u@# n"? @l O“ =]ng ?! n]ng Ou= !' ="m= ;.T>Fng ="t! =m nmu ng \y! =9! 'BuInF ƒ OB!'= @ ;n" "n"‚ =! ˆ n$ B[u ="• =P!"!" = 4 ƒ "1. N"?ng nmu ng \y! =9! !"†' _FB=‚ =! ˆ n$ B[u ="• =P!" B# `W ƒ 12W"1 " =Pn" k =>Fng ng †ng !' >_'!=F> @# =Š 2W ƒ 7W"1 k =>Fgn BZ$ Oj !'>_'!=F>.K" =]ng =! ˆ n$ B[u‚ nmu =' =]ng n"[= ˆ $"Rn †ng‚ O“ =]ng =>; O F>='n !' \]ng@# =]ng "[u Ou= FB_zn =>Fng "P. -& B# $"?jng $"9$ !"Pn" • }u "•n !"m ˆ ORn\u= $>F$lB_n @# u=_n =>Fng u9 =>n" !>'!ng \y! =9!.T‡ s )E7' QL() S’1 1 &z( ().=z( Es. `ƒRH

K" ng \y! =9! !"†' _FB=‚ !"F $"|$ gRI = B[ 8£/H \ung !…n 1W£1 OF @Z\y! =9! @ ;n" "n" B# 2W£1. Nmu " ng \y! =9! !"ul•n ˆng @Z P!" ="?Z! "= \y!=9! =Š 7 ƒ II‚ = B[ 8£/H !…n ="$ "jn n‘'‚ !" "FRng 2 ƒ £1.

K" ="'l v = B[ 8£/H O“ B#I ="'l v n"[= ˆ !' >_'!=F>‚ ="'l v ="c g'nB?u !' \y! =9! =>Fng >_'!=F> @# B… =9 On" @# !€ng B#I ="'l v B?ng !! 9I =>‹n\y! =9! =>Fng Iˆ= !"u =>n".

Nmu k !"m ˆ vn ;n"‚ =]ng = B[ 8£/H O“ B#I =]ng ˆ !"ul•n "&'‚ =]ng "[u Ou= !! £ngul‹n B[u‚ n"?ng "#I B?ng !! 9I =>‹n \y! =9! B gRI \ung. -}u n#l ?!gR ="P!" B# F B?ng !! ‰ ?! #n >' k Iˆ= B?ng \y! =9! BZn "jn. K" g‘ =! ˆn$ B[u M£H£M B# "ng v‚ nmu =]ng = B[ 8£/H =" ="c g'n =m$ \y! g‘' \y! =9!@# ngul‹n B[u gRI @# n"? @l ˆ "F= =Pn" =>ung n" !' \y! =9! =]ng B‹n. -& B# BF = "[u uR !'F @Z BZ$ \y! =9! BZ$ O b¥CCd. N"c = "[u uR !'F I# !"F $"|$gRI P!" ="?Z! !' ="m= ;. N"?ng ’ #ng n"n ="l >ng‚ nmu =]ng !'F u9 I†! ˆ=u%n "F#n \y! =9!‚ O“ B#I Rn" "?kng u9 =>n" =9!" "j 9I =>‹n \y! =9! @# B#I Rn""?kng mn u9 =>n" =9 On" k B… =9 On" @# k !9! ="m= ; ¯I ="_F.N6Es am &?() &F'1?&

N"[= ˆ =>Fng >_'!=F>="?cng = =Š 4`W ƒ WWC. K" =mn "#n" =]ng n"[= ˆ‚ ="By! %u "[u Ou= \]ng =]ng @# O'u & = mn !t! >ồ gRI \ung‚ }u n#l B# F

u9 =>n" $"En "l =]ng‚ B#I $"En "l !9! !u = \]gn @Š' ?! =F ="#n". K" =]ngn"[= ˆ‚ $"Rn †n g$"En "l =]ng n"?ng ồng ="c !9! $"Rn †ng ! "' n"? _"l>F"&' !€ng =]ng‚ B#I =]ng "[u Ou= /H ="jI @# FB_zn. K" & =>Fng ORn $"SI "P‚ "#IB?ng C1 ƒ C7 =]ng‚ !…n C4 gRI. T =>(ng @# =>; O F>='n !' \]ng !€ng =]ng B‹n. Vl k n"[= ˆ !'F b¢ 4^WWCd‚ "[u Ou= \]ng gRI n"'n"‚ !…n "[u Ou= "P @# !! =]ng b="t!=m "[u Ou= !! "ng ="'l v n"}ud.Ả(6 6QŽ() 1e' 9 W.K" =]ng 9$ Ou=‚ "[u Ou= \]ng =]ng B‹n‚ "[u Ou= "P C1 ƒ C7 gRI‚ "#I B?ng FB_zn@# /H ="jI gRI‚ "#I B?ng /H nF =]ng @# F @l !"= B?ng !' \]ng gRI.

q-j- ,. &ˆ(6 &F?&E() S’1 1q-j-*- M„1 a{16NEng !'F !"= B?ng \]ng ORn \u= '>FI'= @# H2 !"F "&' %u



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T>Fng }u [n =mn "#n" u9 =>n" >_zF>Ing !…n \Rl >' !9! $"Rn †ng $"w‚ =ul"ng B#I Rn" "?kng n"}u mn !En ng !' $"Rn †ng !"Pn" n"?ng B !& Rn" "?kngBZn mn ˆ "F= ˆng @# ˆ }n !' \y! =9!‚ & B# !9! $"Rn †ng:"Rn †ng $"En "l @# " "&' !'1! "$ !"= !"†' F\l‚ n=j‚ B?u "u¡n" =F ="#n" H 2e‚

NH7‚ H2."Rn †ng $"En "l !9! "$ !"= !"†' I B'( @# "'BFg_n"Rn †ng ng?ng =w !9! "$ !"= =>ung g'n "ng }n n"? FB_zn‚ FB_zn @Z /H

="jI‚ œn mn @[! =F ="#n" !9! "$ !"= !! @# n"t' 9I =>‹n } I<= \y! =9!.q-j-j- N).=z( Es. 28 W|( 96} Ngul‹n B[u >_zF>Ing \y! =9! ng?c =' ="?cng ng $"En Fn \]ng !"= B?ng

="$ !& "FRng O =Š )2 ƒ 1`WWC. T>Fng ="t! =m !ng ng"[$ !"m mn %u‚ • n"n !9!!u = !'F F>='n !"F \]ng‚ ng?c =' ="?cng ng $"En Fn O mn ` ƒ 1`WWC” !…n •n"n /H ="jI >‹ng [=‚ ng?c =' ng !9! $"En Fn "a$ "jn:)2 ƒ `: n"n _n_n)2 ƒ 1W: n"n _n_n @# =FBu_n1W ƒ 1W4: • n"n \lB_n

T"#n" $"%n != !' ngul‹n B[u !& Rn" "?kng n"}u mn "[u Ou= @# !"= B?ng

!' ORn $"SI. Nmu ="#n" $"%n != !& n"[= ˆ O u9 >ˆng‚ !& !"†' n"}u $"%n n"a O“B#I !"F "[u Ou= @# !"= B?ng \]ng gRI \ung.

Ngul‹n B[u ="un B n"= !"F u9 =>n" ORn \u= !9! !u = !'F F>='n b/N – 1WWd B# $"En Fn O =Š 1W ƒ 14WWC "'l $"En Fn 1W ƒ 1`WWC.„n" "?kng mn u9 =>n" >_zF>Ing \y! =9! "ng !" B# ="#n" $"%n != I# u'n =>(ng"jn & B# ="#n" $"%n "&' "(! !' $"En Fn ngul‹n B[u.

Nmu "#I B?ng !' n'$"=_n =>Fng ngul‹n B[u !#ng !'F‚ n"= B# !l!BF"_\'n @#œn \u= !' n& !#ng n"}u‚ =" $"Rn †ng _"l>F "&' \Rl >' !#ng =>[= • @# "#IB?ng /H ="jI O“ !#ng n"}u.

Nmu ngul‹n B[u !"†' n"}u $'>'zn =" !9! $"Rn †ng !' $'>'zn !" g&$ $"%n

n"J • =F >' /H ="jI ng $"Rn †ng _"l>F @…ng "&'‚ !…n ˆ $"n $'>'zn O“="'I g' $"Rn †ng OFI_ "&' @# "l>F!'!>'!ng‚ $"Rn †ng "l>F!>'!gn !…n B#IgRI "[u Ou= "l>F F "l>F =‹u "'F !"F $"Rn †ng n#l. Vl nmu "#I B?ng $'>'zn=>Fng ngul‹n B[u !#ng n"J =" "[u Ou= "l>F !#ng !'F b!" yng @Z \y! =9! ="m "[IZd

C9! /H ="jI !& =>Fng ngul‹n B[u ="?cng n"J‚ <! [= B# " ngul‹n B[u B# $"En Fn \]ng != =>t! =m$. /H ="jI !& Rn" "?kng mn =! ˆ !9! $"Rn †ng _"l>F"&' "'l _"l>F "&' @…ng ="_F "?Zng ng]n !Rn !9! $"Rn †ng n#l. V @l‚ nmu Iw!P!" !' u9 =>n" B# ORn \u= /H ="jI >‹ng [= =" n‹n =9!" =>?Z! /H ="jI "Jngul‹n B[u.

C9! "$ !"= $" "l>F!'!Fn‚ <! [= B# !9! "$ !"= !' B?u "u¡n" @# n=j =>Fng ngul‹n B[u $"R gRI =Z I†! = ="•u @# n"J "jn gZ "n !"F $"|$. V !9!

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B#I gRI n"'n" "F= =Pn" \y! =9!. V ="} ngul‹n B[u =>?Z! " >_zF>Ing }u ?!u' !ng Fn \ B n g"l>F B#I O!" • B'( !9! "$ !" $" "l>F!'!Fn‚ FB_zn‚FB_zn‚ @# !R I BF. C9! !"= $" "l>F!'!Fn O“ ?! BF >' k ng "j n"?

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2WW.

"! L‹ V]n Hmu Cng ng"[ !"m mn %u IJ N"# \u= Rn KHKT H# Nˆ 2WW`.

5! T>%n Mn" T>P D%u IJ @# %u "P k V[= N'I N"# \u= Rn T Hồ C"P Mn"

1).

gt hoa hoc dau mo

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