evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31

mvims‡ÿcmvivwe‡k¦B wkÿvi YMZ w`KwU LyeB iæZ¡c~Y©| Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z mevi Rb¨ wkÿv Kvh©µg mdj Ki‡Z n‡j me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb mevi Rb¨ YMZ wkÿv wbwðZKiY| GB wbeÜwU‡Z wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvi e¨vL¨v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| gvbeZvev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi, wek¦e¨vsK I BD‡b‡¯‹vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z YMZ wkÿvmsµvšÍ aviYvi ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †Kbbv GB msMVb¸‡jv xN©w`b a‡i Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi YMZ wkÿvi Ici KvR K‡i Avm‡Q|

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ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK Ges A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡U YMZ wkÿvi welqwU GKwU RwUj I eûgyLx welq wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq| AvšÍtwbf©ikxj GB †ÿθ‡jv ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| G¸‡jvi †cÖÿvc‡U YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡ZI wKQy cv_©K¨ †`Lv †`q| GwU g‡b ivLv iKvi †h, wkÿvq P¨v‡jÄ, Z_¨, bZzb M‡elYv, cwiewZ©Z welqe¯‘‡K bZzbfv‡e Dcjwäi ga¨w`‡q cwieZ©b I weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32

wkÿv_x‡`i ¸YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GwU GKwU c×wZ (BDwb‡md, 2000)| GB wbeÜwUi D‡Ïk¨ ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU‡K ¯úó K‡i †Zvjv| we‡kl K‡i gvbeZvev`x `„wó‡KvY, wek¦e¨vsK Ges BD‡b‡¯‹vi cwicÖwÿ‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU‡K ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡kølY KivB G wbe‡Üi g~j D‡`‡k¨|

¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv KbmvBR A·‡dvW© Bswjk wWKkbvwi Abyhvqx, Ô†KvqvwjwUÕ kãwUi DrcwË j¨vwUb Ô†KvqvwjUvmÕ †_‡K hvi A_© †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨ (†÷‡fbkb Ges IqvBU, 2011:1174)| †KvqvwjwU kãwU mÿgZv, Kvh©KvwiZv Ges mgZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ (A¨vWvgm, 1993, Kjwe Ges ûBU, 2000)| †KvqvwjwU ev Ygvb mvaviYfv‡eB GKwU cÖvmw½K Uvg© I mgmvgwqK ivRbxwZ‡Z eûj e¨eüZ kã (ûB‡UK Ges fvb©‡eK, 2011) Ges GB Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó DËi cvIqv m¤¢e bq|

ˆewPΨc~Y© I eûgyLx ˆewkó¨i ga¨ w`‡q ¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU‡K eyS‡Z nq| ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î `xN© weZ©K i‡q‡Q| d‡j Gi me©Rbxb msÁv †`qv m¤¢e bq| †Rvnvb‡mb (2006:6) e‡jb †h, Ò... ¸YMZ wkÿvi me©Rbxb msÁv Lyu‡R †eov‡bv wbõj Kg©| Gi cwie‡Z© Avgv‡`i DwPZ wewfbœ msÁv D`NvUb Kiv †h¸‡jvi welqe¯‘ wkÿv‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z nqÓ| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, YMZ wkÿv GKwU MwZkxj aviYv (wc‡MvwR, 2006; BbMÖvg, 2010) hv wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘, cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi aib, wRÁvmv‡K aviY K‡i| wVK GKBiKgfv‡e evM©‡gb (1996:586) e‡jb †h, Ò... YMZ wkÿv‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb mgm¨v n‡jv GwU wkÿK, we`¨vjq, eB, wkÿv_©x ev †kÖwYK‡ÿi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv c×wZMZ Dcv`vb bq| YMZ w`K n‡”Q †Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi Ggb GK we‡kl ag© hv Kgc‡ÿ GKwU „wó‡Kvb ev †ÿÎvbymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i KviY ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nqÓ| ¸YMZ wkÿvi mv‡_ we`¨vj‡qi Kg©ZrciZv IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| GB wel‡q †gqvi e‡jb, Òwe`¨vjq‡K Zv‡`i jÿvR©‡b mdj IB mg‡q ejv †h‡Z cv‡i hLb wkÿv_©xiv fv‡jv bvMwiK nIqvi Rb¨ Avek¨K g~j¨‡eva I mvgvwRK `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Drcv`bÿg nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ÿZv I †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z mg_© nqÓ (†gqvi Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K, 2000 D×…wZ †bqv n‡q‡Q K¨v¤ú, 2009:4 †_‡K)| wZwb YMZ wkÿv‡K A_©‰bwZK Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ wewfbœ wbe‡Ü ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K ïay A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bv †`‡L mgwš^Z aviYv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvmw½Kµ‡g, Kz¤^m (1985) ¸YMZ wkÿvi GKwU K¬¨vwm‡Kj msÁv Zvi eB Ô`¨ Iqvì© µvBwmm Bb GWz‡KkbÕ-G Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb:

... YMZ gvÎv wkÿvi YMZ w`K †_‡KI †ewk wKQy wb‡`©k K‡i| GwU cÖ_vMZ wkÿvµg Ges gv‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb mdjZvi Av‡jv‡K msÁvwqZ Ges we‡eP¨ nq| wkÿv_©xiv Kx wkL‡Q Ges Kxfv‡e †kLv‡bv n‡”Q Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i YMZ wkÿvi welqwU Av‡iv cÖvmw½K I h_v_© n‡q I‡V| eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi Pvwn`vbyhvqx wkÿv_©x‡`i we‡kl †cÖÿvcU I m¤¢vebvq GwU KZUzKz Dchy³ Zvi IciI welqwU wbf©i K‡i| GwU Av‡iv wb‡`©k K‡i wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gi ÔBbcy‡UiÕ aib (wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, myweav, miÄvg Ges mieivn); Gi D‡Ïk¨, wkÿvµg Ges wkÿYcÖhyw³; Ges Gi Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek‡K (c„, 105)|

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33

GLv‡b †jLK YMZ wkÿvi gvÎvi mv‡_ YMZ wkÿvi ai‡bi Zjz bv K‡i‡Qb| KviY †MvUv welqUvB wbfi© Ki‡Q wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wbw`ó© welqe¯,‘ wewfbœ ÔBbcUy Õ© , wkÿY cwÖ µqv, wkLb cwi‡e‡ki Dci| †gvÏv K_v, YMZ wkÿv n‡”Q ÔBbcUy Õ, cvÖ mw½KZv, D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges cwÖ µqvi mgwšZ dj|

Gi mv‡_ Av‡iv †hvM Kiv hvq, ¸YMZ wkÿv m¤ú©‡K A¨vWvg I P¨vcg¨v‡bi wek` msÁv| Zvu iv `yBR‡bB Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb †h, Ò¸YMZ wkÿv n‡”Q †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wbw`©ó jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨ AR©b| G‡ÿ‡Î we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb, „wófw½, g~j¨‡eva Ges AvPiY A_ev GKwU cwic~Y© ZË¡ ev gZv`©k AR©b A_ev wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvM‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i (A¨vWvgm Ges P¨vcg¨vb, 1998 DׄwZ †bqv n‡q‡Q P¨vcg¨vb Ges A¨vWvgm, 2002 †_‡K)| GB „wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖwZôvb ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvd‡j¨i wfwˇZ ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K e¨vLv Kiv hvq| ZvQvov, ¸YMZ wkÿvi w`KwU dz‡U I‡V hLb wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i AwR©Z e¨envwiK Ávb‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

mv¤úªwZK mg‡q I‡q÷vi‡nBR‡Wb, †÷b¯‹vi Ges †ivmv (2007) YMZ wkÿvi welqwU‡K wewfbœ †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i „wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vLv K‡i‡Qb| Zvu iv e‡jb, Ò¸YMZ wkÿv ivRbxwZwe`, wkÿvwe`, wkÿv_©x, PvKzixRxex Ges Abvb¨v †÷K‡nvìv‡`i „wó‡Z wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi cÖ‡Z¨K MÖæ‡ci †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB GB e¨vcv‡i Avjv`v Avjv`v `„wófw½ _vK‡Z cv‡iÓ| BbMÖvg G aviYvi mg_©b K‡i Abyiæcfv‡e e‡jb, Ò¸YMZ aviYvwU wkÿv_©x, AwffveK, we`¨vjq, m¤úª`vq Ges RvwZi Pvwn`vi gvÎvi Ici wbf©i K‡iÓ (BbMÖvg, 2010)| wkÿv_©x‡`i „wó‡Z YMZ w`KwU we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i PvKwzi cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î †MÖ‡Wi e¨env‡ii Ici| A_©vr PvKzwi cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i AwR©Z †MÖW KZUzKz Kv‡R jvM‡Q Zvi Ici Zviv wkÿvi YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv K‡i| AwffveKiv wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i cvwievwiK g~j¨‡eva AR©‡bi wfwˇZ| we`¨vj‡qi Kv‡Q YMZ w`KwU we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i mvd‡j¨i gvÎv KZUzKz Zvi Ici| KwgDwbwU ev m¤úª`vq wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K wPwüZ K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mdjZv Ges RvZxq cixÿvq we`¨vj‡qi cvidig¨v‡Ýi Ici wfwˇZ| Ges me©‡kl, RvZxq ch©v‡q wkÿvi YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq ivR‰bwZK k©b ev gZv`‡k©i wfwˇZ RvZxq HK¨gZ MV‡b f~wgKv, RvZxq Av`©k‡K aviY, †`‡ki BwZnvm‡K Dcjwä A_ev cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wek¦evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kivi mvg‡_©¨i wfwˇZ|

HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿv¸YMZ wkÿvi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡mi w`‡K wd‡i ZvKv‡Z nq| vk©wbK wPšÍv-‡PZbvq YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwUi m~ÎcvZ N‡U jK (1632-1704) Ges iæ‡kv (1712-1767)-Gi gv‡a¨‡g| cieZ©x‡Z, wewfbœ gbxlx †hgb †c÷vjrwm (1746-1827), d«‡qej (1782-1852), g‡›Umwi (1870-1952), wWDB (1859-1952), eøyg (1913-1999), †d«Bwi (1921-1997) Ges †cuqv‡R (1896-1980) cÖf…wZi wewfbœ wPšÍvq wewfbœ mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U GB aviYvwUi weKvk N‡U| G ai‡bi ZvwË¡K Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk RvwZmsN Ges Gi wewfbœ mn‡hvMx msMVb †hgb BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDwb‡m‡di gZ wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb, eûRvwZK msMVb cÖavbZ wek¦e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd Ges KwZcq AvÂwjK I †`kxq msMVb wewfbœ mg‡q ¸YMZ wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZe„w× K‡i‡Q (Kzgvi, 1988)|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32

wkÿv_x‡`i ¸YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GwU GKwU c×wZ (BDwb‡md, 2000)| GB wbeÜwUi D‡Ïk¨ ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU‡K ¯úó K‡i †Zvjv| we‡kl K‡i gvbeZvev`x `„wó‡KvY, wek¦e¨vsK Ges BD‡b‡¯‹vi cwicÖwÿ‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU‡K ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡kølY KivB G wbe‡Üi g~j D‡`‡k¨|

¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv KbmvBR A·‡dvW© Bswjk wWKkbvwi Abyhvqx, Ô†KvqvwjwUÕ kãwUi DrcwË j¨vwUb Ô†KvqvwjUvmÕ †_‡K hvi A_© †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨ (†÷‡fbkb Ges IqvBU, 2011:1174)| †KvqvwjwU kãwU mÿgZv, Kvh©KvwiZv Ges mgZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ (A¨vWvgm, 1993, Kjwe Ges ûBU, 2000)| †KvqvwjwU ev Ygvb mvaviYfv‡eB GKwU cÖvmw½K Uvg© I mgmvgwqK ivRbxwZ‡Z eûj e¨eüZ kã (ûB‡UK Ges fvb©‡eK, 2011) Ges GB Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó DËi cvIqv m¤¢e bq|

ˆewPΨc~Y© I eûgyLx ˆewkó¨i ga¨ w`‡q ¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU‡K eyS‡Z nq| ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î `xN© weZ©K i‡q‡Q| d‡j Gi me©Rbxb msÁv †`qv m¤¢e bq| †Rvnvb‡mb (2006:6) e‡jb †h, Ò... ¸YMZ wkÿvi me©Rbxb msÁv Lyu‡R †eov‡bv wbõj Kg©| Gi cwie‡Z© Avgv‡`i DwPZ wewfbœ msÁv D`NvUb Kiv †h¸‡jvi welqe¯‘ wkÿv‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z nqÓ| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, YMZ wkÿv GKwU MwZkxj aviYv (wc‡MvwR, 2006; BbMÖvg, 2010) hv wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘, cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi aib, wRÁvmv‡K aviY K‡i| wVK GKBiKgfv‡e evM©‡gb (1996:586) e‡jb †h, Ò... YMZ wkÿv‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb mgm¨v n‡jv GwU wkÿK, we`¨vjq, eB, wkÿv_©x ev †kÖwYK‡ÿi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv c×wZMZ Dcv`vb bq| YMZ w`K n‡”Q †Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi Ggb GK we‡kl ag© hv Kgc‡ÿ GKwU „wó‡Kvb ev †ÿÎvbymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i KviY ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nqÓ| ¸YMZ wkÿvi mv‡_ we`¨vj‡qi Kg©ZrciZv IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| GB wel‡q †gqvi e‡jb, Òwe`¨vjq‡K Zv‡`i jÿvR©‡b mdj IB mg‡q ejv †h‡Z cv‡i hLb wkÿv_©xiv fv‡jv bvMwiK nIqvi Rb¨ Avek¨K g~j¨‡eva I mvgvwRK `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Drcv`bÿg nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ÿZv I †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z mg_© nqÓ (†gqvi Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K, 2000 D×…wZ †bqv n‡q‡Q K¨v¤ú, 2009:4 †_‡K)| wZwb YMZ wkÿv‡K A_©‰bwZK Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ wewfbœ wbe‡Ü ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K ïay A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bv †`‡L mgwš^Z aviYv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvmw½Kµ‡g, Kz¤^m (1985) ¸YMZ wkÿvi GKwU K¬¨vwm‡Kj msÁv Zvi eB Ô`¨ Iqvì© µvBwmm Bb GWz‡KkbÕ-G Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb:

... YMZ gvÎv wkÿvi YMZ w`K †_‡KI †ewk wKQy wb‡`©k K‡i| GwU cÖ_vMZ wkÿvµg Ges gv‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb mdjZvi Av‡jv‡K msÁvwqZ Ges we‡eP¨ nq| wkÿv_©xiv Kx wkL‡Q Ges Kxfv‡e †kLv‡bv n‡”Q Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i YMZ wkÿvi welqwU Av‡iv cÖvmw½K I h_v_© n‡q I‡V| eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi Pvwn`vbyhvqx wkÿv_©x‡`i we‡kl †cÖÿvcU I m¤¢vebvq GwU KZUzKz Dchy³ Zvi IciI welqwU wbf©i K‡i| GwU Av‡iv wb‡`©k K‡i wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gi ÔBbcy‡UiÕ aib (wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, myweav, miÄvg Ges mieivn); Gi D‡Ïk¨, wkÿvµg Ges wkÿYcÖhyw³; Ges Gi Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek‡K (c„, 105)|

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33

GLv‡b †jLK YMZ wkÿvi gvÎvi mv‡_ YMZ wkÿvi ai‡bi Zjz bv K‡i‡Qb| KviY †MvUv welqUvB wbfi© Ki‡Q wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wbw`ó© welqe¯,‘ wewfbœ ÔBbcUy Õ© , wkÿY cwÖ µqv, wkLb cwi‡e‡ki Dci| †gvÏv K_v, YMZ wkÿv n‡”Q ÔBbcUy Õ, cvÖ mw½KZv, D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges cwÖ µqvi mgwšZ dj|

Gi mv‡_ Av‡iv †hvM Kiv hvq, ¸YMZ wkÿv m¤ú©‡K A¨vWvg I P¨vcg¨v‡bi wek` msÁv| Zvu iv `yBR‡bB Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb †h, Ò¸YMZ wkÿv n‡”Q †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wbw`©ó jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨ AR©b| G‡ÿ‡Î we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb, „wófw½, g~j¨‡eva Ges AvPiY A_ev GKwU cwic~Y© ZË¡ ev gZv`©k AR©b A_ev wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvM‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i (A¨vWvgm Ges P¨vcg¨vb, 1998 DׄwZ †bqv n‡q‡Q P¨vcg¨vb Ges A¨vWvgm, 2002 †_‡K)| GB „wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖwZôvb ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvd‡j¨i wfwˇZ ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K e¨vLv Kiv hvq| ZvQvov, ¸YMZ wkÿvi w`KwU dz‡U I‡V hLb wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i AwR©Z e¨envwiK Ávb‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

mv¤úªwZK mg‡q I‡q÷vi‡nBR‡Wb, †÷b¯‹vi Ges †ivmv (2007) YMZ wkÿvi welqwU‡K wewfbœ †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i „wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vLv K‡i‡Qb| Zvu iv e‡jb, Ò¸YMZ wkÿv ivRbxwZwe`, wkÿvwe`, wkÿv_©x, PvKzixRxex Ges Abvb¨v †÷K‡nvìv‡`i „wó‡Z wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi cÖ‡Z¨K MÖæ‡ci †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB GB e¨vcv‡i Avjv`v Avjv`v `„wófw½ _vK‡Z cv‡iÓ| BbMÖvg G aviYvi mg_©b K‡i Abyiæcfv‡e e‡jb, Ò¸YMZ aviYvwU wkÿv_©x, AwffveK, we`¨vjq, m¤úª`vq Ges RvwZi Pvwn`vi gvÎvi Ici wbf©i K‡iÓ (BbMÖvg, 2010)| wkÿv_©x‡`i „wó‡Z YMZ w`KwU we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i PvKwzi cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î †MÖ‡Wi e¨env‡ii Ici| A_©vr PvKzwi cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i AwR©Z †MÖW KZUzKz Kv‡R jvM‡Q Zvi Ici Zviv wkÿvi YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv K‡i| AwffveKiv wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i cvwievwiK g~j¨‡eva AR©‡bi wfwˇZ| we`¨vj‡qi Kv‡Q YMZ w`KwU we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i mvd‡j¨i gvÎv KZUzKz Zvi Ici| KwgDwbwU ev m¤úª`vq wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K wPwüZ K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mdjZv Ges RvZxq cixÿvq we`¨vj‡qi cvidig¨v‡Ýi Ici wfwˇZ| Ges me©‡kl, RvZxq ch©v‡q wkÿvi YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq ivR‰bwZK k©b ev gZv`‡k©i wfwˇZ RvZxq HK¨gZ MV‡b f~wgKv, RvZxq Av`©k‡K aviY, †`‡ki BwZnvm‡K Dcjwä A_ev cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wek¦evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kivi mvg‡_©¨i wfwˇZ|

HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿv¸YMZ wkÿvi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡mi w`‡K wd‡i ZvKv‡Z nq| vk©wbK wPšÍv-‡PZbvq YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwUi m~ÎcvZ N‡U jK (1632-1704) Ges iæ‡kv (1712-1767)-Gi gv‡a¨‡g| cieZ©x‡Z, wewfbœ gbxlx †hgb †c÷vjrwm (1746-1827), d«‡qej (1782-1852), g‡›Umwi (1870-1952), wWDB (1859-1952), eøyg (1913-1999), †d«Bwi (1921-1997) Ges †cuqv‡R (1896-1980) cÖf…wZi wewfbœ wPšÍvq wewfbœ mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U GB aviYvwUi weKvk N‡U| G ai‡bi ZvwË¡K Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk RvwZmsN Ges Gi wewfbœ mn‡hvMx msMVb †hgb BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDwb‡m‡di gZ wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb, eûRvwZK msMVb cÖavbZ wek¦e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd Ges KwZcq AvÂwjK I †`kxq msMVb wewfbœ mg‡q ¸YMZ wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZe„w× K‡i‡Q (Kzgvi, 1988)|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx34

cÖ_g c`‡ÿc wn‡m‡e, 1948 me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi (BDwWGBPAvi) Aby‡”Q` 26(1)-G wkÿv‡K gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e Zz‡j aiv nq †hLv‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K mKj wkïi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| wKš‘ GLv‡b úófv‡e Bw½Z Kiv nqwb, we`¨vjq KZ…©K †Kvb ai‡bi wkÿv †`qv n‡e, Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i wkÿv AR©b Ki‡e Ges †Kvb ch©v‡q Zviv Zv‡`i AwR©Z Ávb ev¯ÍeRxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| 1950-Gi `kK †_‡KB wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU cÖvavb¨ †c‡Z _vK‡jI 1960-Gi `kK Ges Gici †_‡K welqwU Av‡iv †ewk K‡i Av‡jvwPZ I „k¨gvb n‡Z _v‡K (Kzgvi, 1988)| Gici, wkÿvi aviYvwU Avwef©~Z nq gvbe g~jab ZË¡vbyhvqx mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv e„w×i Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi exR ecb Ges vwi`ª ~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K †K›`ª K‡i (ïjR, 1961)| cieZ©x‡Z 1970-Gi `kK I Gici ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K ˆeÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| GiB avivevwnKZvq wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv e¨vcKwfwËK wkÿvi Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïiæ K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb¸‡jv QvovI wewfbœ GbwRI 1980i k‡K mvaviY gvby‡li gv‡S Áv‡bi we¯ÍiY, we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK wkÿvi gv‡a¨‡g KwgDwbwU m‡PZ‡bZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Ae`vb ivLv ïiæ K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| †gŠwjK `ÿZv AR©‡bi me©wb¤œ ch©vq I gv‡bi wbwðZKiY Ges ¸YMZ wkÿvi Ici AwaK iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ GLb ch©šÍ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK wcwQ‡q Av‡Q hvi Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY n‡”Q Avw_©K msMVb¸‡jvi D”Pnv‡i wiU©v‡bi kZ©| †`k¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvI Gi Rb¨ A‡bKUvB vqx| GQvov, 1990-Gi Av‡M †`k¸‡jvi AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e †Kv‡bv `vqe×ZvI wQj bv| hvi d‡j †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖPwjZ wkÿve¨e¯’v †hgb cixÿvi gv‡a¨‡g mvwU©wd‡KU MÖnY Kiv, gyL¯’we`¨v‡Kw›`ªK wkÿv, cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxjZv e¨vcKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q (Kzgvi, 1988)| GB KviY¸‡jv ¸YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜK n‡q vu ovq|

cieZ©xKv‡j, wkï AwaKvi mb` (1989) Abyhvqx wkÿv‡K ÔAwaKviÕ wfwËK „wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| mb‡`i 28 I 29 Aby‡PQ‡` úófv‡e ejv nq †h, ÔcÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ïay †h wkÿvMÖn‡YiB AwaKvi Av‡Q Zv bq eis cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki D”P¸Ym¤úbœ wkÿvMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi Av‡Q|Õ GB m‡¤§j‡bi ciciB wkÿvq ¸YMZ w`‡Ki mgZv weav‡bi wbðqZvi Rb¨ AvšÍ©RvwZK †bZ…e„›` wKQy me©Rbxb cwigvcK wVK K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 1989 D×…wZ †bqv n‡q‡Q BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2011 wi‡cvU© †_‡K)| cieZ©xKv‡j _vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZq‡b Ô`¨ Iq©vì Kbdv‡iÝ Ab GWz‡Kkb di Aj (1990)Õ-G mgZvi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq Ges me©Rbxbfv‡e mnRjf¨ I cÖvmw½K wkÿvi mycvwik Kiv nq| GB Kbdv‡i‡Ý mgZv AR©‡bi wbðqZvi Rb¨ wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z `¨ WvKvi †d«gIq©vK di A¨vKkb (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2000)-G QqwU jÿ¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡g ¸YMZ wkÿvi Ici we‡kl iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| GB jÿ¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU j‡ÿ¨ (2) ejv nqÑ

Òwewfbœ cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v †_‡K I‡V Avmv Ges msL¨vjNy b„‡Mvôx ev G_wbK †Mvôxi mKj wkï we‡kl K‡i †g‡q wkï‡`i m¤ú©~Y A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK DbœZ gv‡bi cÖv_wgK wkÿv MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Av‡Q|Ó

GB jÿ¨wU‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mv‡_ DbœZ wkÿv MÖn‡Yi Ici iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q hv ¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU úófv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Q| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU jÿ¨ (6)-G ejv nqÑ

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 35

Ò¸YMZ wkÿvi me w`K w`‡q Dbœqb Ges †m¸‡jvi h_©v_Zvi wbwðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡Z wPwýZ I cwigvc‡hvM¨ wkLbdj ARb© Kiv hvq m‡e©vZfv‡e we‡kl K‡i mvÿiZv, wnmve MYbv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Rxeb ÿZv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î|Ó

GLv‡b ¸YMZ wkÿvi mv‡_ wkLbdj‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB m‡¤§j‡b AskMÖnYKvix †`k¸‡jv GB jÿ¨¸‡jv‡K me©m¤§Zfv‡e MÖnY K‡i| GQvov, GB †d«gIq©v‡K wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K wkÿvi cÖvY‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Gfv‡eB ¸YMZ wkÿv cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi AwaKv‡i cwiYZ nq| AwZmv¤úªwZK mg‡q RvwZms‡Ni mvaviYZ cwil` 55/2 GgwWwRi Gi AvUwU jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY K‡i| Gi wØZxq jÿ¨wU n‡jv, 2015 mvv‡ji g‡a¨ me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv (BDwcB) AR©b Kiv| wKš‘ yf©vM¨ekZ GLv‡b YMZ wkÿvi w`KwU jÿ¨ Kiv nqwb|

gvbeZvev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvwewfbœ `vk©wbK wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvi msÁv, e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY, Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| ¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU wb‡q weZ©‡Ki m„wó n‡q‡Q g~jZ Kxfv‡e wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡e †mB welqwU‡K †K›`ª K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)|

gvbeZvev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vi g~j‡K›`ªwe›`y wn‡m‡e hv we‡ePbv Kiv nq (K¨v¤ú, 2009): wkÿvi ¸YMZ e¨vL¨vi ïiæ‡ZB we‡ePbv Kiv nq †h, wkÿv_©x‡`i Kg©ZrciZvB g~jZ wkLbd‡ji Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| gvbeZvev`x „wó‡KvY †_‡K YMZ wkÿvi e¨vL¨vi Av‡M gvwU©b gvbeZvev`x „wó‡Kv‡Yi welqwU úó K‡i †Zv‡jb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒgvbeZvev`x „wófw½i hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q cÖvK…wZK we‡k¦i KvVv‡gvi †P‡qI gvbe PwiÎ Ges Gi m¤¢vebv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qÓ (gvwU©b, 1995:23)| †gvÏv K_v, gvbeZvev` ¸iæZ¡ †`q ZiæY-ZiæYx‡`i †KvqvwjwUi Dbœq‡bi Ici hv Zv‡`i cieZ©x Rxe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i (gvwU©b, 1995:23)| me©cÖ_g jK (1932-1704) D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, wkï‡`i Kv‡Q wkLb n‡”Q Ô†Ljv I we‡bv`bÕ (jK, 1968:255) hv cieZ©x‡Z iæ‡kvi cÖK…wZev`‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i (c„ 28)| gvbeZvev`x `k©b Z_v `„wófw½i BwZnv‡m iæ‡kv (1712-1778) ¯^Zš¿ev`x, ¯^vaxbZvev`x Ges cÖK„wZev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wkÿvi ¸YMZ aviYvwU‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb (iæ‡kv, 1993 : 197-208 D×…Z n‡q‡Q gvwU©b, 1995 †_‡K)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, gvbeZvev` GKwU ev¯ÍewfwËK AwfRvZ wkÿve¨e¯’vi D™¢e NUvq hv ïay †h wkLbd‡ji mv‡_B Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv bq, eis Gi mv‡_ †mŠ›`h©‡eva, fv‡jv AvPiY I Av`e Kvq`vI AšÍfy©³ (ûBwRbMv, 1952 : 102-105)| e¨w³i kw³kvjx I MwZkxj ˆewkó¨ gvbeZvev‡`i bv›`wbK †ÿ‡Î eY©bv Kiv nq (gvwU©b, 1995 : 26)| Avi GmewKQyB YMZ wkÿvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

cieZ©x‡Z †c÷vjrwm, d«‡qej Ges wWDB ¸YMZ wkÿvi AvaywbK aviYv‡K wewfbœfv‡M fvM K‡ib hvi g‡a¨ gvbevwaKvi, MYZš¿ Ges †UKmB cwi‡ek AšÍf©y³| GB aviYv¸‡jv bZzb GK aviYvi m~ÎcvZ NUvq hv g~jZ wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK, AskMÖnYg~jK Ges MYZvwš¿K (e¨v‡iU, WzMvb, †jvB, wb‡Kj Ges DK‡cv, 2006) cÖwµqv KviY wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq Ges AskMÖnYg~jK f‚wgKv wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i Ávb I ÿZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

weL¨vZ wkÿvwe` wm B we‡e ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| †hgb Ô†kÖwYK‡ÿi gvbÕ, wØZxqZ, ÔA_©‰bwZK jÿ¨ Ges Z…ZxqZ, ÔmvgvwRK ˆewkó¨Õ (we‡e, 1966:11) †hLv‡b †kl

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx34

cÖ_g c`‡ÿc wn‡m‡e, 1948 me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi (BDwWGBPAvi) Aby‡”Q` 26(1)-G wkÿv‡K gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e Zz‡j aiv nq †hLv‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K mKj wkïi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK I A‰eZwbK wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| wKš‘ GLv‡b úófv‡e Bw½Z Kiv nqwb, we`¨vjq KZ…©K †Kvb ai‡bi wkÿv †`qv n‡e, Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i wkÿv AR©b Ki‡e Ges †Kvb ch©v‡q Zviv Zv‡`i AwR©Z Ávb ev¯ÍeRxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| 1950-Gi `kK †_‡KB wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU cÖvavb¨ †c‡Z _vK‡jI 1960-Gi `kK Ges Gici †_‡K welqwU Av‡iv †ewk K‡i Av‡jvwPZ I „k¨gvb n‡Z _v‡K (Kzgvi, 1988)| Gici, wkÿvi aviYvwU Avwef©~Z nq gvbe g~jab ZË¡vbyhvqx mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv e„w×i Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi exR ecb Ges vwi`ª ~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K †K›`ª K‡i (ïjR, 1961)| cieZ©x‡Z 1970-Gi `kK I Gici ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K ˆeÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| GiB avivevwnKZvq wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv e¨vcKwfwËK wkÿvi Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïiæ K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb¸‡jv QvovI wewfbœ GbwRI 1980i k‡K mvaviY gvby‡li gv‡S Áv‡bi we¯ÍiY, we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK wkÿvi gv‡a¨‡g KwgDwbwU m‡PZ‡bZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Ae`vb ivLv ïiæ K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| †gŠwjK `ÿZv AR©‡bi me©wb¤œ ch©vq I gv‡bi wbwðZKiY Ges ¸YMZ wkÿvi Ici AwaK iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ GLb ch©šÍ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK wcwQ‡q Av‡Q hvi Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY n‡”Q Avw_©K msMVb¸‡jvi D”Pnv‡i wiU©v‡bi kZ©| †`k¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvI Gi Rb¨ A‡bKUvB vqx| GQvov, 1990-Gi Av‡M †`k¸‡jvi AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e †Kv‡bv `vqe×ZvI wQj bv| hvi d‡j †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖPwjZ wkÿve¨e¯’v †hgb cixÿvi gv‡a¨‡g mvwU©wd‡KU MÖnY Kiv, gyL¯’we`¨v‡Kw›`ªK wkÿv, cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxjZv e¨vcKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q (Kzgvi, 1988)| GB KviY¸‡jv ¸YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜK n‡q vu ovq|

cieZ©xKv‡j, wkï AwaKvi mb` (1989) Abyhvqx wkÿv‡K ÔAwaKviÕ wfwËK „wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| mb‡`i 28 I 29 Aby‡PQ‡` úófv‡e ejv nq †h, ÔcÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ïay †h wkÿvMÖn‡YiB AwaKvi Av‡Q Zv bq eis cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki D”P¸Ym¤úbœ wkÿvMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi Av‡Q|Õ GB m‡¤§j‡bi ciciB wkÿvq ¸YMZ w`‡Ki mgZv weav‡bi wbðqZvi Rb¨ AvšÍ©RvwZK †bZ…e„›` wKQy me©Rbxb cwigvcK wVK K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 1989 D×…wZ †bqv n‡q‡Q BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2011 wi‡cvU© †_‡K)| cieZ©xKv‡j _vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZq‡b Ô`¨ Iq©vì Kbdv‡iÝ Ab GWz‡Kkb di Aj (1990)Õ-G mgZvi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq Ges me©Rbxbfv‡e mnRjf¨ I cÖvmw½K wkÿvi mycvwik Kiv nq| GB Kbdv‡i‡Ý mgZv AR©‡bi wbðqZvi Rb¨ wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z `¨ WvKvi †d«gIq©vK di A¨vKkb (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2000)-G QqwU jÿ¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡g ¸YMZ wkÿvi Ici we‡kl iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| GB jÿ¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU j‡ÿ¨ (2) ejv nqÑ

Òwewfbœ cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v †_‡K I‡V Avmv Ges msL¨vjNy b„‡Mvôx ev G_wbK †Mvôxi mKj wkï we‡kl K‡i †g‡q wkï‡`i m¤ú©~Y A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK DbœZ gv‡bi cÖv_wgK wkÿv MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Av‡Q|Ó

GB jÿ¨wU‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mv‡_ DbœZ wkÿv MÖn‡Yi Ici iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q hv ¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU úófv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Q| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU jÿ¨ (6)-G ejv nqÑ

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 35

Ò¸YMZ wkÿvi me w`K w`‡q Dbœqb Ges †m¸‡jvi h_©v_Zvi wbwðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡Z wPwýZ I cwigvc‡hvM¨ wkLbdj ARb© Kiv hvq m‡e©vZfv‡e we‡kl K‡i mvÿiZv, wnmve MYbv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Rxeb ÿZv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î|Ó

GLv‡b ¸YMZ wkÿvi mv‡_ wkLbdj‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB m‡¤§j‡b AskMÖnYKvix †`k¸‡jv GB jÿ¨¸‡jv‡K me©m¤§Zfv‡e MÖnY K‡i| GQvov, GB †d«gIq©v‡K wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K wkÿvi cÖvY‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Gfv‡eB ¸YMZ wkÿv cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi AwaKv‡i cwiYZ nq| AwZmv¤úªwZK mg‡q RvwZms‡Ni mvaviYZ cwil` 55/2 GgwWwRi Gi AvUwU jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY K‡i| Gi wØZxq jÿ¨wU n‡jv, 2015 mvv‡ji g‡a¨ me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv (BDwcB) AR©b Kiv| wKš‘ yf©vM¨ekZ GLv‡b YMZ wkÿvi w`KwU jÿ¨ Kiv nqwb|

gvbeZvev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvwewfbœ `vk©wbK wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvi msÁv, e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY, Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| ¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU wb‡q weZ©‡Ki m„wó n‡q‡Q g~jZ Kxfv‡e wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡e †mB welqwU‡K †K›`ª K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)|

gvbeZvev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vi g~j‡K›`ªwe›`y wn‡m‡e hv we‡ePbv Kiv nq (K¨v¤ú, 2009): wkÿvi ¸YMZ e¨vL¨vi ïiæ‡ZB we‡ePbv Kiv nq †h, wkÿv_©x‡`i Kg©ZrciZvB g~jZ wkLbd‡ji Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| gvbeZvev`x „wó‡KvY †_‡K YMZ wkÿvi e¨vL¨vi Av‡M gvwU©b gvbeZvev`x „wó‡Kv‡Yi welqwU úó K‡i †Zv‡jb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒgvbeZvev`x „wófw½i hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q cÖvK…wZK we‡k¦i KvVv‡gvi †P‡qI gvbe PwiÎ Ges Gi m¤¢vebv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qÓ (gvwU©b, 1995:23)| †gvÏv K_v, gvbeZvev` ¸iæZ¡ †`q ZiæY-ZiæYx‡`i †KvqvwjwUi Dbœq‡bi Ici hv Zv‡`i cieZ©x Rxe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i (gvwU©b, 1995:23)| me©cÖ_g jK (1932-1704) D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, wkï‡`i Kv‡Q wkLb n‡”Q Ô†Ljv I we‡bv`bÕ (jK, 1968:255) hv cieZ©x‡Z iæ‡kvi cÖK…wZev`‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i (c„ 28)| gvbeZvev`x `k©b Z_v `„wófw½i BwZnv‡m iæ‡kv (1712-1778) ¯^Zš¿ev`x, ¯^vaxbZvev`x Ges cÖK„wZev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wkÿvi ¸YMZ aviYvwU‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb (iæ‡kv, 1993 : 197-208 D×…Z n‡q‡Q gvwU©b, 1995 †_‡K)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, gvbeZvev` GKwU ev¯ÍewfwËK AwfRvZ wkÿve¨e¯’vi D™¢e NUvq hv ïay †h wkLbd‡ji mv‡_B Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv bq, eis Gi mv‡_ †mŠ›`h©‡eva, fv‡jv AvPiY I Av`e Kvq`vI AšÍfy©³ (ûBwRbMv, 1952 : 102-105)| e¨w³i kw³kvjx I MwZkxj ˆewkó¨ gvbeZvev‡`i bv›`wbK †ÿ‡Î eY©bv Kiv nq (gvwU©b, 1995 : 26)| Avi GmewKQyB YMZ wkÿvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

cieZ©x‡Z †c÷vjrwm, d«‡qej Ges wWDB ¸YMZ wkÿvi AvaywbK aviYv‡K wewfbœfv‡M fvM K‡ib hvi g‡a¨ gvbevwaKvi, MYZš¿ Ges †UKmB cwi‡ek AšÍf©y³| GB aviYv¸‡jv bZzb GK aviYvi m~ÎcvZ NUvq hv g~jZ wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK, AskMÖnYg~jK Ges MYZvwš¿K (e¨v‡iU, WzMvb, †jvB, wb‡Kj Ges DK‡cv, 2006) cÖwµqv KviY wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq Ges AskMÖnYg~jK f‚wgKv wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i Ávb I ÿZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

weL¨vZ wkÿvwe` wm B we‡e ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| †hgb Ô†kÖwYK‡ÿi gvbÕ, wØZxqZ, ÔA_©‰bwZK jÿ¨ Ges Z…ZxqZ, ÔmvgvwRK ˆewkó¨Õ (we‡e, 1966:11) †hLv‡b †kl

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36

`ywU fvM mv¤úªwZK mg‡q AZ¨šÍ cÖvmw½K wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990)| GQvov Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi m¤ú‡K© we‡ei aviYv †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿY-wkL‡bi †KvqvwjwU Z_v ¸Ygv‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| GB‡ÿ‡Î wZwb Bw½Z K‡ib †h, ¸YMZ wkÿv wKQz wbw`©ó wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i| †hgb, A_©c~Y© Dcjwä, we¯Í…Z wkÿvµg, wewfbœ welqe¯‘ I c×wZ, ¯^Zš¿ cv_©K¨mg~n, mgm¨v mgvavb I m„RbkxjZv, AšÍe©Z©x cixÿv, BwZevPK k„•Ljv, Av‡eM, bv›`wbK Rxeb I eyw×gËv, KwgDwbwU m¤ú©K, AeKvVv‡gv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg (we‡e, 1966)| GK K_vq, GB mKj aviYv¸‡jv YMZ wkÿvi mvgwMÖK wP·KB Zz‡j a‡i| Z‡e, wkÿK‡`i wkÿvMZ Ávb I †hvM¨Zvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z we‡ei aviYvwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î AR©b KóKi (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990; †nb‡fjW, 1994; BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)|

nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm (1990) ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K wZbwU avivq e¨vL¨v K‡ib hv g~jZ cÖKvk K‡i mÿgZv, cÖvmw½KZv Ges Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990:11)| GLv‡b, mÿgZv A_© n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡bi ÷¨vÛvW© h_vÑ ÁvbvR©‡bi ÷¨vÛvW©, wkLb ÿZv, m„RbkxjZv, m~ÿ¥ wPšÍv-fvebv Ges AvPiY| cÖvmw½KZv wb‡`©k K‡i welqe¯‘i cÖvmw½KZv, eZ©gv‡bi cÖvmw½KZv Ges wkÿv_©xi fwel¨r cÖ‡qvRb I gvbweKZvi cÖvmw½KZv‡K| me©‡kl, Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz Bw½Z K‡i ÔD™¢vebx kw³i AwZwi³ Y, DÏxcbv, D‡ËRbv, Ab¨‡`i Rb¨ D‡ØM A_ev fv‡jvevmv hv we`¨vjq I wkÿK‡`i gv‡S K`vwPr Ly‡uR cvIqv hvq (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990:17)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm A_©‰bwZK myweavi †_‡KI g~j¨‡evawfwËK ¸YMZ wkÿvi Ici †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`b hv gvbeZvev`x „wó‡KvY †_‡K YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K hyw³hy³ K‡i †Zv‡j|

wek kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K, GKRb weL¨vZ gvbeZvev`x mvC` (1997) †KvqvwjwU AR©‡bi c‡_ mgZvi aviYvwU‡K AšÍf©z³ K‡ib| wZwb †KvqvwjwUi aviYv‡K msKxY© `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| KviY wZwb g‡b K‡ib, msKxY© „wó‡KvY †_‡K †KvqvwjwUi e¨vL¨v ywU ‡ji gv‡S ˆelg¨ ˆZwi K‡i| Zvu i weL¨vZ gZv`k© n‡”Q ÔGbUvB‡Uj‡g›UÕ ev gvby‡li Avek¨Kxq ˆbwZK, g~j¨‡evawfwËK I ivR‰bwZK ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e| mgZv AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K iÿv Kiv hvq| ZvB wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î YMZ gvb wVK ivLvi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb wkÿvi me©¯Í‡i meiKg mgZv weavb| †gvU K_v, Zvu i aviYvwU gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mv‡_ A_©c~Y© n‡q I‡V AwaK ¯^”QZvi mv‡_ Ges GB aviYvwU m~ÿ¥ I ÁvZ Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿvmsµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi welqwU‡K cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|

†Wji wi‡cvU©‡K (1996) BD‡b‡¯‹vi wkÿvmsµvšÍ wfkb wn‡m‡e wPšÍv Kiv nq| Avi BD‡b‡¯‹vi wfkb‡K wek¦wkÿvi g‡Wj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †Wji wi‡cvU©wU‡Z g~jZ wkÿvi PviwU ͤ¢ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, ÔRvb‡Z †kLvÕ| GwU Ô†kLvi Rb¨ †kLvÕi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© hv we¯Í…Z mvaviY Ávb Ges Dcjwäi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡q Rxebe¨vcx wkLb my‡hvM Zwi K‡i (†Wji I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 1996:37)| Avevi GwU ¯^xKvi Kiv nq †h, wkÿv_©xiv †`kxq Ges evB‡ii Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q cÖwZw`b wb‡R‡`i Ávb wb‡RivB Zwi K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| wØZxqZ, KvwiMwi ÿZvi ev¯ÍweK cÖ‡qvM, e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿY Ges †hvMv‡hvM ev AvšÍe¨w³K mvgvwRK `ÿZv (ev‡iU I Av‡iv A‡b‡K.,2006) GB mewKQzB wb‡`©k K‡i ÔKivi Rb¨ †kLvÕ (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| GwU AvbyôvwbK ev

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37

AbvbyôvwbK n‡Z cv‡i Avevi wecixZfv‡e Aa¨qb A_ev KvRI n‡Z cv‡i (†Wji I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 1996:37)| Z…ZxqZ, ÔGK‡Î evm Kivi Rb¨ †kLvÕi welqwU ^Zš¿ vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ hv mgv‡R Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ AskMÖnY, fv‡jv Kv‡R mnvqK Ges Ø›` wbim‡bi wkL‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ (ev‡iU I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 2006)| ZvQvov, GwU Kj¨vYg~jK mgv‡Ri w`‡K Bw½Z †`q †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡`i cwievi I KwgDwbwUi g‡a¨ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i Dbœqb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ my‡hvM cvq (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004: 30)| GB wi‡cv‡U© eûgyLx mgv‡Ri g~j¨ Ges cvi®úvwiK †evSvcov Ges kvwšÍi welq‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q (†Wji I Av‡iv A‡b‡K, 1996:37)| Avi ÔweKwkZ n‡Z †kLvÕ myß cÖwZfvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ hv GKRb e¨w³i m¤¢vebv, ¯§„wZ, †hŠw³K AvPiY, †mŠ›`h©‡eva, kvixwiK mÿgZv Ges †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi wfwˇZ e¨w³i m¤¢ve¨ Dbœqb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i (ev‡iU Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 2006 : 6)| GK K_vq, gvbeZvev`x avivwU mvaviYfv‡eB wkL‡b AvZ¥g~j¨vqb, `jMZ g~j¨vqb, wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv Ges mvgvwRK Abykxjb wn‡m‡e wkL‡bi cÖwZ iæZ¡ †`q| hv †nvK, wKQz mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I, †Wji wi‡cvU©wU `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †gvU K_v, GB wi‡cvU©wU mvgvwRK AvPiY, †gŠwjK Ávb Ges e¨envwiK `ÿZvi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki hv ¯úóZfv‡eB WvKvi †d«gIq©vK di A¨vKk‡b Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q (Iqvì© GWz‡Kkb †dvivg, 2000)|

wek¦e¨vs‡Ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿv¸YMZ wkÿv n‡”Q GKwU mgwš^Z I c×wZMZ aviYv hv 1980-Gi k‡Ki ïiæi w`‡K wek¦e¨vs‡Ki bxwZMZ KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †hvM nq (KzbBDqv, 2005)| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mgwš^Z wkÿv Kvh©µg gvbe g~jab Z‡Ë¡i Ici wfwË K‡i 1960-Gi k‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z wU‡K _vKvi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë wek¦e¨vsK m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P mvÿiZvi nvi I me©Rbxb wkÿvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQj (wnKwjsK Ges nvWmb, 2002)| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki A_©‰bwZK we‡kølKiv †mB mgq cvewjK Bb‡f÷‡g‡›Ui †ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K RvZxq I mvgvwRK †iU Ae wiUv‡b©i †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P wn‡m‡e wPwüZ K‡i| Gici wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU wb‡q wek¦e¨vs‡Ki bxwZ‡Z 1990-Gi `k‡K cwie©Zb Av‡m| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki Av‡jvPbvi avivq GKxf~Z wkÿvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †KvqvwjwU ev YMZ w`KwU GKwU eo Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e `vwo‡q hvq| GiB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z mv¤úªwZK mg‡q wek¦e¨vsK KZ¸‡jv welq‡K LyeB ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| †hgbÑ wkÿvq myweavewÂZ‡`i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi we‡kl K‡i evwjKv Ges Pig `wi`ª (wnDg¨vb †W‡fjcg¨v›U †bUIq©vK, 2003 : 433), wkÿvewÂZ b„‡Mvôx (Iq©vì e¨vsK, 2004 D×…wZ †bqv n‡q‡Q e¨v‡iU I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 2006 †_‡K) Ges Ab¨vb¨ myweavewÂZ `‡ji cÖ‡ekvwaKvi (wcUvim, 2004)| AwaKš‘, wek¦e¨vsK wewfbœ †`‡k myweavewÂZ‡`i Rb¨ A‡bK †cÖvMvg I M‡elYvq mvnv‡h¨i gv‡a¨‡g mnvqZv w`‡q Avm‡Q| jKwnW Ges fvm©cyi (1991: 20-41) e‡jb, Òwek¦e¨vsK †ek wKQy bxwZ‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q, †hgb mvÿiZv I MvwYwZK `ÿZv| G¸‡jv‡K wkÿv I Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg gv‡a¨g wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nqÓ| YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wek¦e¨vsK wkLb mdjZvi cwigvc, wkÿv c×wZi we‡K›`ªxKiY, wkï‡`i Dbœqb I ¯^v¯’¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K (wnDg¨vb †W‡fjc‡g›U †bUIq©vK, 2002: 433)|

jKwnW Ges fvm©cyi (1991:40-41) wkLb mdjZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ PviwU Dcv`vb h_v we`¨vj‡qi cwi‡ek, wkÿvµg, wb‡`©kbvg~jK †bZ…Z¡, DcKi‡Yi ARb©-eÈb Ges e¨env‡ii Ici wfwË K‡i

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36

`ywU fvM mv¤úªwZK mg‡q AZ¨šÍ cÖvmw½K wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990)| GQvov Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi m¤ú‡K© we‡ei aviYv †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿY-wkL‡bi †KvqvwjwU Z_v ¸Ygv‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| GB‡ÿ‡Î wZwb Bw½Z K‡ib †h, ¸YMZ wkÿv wKQz wbw`©ó wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i| †hgb, A_©c~Y© Dcjwä, we¯Í…Z wkÿvµg, wewfbœ welqe¯‘ I c×wZ, ¯^Zš¿ cv_©K¨mg~n, mgm¨v mgvavb I m„RbkxjZv, AšÍe©Z©x cixÿv, BwZevPK k„•Ljv, Av‡eM, bv›`wbK Rxeb I eyw×gËv, KwgDwbwU m¤ú©K, AeKvVv‡gv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg (we‡e, 1966)| GK K_vq, GB mKj aviYv¸‡jv YMZ wkÿvi mvgwMÖK wP·KB Zz‡j a‡i| Z‡e, wkÿK‡`i wkÿvMZ Ávb I †hvM¨Zvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z we‡ei aviYvwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î AR©b KóKi (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990; †nb‡fjW, 1994; BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)|

nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm (1990) ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K wZbwU avivq e¨vL¨v K‡ib hv g~jZ cÖKvk K‡i mÿgZv, cÖvmw½KZv Ges Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990:11)| GLv‡b, mÿgZv A_© n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡bi ÷¨vÛvW© h_vÑ ÁvbvR©‡bi ÷¨vÛvW©, wkLb ÿZv, m„RbkxjZv, m~ÿ¥ wPšÍv-fvebv Ges AvPiY| cÖvmw½KZv wb‡`©k K‡i welqe¯‘i cÖvmw½KZv, eZ©gv‡bi cÖvmw½KZv Ges wkÿv_©xi fwel¨r cÖ‡qvRb I gvbweKZvi cÖvmw½KZv‡K| me©‡kl, Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz Bw½Z K‡i ÔD™¢vebx kw³i AwZwi³ Y, DÏxcbv, D‡ËRbv, Ab¨‡`i Rb¨ D‡ØM A_ev fv‡jvevmv hv we`¨vjq I wkÿK‡`i gv‡S K`vwPr Ly‡uR cvIqv hvq (nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm, 1990:17)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, nvIGm Ges †÷‡dbm A_©‰bwZK myweavi †_‡KI g~j¨‡evawfwËK ¸YMZ wkÿvi Ici †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`b hv gvbeZvev`x „wó‡KvY †_‡K YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K hyw³hy³ K‡i †Zv‡j|

wek kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K, GKRb weL¨vZ gvbeZvev`x mvC` (1997) †KvqvwjwU AR©‡bi c‡_ mgZvi aviYvwU‡K AšÍf©z³ K‡ib| wZwb †KvqvwjwUi aviYv‡K msKxY© `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| KviY wZwb g‡b K‡ib, msKxY© „wó‡KvY †_‡K †KvqvwjwUi e¨vL¨v ywU ‡ji gv‡S ˆelg¨ ˆZwi K‡i| Zvu i weL¨vZ gZv`k© n‡”Q ÔGbUvB‡Uj‡g›UÕ ev gvby‡li Avek¨Kxq ˆbwZK, g~j¨‡evawfwËK I ivR‰bwZK ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e| mgZv AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU‡K iÿv Kiv hvq| ZvB wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î YMZ gvb wVK ivLvi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb wkÿvi me©¯Í‡i meiKg mgZv weavb| †gvU K_v, Zvu i aviYvwU gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mv‡_ A_©c~Y© n‡q I‡V AwaK ¯^”QZvi mv‡_ Ges GB aviYvwU m~ÿ¥ I ÁvZ Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿvmsµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi welqwU‡K cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|

†Wji wi‡cvU©‡K (1996) BD‡b‡¯‹vi wkÿvmsµvšÍ wfkb wn‡m‡e wPšÍv Kiv nq| Avi BD‡b‡¯‹vi wfkb‡K wek¦wkÿvi g‡Wj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †Wji wi‡cvU©wU‡Z g~jZ wkÿvi PviwU ͤ¢ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, ÔRvb‡Z †kLvÕ| GwU Ô†kLvi Rb¨ †kLvÕi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© hv we¯Í…Z mvaviY Ávb Ges Dcjwäi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡q Rxebe¨vcx wkLb my‡hvM Zwi K‡i (†Wji I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 1996:37)| Avevi GwU ¯^xKvi Kiv nq †h, wkÿv_©xiv †`kxq Ges evB‡ii Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q cÖwZw`b wb‡R‡`i Ávb wb‡RivB Zwi K‡i (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| wØZxqZ, KvwiMwi ÿZvi ev¯ÍweK cÖ‡qvM, e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿY Ges †hvMv‡hvM ev AvšÍe¨w³K mvgvwRK `ÿZv (ev‡iU I Av‡iv A‡b‡K.,2006) GB mewKQzB wb‡`©k K‡i ÔKivi Rb¨ †kLvÕ (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| GwU AvbyôvwbK ev

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37

AbvbyôvwbK n‡Z cv‡i Avevi wecixZfv‡e Aa¨qb A_ev KvRI n‡Z cv‡i (†Wji I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 1996:37)| Z…ZxqZ, ÔGK‡Î evm Kivi Rb¨ †kLvÕi welqwU ^Zš¿ vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ hv mgv‡R Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ AskMÖnY, fv‡jv Kv‡R mnvqK Ges Ø›` wbim‡bi wkL‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ (ev‡iU I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 2006)| ZvQvov, GwU Kj¨vYg~jK mgv‡Ri w`‡K Bw½Z †`q †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡`i cwievi I KwgDwbwUi g‡a¨ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i Dbœqb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ my‡hvM cvq (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004: 30)| GB wi‡cv‡U© eûgyLx mgv‡Ri g~j¨ Ges cvi®úvwiK †evSvcov Ges kvwšÍi welq‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q (†Wji I Av‡iv A‡b‡K, 1996:37)| Avi ÔweKwkZ n‡Z †kLvÕ myß cÖwZfvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ hv GKRb e¨w³i m¤¢vebv, ¯§„wZ, †hŠw³K AvPiY, †mŠ›`h©‡eva, kvixwiK mÿgZv Ges †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi wfwˇZ e¨w³i m¤¢ve¨ Dbœqb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i (ev‡iU Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 2006 : 6)| GK K_vq, gvbeZvev`x avivwU mvaviYfv‡eB wkL‡b AvZ¥g~j¨vqb, `jMZ g~j¨vqb, wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv Ges mvgvwRK Abykxjb wn‡m‡e wkL‡bi cÖwZ iæZ¡ †`q| hv †nvK, wKQz mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I, †Wji wi‡cvU©wU `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †gvU K_v, GB wi‡cvU©wU mvgvwRK AvPiY, †gŠwjK Ávb Ges e¨envwiK `ÿZvi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki hv ¯úóZfv‡eB WvKvi †d«gIq©vK di A¨vKk‡b Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q (Iqvì© GWz‡Kkb †dvivg, 2000)|

wek¦e¨vs‡Ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿv¸YMZ wkÿv n‡”Q GKwU mgwš^Z I c×wZMZ aviYv hv 1980-Gi k‡Ki ïiæi w`‡K wek¦e¨vs‡Ki bxwZMZ KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †hvM nq (KzbBDqv, 2005)| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mgwš^Z wkÿv Kvh©µg gvbe g~jab Z‡Ë¡i Ici wfwË K‡i 1960-Gi k‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z wU‡K _vKvi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë wek¦e¨vsK m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P mvÿiZvi nvi I me©Rbxb wkÿvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQj (wnKwjsK Ges nvWmb, 2002)| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki A_©‰bwZK we‡kølKiv †mB mgq cvewjK Bb‡f÷‡g‡›Ui †ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K RvZxq I mvgvwRK †iU Ae wiUv‡b©i †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P wn‡m‡e wPwüZ K‡i| Gici wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwU wb‡q wek¦e¨vs‡Ki bxwZ‡Z 1990-Gi `k‡K cwie©Zb Av‡m| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki Av‡jvPbvi avivq GKxf~Z wkÿvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †KvqvwjwU ev YMZ w`KwU GKwU eo Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e `vwo‡q hvq| GiB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z mv¤úªwZK mg‡q wek¦e¨vsK KZ¸‡jv welq‡K LyeB ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| †hgbÑ wkÿvq myweavewÂZ‡`i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi we‡kl K‡i evwjKv Ges Pig `wi`ª (wnDg¨vb †W‡fjcg¨v›U †bUIq©vK, 2003 : 433), wkÿvewÂZ b„‡Mvôx (Iq©vì e¨vsK, 2004 D×…wZ †bqv n‡q‡Q e¨v‡iU I Av‡iv A‡b‡K., 2006 †_‡K) Ges Ab¨vb¨ myweavewÂZ `‡ji cÖ‡ekvwaKvi (wcUvim, 2004)| AwaKš‘, wek¦e¨vsK wewfbœ †`‡k myweavewÂZ‡`i Rb¨ A‡bK †cÖvMvg I M‡elYvq mvnv‡h¨i gv‡a¨‡g mnvqZv w`‡q Avm‡Q| jKwnW Ges fvm©cyi (1991: 20-41) e‡jb, Òwek¦e¨vsK †ek wKQy bxwZ‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q, †hgb mvÿiZv I MvwYwZK `ÿZv| G¸‡jv‡K wkÿv I Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg gv‡a¨g wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nqÓ| YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wek¦e¨vsK wkLb mdjZvi cwigvc, wkÿv c×wZi we‡K›`ªxKiY, wkï‡`i Dbœqb I ¯^v¯’¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K (wnDg¨vb †W‡fjc‡g›U †bUIq©vK, 2002: 433)|

jKwnW Ges fvm©cyi (1991:40-41) wkLb mdjZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ PviwU Dcv`vb h_v we`¨vj‡qi cwi‡ek, wkÿvµg, wb‡`©kbvg~jK †bZ…Z¡, DcKi‡Yi ARb©-eÈb Ges e¨env‡ii Ici wfwË K‡i

GKwU K÷ B‡dw±f g‡Wj uvo Kivb| GQvovI Zuviv †`Lvb †h, we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©KvwiZv D”P Av‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡Z wbf©i K‡i cÖ_g wZbwU DcKi‡Yi Ici †hLv‡b wb¤œAv‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡Z we`¨vj‡qi mÿgZv (†cb‡ivR, 1993) wbf©i K‡i †klZK Dcv`vbwUi Ici| cieZ©x‡Z, cÖv‡qvwiwU A¨vÛ ÷ª¨vwUwRm di GWz‡Kkb (1995) wi‡cv‡U© wek¦e¨vsK wkÿvbxwZi Bmy¨wU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q Ges wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwUi wel‡q wb‡¤œv³ aviYv e¨³ K‡i:

¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU msÁvwqZ I cwigvc Kiv KwVb| GKwU mwVK msÁvq Aek¨B wkÿv_©x‡`i djvdj AšÍf©z³ n‡e| Ges AwaKvsk wkÿvwe`I YMZ wkÿvi msÁvq wkÿv AwfÁZvi cÖK…wZ‡KI AšÍf©y³ Ki‡e †Kbbv GwU wkLb cwi‡e‡k Dchy³ djvdj AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i (Iqv©ì e¨vsK, 1995:46)|

GB welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡jB †evSv hvq †h, wek¦e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g I cÖavb ¸iæZ¡ wkLb cwi‡e‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i djvdj| wKš‘ yfv©‡M¨i welq n‡”Q, wek¦e¨vs‡Ki YMZ wkÿvi e¨vcv‡i †h aviYv †mB aviYvwU‡Z mgwš^Z „wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv Kivi welqwU Abycw¯’Z|

hvB †nvK, wek¦e¨vsK wVKB Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q †h, Kvh©Ki wkÿv †KŠk‡j ïay msL¨v e„w×i †P‡q ¸YMZ wkÿvi IciB †ewk iæZ¡ †`qv DwPZ| wek kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K, Pvwn`vbyhvqx wek¦‡K cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ wek¦e¨vsK GKwU wkÿv †KŠkj mieivn K‡i| GB †KŠkjwU‡Z c×wZMZ ms¯‹v‡ii gv‡a¨‡g ¸YMZ wkÿv AR©‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| 1991 mv‡ji †KŠk‡ji g~j jÿ¨ wQj, gvbe g~ja‡bi Ici wewb‡qvM wb‡q Avm‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×, mvgvwRK Dbœqb I msNe×Zv| wewb‡qvM ¯^fveZB AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi Dbœqb NUvq| wek¦e¨vsK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ †gŠwjK I DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi we¯Ív‡i ¸iæZ¡ †`qv; ¸YMZ w`‡Ki we‡ePbvq wkÿv e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ; wkÿvi †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i mv‡_ bZzb Askx`vwiZ¡ m„wó Ges wkÿvq AwZwi³ mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AšÍf‚©³KiY BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri cÖwZ iæZ¡ †`q (wnKwjsK Ges nvWmb, 2002)| hvB †nvK, GwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c©~Y †h, eZ©gvb mg‡q wek¦e¨vsK KZ…©K †h cÖ‡R±¸‡jv cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q †m¸‡jv‡Z AwaK gvÎvq wkLbdj‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvi wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡”Q| Avi Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q ¸YMZ wkÿvi cÖwZ wek¦e¨vs‡Ki „wófw½ dz‡U I‡V|

BD‡b‡¯‹vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿv1945 mvj †_‡K BD‡b‡¯‹v (BDbvB‡UW †bkbm GWz‡Kkbvj, mv‡qw›UwdK Ges KvjPvivj AM©vbvB‡Rkb) wek¦Ry‡o wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡PQ| GB msMVbwU 2000 mv‡j me©cÖ_g ¸YMZ wkÿvi KvVv‡gv mieivn K‡i †hLv‡b wkÿvi g~j Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e wkLb cÖwµqv‡K wPwüZ Kiv nq (wc‡MvwR, 2006)| msMVbwU wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`v‡bi cÖwZI Bw½Z cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb BbcyUm, cÖ‡mm Ges cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ BD‡b‡¯‹v ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i, †Kbbv G¸‡jv wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK kw³kvjx cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv ywU ͇i m¤úK©hy³ †hgb wkÿv_©©x Ges wkLb c×wZ| GB `ywU ¯Í‡ii Av‡jv‡K †d«gIqvK©wU‡K cuvPwU †ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv nq| BD‡b‡¯‹vi cÖv³b GKRb Kg©KZ©v ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib wkÿv_©x‡`i AR©b, AwR©Z Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvM, welqe¯‘, cÖwµqv I wkLb cwi‡e‡ki Ici| cieZ©x‡Z Av‡iKRb Kg©KZv ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖkvmb,

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39

Dchy³ bxwZ, m¤ú`, AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Ges wkLb djvdj cwigv‡ci Ici| `yB Rb Kg©KZ©vi DwjøwLZ GB kwU †ÿÎB YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|

BD‡b‡¯‹v (2004) Avevi GKwU †KvqvwjwU †d«gIqvK© cÖ`vb K‡i †hLv‡b YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU‡K e¨vcK AvKv‡i we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †d«gIqv‡K© YMZ wkÿvi wewfbœ Pj‡Ki Dcjwä I msMVb ¸iæZ¡ cvq| †d«gIqvK©wU‡K mgwš^Z ejv hvq| G‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿv gv‡b cÖ‡ekvwaKvi, wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv Ges djvdj †h¸‡jv welqe¯‘, cwiwa Ges Bbcy‡Ui mnRjf¨Zv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| wkLb djvdj, wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv, wewfbœ BbcyUm, wewfbœ welqe¯‘, wkÿv_©x‡`i ˆewkó¨vbyhvqx g~j wkÿY-wkLb c×wZ G †ÿθ‡jv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| GB me¸‡jv welq¸‡jvi h_v_© e¨envi I ch©vßZvi g‡a¨ w`‡q YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv nq|

wkÿv_©xi ˆewkó¨GKRb wkÿv_©xi wkLb AwfÁZv Ges Zvi mvg_©¨ ¸YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| GKRb wkÿv_©xi ˆewkó¨ KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i| †hgbÑ Av_©-mvgvwRK cUf‚wg, ¯^v¯’¨, AvevwmK ¯’vb, ms¯‹…wZ, ag© Ges c~e©eZ©x wkL‡bi gvÎv I cÖK…wZ| G¸‡jvi Ici wfwË K‡i wkÿv cÖ`v‡bi gv‡a¨‡g ¸YMZ wkÿvi e¨vcviwU‡K wbwðZ Kiv nq| GQvov ¸YMZ wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ m¤¢ve¨ AmgZv †hgb, wj½MZ el¨g¨, cÖwZeÜxZv, b„‡Mvôx, GBPAvBwf/GBW‡mi Ae¯’v Ges Riæwi Ae¯’v wPwýZKiYI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkÿv_©x‡`i wfbœ wfbœ ˆewkó¨i †h cv_©K¨¸‡jv we`¨gvb Zv YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wPwüZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)|

welqe¯‘wkÿv Ges mgv‡Ri gv‡S LyeB Mfxi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| Giv G‡K Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Dbœq‡bi MwZavivq mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b, `ÿZvi Dbœqb, g~j¨‡eva m„wó, †hvMv‡hvM, MwZkxjZv, e¨w³MZ DbœwZ Ges ¯^vaxbZvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv mvnvh¨ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, ivóª KZ…©K bxwZ ˆZwi I wm×všÍMÖnY wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î iæZ¡c~©Y cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| GQvovI AvšÍR©vwZK mvnvh¨ †KŠkjI gv‡S gv‡S jÿ¨ I gvb wba©vi‡b ¸iæZ¡c~©Y f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Ges AwaKvsk Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi wkÿvµg cÖYq‡b Ae`vb iv‡L (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| wkÿvi welqe¯‘ GB mKj welq‡K we‡ePbv K‡iB cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq|

Bbcy‡Ui †hvMvb wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi mdjZv A‡bKvs‡kB Bbcy‡Ui †hvMv‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i| GB „wó‡KvY †_‡K Bbcy‡Ui †hvMvb LyeB iæZ¡c~Y© †Kbbv wkÿK, cvV¨cy¯ÍK ev Ab¨vb¨ wkLb DcKiY Qvov we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©µg Pvjv‡bv LyeB `y®‹i| †gvÏv K_v, wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ BbcyU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| DcKiY I gvbe m¤ú`‡K cÖavb BbcyU PjK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| cvV¨cy¯ÍK Ges Ab¨vb¨ wk‡ÿvcKiY, †kÖwYKÿ, jvB‡eªwi, we`¨vj‡qi AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweav DcKiY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K gvbem¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡Q e¨e¯’vcK, cÖkvmK, Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK ÷vd, ZË¡veavqK, cwi`©kK Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~©Y n‡”Q wkÿK| GB `yB †ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKvB me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvQvov QvÎ-wkÿK AbycvZ, wkÿK‡`i †eZb, wkÿvi Rb¨ ev‡RU eivÏ BZ¨vw`I mnvqK BbcyU

GKwU K÷ B‡dw±f g‡Wj uvo Kivb| GQvovI Zuviv †`Lvb †h, we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©KvwiZv D”P Av‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡Z wbf©i K‡i cÖ_g wZbwU DcKi‡Yi Ici †hLv‡b wb¤œAv‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡Z we`¨vj‡qi mÿgZv (†cb‡ivR, 1993) wbf©i K‡i †klZK Dcv`vbwUi Ici| cieZ©x‡Z, cÖv‡qvwiwU A¨vÛ ÷ª¨vwUwRm di GWz‡Kkb (1995) wi‡cv‡U© wek¦e¨vsK wkÿvbxwZi Bmy¨wU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q Ges wkÿvi ¸YMZ w`KwUi wel‡q wb‡¤œv³ aviYv e¨³ K‡i:

¸YMZ wkÿvi welqwU msÁvwqZ I cwigvc Kiv KwVb| GKwU mwVK msÁvq Aek¨B wkÿv_©x‡`i djvdj AšÍf©z³ n‡e| Ges AwaKvsk wkÿvwe`I YMZ wkÿvi msÁvq wkÿv AwfÁZvi cÖK…wZ‡KI AšÍf©y³ Ki‡e †Kbbv GwU wkLb cwi‡e‡k Dchy³ djvdj AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i (Iqv©ì e¨vsK, 1995:46)|

GB welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡jB †evSv hvq †h, wek¦e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g I cÖavb ¸iæZ¡ wkLb cwi‡e‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i djvdj| wKš‘ yfv©‡M¨i welq n‡”Q, wek¦e¨vs‡Ki YMZ wkÿvi e¨vcv‡i †h aviYv †mB aviYvwU‡Z mgwš^Z „wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv Kivi welqwU Abycw¯’Z|

hvB †nvK, wek¦e¨vsK wVKB Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q †h, Kvh©Ki wkÿv †KŠk‡j ïay msL¨v e„w×i †P‡q ¸YMZ wkÿvi IciB †ewk iæZ¡ †`qv DwPZ| wek kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K, Pvwn`vbyhvqx wek¦‡K cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ wek¦e¨vsK GKwU wkÿv †KŠkj mieivn K‡i| GB †KŠkjwU‡Z c×wZMZ ms¯‹v‡ii gv‡a¨‡g ¸YMZ wkÿv AR©‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| 1991 mv‡ji †KŠk‡ji g~j jÿ¨ wQj, gvbe g~ja‡bi Ici wewb‡qvM wb‡q Avm‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×, mvgvwRK Dbœqb I msNe×Zv| wewb‡qvM ¯^fveZB AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi Dbœqb NUvq| wek¦e¨vsK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ †gŠwjK I DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvi we¯Ív‡i ¸iæZ¡ †`qv; ¸YMZ w`‡Ki we‡ePbvq wkÿv e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ; wkÿvi †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i mv‡_ bZzb Askx`vwiZ¡ m„wó Ges wkÿvq AwZwi³ mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AšÍf‚©³KiY BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri cÖwZ iæZ¡ †`q (wnKwjsK Ges nvWmb, 2002)| hvB †nvK, GwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c©~Y †h, eZ©gvb mg‡q wek¦e¨vsK KZ…©K †h cÖ‡R±¸‡jv cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q †m¸‡jv‡Z AwaK gvÎvq wkLbdj‡K ¸YMZ wkÿvi wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡”Q| Avi Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q ¸YMZ wkÿvi cÖwZ wek¦e¨vs‡Ki „wófw½ dz‡U I‡V|

BD‡b‡¯‹vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿv1945 mvj †_‡K BD‡b‡¯‹v (BDbvB‡UW †bkbm GWz‡Kkbvj, mv‡qw›UwdK Ges KvjPvivj AM©vbvB‡Rkb) wek¦Ry‡o wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡PQ| GB msMVbwU 2000 mv‡j me©cÖ_g ¸YMZ wkÿvi KvVv‡gv mieivn K‡i †hLv‡b wkÿvi g~j Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e wkLb cÖwµqv‡K wPwüZ Kiv nq (wc‡MvwR, 2006)| msMVbwU wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`v‡bi cÖwZI Bw½Z cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb BbcyUm, cÖ‡mm Ges cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ BD‡b‡¯‹v ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i, †Kbbv G¸‡jv wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK kw³kvjx cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv ywU ͇i m¤úK©hy³ †hgb wkÿv_©©x Ges wkLb c×wZ| GB `ywU ¯Í‡ii Av‡jv‡K †d«gIqvK©wU‡K cuvPwU †ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv nq| BD‡b‡¯‹vi cÖv³b GKRb Kg©KZ©v ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib wkÿv_©x‡`i AR©b, AwR©Z Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvM, welqe¯‘, cÖwµqv I wkLb cwi‡e‡ki Ici| cieZ©x‡Z Av‡iKRb Kg©KZv ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖkvmb,

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39

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djvdjwkÿv‡ÿ‡Î AvDUKvg ev djvdj g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Gi D‡Ï‡k¨i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z| cÖvqkB G‡K A¨vKv‡WwgK mdjZv Z_v cixÿvi †MÖ‡Wi wfwˇZ we‡ePbv Kiv nq| m„Rbkxj Ges Av‡ewMK Dbœq‡bi g~j¨vqb Ges g~j¨‡eva, „wófw½ Ges AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b‡KI djvdj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK djvdj wn‡m‡e kÖgevRv‡ii mdjZv‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| hv †nvK, AR©b, AskMÖnY Ges Ab¨vb¨ djvdj cwigv‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K úó Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)|

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Z_¨ wb‡`©kAdams, D. & Chapman, D (1998). ‘Defining Educational Quality: Educational Planning’, In Chapman, D. & Adams, D. (2002), The Quality of Education: Dimensions and Strategies, Education in Developing Asia, Vol. 5, Asian Development Bank, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong

Adams, D. (1993). ‘Defining educational quality’. In UNECEF (2000). Defining Quality in Education. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Working Group on Education Florence, Italy. New York: United nations Children’s Fund. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/education/files/QualityEducation.PDF

Barrett A. M., Duggan R. C.,Lowe J., Nikel J. &Ukpo E. (2006). The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education

•

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wkÿY-wkLbgvbe Dbœqb Ges wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î BwZevPK cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿY-wkLb g~j d¨v±i wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| BbcyUm Ges Ab¨vb¨ welqe¯‘MZ d¨v±‡ii mnvqZvq GB cÖwµqvwU Kvh©Ki nq| wecix‡Z c‡ivÿ BbcyUmI Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| cÖK…Z wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ AšÍfy©³ _v‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i cwiexÿY I g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwµqvi Rb¨ wkLb mgq e¨q Kiv Ges wkL‡bi ai‡bi DbœwZ, †kÖwYKÿ msMV‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv I †KŠk‡ji fvlv (BD‡b‡¯‹v, 2004)| mwVK wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv †kÖwYK‡ÿ Abym„Z bv n‡j YMZ wkÿvi e¨vcv‡i wbðqZv †`qv hvq bv|

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41

Dcmsnviwewfbœ „wó‡KvY †_‡K YMZ wkÿvi aviYv‡K we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| YMZ wkÿv‡K GKwU GKK †d«gIqv‡K©i gv‡a¨‡g wPwüZ Kiv KwVb| GLb YMZ wkÿv A‡bK we¯Í…Zfv‡eB Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq hv Av‡M K`vwPr Kiv nZ| GK K_vq, ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L ev wewfbœ †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i wewfbœ mg‡qi Pvwn`vbyhvqx cwiewZ©Z nq| g~j¨‡eva, `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zvi Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv m¤¢vebvgq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e A_©‰bwZK Ges RvwZi fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ mgwš^Z Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡iB ¸YMZ wkÿv GKwU P¨v‡jÄ wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`q we‡kl K‡i cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i| evsjv‡`k B‡Zvg‡a¨ AšÍf©zw³KiY, cÖv_wgK wkÿvq †RÛvi AmgZv n«vmKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK AMÖMwZ NUv‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ A‡bK M‡elYvq GUv †`Lv †M‡Q †h, ¸YMZ w`‡Ki wePv‡i cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cvk Kiv QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i wkLb mvdj¨ Avkvbiƒc bq| evsjv‡`k miKvi hLb †_‡K †`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy K‡i ZLb †_‡K cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z Dbœqb mn‡hvMx‡`i mnvqZvq wkÿY-wkLb Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK c`‡ÿc wb‡q‡Q| YMZ cÖv_wgK wkÿv gva¨wgK ͇i fv‡jvfv‡e DbœxZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î mnvqZv K‡i| GUv D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, YMZ wkÿv ïay wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv ‡ji Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv bq; eis GwU me ai‡Yi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨| Av‡iKwU welq n‡”Q, ¸YMZ wkÿvi aviYv me wkÿv_©x‡`i mgvbfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z Ges Dchy³ wkÿvi myweav wbwðZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB GB wbe‡Ü wewfbœ „wó‡KvY †_‡K YMZ wkÿvi aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z_¨ wb‡`©kAdams, D. & Chapman, D (1998). ‘Defining Educational Quality: Educational Planning’, In Chapman, D. & Adams, D. (2002), The Quality of Education: Dimensions and Strategies, Education in Developing Asia, Vol. 5, Asian Development Bank, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong

Adams, D. (1993). ‘Defining educational quality’. In UNECEF (2000). Defining Quality in Education. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Working Group on Education Florence, Italy. New York: United nations Children’s Fund. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/education/files/QualityEducation.PDF

Barrett A. M., Duggan R. C.,Lowe J., Nikel J. &Ukpo E. (2006). The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education

•

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(edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & University of Bath, UK. Retrieved on 01.03.2012 fromhttp://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

Beeby, C.E. (1966). ‘The quality of education in developing countries’. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. In Barrett, A. M. et al. (2006). The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education (edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & University of Bath, UK. Retrieved on 01.03.2012 from http://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

Bergmann, H. (1996). ‘Quality of education and the demand for education – evidence from developing countries’, International Review of Education, 42(6): 581-604

Campaign for Popular Education (2009), State of Primary Education in Bangladesh: Progress Made, Challenges Remained (Education Watch Report 2008), Dhaka: CAMPE

Colby, J. & Witt, M. (2000).‘Defining Quality’. In John, J. C. (2009). What is the Quality of education provided by Government and Private Primary schools in Tanzania? (Master thesis) University of Oslo, Oslo.

Coombs, P. H. (1985). The World Crises in Education: The View from the Eighties. Oxford:

Oxford University Press

Cunyua, R. (2005). Quality education in primary schools in South Sudan (Master thesis), Oslo University College, Oslo

Delors, Jacques, et al. (1996). ‘Learning: The Treasure Within: Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century’. In Malin, M. B. & Cohen, J. E (2010). International Perspectives on the Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education (Eds.), 235-245, New York: Routledge.

Guthrie, G. (1980). ‘Stages of Educational Development?’ Beeby revisited. International Review of Education. 26(3): p. 411-438.

Hawes, H. and Stephens, D. (1990). ‘Questions of quality: primary education and development’. In Barrett, A. M. et al. (2006). The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education (edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & University of Bath, UK. Retrieved on 01.03.2012 fromhttp://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

Heneveld, W. (1994). ‘Educational quality; defining what's important’. In Barrett, A. M. et al. (2006).The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education (edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & Univers i ty of Bath , UK. Retr ieved on 01.03.2012 f rom http://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

Hickling-Hudson, A. (2002). ‘Re-visioning the inside: getting under the skin of the World Banks Education Sector Strategy’, International Journal of Educational development, 22(6). 565-579.

Huizinga, (1952). In Martin, M. (1995). Educational traditions compared, content, teaching and learning in industrialized countries (Chapter 2: Views of knowledge), London: David Fulton Pub

Human Development Network, (2002). ‘World Bank strategy in the education sector: process, product and progress’. International Journal of Educational Development. 22(5): p, 429-437

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43

Ingram, G. M. (2010). ‘Quality of Education: What Is It, and Who Decides? Briefing Paper for a Policy Maker’. In Malin, M. B. & Cohen, J. E., (2010). International Perspective on the Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education (Eds.). New York: Routledge.

Johannessen, E. M. (2006). Basic Education-also a Question of Quality. Oslo, Norway: Save t h e C h i l d r e n , N o r w a y, R e t r i e v e d o n 0 1 . 0 3 . 2 0 1 2 f r o m www.reddbarna.no/default.asp?HMFILE=54214

Kless, S. J. (2002). ‘World Bank education policy: new rhetoric, old ideology’. International Journal of Educational development, 22, 451-474.

Kumar, K. (1988). æOrigins of India’s Textbook Culture” Comparative Education, In Kumar, K. & Sarangapani, P. M. (2004).History of the quality debate, Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2005 The Quality Imperative, UNESCO. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001466/146655e.pdf

Lockheed, M.E. and Verspoor, A.M. (1991). Improving primary education in developing countries, Washington: Published for the World Bank, Oxford University Press.

Martin, M. (1995). Educational traditions compared, content, teaching and learning in industrialized countries (Chapter 2: Views of knowledge), London: David Fulton Pub

Mayer et al., (2000). In Campaign for Popular Education (2009), State of Primary Education in Bangladesh: Progress Made, Challenges Remained (Education Watch Report 2008), D h a k a : C A M P E . R e t r i e v e d f r o m http://www.campebd.org/download/EW2008FullReportEnglish.pdf

Penrose, P. (1993). Planning and Financing Sustainable Educational Systems in Sub-Sahara Africa. London: ODA (Overseas Development Agency).

Peters, S. (2004). Inclusive education: an EFA strategy for all children. World Bank: Washington DC.

Pigozzi, M. J. (2006), æWhat is the ‘Quality of Education?’ (A UNESCO Perspective)”, In Kenneth N. Ross and Ilona Jurgens Genevois. Cross-National Studies in the Quality of Education: planning their Design and Managing their Impact (eds.), p. 39-50. Also in Malin, M. B. & Cohen, J. E (2010).International Prerspectives on the Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education, (eds.). p. 235-245, New York: Routledge.

Sayed, Y. (1997). ‘The concept of quality in education: a view from South Africa, in Educational dilemmas: debate and diversity’, In Watson, et al. (eds.). Quality in education, Vol. 4, p. 21-29, Cassell: London. Also in Barrett, A. M. et al. (2006).The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education (edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & University of Bath, UK. Retrieved on 01.03.2012 fromhttp://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

Schultz, T. (1961). ‘Investment in human capital’, American Economic Review, 51, 1-17

Stephens, D. (2007). ‘Culture in Education and Development: Principles, practice and policy’. In Barrett, A. M. et al. (2006). The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education (edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & University of Bath, UK. Retrieved on 01.03.2012 fromhttp://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42

(edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & University of Bath, UK. Retrieved on 01.03.2012 fromhttp://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

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Bergmann, H. (1996). ‘Quality of education and the demand for education – evidence from developing countries’, International Review of Education, 42(6): 581-604

Campaign for Popular Education (2009), State of Primary Education in Bangladesh: Progress Made, Challenges Remained (Education Watch Report 2008), Dhaka: CAMPE

Colby, J. & Witt, M. (2000).‘Defining Quality’. In John, J. C. (2009). What is the Quality of education provided by Government and Private Primary schools in Tanzania? (Master thesis) University of Oslo, Oslo.

Coombs, P. H. (1985). The World Crises in Education: The View from the Eighties. Oxford:

Oxford University Press

Cunyua, R. (2005). Quality education in primary schools in South Sudan (Master thesis), Oslo University College, Oslo

Delors, Jacques, et al. (1996). ‘Learning: The Treasure Within: Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century’. In Malin, M. B. & Cohen, J. E (2010). International Perspectives on the Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education (Eds.), 235-245, New York: Routledge.

Guthrie, G. (1980). ‘Stages of Educational Development?’ Beeby revisited. International Review of Education. 26(3): p. 411-438.

Hawes, H. and Stephens, D. (1990). ‘Questions of quality: primary education and development’. In Barrett, A. M. et al. (2006). The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education (edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & University of Bath, UK. Retrieved on 01.03.2012 fromhttp://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

Heneveld, W. (1994). ‘Educational quality; defining what's important’. In Barrett, A. M. et al. (2006).The concept of quality in education: A review of the ‘international’ literature on the concept of quality in education (edqual working paper no. 3), University of Bristol & Univers i ty of Bath , UK. Retr ieved on 01.03.2012 f rom http://www.edqual.org/publications/workingpaper/edqualwp3.pdf

Hickling-Hudson, A. (2002). ‘Re-visioning the inside: getting under the skin of the World Banks Education Sector Strategy’, International Journal of Educational development, 22(6). 565-579.

Huizinga, (1952). In Martin, M. (1995). Educational traditions compared, content, teaching and learning in industrialized countries (Chapter 2: Views of knowledge), London: David Fulton Pub

Human Development Network, (2002). ‘World Bank strategy in the education sector: process, product and progress’. International Journal of Educational Development. 22(5): p, 429-437

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43

Ingram, G. M. (2010). ‘Quality of Education: What Is It, and Who Decides? Briefing Paper for a Policy Maker’. In Malin, M. B. & Cohen, J. E., (2010). International Perspective on the Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education (Eds.). New York: Routledge.

Johannessen, E. M. (2006). Basic Education-also a Question of Quality. Oslo, Norway: Save t h e C h i l d r e n , N o r w a y, R e t r i e v e d o n 0 1 . 0 3 . 2 0 1 2 f r o m www.reddbarna.no/default.asp?HMFILE=54214

Kless, S. J. (2002). ‘World Bank education policy: new rhetoric, old ideology’. International Journal of Educational development, 22, 451-474.

Kumar, K. (1988). æOrigins of India’s Textbook Culture” Comparative Education, In Kumar, K. & Sarangapani, P. M. (2004).History of the quality debate, Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2005 The Quality Imperative, UNESCO. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001466/146655e.pdf

Lockheed, M.E. and Verspoor, A.M. (1991). Improving primary education in developing countries, Washington: Published for the World Bank, Oxford University Press.

Martin, M. (1995). Educational traditions compared, content, teaching and learning in industrialized countries (Chapter 2: Views of knowledge), London: David Fulton Pub

Mayer et al., (2000). In Campaign for Popular Education (2009), State of Primary Education in Bangladesh: Progress Made, Challenges Remained (Education Watch Report 2008), D h a k a : C A M P E . R e t r i e v e d f r o m http://www.campebd.org/download/EW2008FullReportEnglish.pdf

Penrose, P. (1993). Planning and Financing Sustainable Educational Systems in Sub-Sahara Africa. London: ODA (Overseas Development Agency).

Peters, S. (2004). Inclusive education: an EFA strategy for all children. World Bank: Washington DC.

Pigozzi, M. J. (2006), æWhat is the ‘Quality of Education?’ (A UNESCO Perspective)”, In Kenneth N. Ross and Ilona Jurgens Genevois. Cross-National Studies in the Quality of Education: planning their Design and Managing their Impact (eds.), p. 39-50. Also in Malin, M. B. & Cohen, J. E (2010).International Prerspectives on the Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education, (eds.). p. 235-245, New York: Routledge.

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