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K.N. Toosi University of Technology 5/19/2016

Adv. Technology in Civil engineerin 1

هاي تجديدپذير انرژي

Hasan Ghasemzadeh

مان ت سا ن و ی ن آوری

http://wp.kntu.ac.ir/ghasemzadeh

K.N. Toosi University of Technology

K.N.TOOSIUniversity of Technology

Renwable Energy

2

معرفي

مزاياايجاد اشتغال-كاهش آلودگي و مرگ و مير ناشي از آن-كاهش هزينه انرژي-كاهش هزينه هاي درماني-وفور منابع انرژي و عدم اتمام آنها-آمادگي منابع جهت استفاده-

اپذير داردهر انرژي پايداري كه منابع طبيعي پايان ن: انرژي تجديد پذير

ود؟توان از انرژي تجديد پذير استفاده نم آيا در صنعت ساختمان ميDr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh



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هاي تجديدپذير انواع انرژي•– Wind Energy

– Solar Energy

– Hydro Energy

– Biomass Energy

– Geothermal Energy

– Wave Energy

– Tidal Energy

– Nuclear

– Bio‐fuel

– Bagasse

معرفي

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh

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• Contribution of Renewable Energy in World Electricity Productionمعرفي




Disadvantages• Lots of wind turbines are needed to produce enough power.

• Turbines can only be put in windy areas.

• It is not always windy.• Some people don’t like the look of the turbines.

What is it?• Wind turbines

are used to generate electricity from the wind.

• The wind turns the large blades and the blades turn a generator.

Advantages• Wind is renewable.• Wind is free.• No greenhouse gases are made.

• There are few safety risks.

انرژي باد

Dr. Hasan Ghasemzadeh 5

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Wind Energy ‐ Technology• Differential heating of the earth’s surface and

atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air

currents that are affected by the earth’s

rotation and contours of the land and

generates WIND.

• A wind turbine obtains its power input by

converting the force of the wind into a torque

(turning force) acting on the rotor blades.

• The amount of energy which the wind

transfers to the rotor depends on the density

of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed.

• PLF of Wind Farm is normally in the range of

20 % to 30% depending upon the site

conditions and WTG rating.

P Power

ρ Air Density (kg/m3)

A Blade Area -turbine (m2)

V Wind velocity (m/s)

P = 0.5 X ρ X A X V3




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• Major Components of Wind Turbine

Wind Energy ‐ Technology


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Wind Energy – Present Scenario

• Wind Power – Fastest growing renewable energy source

• Globally, it grew at the average rate of 27 % pa over the past 10 years.

• While in India it grew at the average rate of 33% over the past 9 years.

• Presently, India is ranked 4th in the world in terms of Wind Energy Installed Capacity

• Drivers of growth

– Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Development

– Growing Global Energy Demand

– Improving Competitiveness of renewable energy

– Security of Supply Concerns

– New Markets (e.g. India, China etc)

– Carbon Trading

– Fiscal Benefits by Govt. (PTC, feed in tariffs, etc)




Disadvantages• Solar panels are

expensive.• When it is cloudy or at

night there is not enough light.

• Some people don’t like the look of solar panels.

What is it?• Solar power

uses energy from the Sun.

• Solar panels transfer the Suns energy to heat water.

Advantages• The energy from the Sun

is free.• The sun does not produce

greenhouse gases.• The sun will always be

there during our lifetime.

انرژي خورشيدي


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انرژي خورشيدي

• Solar power is by far the Earth's most available energy source, easily capable of providing many

times the total current energy demand.

• Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.

• Two main commercial ways of conversion of sunlight into electricity.

– Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)

– Photovoltaic Plants (PV)

• CSP and PV both have their markets. PV is very successful in decentralized applications, whereas CSP

offers advantages for central and large‐scale applications. CSP power plants are the most cost‐

efficient way to generate and to store dispatch able CO2‐free electricity. However, there is no

competition between both. Rather, they have to be seen as complementary technologies.

• PLF of CSP – In the range of 20 % to 30 %

PLF of PV – In the range of 15 % to 20 %




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Solar Energy ‐ Technology• Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)

It contains;

– Collector Field

– Turbine

– Generator

– Cooling Tower

– Transformer

Courtesy: ESP Solar


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• Solar Photovoltaic Plants (PV)

It contains;

– Solar Arrays

– Inverter

– Transformer

Solar Energy ‐ Technology




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Solar Energy ‐ Technology• In both CSP and PV technologies, solar resources plays major role.

• Maps are available to calculate solar resource of a particular region. However, for both CSP and PV technologies different solar radiations are taken into account.

• Basically two types of solar radiations are there;

– Global Horizontal irradiations (GHI)

– Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI)

• For PV technologies GHI is considered. GHI

consists of diffuse radiations and direct

horizontal radiations (beam).

Minimum GHI – 1000 kwh/m2 pa

• For CSP, DNI is considered. DNI

is the amount of radiation received by

a surface which is permanently aligned

perpendicular to the incoming beam.

Minimum DNI – 1900 kwh/m2 pa


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A typical DNI irradiation Map for India which is used to find a feasible site for CSP Plant.

A typical GHI irradiation Map for India which is used to find a

feasible site for PV Plant.

Solar Energy ‐ Technology




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Solar Energy – Current Scenario

• The total installed capacity of solar

power (Both CSP and PV) as of 2008 is

2826 MW.

• In India the total installed capacity of

solar power is around 2 MW.

• In India, various government and private

players have entered into CSP and PV

markets.

• MNRE has set a target to establish at

least 50 MW of solar projects during the

11th plan.


Disadvantages• The dam is expensive to

build.• By building a dam, the

nearby area has to be flooded and this could affect nearby habitats.

• If it does not rain much we may not have enough water to turn the turbines.

What is it?• Flowing

water is used to turn a turbine which generates electricity.

Advantages• When the electricity is

generated, no greenhouse gases are made.

• The water used is free.• It is a renewable energy source.

آبي انرژي برق




Disadvantages• Inefficient (only 30% efficiency).

• Releases harmful solid carbon particles into the atmosphere.

What is it?• Biomass, is a

renewable energy source made of biological material from living, or recently living organisms.

• Energy is released by combustion (burning).

Advantages• Produces less pollution than fossil fuels.

• Does not cause acid rain.

• Can be found locally.• It is renewable.

هاي زيستي توده


Disadvantages• There are not many places

where we can build geothermal power stations.

• Harmful gases and minerals may occasionally come up from the ground below. These can be

• difficult to control.

What is it?• Rocks under

the ground are hot.

• Water can be pumped through these hot rocks and warmed up.

Advantages• Geothermal energy does

not produce greenhouse gases.

• The energy source is free and will not run out.

زمين گرمايي




Disadvantages• Small waves generate small

amounts of electricity.• Electricity needs to be

transported from the sea onto the land.

• The equipment is expensive

What is it?• Waves force

air in and out of a chamber.

• The air causes a turbine to generate electricity.

Advantages• Waves are free and will not

run out. • Wave power does not

produce greenhouse gases.• There are very few safety

risks.

انرژي موج


Disadvantages• A dam to make the water

flow through the generators might be needed.

• Plants and animals that live nearby might get harmed

• The tides only happen twice a day, so can only produce electricity at that time.

What is it?• Solar power

uses energy from the Sun.

• Solar panels transfer the Suns energy to heat water.

Advantages• Tides are free and will not run

out.• No greenhouse gases are

produced.• It is reliable because we know

exactly when the tides happen.

جزر و مد




Disadvantages• Harmful radioactive waste is created.

• Uranium supplies may only last for another 50 years.

• Non‐renewable• Radiation may cause cancer

What is it?• Radiation is

released from the nuclei of metal atoms.

• The radiation can be used to generate electricity.

Advantages• Green House gases are not made.

• Only a small amount of fuel is needed to create a lot of energy.

اي انرژي هسته


ميزان استفاده از انرژي تجديد پذير

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Wind Annual Installed Capacity (GW)

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Geothermal Installed Capacity (GW)

‐2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Biomass Installed Capacity (GW)


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