àh$au 5 doo am{w©h$ {dh$mgshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4375/11/11_chapter 5.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
àH$aU 5 dooo
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg
145
àñVmdZm :
ehao hr àmXo{eH$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVmV, VgoM
Vr àmXo{eH$ {dH$mgmbm D$Om© XoUmar Vr B§{OZo AgVmV. gmVmam ehamMm Am{W©H$
ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ {dMma H$arV AgVmZm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ghH$mar joÌmV n{ü_
_hmamîQ>m_Ü o Oo H«$m§VrH$mar, {dYm`H$, aMZmË_H$ H$m © Pmbo; Ë`mV gmVmam {Oëhm
AJ«oga am{hbm. {Oëh`mVrb ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mr _w»`mb`o {Oëh`mMo eha åhUyZ gmVmam
ehamV am{hbr. Ë`m_wio ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmV ghH$mar g§ñWmMr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr
am{hbr. ehamÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. àJV
Am¡Úmo{JH$H$aUm{edm` eham§Mm {dH$mg eŠ` ZgVmo. gmVmè`mV \$ma Ceram Am¡Úmo{JH$
{dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr. _hmamîQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV gZ 1971 gmbr gmVmam
ehamV Ambr. Ë`m_wio ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmg {db§~ Pmbm. n[aUm_r Am¡Úmo{JH$
H$maImÝ`mMo àË`j, AàË`j bm^ Ceram {_imbo. amîQ´>r` _hm_mJm©da Agbobo eha
Am{U nwÊ`mgma»`m ehamer Agbobo gm{ZÜ` ho KQ>H$ gmVmè`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ ì`dñWobm
nmofH$ R>aV Amho.
gmVmam ho {Oëh`mMo d VmbwŠ`mMo Ago XmoÝhr àH$maMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio oWo
{d{dY àH$maÀ`m {Oëhm d VmbwH$m nmVirdarb àemgH$s` H$m`m©b`mMr ñWmnZm Pmbobr
Amho. ehamVrb godmjoÌmVrb amoOJmam§À`m à_mUm_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV, emgH$s`
H$m`m©b`o, {ejU, Amamo½` g§ñWm, ì`mnma, H¥$fr ~mOma, H$a_UyH$, dmhVwH$, ~±H$m,
XwH$mZo, \o$ardmbo nVnoT>`m `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ AmYmamMr g§H$ënZm hr
Am¡Úmo{JH$ d dm{UÁ` àH$maÀ`m H$m`m©da Adb§~yZ Amho. Aä`mgmÀ`m joÌm_Ü`o Ago
AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s gmVmam ehamV 91% bmoH$g§»`m hr V¥Vr` joÌmV H$m`©aV AmhoV.
(CXm. XiUdiU, Am`w{d©_m, ~±H$s¨J, ì`mnma, {ejU, Amamo½`) d 6 % bmoH$g§»`m hr
{ÛVr` joÌmV H$m ©aV AmhoV (CXm. CÚmoJY§Xo d ì`dgm`). gmVmam ho {Oëh`mMo d
VmbwŠ`mMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio emgH$s` H$m`m©b o, ì`mnmar g§Hy$bo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`mnma
Am{U dmhVwH$, godm§Mm {dH$mg Pmë`m_wio oWrb 97% bmoH$g§»`m hr Xwæ`_ d V¥Vr`
146
H$m`m©_Ü`o Jw§Vbobr Amho. ehamÀ`m X{jU, n{ü_ Am{U CÎma ^mJmVrb \$º$ 3 %
bmoH$g§»`m eoVr, ImUH$m_ `mgma»`m àmW{_H$ joÌm_Ü`o Jw§Vbr Amho.
àñVwV emoY àH$aUm_Ü o gmVmam ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmV _hËdmMr ^{y_H$m
~OmdUmè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i, {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð, gmIa CÚmoJ, ~±H$s¨J
gw{dYm, Am`w{d©_m, gmVmam XwYg§K, ~mOma g{_Vr, ì`mnma d gmám{hH$ ~mOma B.
KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
* Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmQ>Mmb
gmVmam ehambm Oer Eo{Vhm{gH$ na§nam Amho; Vgm Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmagmhr bm^bm
Amho. AZoH$ _moR>`m H§$nÝ`m§_wio gmVmaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV EHo$H$mir g_¥ÜX hmoVr.
d¡^dembr _hmamîQ>mÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV n{ü_ _hmamîQ>mVrb gmVmam, gm§Jbr, H$moëhmnya
`m {Oëh`m§Zr Zoh_rM _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho. Varhr VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>`m
_hmamîQ>mÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVrV, _w§~B©, Zm{eH$, nwUo, Am¡a§Jm~mX `m {Oëh`m§Mm gh^mJ
_moR>m {XgVmo. gZ 1971 _Ü`o gmVmam oWo Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>imZo gw_mao 400 d
Z§Va gZ 1980 _Ü o 500 EH$a Aem EHy$U 900 EH$a O{_Zrda Am¡Úm{JH$aUmMo amonQo>
bmdbo.1 {Zd¥Îm bmoH$m§Mm Jmd ho gmVmam ehambm {MH$Qo>bo {~ê$X Xya H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va AmO 35 dfmªZ§Va_mJo diyZ nmhVm 620 bhmZ _moR>`m
CÚmoJm§Zr ZQ>bobo ho Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ AZoH$ AS>MUrda _mV H$ê$Z Mm§Jbo pñWamdbo Amho.
* Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMm B{Vhmg
Hw${Q>a CÚmoJ d Jyi V`ma H$aUo ho gmVmam d n[agamVrb àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZMo
ì`dgm` AmhoV {~«Q>re A§_b àñWm{nV hmoB©n`ªV IoS>`m§Mm g_yh ~hþVm§e ñd §nyU© hmoVm.
àVmnqgh _hmamOm§Zr gm{hË` àH$m{eV ìhmdo `mgmR>r gmVmè`mbm EH$ N>mnImZm gwê$
Ho$bm gZ 1858 bm gmVmè`mbm ""ew^gyMH$'' gmám{hH$mMr N>nmB© {eimàogda hmoV
Ago. B§J«OrgÎmm ê$T> Pmë`mda ñd`§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm èhmg hmoÊ`mg àma§ Pmbm. _mÌ ho
hr Iao Amho H$s gZ gZ 1887 _Ü`o nyUo - {_aO bmoh_mJ© H$m`m©pÝdV Pmë`mda
n{ü_mË` nÜXVrMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§aMZm CnbãY hmoÊ`mg àma§^ Pmbm. bmoh_mJm©À`m
147
gw{dYm~amo~aM _w§~B© d nwÊ`mer {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y Amë`m_wio `m {Oëh`mV {d{dY CÚmoJ
gwê$ Pmbo. gZ 1906 - 07 _Ü`o YmVynmgyZ {Za{Zami`m dñVy V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImZm
gwê$ Pmbm.2 gZ 1922 _Ü`o gmVmam amoS>bm ga YZOrem Hy$na `m§Zr eoVrMm AdOmao d
bmoI§S>r Zm§Ja V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImZm gwê$ H$ê$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dœmV Iè`m AWm©Zo
gmVmè`mMr _hmamîQ>mbm AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr. Hw$na B§{O{ZA[a¨J `m H$maImÝ`mV Zm§Ja
{Z_uVr ~amo~a bmoI§S>r H$m°Q>g² CgmMo MaH$ e|Jm \$moS>Ê`mMo `§Ì Aer {Z_uVr H$ê$Z
H¥$frOrdZ g_¥ÜX Ho$bo. Ë`mhr nyTo> OmdyZ gZ 1934 _Ü`o ^maVmVrb n{hbo {S>Pob B§{OZ
V`ma H$ê$Z Iè`m AWm©Zo "Am°Q>mo_mo~mB©b wJ' gwê$ Ho$bo. gZ 1925 _Ü o gmVmam oWo EH$
N>mnImZm d gZ 1929 _Ü o aoe_mbm nri XoUo, Jw§S>miUo d Ë`mbm a§JdÊ`mMm H$maImZm
gmVmè`mV gwê$ Pmbm. gZ 1930 _Ü`o gmVmè`mV ""B§~«m{h_ OXm©'' V§~mIy {Z{_©VrMm
Añgb dmU {Z{_©Vr AgUmam H$maImZm gwê$ Pmbm. gZ 1933 _Ü`o gmVmè`mbm {dÚwV
nwadR>m H§$nZr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H§$nZrZo gZ 1935 _Ü o drO {Z{_©Vr d
{dVaUmg gwê$dmV Ho$br, Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmbm doJ Ambm. gZ 1947 bm gmVmè`mbm
"\o$Zm°b \$m°_©brS>hmB©S>' _mopëS§>J nmdS>a V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImZm gwê$ Pmbm. gZ 1961
_Ü o gmVmam amoS>bm `ed§V ghH$mar Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV ñWmnZ Pmbr. Aem àH$mao
Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i gmVmè`mV oB©n ª§V {d{dY N>moQo> _moQo> CÚmoJY§Xo gwê$ hmoVo. 3
* _hmamîQ´> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i
gmVmè`mMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Iè`m AWm©Zo gZ 1971 Z§Va gwê$ Pmbm.
CÚmoOH$m§Zm {dH${gV ^yI§S> XoUo ho à_wI H$m`© _hm_§S>imMo Amho. E{àb 1971 amoOr
gmVmè`mbm `m Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. gwadmVrbm `m dgmhVrgmR>r
_hm_§S>imZo 152.46 hoŠQ>a O_rZ g§nmXZ Ho$br hmoVr. na§Vy CÚmoOH$m§Mr dmT>Vr _mJUr
bjmV KoD$Z gZ 1981 _Ü`o gmVmam XoJmd añË`mbJV 196.03 hoŠQ>a O_rZ g§nm{XV
H$ê$Z A{V[aº$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMr PnmQ>`mZo
dmT> hmoV AgyZ Ë`m bJVÀ`m àH$ënJ«ñV Jmdm§Zm {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m gdbrÀ`m
XamZo Ho$bm OmVmo. gZ 1992 - 93 _Ü`o oWo 435 H$maImZo hmoVo. Ë`mV ^m§S>dbr
148
Jw§VdUyH$ 3981 bmI d dm{f©H$ CbmT>mb 11827 bmI ê$n`o hmoVr. Ë`mV 5,526
H$m_Jmam§Zm amoOJma {_imbm hmoVm.4 AmO `m dgmhVrV A{^`m§{ÌH$s, ImÚnXmW©,
AYmVy, I{ZO nXmW©, agm`Zo d amgm`{ZH$ nXmWm©Mo H$maImZo AmhoV.
620 bhmZ _moR>`m CÚmoJm§Zr ZQ>bobo ho Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ AZoH$ AS>MUtda _mV
H$[aV Mm§JboM pñWamdbo Amho. YZOrem Hy$na KamÊ`mMm CÚmoJ g_yhmVrb Hy$na \$mC§S>r,
Ë`mMmM {Z`mo{OV B§{OZ d dmhZ {Z{_©Vr hm _hËdH$m§er àH$ën, A{OV _wWm, CÚmoJ
g_yh, nam§Ono Am°Q>mo H$mñQ>, OJX²{d»`mV "Aë\$m bmdb H§$nZr, {gnbm J«wnÀ`m Am|H$mgm
d _o{S>Amoab `m Am¡fY H§$nÝ`m, Jmo §H$m J«wnMr {H«$ñQ>b J«°ZmB©Q> d nmboH$a \y$S>g, H$mQ>Xao
_gmbo, Amdgwam _gmbo, nmMJUrMm _mbmO O°_ Oobr J«wn `m \y$S> B§S>ñQ>rO ho `m d BVa
Zm_m§{H$V H§$nÝ`mMo gmVmam `oWrb ^ŠH$_ ApñVËd ho gd© `m {Z`moOZmMoM `e _mZmdo
bmJob. VgoM 35 dfm©Z§VaÀ`m XrK© H$mbmZ§Va 2008 - 09 _Ü o IwÔ gmVmam oWo AOyZ
350 EH$a joÌmMr ^a nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. 5
_mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZMm AmT>mdm KoVë`mg bjmV oVo H$s,
gmVmè`m~amo~aM C^maboë`m Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX, ~mam_Vr, H$moëhmnya d MmH$U `m
_hmamîQ>mVrb BVa Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmtMr VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>`m OmñV àJVr Pmbobr Amho. d `m
gd© {R>H$mUr EH$mnojm OmñV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌo Joë`m H$mhr dfm©_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV;
Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m ehamMm {dH$mg d dmT>hr _moR>`m à_mUmV Pmbr Amho. nwUo oWo gdm©V
OmñV Va H$amS> d gmVmam oWo gdm©V H$_r {dH$mgmMr Zm|X Pmbobr {XgVo. gmVmam eha
qH$dm n[agamV EImXo _moRo> åhUOo 300 Vo 400 EH$a EdTo> joÌ gbJ EH$m {R>H$mUr gÜ`m
Var CnbãY hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑîQ>`m `m {Oëh`mVrb ~aoMgo joÌ S>m|Jami
AgyZ VgoM ~aoM joÌ Aën ^yYmaH$m§Mo Amho. B§{O{ZA[a¨J Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmg Amdí`H$
Agboë`m amOH$s` BÀN>m eº$sMohr gmVmaÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmH$So> Xwb©j Pmbobo {XgyZ oVo.
Xwgao H$maU Ago H$s ñWmnZonmgyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jma MidirÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jma MidirÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb AdbmoH$Z Ho$ë`mg Vo H$m`Xo
PwJmê$Z XheVrMm Adb§~ H$aUmao d EH§$XarV nmofH$ Zgë`mMo {XgyZ oVo `mM EH$_od
149
H$maUmZo oWrb {H$Ë`oH$ CÚmoJY§Úm§Mo BVaÌ ñWbm§Va Pmbo Amho d AZoH$ BÀNw>H$
CÚmoOH$m§À`m ZmamOrMo Vo H$maU Amho.6 VgoM CÚmoOH$m§À`m H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ àJVrg nmofH$
AgUmar Am¡Úmo{JH$ ehamMr àJVr. Am¡Ú{JH$H$aUm~amo~aM Ë`m ehamMr EH$ {d{eîQ>
àH$mao àJVr hmoUo Ano{jV AgVo Vr g_mYmZH$maH$ Zgob Va CÚmoOH$ Ë`mH$So> nmR>
{\$a{dVmZm {XgVmV.
* gmVmè`mÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmVrb "Hy$na CÚmoJ g_yh'
ga YZOrem Hy$na `m§Zr gZ 1922 _Ü`o bmoI§S>r Zm§Ja {Z_uVr ~amo~a CgmMo
MaH$, e|Jm \$moS>Ê`mMo §Ì Aer {Z_uVr H$ê$Z H¥$fr OrdZ g_¥ÜX Ho$bo hmoVo. gZ 1934
_Ü o ^maVmVrb n{hbo {S>Pob B§{OZ V`ma H$ê$Z XoemV Iè`m AWm©Zo "A°Q>mo_mo~mB©b wJ
Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a boW, {S>qbJ_erZ, em°qnJ _erZ, byåg Aer
CÚmoOH$m§Zm hdr Agbobr ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMr _erZar V`ma H$ê$Z ZdrZ CÚmoOH$mg
Ë`m§Zm hdo Vo XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo Am{U Hy$naÀ`m Am°B©b B§{OZZo H¥${f {dH$mgmMo EH$ doJio
{dœ gmH$ma H$ê$Z ~mJmB©V joÌ \w$b{dÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. Ë`mZ§Va EH${dgmì`m
eVH$mÀ`m C§~aR>`mda Am¡Úm{JH$ dgmhVrV Hy$na CÚmoJ g_yhmZo {Z`m©Vj_ CËnmXZmMm
àH$ën gwê$ Ho$bm. `oWo hmoUmam àË`oH$ nmQ©> _oS> BZ B§{S>`m åhUyZ A_o[aH$m, B§½bS>>, BQ>br,
{\$Zb§S>, OnmZ Aem àJV Xoem_Ü`o {Z`m©V hmoV Agë`mZo gmVmaÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMr
C§Mr dmT>V Amho. ndZMŠH$sMr doJdoJir H$mñQ>t½O, ñnmB©Zr bm`Za, H«°$H$emâQ> Aem
{d{dY XO}Xma CËnmXZm§Zr Hy$naMo OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoRo>V Amnbo doJionU {gÜX Ho$bo Amho.
`m{edm` [aH$m°S>m} H§$nZrer H$ama H$ê$Z "`wamo 4' `m nÜXVrMr XmoZ {gqbS>a, Mma
{gqbS>a d ghm {gqbS>aMr XO}Xma B§{OZ {Z_uVrMr _m{bH$m gwê$ Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_Ü o
26 Aœeº$s Vo 340 Aœeº$sMr J°g d {S>Pob B§{OZ V`ma hmoUma AmhoV; d hr B§{OZ
OZaoqQ>J _oQ>g²gmR>r Cn wº$ AmhoV. ndZMŠH$s H$mpñQ§>½OgmR>r \$mC§S>r d nwU©V:
{Z`m©Vj_ H$mpñQ§>½OMm B.Amo. w. àH$ën {deof CëboIZr` Amho. EH$ Q>Z Vo ZD$ Q>Z
H$n°{gQ>rÀ`m j_VoÀ`m MmaMmH$s JmS>`m§Mr {Z_uVr gmVmè`mV H$am`Mm _mZ Hy$naH$So>
150
Amo. Hy$na H$mn}aoeZ àm. {b. hm CÚmoJ Amnbr CbmT>mb XmoZ hOma H$moQ>tMr H$arV AgyZ
_hmamîQ>mÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVrMo EH$ doJio XmbZ Iwbo H$arV Amho. 7
`m{edm` "gm`ŠbmoMo' nm§Sy>a§J qeXo, "H${dËgw'Mo dg§Vamd \$S>Vao , "Amoa°H$bMo'
wdamO ndma, A{OV _wWm, nam§Ono A°Q>mo H$mñQ> `mgmaIo AZoH$ Zm_d§V CÚmoOH$ Z{dZ
eVH$mÀ`m JaOm AmoiIyZ {Z{_©Vr H$m¡eë` nUmbm bmdV Amho. gmVmè`mV _{eZ Qy>ëg
{Z{_©VrV A{^OmV BpŠH$n_|Q> Mo g{MZ Xmoer `m§Zr, b±qnJ _erZ Vo grEZgr _{eZMr
{Z_uVr H$ê$Z Amnbo doJionU XmIdyZ {Xbo. g§^mOramd nmQ>rb `m§Mm EH$ Anma§nm[aH$
D$Om© àH$ën ñ¹o$Aa B§{O{Z[a¨J àm. {b. åhUyZ gwê$ hmoV Amho. H¥$fr joÌmV h[aVJ¥hm§Mr
C^maUr doJmZo hmoV AgyZ `m h[aV J¥hmVrb \$io, \w$bo, ^mOrnmbm, naXoemV {Z`m©V
hmoV Amho.8
* gmVmè`mVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrVyZ CËnm{XV hmoUmar à_wI CËnmXZo
gmVmam `oWrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrVyZ à_wI CËnmXZmn¡H$s, agm`Zo d amgm`{ZH$
nXmW©, _yb yV g|Ðr` d Ag|Ðr` agm`Zo Am{U dm y CËnmXZ, Am¡fY CËnmXZ, a~a,
ßbmpñQ>H$, noQ>mo{b`_ Am{U XJS>r H$moiemnmgyZ hmoUmao CËnmXZ, AYmVy I{ZO nXmW©,
H$mM d H$mMoÀ`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ, _yb^yV d {_l YmVy, YmVy§À`m dñVy d gwQo> ^mJ,
§Ìgm_wJ«r, `m§{ÌH$ AdOmao d gwÅo>^mJ {dÚwV §Ìgm_wJ«r, gmYZo, CnH$aUo d gwQo> ^mJ,
n[adhZ gm_wJ«r d gwÅo> ^mJ, §Ìgm_wJ«r Xwê$ñVr, H$mJX H$mJXmÀ`m dñVy, _wÐU, àH$meZo
d g§~{YV CÚmoJ, dómoÚmoJ, §Ì_mJ CÚmoJ B. à_wI CËnmXZm{edm` ImÚnXmW©
CËnmXZ, gmIa CËnmXZ, no o V§~mIy d V§~mIyÀ`m nXmWm©Mo CËnmXZ, bmoH$a aoer_ d
H¥${Ì_ V§VyMo CËnmXZ V`ma hmoVmV. 9
Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrVrb CÚmoJ d Ë`m§Mr g§»`m
1 B§{O{ZA[a¨J d dŠg© - 141
2 Ho${_H$b d ßbmpñQ>H$ B§S>pñQ>O, nona a~a Ho${_H$b - 17
3 ßbmpñQ>H$ B§S>pñQ>O - 35
4 nona n°Ho$qOJ - 9
151
5 a~a - 7
6 ~oH$ar d \y$S> àm°S>ŠQ> - 10
7 Am°B©b {_b - 8
8 {_ëH$ A±S> AmB©g ßb±Q> - 6
9 H¥$fr Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$maImZo - 21
10 _{eZar ñnoAa Qy>ëg - 7
11 \$m¢S>r {S>pìhOZ - 15
12 \$aer d {g_|Q> àm°S>ŠQ> - 24
13 BbopŠQ>H$b d BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg B§S>pñQ>O - 12
14 \°${~«Ho$eZ - 57
15 BVa H§$nÝ`m d H$maImZo - 9
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gZ 1750 À`m gw_mamV gmVmè`mV EV²Xoer` _amR>r gmdH$mam§~amo~aM AÝ`
amÁ`mVrb gmdH$mam§Mo à_mU hr ZOaoV ^Ê`mgmaIo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m noT>`mVyZ ì`mnma Mmbo.
gmVmaÀ`m N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr H$mÝhmoOr AmJ§«oÀ`m _m\©$V CÎm_ B§p½be gwao,
Vbdmar, hpñVX§V, Jwbm~r AÎmamÀ`m ~mQ>ë`m, _oU~Î`m, AmJmê$, V§~mIy, H$ñVyar,
emo^oMr Xmê$ `m dñVy _mJ{dë`mMm CëboI Amho. Ago Agbo Var ñWm{ZH$ eoR> gmdH$mam§Mr
g§nÞVm Ë`m§Zr C^maboë`m dmñVyVyZ EH$m _`m©XrV AWmªZr ì`º$ hmoVo. N>ÌnVr emhÿ
158
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BVa gaXmam§Zm H$O} {Xbr hmoVr. `mM H$mbmdYrV gmVmè`m_Ü`o _moaeoR> H$aOo hm _moR>m
gmdH$ma hmoVm. Ë`mZo hr noeì`m§Zm H$O} {Xbr hmoVr. gZ 1753 -54 _Ü o _amR>`m§Zr
lra§JnÅ>Uda Xhm bj ZD$eo ê$n`m§Mr I§S>Ur AmH$mabr hmoVr Am{U gmVmè`mVrb ~mam
gmdH$mar noT>`m§À`m ZmdmZo Vr aŠH$_ hþS>`m§À`m ê$nmZo {_idbr hmoVr. gZ 1750 À`m
gw_mamg _amR>r ~«måhU gmdH$ma \$maM H$_r hmoVo na§Vy JwOamWr gmdH$ma VwbZoZo A{YH$
hmoVo nwÊ`mVrb amñVo Am{U AZJi ho noeì`m§Mo gmdH$ma dmB© d gmVmè`mV oD$Z ñWm{`H$
Pmbo hmoVo.20
gmVmam {~«Q>re amOdQ>rImbr Amë`mZ§Va ì`mnmam_Ü o d gmYZgm_wJ«r _Ü o dmT>
Pmbr. {~«Q>re amOdQ> gwê$ Pmë`mda {Oëh`mV _hgyb O_m~§Xr H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mV
Ambm d Ë`m_wio _hgwbmÀ`m _mJUrV 20 Vo 30% hÿZ A{YH$ KQ> hmoD$Z O_rZ
_mbH$m§Mr nV dmT>br _w§~B© Bbm»`mV gZ 1946 nydu gmdH$mar ì`dgm`mda Amdí`H$
{Z`§ÌU Ro>dUmam H$m`Xm ZìhVm. gZ 1946 _Ü o _w§~B© gmdH$ma A{Y{Z`_ (gmdH$mar
gZX) g§_V H$aÊ`mV oD$Z Vmo gmVmam {Oëh`mg 17 gßQ|> 1947 amoOr bmJy H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. 21
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mVrb àJVr Am{U J«m_rU nVnwadR>m gw{dYoV
bjUr` dmT> Pmë`mZo A{YH¥$V gmdH$mam§À`m g§» oV KQ> Pmbr.
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrb gmVmam ehamVrb ~±H$sJ gw{dYm§Mm Pmbobm {dH$mg
ehamVrb Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_Ü o ~±H$mMm hmV^ma _moR>`m à_mUmdabmJbobm {XgyZ
oVmo gÜ`m gmVmam eham_Ü`o {d{dY àH$maÀ`m amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m (5), eoS>`wb ~±H$m
(3), ghH$mar ~±H$m (20) Aem EHy$U 28 ~±H$m ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _hËdmMr
y{_H$m ~Om{dV AmhoV. Ë`mM ~amo~a (72) nVg§ñWmhr ehamV H$m ©aV AgyZ Ë`m§Mrhr
y{_H$m AW©H$maUm_Ü o _hËdmMr R>aV Amho.22
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1) ~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamîQ> (nmodB©ZmH$m) emIm - 4
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159
3) ~±H$ Am°\$ ~S>moXm (e{Zdma noR>)
4) H°$Zam ~±H$ (nmodB©ZmH$m)
5) B§{S>`Z ~±H$ (_moVrMm¡H$)
2) eoS>`wb ~±H$m d Ë`m§À`m ehamVrb emImg§»`m
1) {X. `wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$ {b. (gÜ`m Am`. S>r.~r. Am` _Ü`o {dbrZ Pmbobr
Amho. (2006) - a{ddma noR>, emIm - 6
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3) H$Zm©Q>H$ ~±H$ (gm`Ýg H$m°boO g_moa)
3) ghH$mar ~±H$m d Ë`m§À`m ehamVrb emIm g§»`m
1) gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ - ({Oëhm n[afX g_moa) emIm - 8
2) OZVm ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (^dmZrnoR>, amOnW) emIm - 7
3) AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar ~±H$ (nmodB©ZmH$m)
4) AqOŠ`Vmam _{hbm ghH$mar (`mXmoJmonmi noR>)
5) {OOm_mVm _{hbm ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (e{Zdma noR>) emIm - 1
6) _amR>m ghH$mar ~±H$ gmVmam (amOdmS>m) emIm - 1
7) àmW{_H$ {ejH$ ghH$mar ~±H$ (nmodB©ZmH$m)
8) a`V godH$ ~±H$, gmVmam (H$_©dra g_mYr n[aga) emIm - 3
9) g¡{ZH$ ghH$mar ~±H$ (a{ddma noR>)
10) _m`Ur A~©Z H$mo. Am°\$ ~±H$ ({Oëhm n[afX g_moa)
11) _hmamîQ> amÁ` gh. H¥$fr {Oëhm d J«m_rU ~±H$ _`m©. gmVmam (Xm¡bVZJa)
12) {X. dmB© A~©Z H$mo - Am°n ~±H$ {b. dmB© (gmo_dma noR>) emIm - 1
13) {X. gmVmam {S>ñQ>rŠQ> _MªQ>g H$mo. Am°n ~±H$, gmVmam
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15) l{_H$ gh. ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (H$boŠQ>a Am°\$sg)
16) emhþnyar ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. emhþnyar gmVmam (_ëhmanoR>)
160
17) amOoœa wdH$ ghH$mar ~±H$ (H$_mZr hm¡X)
18) AqOŠ` gh. ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (emhÿZJa) emIm - 2.23
`mdarb gd© 28 ~±H$m ehamÀ`m _Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr, nmodB© ZmH$m, Eg.Q>r. ñQ±>S>,
amOdmS>m n[aga, amOnW amoS> daVr dgboë`m {XgyZ `oVmV bKwCÚmoJY§Úm§Mr dmT>,
eoVrgmR>r, Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ, gw{ejrV ~oH$mam§Zm ì`dgm`mgmR>r, _{hbm ~MV JQ>mgmR>r,
{d{dY ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm d CÚmoOH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ godm XoV AmhoV. ~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamîQ´> hr
{Oëh`mVrb AJ«Ur ~±H$ Amho. ehamVrb ~±H$m§Zr Mm§Jbm {dH$mg gmYbm Amho. nU
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_mJUr hm àíZ gÜ`m oS>gmdV Amho. H$O© {dVaUm_Ü`o {eWrbVm d Xwgè`m ~mOyZo
Ro>dtMm AmoK dmT>V Amho. `mdarb ~±H$m ì`{V[aº$ gmVmam ehamV gmogm`Q>`m§Mo Omio
_moR>`m à_mUmda ngabobo Amho. Ë`m§Mrhr y{_H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r _hËdnyU© R>aV
Amho.
* gmVmam ehamÀ`m d¡^dm_Ü o ^a KmbUmè`m H$mhr à_wI ~±H$m
1) wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$ :
AmÊUmgmho~ {Mê$_wbo `m§Zr 20 Am°JñQ> 1907 amoOr gmVmam ñdXoer H$_{e©`b
~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Ho$ë`mnmgyZ dm{UÁ` ~±H$mÀ`m {Oëh`mVrb ì`dhmamMm àma§ Pmbm. gZ
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OVZ Ho$ë`m Ë`m§Mo {ZH$mon g§JmonZ Ho$bo d Amnbm A§J^yV H$V©ËdmÀ`m Omoamda Ë`m
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gm_mdbo hmoVo.
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~±Ho$Mm nm`m ^a^ŠH$_ H$aV ~±H$ Zmdmê$nmg AmUbr. 25
~±Ho$g eoS>`wb ~±Ho$Mm XOm© gZ 1951 _Ü o àmá Pmbm. OwÝ`m H$mimV ~±H$m d
{d_m H§$nÝ`mda OZVoMm \$magm {dœmg ZìhVm Aem napñWVrV `m ~±Ho$Zo OZVoMm
{dœmg àmá H$ê$Z KoVbm. {d_m H§$nÝ`mMo amîQ´>r`H$aU hmoÊ`mnydu H$moëhmnya `oWrb
w{Z`Z ~±H$ Am°\$ H$moëhmnya hr wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$V {dbrZ Pmbr. gZ 1969 _Ü`o ê$.
50 H$moQ>r Ro>dr Agboë`m 14 ~±H$mMo amîQ´>r`H$aU Pmbo. wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z©À`m Ro>dr 50 H$moQ>r
Zgë`m_wio ~±Ho$Mo amîQ>r`H$aU Pmbo Zmhr. gmVmam ñdXoer ~±H$ gZ 1961 _Ü o wZm`Qo>S>
doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$V {dbrZ Pmbr. ~±Ho$À`m hoS> Am°\$sgÀ`m B_maVrMo CX²>KmQ>Z gZ 1972 amoOr
VËH$mbrZ CnamîQ´>nVr S>m°. Jmonmi ñdê$n nmR>H$ `m§À`m hñVo Pmbo. Ë`mdoir g_ma§^mMo
AÜ`j _m. `ed§Vamd MìhmU hmoVo. ~±Ho$Mr _w»` dmñVy nmodB©ZmH$m `oWo Pmbr. 31 _mM©
1988 - 89 AIoa ~±Ho$À`m EHy$U Ro>dr 397 H$moQ>rÀ`m Amgnmg hmoË`m emIm 176 d gd©
ñQ>m\$ 3165 hmoVm. gZ 1995 - 96 ~±Ho$À`m EHy$U Ro>dr 1623 H$moQ>r hmoË`m d 200
emIm hmoË`m. d 20% BVH$m {dH«$_r bm^m§e ^mJYmaH$m§Zm {_imbm. 26 gmVmam ehamV
E.Q>r.E_. ~g{dUmar d 8 _mM© 1997 nmgyZ E.Q>r.E_ Mr gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmar
gmVmè`mVrb n{hbr ~±H$ åhUyZ ~hÿ_mZ àmá Ho$bm. 21 ì`m eVH$mH$So> dmQ>Mmb H$arV
AgVmZm 2000 gmbmn`ªV ~±Ho$Zo 5300 H$moQ>rn ªV Ro>dr nmohM{dë`m hmoË`m. hr ~±H$
2000 gmbmn`ªV Ho$di _hmamîQ´>mVrb Zìho Va XoemVrb CÎm_ ~±H$mn¡H$s J«mhH$m§Zm godm
XoUmar EH$ gdm}Îm_ ~±H$ hmoVr. 27
1990 Vo 2001 hm H$mi ~±Ho$À`m B{VhmgmVrb gwdU©H$miM hmoVm `m 10
dfm©À`m àJVrZo _hmamîQ´>mVrb `m ~±Ho$Mo Zmd XoenmVirda M_H$bo. 31 _mM© 2001
amoOrÀ`m Am{W©H$[aË`m Ë`mZr dê$Z ~±Ho$Mm H$m`©H$V©¥ËdmMm AmboI nmhVm oB©b.
162
1 ^mJ ^m§S>db - 30 H$moQ>r
2 [aPd©O² - 204 H$moQ>r
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4 {Zìdi Z\$m - 15 H$moQ>r
5 A°S>ìhmpÝgg - 2748 H$moQ>r
6 BÝìhoñQ>_|Q²>g - 1719 H$moQ>r
7 dmQ>bobo {S>pìhS§>S> - 10%
8 EHy$U emIm - 225 28
2003-04 dfm©_Ü o ~±Ho$Mo {S>nm°{PQ²>g 1000 H$moQ>r Va A°S>ìhmÝgog 3500 H$moQ>r
{Zìdi Z\$m 31 H$moQ>rÀ`m Amgnmg d 15% {S>ìh§S> Omhra Ho$bo hmoVo. ~±Ho$À`m
AYmoJVrMm àdmg 2004-05 `m Am{W©H$ dfm©nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbm `m dfm©V Ro>dtÀ`m
A°S>ìhmÝgog _Ü`o ZJÊ` dmT> Pmbr. IM© dmT>bo EZ.nr.E. gmR>r 192 H$moQ>tMr VaVyX
H$amdr bmJbr hmoVr. Am{U {Zìdi Zâ`mEodOr 96 H$moQ>r 64 bmI ê$n`m§Mm KgKerV
VmoQ>m Pmbm. ~±Ho$À`m AYmoJVrMm àdmg 1 E{àb 2005 nmgyZ doJmZo Mmby hmoVm. 2006
_mM© n`ªV 106.08 H$moQ>r {Zìdi VmoQ>m, ñd{ZYrà_mU 0.99% d J«m°g àm°{\$Q>
11.47% OmZodmar 2006 _Ü`o [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ËdarV napñWVr gwYmaUm Pmbr Zmhr Va
H$S>H$ nmD$bo CMbbr OmVrb Agm Bemam {Xbm hmoVm na§Vy ~±Ho$Mr AYmJVr MmbyM
am{hbr Aem napñWVrVrV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Ro>drXmam§À`m {hVajUmW© A§{V_ nmD$b CMbbo
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gßQo§>~a amoOr H|$Ðr` AW©ImË`mÀ`m _mÝ`VoZo `wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$Mo Am`. S>r.~r.Am` _Ü o
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gmVmè`mV àH$me_mZ Ho$boë`m AW©gyMrMm XwX¡dr AñV hmoVm. gÎma dfm©nydu gmVmè`mV
bmdbobm Am{U Ag§»`mZm Amnë`m N>m`oZo ghmam XoUmam {demb dQ>d¥j H$mogibm
hmoVm.29
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g§»`m 3400 À`m Amgnmg hmoVr. gw_mao 15 bmI J«mhH$m§Zm AmnwbH$sZo OmoS>bo hmooVo. Ro>dr
gw_mao 6500 H$moQ>rÀ`m Va A°S>ìhmÝgog 3400 H$moQ>rÀ`m Amgnmg hmoVo `m gJi`mda Ë`m
{demb AW©d¥jmÀ`m {dñVmamMr H$ënZm `oB©b. gmVmamgma»`m EH$m bhmZ ehamZo
wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$_wio ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ ZH$memV ñWmZ àmá Ho$bo hmoVo. 8 _mM© 2007
amoOr ~±H$ gÎma df} nyU© H$aUma hmoVr nU Vmo `moJ H$maU _mZd{Z{_©V H$aÊ`mMr na§namM
`mbm H$maUr^yV hmoVr. 30
~±Ho$À`m AYmoJVrMr H$maU_r_m§gm gm§JVmZm Aê$U JmoS>~mobo `m§Zr {bhboë`m
wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$ CX` CËH$f© Am{U AñV `m_Ü`o nwT>rb H$maUo gm§{JVrbr AmhoV.
1) g§K n[adma {Z §ÌU d Ë`mMo Pmbobo n[aUm_ _Im[a`m àH$aUmMo n[aUm_
2) H$_©Mmar d Am°{\$gg© g§KQ>Zm§À`m y{_H$m gj_ ZoV¥ËdmMm A^md
3) g§MmH$ _§S>imMr Anyar H$m ©j_Vm
4) àJV ì`dgm` ~yÜXrMm doJ amIÊ`mVrb ì`dñWmnH$s` An`e B. à_wI H$maUo
Ë`m§Zr gm§JrVbr AmhoV. 31
amîQ´>r` nmVirdarb ImOJr joÌmVrb ~±H$mÀ`m n{hë`m nmM H«$_m§H$mV
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Zmdbm¡H$sH$ àmá H$aUmar, amîQ´>r`, Am§VaamîQ>r` AZoH$ nwañH$ma àmá H$aUmar ~±H$
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gmVmaÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr gmj Agbobr hr ~±H$ g§nwîQ>mV Ambr.
* gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam
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gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±Ho$Zo gmVmè`mÀ`m J«m_rU n[agamV Am{U n`m©`mZo
ehamÀ`m {Oìhmi`mÀ`m amÁ`mÀ`m AW©H$maUmV A{U {dH$mgmV _hËdmMr ^a KmVbr
Amho. d¡Mm[aH$ ÑîQ>`m g§nÞ Agbobo _hmamîQ>mMo {eënH$ma ñd. `ed§VamdOr MìhmU
`m§Zr gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb eoVH$è`m§gmR>r ~±H$ Agmdr Aer H$ënZm _m§S>br. ~mimgmho~
164
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~±Ho$Mr Aënem ^m§S>dbmda {X. 15/08/1949 amoOr ñWmnZ Pmbr. 32
gmVmam ehamMo, {Oëh`mMo ^yfU Agbobr VimJmimVrb JmoaJ[a~m§Mo AmXamMo
ñWmZ Agboë`m `m ~±Ho$Zo Joë`m 60 dfm©À`m B{VhmgmV bjUr` d Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aer
àJVr Ho$br Amho. gmVmam {Oëh`mÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmV `m ~±Ho$Mo \$ma _moRo> `moJXmZ
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XoenmVirdarb CËH¥$îQ> H$m`©j_oVoMm gbJ ghm df} gdm}ËH¥$îQ> H$m`©j_VoMm nwañH$ma
àmá H$aUmar XoemVrb ghH$ma joÌmVrb EH$_od ~±H$ Amho. 33 gmVmè`mÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$,
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OmonmgZm `m_wio Joë`m 60 dfm©V `m ~±Ho$Zo bjUr` d Eo{Vhm{gH$ àJVr Ho$br Amho.
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1971 3245 34 91.41 203.27 590.12 1022.80 9.00 1324.99 4% "A'
1981 3298 73 188.82 206.25 4003.14 2639.11 25.00 5137.23 6% "A'
1991 4335 159 446.68 4787.46 17450.19 15906.57 89.00 23003.32 9% "A'
1995 4605 174 941.69 11852.46 33047.36 26403.61 270.00 41945.43 15% "A'
1996 4908 207 1087.09 10613.25 38855.19 36043.07 400.00 50899.16 15% "A'
1997 4701 207 1226.68 16544.76 48653.38 40722.25 750.00 62160.21 17% "A'
1998 4451 207 1301.70 334668.95 57804.48 348663.82 600.00 74786.18 17% "A'
1999 3135 207 1661.09 40561.01 72813.99 41947.89 1440.00 88623.60 20% "A'
2000 3109 218 6840.55 40368.00 83136.08 52301.06 1400.00 99471.93 20% "A'
2001 3128 240 8712.35 42077.64 97449.21 64493.51 2000.00 114437.39 20% "A'
2002 3152 240 10861.13 48765.73 104785.46 67512.79 2000.00 128996.16 20% "A'
2003 3078 240 12717.90 54153.02 110850.01 68419.64 2051.00 132806.17 20% "A'
2004 3003 240 14376.14 69209.76 119759.69 64391.85 2051.50 144110.67 15% "A'
2005 2804 240 15931.39 81682.65 123793.44 55769.38 1400.00 148032.11 15% "A'
2006 2822 240 17238.72 73316.60 135339.69 78669.63 750.00 162587.93 10% "A'
2007 2754 240 19022.66 71938.97 147809.03 107324.54 750.00 193109.84 10% "A' 34
g§X ©: ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVr© ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam.
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bm^m§e 17 Vo 20% n`ªV {Xbobm {XgyZ `oVmo.
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gm_mdbobm Amho.
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H$m`©j_Vm nwañH$ma àmá Ho$bo AmhoV. _hmamîQ´> ñQo>Q> H$mo Am°\$ ~±H$g Agmo{eEeZ {b.
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gh. ~±H$ hm àW_ H«$_m§H$mMm nwañH$ma gZ 2000 Vo 2006 gmbmgmR>r gmVdoim àmá
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* gmVmam ghH$mar XyY CËnmXH$ d à{H«$`m g§K {b. gmVmam :
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gmVmam g§Km_m\©$V gmVmam {Oëh`mV XyY _hmnya `moOZm am~{dbr OmVo. g§KmZo
_hmamîQ> amÁ` XyY _hmg§K d EZ.S>r.S>r.~r. `m§À`mer `mo½` g_Ýd` amIyZ Ë`m§À`m
Am{W©H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ ghH$m`m©Zo H$m`©joÌmV {d{dY CnH«$_ am~dyZ Xy½Y ì`dgm` dmT>rg
A{YH$ MmbZm {Xbr Amho. g§KmV\}$ dmOdr XamZo Am{U AZwXmZ VËdmda XyY VnmgUr
gm{hË` nwa{dbo OmVo. amÁ` XyY _hmg§K d EZ.S>r.S>r.~r. nwañH¥$V `moOZoA§VJ©V àm. XyY
g§ñWm§Zm 160 {_ëH$moQo>ñQ>g©Mo dmQ>n H$aUoV Ambo Amho. 47
171
gmVmam XyY g§KmMr dmQ>Mmb nmhVm ehamVrb Vr EH$ à_wI ghH$mar g§ñWm AgyZ
ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ CbmT>mbr_Ü o {VMm gh^mJ _hËdnyU© Amho.
* gmVmam H¥$fr CËnmXZ ~mOma g{_Vr :
H¥$fr CËnmXZmg `mo½` _wë` {_iÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B© amÁ` emgZmZo gZ 1927 _Ü o
_§~B© H$mnyg ~mOma A{Y{Z`_ g§_V Ho$bm. `m A{Y{Z`_m _Ü o ~è`mM CUrdm am{hë`mZo
d Ë`m_Ü o ~è`mM H¥$fr _mbmMo {d{Z`_Z Pmbobo Zgë`mZo _w§~B© emgZmZo gZ 1939
_Ü o _§~B© H¥$fr CËnmXZ ~mOma ({d{Z`_Z) A{Y{Z`_ g§_V Ho$bm. `m A{Y{Z`_mV
eoVr_mbmMo ~mOma^md R>a{dÊ`m~m~V H$mhr CUrdm amhÿZ Joë`m_wio _hmamîQ> emgZmZo
gZ 1963 _Ü o _hmamîQ> H¥$fr CËnmXZ ~mOma ({dZr`_Z) A{Y{Z`_ g§_V H$ê$Z
Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr gZ 1967 nmgyZ gwê$ Ho$br. gmVmam {Oëh`mV n{hbr {dZr`{_V
~mOmnoR> gZ 1944 _Ü`o H$amS>bm d Xwgar 1949 _Ü o H$moaoJmdbm ñWmnZ Pmbr. Va 12
_o 1952 amoOr gmVmam `oWo ñWmnZ Pmbr. 48
gmVmam H¥$frCËnmXZ ~mOma g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©joÌmV gwadmVrg gmVmam, dmB©,
Omdir VmbwŠ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va gZ 1971 _Ü o _hm~ioœa VmbwŠ`mMm
g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`©joÌmMo 19 _mM© 1980 _Ü o {d^mOZ hmoCZ gmVmam d
dmB© oWo ñdV§Ì ~mOma g{_Ë`m ApñVËdmV Amë`m. gÜ`m gmVmam g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©joÌmV
gmVmam VmbwŠ`mVrb 185 d Omdir VmbwŠ`mVrb 207 Jmdo AmhoV. _w»` ~mOma Amdma
4.41 hoŠQ>a Amho. A{VV (ñWmnZ 1959) d dSy>W (ñWmnZm 1956) `oWo Cn~mOma
AgyZ Ë`m§Mo joÌ 0.52 hoŠQ>a d 1.21 hoŠQ>a Amho. 49
H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_VrMr gm§n{ÎmH$ pñWVr :
CËnm{XV _mbmÀ`m IaoXrgmR>r gj_ IaoXrda ì`mnmar `m§À`m~amo~a ~mOma
Amdmamda _mbmÀ`m {dH«$sgmR>r gw{dYm A^mdr _Ü`§VarÀ`m H$mimV ~mOmamV Amdmamda
CbmT>mbrMo ì`dhma Aën à_mUmV hmoV hmoVo. _mÌ A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV ~mOma
CbmT>mbr_Ü o dmT> hmoD$Z Ë`m AZwe§JmZo ~mOma g{_VrÀ`m CËnmXZmV à{Vdfu dmT> hmoV
Amho. ho Imbrb AmH$So>darb {ZXe©Zmg oB©b.
172
A. Z§.
gZgZgZgZ EHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞ EHy$U IM©EHy$U IM©EHy$U IM©EHy$U IM© EHy$U EHy$U EHy$U EHy$U {eëbH${eëbH${eëbH${eëbH$
H$m`_{ZYrH$m`_{ZYrH$m`_{ZYrH$m`_{ZYr
1 1992-93 12.42 11.53 0.89 34.35
2 1993-94 16.99 11.49 5.50 35.24
3 1994-95 16.04 14.41 1.63 40.05
4 1995-96 16.15 16.03 0.12 41.68
5 1996-97 18.67 15.42 3.25 41.63
6 1997-98 20.38 16.22 4.16 49.26
7 1998-99 22.40 17.68 4.72 54.05
8 1999-00 24.88 17.50 7.38 61.43
9 2000-01 23.54 22.61 0.93 62.37
10 2001-02 28.61 24.40 4.20 46.95
11 2002-03 30.31 22.78 7.53 54.85
g§X ©: dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÝZ ~mOma g{_Vr. 50
~mOma \$s hr ~mOma g{_VrMo à_wI CËnÞmMr ~m~ AgyZ Ë`mda ~mOma
g{_VrMr Am{W©H$, gm§n{ÎmH$ ñW¡`© Adb§~yZ Amho. darb Xe©{dboë`m EHy$U CËnÞmV
~mOma \$s ~m~tMm g_mdoe AgyZ {Zìdi ~mOma ~mOma ~mOma ~mOma \\\\$s $s $s $s Mo Joë`m ghm dfm©Vrb CËnÞ
Imbrbà_mUo
A.Z§.A.Z§.A.Z§.A.Z§. gZgZgZgZ EHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞ
1 1994-95 12.47
2 1995-96 11.49
3 1996-97 14.23
4 1997-98 15.29
5 1998-99 17.49
6 1999-00 17.92
7 2000-01 16.73
8 2001-02 19.09
9 2002-03 22.53
g§X ©: dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÝZ ~mOma g{_Vr. 51
173
~mOma \$s CËnÞm_Ü o Or dmT> hmoV Amho Ë`mMr à_wI H$maUo Imbrbà_mUo
1) {Z`_rV eoVr_mbmMr dmT>Vr CbmT>mb
2) bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Am`mV eoVr _mbm_Ü o dmT>
3) eoVr_mbmMo dmT>Vo ~mOma^md
4) \$i^mÁ`m d nmbo mÁ`m, \$io `m§Mo dmT>Vo CËnmXZ
5) ~mOma \$s dgwbr ~m~mV ~mOma g{_VrZo am~dbobo H$mQo>H$moanUmMo YmoaU d
`mH$m_r ì`mnmè`mH$Sy>Z {_imbobo ghH$m`© 52
\$io, ^mOrnmbm KmD$H$ {dH«$s H|$Ð àH$ën :
~mOma g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©joÌmMm ~hþVm§er ^mJ hm bm^joÌmImbr oV Agë`mZo
qgMZmÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY Pmë`mZo nyduMo eoVr_mbmÀ`m CËnmXZm_Ü`o (H«$m°qnJ n°Q>Z©)
~Xb hmoV OmD$Z Cg `m à_wI {nH$mMo CËnmXZ dmT>bobo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a \$io,
\$i^mÁ`m nmbo^mÁ`m `m CËnmXZm_Ü`ohr à{Vdfu dmT> hmoV Amho. hr dmT> bjUr` Aer
Amho. \$io, \$i^mÁ`m, nmbo^mÁ`m `m eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m {dH«$sgmR>r gd© gmo`rZr`wº$
~mOma H|$Ð gmVmam eham_Ü`o CnbãY ZìhVo d `m _mbmMo dmT>Vo CËnmXZ _mbmMr
gmVË`mZo AmdH$ d ~m~t§Mm {dMma H$aVm CËnmXH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm gd© gmo r `wº$ Ago ~mOma
H|$Ð CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m à_wI CÔoemZo `m H|$ÐmMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mMo R>adyZ Vr
n[anyU© Ho$br Amho. 53
~mOma g{_Vr hr g§ñWm ñWm{ZH$ àmYrH$aU åhUyZ JUbr OmVo. Ago AgVmZm
gwÜXm ~mOma AmdmamVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mda ZJanm{bHo$H$Sy>Z KamMr AmH$maUr
hmoVo. AmO hmD$g Qy>ŠgÀ`m ê$nmZo _moRo> CËnÞ {_iV Amho. VWmnr Ë`m ~Xë`mV
ZJan[afXoH$Sy>Z ~mOma AmdmamÀ`m XoI^mbrgmR>r AWdm _wb^yV gw{dYogmR>r H$mhrhr
aŠH$_ IM© Ho$br OmV Zmhr Ë`mM~amo~a gwg‚m ~mOmanoR> hr eha {dH$mgmMr _hËdmMr
~m~ Amho. _mÌ ~mOmanoRo>gmR>r Amdí`H$ d Oê$a Aer ñdV§Ì OmJm eha {dH$mg
AmamIS>`mV AmajU H$ê$Z Ro>dÊ`mÀ`m ~m~rH$So> Xyb©j Ho$bo OmVo. 53
~mOma g{_Vr hr
eoVr _mbmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$s {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r ñWmnZ Pmbobr H$m`Xoera g§ñWm AgVmZm gwÜXm
174
`m g§ñWobm BVa g§ñWoà_mUo H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo AZwXmZ {_iV Zmhr hr qMVoMr ~m~V
Amho. darb dñVypñWVr nmhVm gmVmam eoVr H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOmag{_Vr ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$
{dH$mgm_Ü o _moR>m hmV^ma bmdV Amho Ago {XgyZ oVo.
* ì`mnma :
gmVmam ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_Ü o ì`mnma hm _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. àmMrZ
H$mimnmgyZ `m n[agamV, {Oëh`mV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m XodKod H$aUmè`m g§ñWm ApñVËdmV
hmoË`m. g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`m_Ü`o lo§Ur, nw§J, g§K B. Zmdo AmT>iyZ oVmV. d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mVyZ
ì`mnmar g§Kmbm dm{UH$ hr g§km hmoVr. {d{dY ì`mnmè`m§À`m g§KmMr {deof à{Vð>m
VËH$mbrZ amOXa~mamV Ago. gmVdmhZH$mimV MmbUmam ì`mnma hm BWo Agboë`m {d{dY
KmQ>_mÏ`mÀ`m_YyZ d boÊ`m§À`m nm`Ï`mOdiyZ hmoB©. `m {Oëh`mVrb ~m¡ÜXH$mbrZ
boÊ`m_Ü o AmJm{ed, bmohmoa, {eadi, ~mdYZ `m boÊ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr `m n[agamVrb
g§nZ ì`mnmar loUtÀ`m ApñVËdmMr d Y{ZH$m§À`m XmZmMr gmj Amho. gmYmaUnUo
amîQ´>Hy$Q> `mXd H$mimV `oWrb ì`mnma hm O¡Z d qbJm`V d¡í`mH$So> Agmdm. 54 _hmamîQ´>mV
N>ÌnVr _hmamOm§Zr 17 ì`m eVH$mV ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZo_wio
_hmamîQ>mV KSy>Z Amboë`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrVyZ EVXo{e`m§Zm AZoH$ joÌmV nwTo>
gagmdÊ`mMr g§Yr àmá Pmbr gmdH$mar d ì`mnmaMr g§Yr Ë`mn¡H$sM EH$ hmoVr. `m
H$mimV oWo eoRo> _hmOZ `m§Mm EH$ _moR>m dJ© CX`mbm Ambm d¡í` ì`mnmè`m§~amo~aM `m
doir _amR>m Hw$U~r d dmUrhr nyTo> Ambo. 55
EImÚm ^mJmMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$gm H$gm hmoV Jobm ho nmhV AgVmZm Ë`m
n[agamVrb {dH$grV Pmboë`m ñWmZm§Mm AmboI, dmñVw§Mr {Z_uVr `m§Mm {dMma H$aUo
Cn`wº$ R>aVo. gmYmaUV: 17 ì`m eVH$mV àVmnJS>, g‚mZJS>, AqOŠ`Vmam, `mgma»`m
AÝ` {H$ëë`m§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm. gZ 1750 À`m gw_mamg gmVmè`mV _amR>r
ì`mnmè`m§À`m~amo~a AÝ` amÁ`mVrb ì`mnmam§Mo à_mUhr ZOaoV ^aÊ`mgmaIo hmoVo.
Ë`m§À`m noT>`m_YyZ ì`mnma Mmbo. N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Zr H$mÝhmoOr AmJ«o_m\©$V, CÎm_ B§p½be
gwao, Vbdmar, hñVrX§Vr, Jwbm~r AÎmamÀ`m ~mQ>ë`m, _oU~Ë`m, AmJmê$, V§~mIy H$ñVwwar,
175
emo^oMr Xmê$ B. dñVy _mJ{dë`mMm CëboI Amho. 18 ì`m eVH$mV EHy$UM _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o
_moR>`m à_mUmV CÚmbm Amboë`m _amR>r ì`mnmar gmdH$mar dJm©V gd©M OmVr O_mVrMo
bmoH$ gh^mJr Agë`mMo {XgVo. 56
gmVmam {~«Q>re A{YnmË`mImbr Amë`mZ§Va ì`mnma_Ü o d gmYZgm_wJ«r_Ü o dmT>
Pmbr. {~«Q>rem§À`m amOdQ>rVM gZ 1883 _Ü`o nwUo - {_aO `m doñQ> bmoh_mJm©g _§Oyar
{_imbr d gmVmè`mV aoëdo Ambr Ë`m_wio oWrb Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmbm MmbZm {_imbr.
oWrb _mb {Z`m©V hmody bmJbm. H$ƒm _mb Am`mV hmody bmJbm Ë`mVM gmVmam ho nyUo-
~§Jbmoa amîQ>r` _hm_mJ© H«§$. 4 daVr Agë`mH$maUmZo `oWrb ì`mnmamg MmbZm {_imbr.
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV eoVr d bKw CÚmoJm_wio ehamVrb ì`mnma d n[adhZ godoMm {dH$mg
Pmbm. qgMZ gw{dYo_wio `oWrb eoVrVrb CËnÞ dmT>bo Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Mm Am{W©H$ XOm©hr
dmT>bm. eoVrda AmYm[aV CÚmoJ H$maImZXmar Am°B©b{_ëg, BVa àH$maMo CÚmoJ
H$maImÝ`m_wi¡ ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV ^a nS>br. eham_Ü o {d{dY n[adhZ
H$m`m©b`o ñWmnZ Pmbr `m_Ü`o Q´o>qS>J H$mnm}aoeZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, gmdZr Q´>mgnmoQ©>, KmS>Jo
nmQ>rb Q´>mgnmoQ©> B. g_mdoe hmoVmo. gmVmam hr ~Q>mQ>`mMr _moR>r ~mOmanoR> AgyZ Jhÿ,
Ádmar, _wJ, CS>rX, ha^am Mdir, KodS>m, Vya, hiX, YUo, H$m§Xo, Jwio, gmIa wB©_wJ
e|Jm, {_aMr, Ambo, Vm§Xyi, V§~mIy B. _mb gmVmè`mVyZ _w§~B©, nwUo, H$moH$U d BVa
amÁ`mV nmR>{dbm OmVmo. Va _§~B© nyÊ`mhÿZ {dXoer H$mnS>, {MniyZ _hmS> d aËZm{JarhÿZ
Zmai, IOya ImarH$, gwnmar, _rR> _gmë`mMo nXmW© Am`mV hmoVmV. `m ì`mnmam_Ü o
àm_w»`mZo _madmS>r Am{U JwOamWr dmUr, O¡Z, H$moîQ>r H$mgma, Vobr, Vm§~moir, qbJm`V
dmUr, _amR>m Hw$U~r d _wgb_mZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 58
gmVmam `oWrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVr_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam _mbm_Ü o ImÚnXmW©,
no`o, V§~mIy d V§~mIyÀ`m nXmWm©Mo CËnmXZ, agm`Zo d amgm`{ZH$ nXmW©, _wb yV g|{Ð` d
Ag|{Ð` agm`Zo Am{U dm y CËnmXZ, Am¡fY CËnmXZ, a~a ßbmpñQ>H$, noQ´>mo{b`_ Am{U
XJS>r H$moií`mnmgyZ hmoUmao CËnmXZ AYmVy I{ZO nXmW© H$mM d H$mMoÀ`m dñVy§Mo
CËnmXZ, _wb^yV d {_l YmVy, KmVyÀ`m dñVy d gyÅo> ^mJ, §Ìgm_J«r d gwQo>^mJ, {d`wV
176
§Ìgm_J«r, gmYZo, CnH$aUo d gwQo> ^mJ n[adhZ gm_wJ«r d gwQo> ^mJ, `§Ìgm_wJ«r d
Xwê$ñVr, H$mJX, H$mJXmÀ`m dñVy, _wÐU àH$meZo B. Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVr _YyZ CËnmXZo
V`ma hmoD$Z {Z`m©V hmoVmV. 59
"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m'"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m'"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m'"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m', VwiOmnya _moXr, bmQ>H$a ~§YyZr b§S>Z_Ü o nmohM{dbm.
gmVmam åhQ§>bo H$s H§$Xr noT>m Ago g_rH$aU _m§S>bo OmVo. `m noT>`m ~amo~aM "B~«m{h_"B~«m{h_"B~«m{h_"B~«m{h_
OXm©'OXm©'OXm©'OXm©' hm hr Añgb gmVmar dmU Ë`mMr {Z_uVr d »`mVr {VVH$sM _hËdmMr _mZmdr
bmJob. "^mdo ~S>reon'"^mdo ~S>reon'"^mdo ~S>reon'"^mdo ~S>reon' hr doJù`m nÜXVrZo ^md `m§Zr J«mhH$mn`ªV nmohMdbr. ~oH$ar
CËnmXZmV nmboH$a `m§Zr _hamîQ>^a CËnmXZ nmohMdyZ JwUdÎmm {gÜX Ho$br Va Hy$na
CÚmoJ g_whmZo H$mñQ>t½O, ñnmB©Zr bm`Za, H«°$H$ emâQ> Aer {d{dY XO}Xma CËnmXZm§Zr
OmJVrH$ ~mOma noRo> d Amnbo doJionU {gÜX Ho$b Amho, H¥$fr joÌmV h[aV J¥hmMr
C^maUr doJmZo hmoV AgyZ `m h[aVH¥$hmVrb \$io, \w$bo ^mOrnmbm naXoemV {Z`m©V hmoV
Amho. 60
* gmám{hH$ ~mOma :
Am{W©H$ IaoXr {dH«$sMo ì`dhma Á`m {R>H$mUr hmoVmV Ago {R>H$mU åhUOo ~mOmanoR>
hmo`. AmR>dSo> (gmám{hH$) ~mOma nÜXVr \$ma àmMrZH$mimnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Amho.
gmVmam ho VmbwŠ`mMo d {Oëh`mMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio BWo {Z`_rV ~mOma ^abm OmVmo.
Varhr gmVmam ZJanm{bHo$Zo AmR>dS>`mMo XmoZ {Xdg gmám{hH$ ~mOmamMo R>adyZ {Xbo
Amho. a{ddma d Jwê$dma ^mOr _§S>B©, gXm{ed noR> ^mOr _§S>B©, w{Z`Z Šb~ ^mOr _§S>B©,
B. {R>H$mUr ~mOma ^abm OmVmo. {edm` BVa {Xderhr `mM {R>H$mUr ehamVrb bmoH$m§Zm
^mOrnmbm {_iVmo. AÞYmÝ`, S>mir, Vob {_aMr, _gmbo, Jyi, H$mnS>, \$io, ^mÁ`m,
Vm§~o {nVirMr ^m§S>r B. dñVy ~mOmamV {dH«$sgmR>r AmUë`m OmVmV. ~mOmamÀ`m {Xder
\o$ardmbo d ì`mnmar AmnAmnbr XwH$mZo ~mOmamV bmdVmV. OdinmgÀ`m IoS>`mVrb
VgoM {Oëh`mVrb {d{dY ^mJmVyZ d {d{dY {Oëh`mVyZ ^mOrnmbm \$io, {d{dY dñVy
gmám{hH$ ~mOma {dìH«$Vo `oV AgVmV. gmám{hH$ ~mOmamV ehamì`{V[aº$ BVahr bmoH$
gmVmè`mV IaoXrgmR>r oV AgVmV `m XmoZ {Xder Iyn _moR>r Am{W©H$ CbmT>mb hmoV AgVo
177
`mVyZ ZJanm{bHo$bm _moR>`m à_mUmV CËnÞ àmá hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV gmám{hH$ ~mOma ho
XoIrb gmVmam ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg hmV^ma bmdUmam _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.
* gmVmam ehamVrb {d{dY CÚmoJ ì`dgm` d Ë`m§Mr g§»`m
1 hm°pñnQ>b - 72
2 pŠb{ZH$ - 87
3 b°~moaoQ>arO - 24
4 S>m°ŠQ>a - 253
5 _o{S>H$b ñQ>moAg© - 168
6 dH$sb - 428
7 MmQ©>S©> AH$m¡Q§>Q>g² - 30
8 Q°>Šg H$ÝgëQ§>Q> - 18
9 hmobgobg© - 186
10 Am{H©$Qo>ŠQ>g² - 26
11 à_moQ>g© Am{U {~ëS>g© - 98
12 dmiy, IS>r, drQ> gßbm`g© - 75
13 ñQ>moZ H«$ea - 25
14 bmoI§S>,nÌm, {g_|Q> d g°{ZQ>ar doAa - 69
15 dm°Q>a gßbm`g© - 7
16 ^§Jma _oQo>[a`b IaoXr {dH«$s - 9
17 a§J d hmS©>doAa XwH$mZo - 78
18 bmoI§S>r, bmH$S>r ßbmpñQ>H$ \${Z©Ma XwH$mZo - 67
19 H$mnS> XwH$mZo - 242
20 Qo>bg© - 234
21 bm±S>r / S>m`pŠbZg© - 99
22 ^m§S>r XwH$mZo - 43
23 gmoZo Mm§Xr XwH$mZo - 122
24 {H$amUm ñQ>moAg© - 574
25 Vob So>nmo/ Am°B©b So>nmo - 30
26 Ioi gm{hË`mMo XwH$mZo - 9
27 OZab ñQ>moAg© - 428
28 gm¢X`© àgmYZo d ã`wQ>r nmb©g - 85
178
29 ~°J Hw$eZ d \$mo_ hmD$g - 42
30 Mßnb, ~wQ>mMr XwH$mZo - 56
31 {MÌnQ>J¥ho, ZmQ>`J¥ho, {gZog§ñWm, {_Zr{WEQ>a {dVaH$ - 16
32 eoVr {ZJS>rV XwH$mZo - 52
33 BbopŠQ>H$ d BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg XwH$mZo - 286
34 KS>`mi d Am°ßQ>rH$ëg XwH$mZo - 60
35 gaH$ma _mÝ` ñdñV YmÝ` XwH$mZo - 69
36 {àQ>tJ àog - 81
37 hm°Qo>b d na{_Q> ê$_ - 338
38 Xmê$Mo XwH$mZ - 21
39 ñdrQ> _mQ©> - 73
40 Á`wg g|Q>a/H$mopëS§>J hmCg/ AmB©pñH«$_ nmb©a - 32
41 So>Aar - 13
42 nrR>{JaUr {_aMr H$m§S>n H|$Ð - 86
43 \$moQ>mo ñQw>{S>Amo b°~ - 85
44 Eg. Q>r.S>r/Poam°Šg - 222
45 Q>m`qnJ g|Q>a - 26
46 Qy> ìhrba, W«r pìhba emoê$_/ H$ÝgbQ§>Q> - 17
47 A°Q>moH$ÝgbQ§>Q> d \$m`ZmÝga - 15
48 A°Q>mo gpìh©g/ A°Q>mo_mo~mB©ëg BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg - 93
49 Qy> ìhrba, W«r ìhrba J°aoO/ H$ÝgbQ§>Q> - 244
50 ñQ>moìh [anoA[a¨J - 9
51 Qy>[añQ> H$m`m©b`o - 23
52 Q>mÝgnmoQ©> H$m`m©b o - 52
53 noQ´>mob n§n - 11
54 Am°B©b So>nom - 7
55 am°Ho$b So>nmo - 4
56 H$m°åß`wQ>a Šbmgog - 32
57 Q>m`qnJ Šbmgog - 13
58 ImOJr Šbmgog - 18
59 BVa Šbmgog - 19
60 dg{VJ¥ho - 9
179
61 ñQo>eZar d nwñVH$m§Mr XwH$mZo - 79
62 _§Jb H$m`m©b o - 23
63 nmZ ñQ>m°b - 160
64 Ho$e H$V©Zmb o - 169
65 n|Q>g© d Am{Q©>ñQ> - 29
66 g°m {_b - 15
67 gm`H$b _mQ©>, Xwê$ñVr {dH«$s - 69
68 Q>m`g© - 34
69 H$m°åß`wQ>a dŠg© - 55
70 Hw$[aAa godm - 13
71 {MH$Z/_Q>U/_mgmir em°n - 56
g§X ©: _amR>m M|~g© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, gmVmam S>m`ar, 2007.
{ZîH$f© :
gmVmam ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r hdm_mZ, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr, _wb^yV
gw{dYm Mm§Jë`m àH$mao CnbãY AgVmZm XoIrb ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV gZ 1971 Z§Va
BWë`m {dH$mgmbm C{eam gwê$dmV Pmbr. _hmamîQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>imZo gZ
1970 _Ü o dgmhV gwê$ Ho$br Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ nd© gwê$ Pmbo. ehambm d
Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrbm bmJyZM amîQ>r` _hm_mJ© OmV Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a goP_wio nwUohr
AmVm \$ma bm§~ am{hbobo Zmhr. ^{dî`mV AZoH$ CÚmoJ oÊ`mMr g§Yr Amho. VgoM
{Oëh`mV CÚmoJm§Zm bmJUmam H$ƒm _mb _moR>`m à_mUmV CnbãY AgyZhr ^ma{Z`_Z d
CÚmoJmgmR>r OmJoMm àíZ _moR>m Amho Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmda Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_
hmoV Amho. AmJm_r H$mimV `oWo OmJm CnbãY Pmë`mg _moR>`m à_mUmV CÚmoJ oVrb.
gÜ`m gmVmè`mVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVr_Ü o 60% CÚmoJ gwê$ AmhoV. 30 Vo 40%
CÚmoJ AmOmarnUmH$So> PwH$bobo {XgVmV, Ë`mVhr Hy$na d _wWm `mgma»`m CÚmoJm§À`m
{dñVmam_wio AmemXm`H$ {MÌ {XgV Amho. bmoH$à{V{ZYr, emgZ d CÚmoOH$m§Zr EH$Ì
oD$Z à`ËZ Ho$ë`mg oWrb CÚmoJm§Zm Zdr {Xem {_iy eHo$b. XaamoO dmT>Umar _hmJmB©
OmJ{VH$ _§Xr, emgZmMo ~XbVo YmoaU `m gd© {dnarV n[apñWVr_wio CÚmoJm§Mr gmIir
{dñH$Q>V Amho.
180
XwgarH$So> ghH$mar g§ñWm_wio ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmg \$ma _moR>m hmV^ma bmJbobm
{XgyZ oVmo. `oWrb ghH$mar Midir_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV ^a nS>br Amho. {Oëh`mÀ`m
d ehamÀ`m gd© ñVamdarb n[adV©ZmV gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ~±H$ hr EH$ _hËdmMo
^mJrXma am{hbr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a XwY g§K, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr, `mhr g§ñWm
_hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Om{dV AmhoV ~±H$sJ gw{dYm _wio ehamVrb bmoH$m§Zm Mm§Jë`m
àH$maMr Am{W©H$ gw{dYm {_iV Amho. VgoM gmVmam ho {Oëh`mMo d VmbwŠ`mMo à_wI
{R>H$mU Agë`m_wio {d{dY emgH$s` H$m`m©b o, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, dmhVyH$, ~±H$m `m§À`m
{dH$mgm_wio {dH$mgmV ^a nS>V Amho.
^maVr` ehao pñWË`§VamVyZ OmV AmhoV d AW©ì`dñWoVrb _hËdm§À`m joÌmÀ`m
`em_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ d¥ÜXr d g_¥ÜXr_wio Ë`m§À`mV n[adV©Z hmoV Amho.
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrb YS>moH$~mO n[adV©ZmV _m{hVr d XiUdiU V§ÌkmZmZo
_hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho, VgoM Ë`mV gwú_ nmVirda ^maVr` ehamÀ`m
gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ nQ>bmdahr Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho. na§Vy gmVmam eham~m~V
{dMma H$am`Mm Pmbm Va nwUo eha Odi AgyZhr _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmjoÌmV `m~m~VrV
{nN>mS>rdaM åhUmdo bmJob _Ü §VarÀ`m H$mimV Am`.Q>r. nmH©$ C^maÊ`mMo à`ËZ Pmbobo
AmhoV na§Vy `m~m~V AOyZhr hmbMmbr J{V_mZ Pmboë`m ZmhrV. VWmnr EH§$XarV
{dMma H$aVm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV ehamMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm Ano{jV JVr
{_imbobr Zmhr AgoM åhUmdo bmJob.
181
g§X^© J«§W gyMr
1) X¡. bmoH$_V, {X. 26 OmZo 2009, "gmVmaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmQ>Mmb', n¥. 2
2) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 409.
3) {H$Îmm n¥. 410.
4) {H$Îmm n¥. 410.
5) X¡. bmoH$_V, {X. 26 OmZo 2009, "gmVmaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmQ>Mmb', n¥. 1
6) {H$Îmm n¥. 2.
7) _wbmIV, Hw$na \$mamoI {X. 15 _o 2008.
8) X¡. bmoH$_V, {X. 26 OmZo 2009, "gmVmaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmQ>Mmb', n¥. 1
9) A°ŠeZ ßb°Z gmVmam {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð gZ d 1983 Vo 1988 n¥. 25
10) _amR>m Mo§~ag© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, gmVmam S>m`ar, 2007 n¥. 271
11) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 480.
12) X¡. gH$mi "Qo>H$ Am°\$ gmVmam', E_.Am`.S>r.gr. {deofm§H$ {X. 20 Am°ŠQ>m| 2008 n¥. 2.
13) {H$Îmm n¥. 2
14) _wbmIV, gwadgo Eg. Eg. (_hmì`dñWmnH$, {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð gmVmam) {X. 10
_o 2008.
15) {H$Îmm
16) 21 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, 2002-03, AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm {b. emhÿZJa e|Ðo n¥. 5.
17) {H$Îmm n¥. 6
18) 23 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2004-05 AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm {b.
emhÿZJa e|Ð n¥. 7
19) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb gZ 1988-89 Vo 2004-05 (g§~{YV df}) AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm e|Ðo.
20) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 463.
182
21) {XdoH$a dm.X. "noedoH$mbrZ _hmamîQ>'; Am{W©H$ OrdZ, _amR>`m§À`m B{Vhmg I§S>
2 1985 n¥. 356, 357.
22) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 470.
23) _amR>m M|~g© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, " gmVmam S>m`ar', 2007 n¥. 259.
24) {H$Îmm n¥. 23 n¥. 260,261.
25) 60 hraH$ _hmoñVdr df© ñ_a{UH$m "H$s{V©gwJ§Y', {X. wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$ {b. n¥.13.
26) {H$Îmm n¥. 14
27) JmoS>~mobo Aê$U, wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$, CX`, CËH$f© Am{U AñV, gmVmam 2007 n¥.146.
28) {H$Îmm n¥. 133
29) {H$Îmm n¥. 135
30) {H$Îmm n¥. 147
31) {H$Îmm n¥. 147
32) {H$Îmm n¥. 148
33) gwdU© _hmoËgdr df© "ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W' gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b.
gmVmam gZ 1999 - 2000. n¥. 40
34) 27 dm "dm{f©H$ Ahdmb' 2006 - 07, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b;
gmVmam n¥. 21.
35) gwdU© _hmoËgdr df© "ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W' gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam gZ 1999 - 2000, 2001 Vo 2007 n`ªV dm{f©H$ Ahdmb.
36) 27 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2006 - 07, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b;
gmVmam n¥. 11.
37) {H$Îmm n¥. 6
38) gwdU© _hmoËgdr df© "ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W' gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b.
gmVmam gZ 1999 - 2000. n¥. 212.
39) {H$Îmm n¥. 223
40) 27 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2006 - 07, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b;
gmVmam n¥. 21.
183
41) gmVmam eha ZJanm{bH$m eVgm§dËgarH$ _hmoËgdr A§H$ 1953 n¥. 95.
42) {H$Îmm n¥. 96.
43) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 484.
44) 38 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, 2007, gmVmam ghH$mar XyY CËnmXH$ d à{H«$`m g§K {b.
gmVmam n¥. 7.
45) {H$Îmm n¥. 8
46) {H$Îmm n¥. 9
47) {H$Îmm n¥. 14
48) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, gZ 1999-2000, gmVmam ghH$mar XyY CËnmXH$ d à{H«$`m g§K {b. gmVmam n¥. 14.
49) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 487.
50) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr, gmVmam gZ 2001-02 n¥. 9
51) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, gZ 1992-93 Vo 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr.
52) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, gZ 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr n¥. 16.
53) {H$Îmm n¥. 17
54) {H$Îmm n¥. 23
55) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 463.
56) {H$Îmm n¥. 463
57) {H$Îmm n¥. 464
58) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, 2001-02 {Oëhm IaoXr {dH«$s g§K, gmVmam n¥. 14.
59) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 464.
60) {H$Îmm n¥. 464
61) X¡. bmoH$_V, {X. 26 OmZo 2009, "gmVmaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmQ>Mmb', n¥. 2
62) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 1990-91, gmVmam ZJan[afX gmVmam n¥. 7.
63) _amR>m M|~g© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, "gmVmam S>m`ar', 2007 (gmVmam eha; n[agamVrb CÚmoJ d ì`mnma `m~m~V n[anyU© _m{hVr)
184