1

HỌC VIỆN QUÂN Y

NGUYỄN SINH KỲ

TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC

TẬP 1

(GIÁO TRÌNH GIẢNG DẠY ĐẠI HỌC)

(Lưu hành nội bộ)

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN QUÂN ĐỘI NHÂN DÂN

HÀ NỘI - 2007

MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

NGUYEN SINH KY

2

NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE

VOLUME ONE

(HIGHER EDUCATION MATERIAL)

Use only in Army

PEOPLE’S ARMY PUBLISHING HOUSE

HANOI - 2007 NHÀ XUẤT BẢN MONG BẠN ĐỌC ĐÓNG GÓP Ý KIẾN PHÊ BÌNH

HỘI ĐỒNG DUYỆT TÀI LIỆU, GIÁO TRÌNH, GIÁO KHOA

CỦA HỌC VIỆN QUÂN Y

Trung tướng, GS.TS. PHẠM GIA KHÁNH

Giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Chủ tịch

Thiếu tướng, BS. NGUYỄN QUANG PHÚC

Chính uỷ Học viện Quân y - Phó chủ tịch

Thiếu tướng, GS.TS. VŨ ĐỨC MỐI

Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Ủy viên

Thiếu tướng, GS.TS. LÊ BÁCH QUANG

3

Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Ủy viên

Thiếu tướng, PGS.TS. ĐẶNG NGỌC HÙNG

Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y

Giám đốc Bệnh viện 103 - Ủy viên

Đại tá, PGS.TS. NGUYỄN TIẾN BÌNH

Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Ủy viên

Đại tá, GS.TS. NGUYỄN VĂN MÙI

Phó giám đốc Bệnh viện 103 - Ủy viên

Đại tá, PGS.TS. LÊ NĂM

Giám đốc Viện Bỏng Quốc gia - Ủy viên

Đại tá, BS. Phạm Quốc Đặng

Hệ trưởng Hệ Đào tạo Trung học - Ủy viên

Đại tá, BS. ĐỖ TIẾN LƯỢNG

Trưởng phòng Thông tin Khoa học

Công nghệ Môi trường - Ủy viên

Thượng tá, BS. NGUYỄN VĂN CHÍNH

Phó trưởng phòng Thông tin Khoa học

Công nghệ Môi trường - Thư kí

4 (N523)

21-2006/CXB/278-335/QĐND THE PUBLISHING HOUSE AND AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO HAVE READERS’ COMMENT

THE MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY’S COUNCIL OF

REVIEWING TEACHING MATERIALS AND TEXTBOOKS

Lieutenant-General PHAM GIA KHANH, Ph.D., Prof.

Rector of Military Medical University Chairman

Major-General NGUYEN QUANG PHUC, M.D.

Political Commissar of Military Medical University Vice-chairman

Major-General VU DUC MOI, Ph.D.,Prof.

Vice-Rector of Military Medical University Commissioner

Major-General LE BACH QUANG, Ph.D., Prof.

Vice-Rector of Military Medical University Commissioner

Major-General DANG NGOC HUNG, Ph.D., A.Prof.

Vice-Rector of Military Medical University

4

Director of Hospital No. 103 Commissioner

Senior-Colonel NGUYEN TIEN BINH, Ph.D., A.Prof.

Vice-Rector of Military Medical University Commissioner

Senior-Colonel NGUYEN VAN MUI, Ph.D., Prof.

Vice-Director of Hospital No. 103 Commissioner

Senior-Colonel LE NAM, Ph.D., A.Prof.

Director of National Burn Institute Commissioner

Senior-Colonel PHAM QUOC DANG, M.D.

Head of Secondary Vocational School Commissioner

Senior-Colonel DO TIEN LUONG, M.D.

Departmental Head of Scientific, Technological

and Environmental Information Commissioner

Colonel NGUYEN VAN CHINH, M.D.

Departmental Deputy of Scientific, Technological

and Environmental Information Secretary

4(N523)

21-2006/CXB/278-335/QĐND

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

HƯ chúng ta đều biết, trong thời đại ngày nay, tiếng Anh rất

cần thiết và có một vị trí đặc biệt vì tiếng Anh được sử dụng

rộng rãi trên khắp thế giới và tất nhiên nó đã trở thành ngôn ngữ giao

tiếp quốc tế, một ngôn ngữ được sử dụng trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác

nhau, nhất là trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu khoa học và công nghệ.

Trong nhiều năm gần đây, Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành (ESP) đã

được phát triển chuyên sâu và tập trung vào việc thiết kế chương trình

và biên soạn giáo trình giao tiếp. Và hiện nay việc thiết kế chương

trình và biên soạn giáo trình Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành phải tuỳ thuộc

vào từng lĩnh vực và mục tiêu cụ thể.

Tập giáo trình TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC, ấn phẩm mới

này dành cho các sinh viên y khoa và những người có quan tâm

trong ngành y, có nhu cầu học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành và nâng cao

trình độ tiếng Anh chuyên ngành trong tương lai. Tập giáo trình

TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC, ấn phẩm mới này rất linh hoạt, có

N

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thể sử dụng trên lớp học hoặc tự học và cũng có thể vận dụng cả hai.

Tập giáo trình này có thể giúp bạn luyện đọc hiểu, thành lập các từ,

cụm từ, dựng câu, viết các đoạn văn, và tóm tắt các văn bản…

Chúng tôi hy vọng rằng các bạn có thể thu được nhiều thuận lợi từ

tập giáo trình này.

Trung tướng, Giáo sư, Tiến sĩ PHẠM GIA KHÁNH

INTRODUCTION

As we know, nowadays, English is very necessary and it has a

special position since it has been widely used throughout the world,

and of course, it has become the international language of

communication and the language of various fields, chiefly of

researching technology and science.

In the recent years, ESP (English for Specific Purposes) has

become a major developmental focus in the area of what maybe called

communicative syllabus design and materials production. And now

ESP syllabus and materials design must belong to a concrete case of a

taget group.

This NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE is intended for medical

students and other with a professional interest in medicine who need

to study ESP in medicine and to improve their knowledge of ESP in

the future. NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE is flexible and can be used

in class, on your own, or both. It can help you to practise reading

comprehension, building words and word combination and writing

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sentences, paragraghs, or summarizing, and so on. We hope that you

can get a lot of advantages from it.

Lieutenant-general PHAM GIA KHANH, Ph.D., Prof.

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Ộ sách này dành cho các sinh viên y khoa đã học xong chương

trình tiếng Anh cơ bản. Những người đã nắm vững các thời, các

cấu trúc câu và các loại câu của ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh. Bộ sách này

được chia thành hai tập. Tất cả các bài đều thuộc chuyên ngành y. Có

nhiều thuận lợi cho việc học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành. Bộ sách giúp

cho việc luyện tập từ vựng, đọc hiểu, tóm tắt văn bản, từ tố, quán từ,

giới từ, ngữ động từ, từ kép, từ nối và các dạng thay thế danh từ.

Chúng tôi hy vọng, từ các bài tập các sinh viên sẽ có được những

thuận lợi trong việc mở rộng vốn kiến thức tiếng Anh của mình và

thấy những thông tin thật hấp dẫn.

Từ đáy lòng mình, chúng tôi mong muốn được cảm ơn những

người đã giúp đỡ chúng tôi hoàn thành và xuất bản bộ sách này.

B

7

Chúng tôi rất mong nhận được những lời phê bình, nhận xét để hoàn

thiện cho lần xuất bản sau.

Đại tá NGUYỄN SINH KỲ

PREFACE

This book is for medical students who have already learned the basic

general English. They know the basic tenses, structures and sentences of

English. This book is in two volumes. All lessons are on medicine. There

are many advantages to learning English on medical speciality. They

provide practice with vocabulary, comprehension, summarizing, word

forms, articles, prepositions, phrasal verbs, compound words, connecting

words, and noun substitutes.

We hope that the students will find the exercises useful in expanding

their knowledge of the English language and that they will find the

information interesting.

From the bottom of our heart, we would like to thank several people for

their help in publishing this book. We look forward to any comments and

remarks on the book for the perfection of the next edition.

Senior colonel NGUYEN SINH KY

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CONTENTS

Page

Introduction 06

Preface 08

Lesson one Medical Specialists 11

Lesson two Industrial Medicine 16

Lesson three Introduction to General Surgery 21

Lesson four Surgical Service to the Population 27

Lesson five The Common Cold 33

Lesson six Influenza 40

Lesson seven Headaches 45

Lesson eight Cholesterol and Heart Disease 50

Lesson nine On migraine Headache and Hypertensive Headache 58

9

Lesson ten Diseases and Injuries of the Skull 64

Lesson eleven Cigarette Smoking and Chronic Bronchitis 70

Lesson twelve Transplants - New body Parts 75

Lesson thirteen Shock 80

Lesson fourteen CPR 86

References 91

Lesson one

MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

Doctors, nurses, and other medical people are all parts of health care. They

all work together to give good medical care.

Doctors have two important jobs. First, they make sick people healthy. They

often use machines and new drugs to heal patients. Second, doctors try to

prevent diseases. They often give vaccinations to stop diseases. Vaccinations

prevent diseases, like smallpox, cholera, polio, and measles. Not many people die

from these diseases now. Vaccinations save many lives. Doctors also try to

prevent diseases with good advice. They tell their patients to eat the right kind of

food and to exercise daily.

Many doctors specialize in only one kind of medicine. For example,

ophthalmologists are eye specialists. They treat eye diseases and try to prevent

blindness. Dentists take care of people's teeth and treat diseases of the mouth.

Some patients need operations. Surgeons use operations to take care of

problems inside the body. For example, there are many operations on the heart.

10

Anesthesiologists are specialists who help surgeons with operations. They put

patients to sleep during surgery. Then the patients do not feel pain.

Obstetricians are specialists who care for pregnant women. They check

women before the birth of their babies and deliver the babies. Pediatricians are

physicians who care for children.

Family medical practice is new specialization. A family doctor cares for the

whole family. This doctor cares for the patients who have all kinds of illness. A

family practice doctor takes care of babies and old people, but the family

physician usually sends very sick patients to other specialists.

Emergency medicine is another speciality. Most hospitals have an emergency

room. People sometimes have accidents at home or at work, or they sometimes

become ill suddenly. Ambulances, and sometimes helicopters, take people to

hospital emergency rooms. Emergency specialists give immediate treatment.

There are many other medical specialists. These specialists, doctors, nurses,

and other medical people, all work together to help their patients. They not only

heal people who are sick, but also they try to prevent diseases.

I. WORD STUDY

drug / drʌg / (n) thuốc

to heal / hi:l / (vt) chữa (bệnh)

to prevent / pri'vent / (v) phòng (bệnh)

vaccination / væsi'nei∫n / (n) việc dùng vaccine

smallpox /'smɔ:lpɔks / (n) bệnh đậu mùa

cholera / 'kɔlƏrƏ / (n) bệnh tả

polio /'pouliou / (n) viêm tủy xám, bại liệt

(vt của poliomyelitis / poulioumaiƏ'laitis / )

measles / 'mi:zlz / (n) bệnh sởi

to specialize / 'spe∫ Əlaiz / (vi/vt) chuyên môn hoá

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ophthalmologist / ɔf æl'mɔlƏdƷist/ (n) bác sỹ nhãn khoa

to treat / tri:t / (v) điều trị

disease / di'zi:z / (n) bệnh

patient / 'pei∫Ənt / (n) bệnh nhân

operation / ɔpƏ'rei∫n / (n) ca phẫu thuật

surgeon / 'sƏ:dƷn / (n) nhà phẫu thuật

anesthesiologist / ænis i:zjƏ'lƏdƷist / (n) bác sỹ gây mê

obstetrician / ɔbste'tri∫n / (n) bác sỹ sản khoa

pregnant / 'pregnƏnt / (adj) có thai

pediatrician / pi:diƏ'tri∫n / (n) bác sỹ nhi khoa

physician / fi'zi∫n / (n) thầy thuốc

ambulance / 'æmbjulƏns / (n) xe cứu thương

II. TRANSLATE THESE WORD COMBINATIONS INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. To make sick people healthy.

............................................................................................................................

2. To use machines and new drugs to heal patients.

............................................................................................................................

3. To die from diseases.

............................................................................................................................

4. To prevent diseases.

............................................................................................................................

5. Eye specialists.

............................................................................................................................

6. To take care of patients.

............................................................................................................................

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7. Operations on the heart.

...................................................................................................... ......................

8. A family doctor.

............................................................................................................................

9. Accidents at home or at work.

............................................................................................................................

10. Hospital emergency rooms.

............................................................................................................................

11. Immediate treatment.

............................................................................................................................

12. Different medical specializations.

............................................................................................................................

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What are doctors, nurses, and other medical people?

.............................................................................................................................

2. Please, name some diseases vaccinations prevent.

.............................................................................................................................

3. How many important jobs have doctors? and what are they?

.............................................................................................................................

4. What do ophthalmologists do?

.............................................................................................................................

5. What do dentists do?

.............................................................................................................................

6. What do surgeons use operations for?

.............................................................................................................................

7. Who do obstetricians care for ? and when?

.............................................................................................................................

8. What kinds of illness can a family doctor treat?

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.............................................................................................................................

9. Where do ambulances, and sometimes helicopters take patients to ?

.............................................................................................................................

10. What do specialists, doctors, nurses and other medical people work

together for ?

...........................................................................................................................

IV. TRANSLATE THIS PARAGRAPH INTO VIETNAMESE.

I am a medical student. I am in my last year at the Military Medical

University.

Almost every day we are present at some serious operation. Usually an expert

surgeon performs such operations.

Sometimes there are some small operations, some small skin incisions for an

abscess which any medical student can perform.

We are also shown some methods of examining, e.g , one of the methods of

examining in early cases of inflammation is to pass the hand rapidly from the

non-affected to the affected area and back again. The teachers always advise us

to use different methods of examining.

V. GAP - FILLING

Fill each blank in the following passage with only ONE suitable word.

Nurses are a necessary part of health (1)….…..... Like doctors, they have two

jobs. They (2)……........sick people and take care of patients.

Most nurses (3)…….......work in hospitals are general-duty nurses. However,

many nurses in other places (4)…….......as clinics, schools, factories and private

homes. There are also jobs in the offices of doctors and dentists. Therefore, there

are many (5)……..........kinds of nursing jobs.

There are two kinds of nurses: professional and practical. Professional nurses

have two to five years of (6).......……education. Both kinds of nurses learn in

classes and in clinics. In their classrooms, they learn about the anatomy of the

(7)…….........., chemistry, the nutrition of foods, drugs and medicines and the

psychology. In their clinical studies, they work with (8)…….......... they learn to

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take a (9)……............temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate. They also

practice different (10)……........in hospitals.

Practical nurses are (11)................kind of nurses. These nurses also

(12)..............about nursing care, but they study for only one year or two. Practical

nurses usually help (13)..................nurses with the patients. Professional nurses,

on the other hand usually assist (14).................

Lesson two

OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE

People who work together often get the same diseases. For example, lung cancer

is common among many asbestos workers and miners. Many people who work with

X- rays get skin cancer. Most coal miners develop black lung disease after years of

work in coalmines. These people probably get these diseases because of their work.

In addition, accidents on the job may also injure and kill workers. For example, farm

machines sometimes injure farm workers. Construction workers sometimes fall from

buildings. People who work with electricity may get electrical shocks. Fires

sometimes kill fire fighters.

Many large companies employ both occupational doctors and safety engineers to

protect workers from accidents and illness on the job. They do this in three ways.

First, doctors study the workers and their diseases. They know that certain groups of

15

workers often have the same diseases. At the same time, safety engineers study

accidents and their causes. Second, doctors and safety engineers work together to

change the machines or the jobs because they want to prevent more accidents or

illnesses. Third, they educate workers about the dangers in their jobs. They teach the

workers about safety on the job. Education is necessary for prevention.

There are many causes of accidents and illness at work. Among them,

chemicals, noise, and radiation are a few. For example, gasses in mines cause

accidents and poison miners. Toxic chemicals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and

silica (SiO2) made people sick in the past, and they make people sick today. In

addition, there are new chemicals, and some of them are toxic. They harm the skin,

the lungs, and other internal organs such as the heart, liver, or kidney. Industrial

noise sometimes causes deafness. People who work around loud noise for a long

time sometimes become hard of hearing. Many things cause illnesses and injuries on

the job.

Occupational physicians and safety engineers often prevent these problems.

After they find the causes, they plan and design new machines to prevent accidents

in the future. They design different ways to store and transport toxic chemicals.

They measure and control gases in the air. They set standards for work in the

dangerous situations. For example, airport workers must cover their ears near the

airplanes outside. Some workers must wear personal protective means, like eye

goggles, hard hats and safety shoes.

After careful study, both doctors and safety engineers do many things to

decrease the danger of injuries and illnesses on the job. They make the work area a

safe place.

I. WORD STUDY.

occupational medicine / ɔkju:'pei∫Ənl / Y học lao động

lung cancer / lʌŋ'kænsƏ / ung thư phổi

common (adj) / 'kɔmƏn / phổ biến

among (prep) / Ə 'mʌŋ /

trong số

asbestos (n) / æz'bestɔs, Ə z'bestɔs / ami-ăng

black lung diseases / di'zi:ziz / bệnh đậm phổi

construction (n) / kƏn'strʌk∫n / xây dựng

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electrical shock / i 'lektrikƏl ∫ɔk / điện giật

occupational doctors and safety engineers

/ endzi'niƏz /

bác sĩ và kỹ sư an toàn

lao động

protect (v) / pro'tekt / bảo vệ, bảo hộ

prevent (v) / pri'vent / đề phòng, ngăn ngừa

chemicals (n) / 'kemikƏlz / hoá chất

radiation (n) / reidi'ei∫n / sự bức xạ

poison (v) / 'pɔizn / gây độc

toxic (adj) / 'tɔksik / độc

lead (n) / led / chì

mercury (n) / 'mƏ:kjuri / thuỷ ngân

silica (n) / 'silikƏ / silic dioxyt

liver (n) / 'livƏ / gan

kidney (n) / 'kidni / thận

deafness (n) / 'defnis / tật điếc

x-ray (n) / 'eks 'rei / tia X, tia Rơngen

II. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA?

The main idea is the important idea of the reading. It is usually at the

beginning or the end of a paragraph. In a long reading it is usually in the first or

last paragraph. Put a tick ( √ ) by the statement of the main idea.

a. Occupational physicians study accidents at home.

b. Safety engineers study the causes of accidents at work.

c. Occupational doctors and safety engineers help make the work place safe.

III. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THE READING?

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A. Write T by the statements if they are true. If false, write F. Do not

look at the reading.

……. 1. People who work together often get the same diseases.

…….. 2. Accidents at work never hurt workers

…….. 3. Occupational doctors study the groups of workers and their diseases.

…….. 4. Safety engineers study the cause of accidents at home.

……. 5. Safety engineers treat workers after illnesses and accidents

……. 6. Education about causes of accidents helps prevent future accidents.

…….. 7. Doctors sometimes change workers' jobs to prevent illness.

…….. 8. People who work with chemicals sometimes get sick.

…….. 9. Safety engineers try to prevent accidents on the job.

B. Fill in the blank in the following sentences. First, decide if you need a

verb, noun, or adjective, and write V, N, or Adj on the left. Then choose the

correct form of the words in parentheses.

……..1. Drugs and surgery are two different kinds of medical………..(treats,

treatments).

…….. 2. Those children are……………(health, healthy).

…….. 3. The old man is both…………..and deaf. (blind, blindness)

…….. 4. Doctors who…………. in one field of medicine must study two or

three years more. (specialize, specialist, special)

…….. 5. You must shout to make him hear you because of his………….

(deaf, deafness).

…….. 6. The patient is very…………….. (ill, illness).

…….. 7. There are many……………chemicals. (poison, poisonous)

…….. 8. Their lives were in…………., but the doctor saved them.

(danger, dangerous)

…….. 9. Safety shoes are. ……………clothing. (protect, protection, protective)

…….10. The patient needed an…………. to save her life.(operate, operation)

…….11. Safety engineers…………… workers about dangers in their jobs.

(educate, education)

……..12. ........... medicine is another special field of medicine.

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(Prevent, Prevention, Preventive)

IV. WHAT IS THE CAUSE AND EFFECT?

Things happen because something causes them.

Example: "There was an explosion in the mine. " Why? It happened because

there was too much methane gas.

"Too much methane" is the cause.

"An explosion" is the effect, or result.

Read together the following pairs of sentences. One is the cause and one

is the effect. Write C for cause and E for effect by the statements.

……..1. Small pieces of asbestos get into the lungs.

……..2. Breathing becomes difficult.

……..1. People sometimes get sick.

……..2. People work with dangerous chemicals.

……..1. Miners have black lung disease.

……..2. Miners breathe coal dust for many years.

……..1. Doctors learn about the causes of diseases.

……..2. Doctors protect workers from the diseases.

……..1. Workers work with toxic chemicals.

……..2. Workers get sick from the chemicals.

……..1. Workers have fewer accidents on the job.

……..2. Workers study about job safety.

V. READING FOR COMPREHENSION AND TRANSLATION.

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Read the following passage then mark T by the statements if they are

true or F if they are false and translate the passage into Vietnamese.

MINE SAFETY

Coal mining is a very dangerous job for miners. Since 1900, more than one

hundred thousand workers have been killed in coal mining accidents in the

United States.

There are four kinds of mining accidents. Accidents with machines kill or

injure more miners than any other kinds. The second most important danger is

cave-ins. The roof or wall of the mine sometimes falls or caves in. Then miners

are trapped inside the mine and cannot get out. Gases in mines are also very

dangerous. Methane and carbon monoxide are the most dangerous. Too much

methane may cause a violent explosion. Carbon monoxide is also a poisonous

gas. Methane and carbon monoxide have no smoke, so miners do not know when

the gases are in the mine. If there is too much of a poisonous gas in the mine, the

miners die. They sometimes take a small bird into the mine with them. The bird

will die from the gas first. Then the miners know that they must leave the mine

quickly. Because of the poisonous gases, it is important to bring fresh air into the

mine.

The fourth danger is from coal dust, which makes the air inside the mine

dirty. Miners who breathe large amounts of dust for many years are likely to

develop black lung disease. This disease causes problems with the lungs and

even death.

Mines are safer places to work today than they were in the late eighteenth

century. In 1900, 3.5 miners per 1000 were killed in mine accidents each year.

Today, the death rate is 0.5 per 1000. Safety standards have improved conditions

in the mines.

...........1. Explosions kill 100.000 workers every year.

...........2. When miners are trapped, they cannot get out of the mine.

...........3. Methane can cause an explosion.

.......... 4. If there is a lot of fresh air in the mine, there will be accidents with

gases.

...........5. Black lung disease is a serious disease.

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...........6. People do not die of black lung disease.

.......... 7. Fewer miners died in 1900 than they do today.

...........8. Mining is still a dangerous job.

...........9. Carbon monoxide may kills miners.

...........10. The air inside mines is always safe to breathe.

Lesson three

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SURGERY

The term "Surgery" comes from Greek. Surgery is the branch of medicine in

which various mechanical therapeutic manipulations (incisions, punctures,

suturing, reductions of dislocations and so on) performed by physicians are used.

These procedures are designated by the words "surgical operation" or merely by

one word "operation".

For a very long time, surgical operations were performed only on the

superficial parts of the body but even after such operations, severe inflammations

due to the infection of the wound were frequently met with, causing death.

Only during the second half of the 19th century, the general development of

natural science made it possible to solve this difficult problem. The brilliant

Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was the first to voice the assumption that wounds

were infected by invasion of special causative agents named by him "miasmas".

In 1836, the famous French scientist Pasteur published the results of his

remarkable studies of the processes of putrefaction. Pasteur proved that these

processes were evoked by minute living organisms, bacteria. On the basis of

Pasteur's work, the British surgeon Lister concluded that the purulence of

wounds was also caused by bacteria which found their way into the wounds from

the air. To protect the wounds from the penetration of bacteria or to destroy these

bacteria after their penetration into the wounds. Lister began to irrigate the

wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat the instruments and dressing

material to be used in the operations with the same solution.

The method elaborated by Lister was given the name of antiseptic. This

method gave fine results.

21

During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds

from infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an

operation with a physical agent, namely, heat. This new method of disinfections

was given the name of asepsis.

The antiseptic and aseptic methods of treating wounds revolutionized surgery

and almost completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.

I. WORD STUDY.

introduction (n) / intrƏ'dʌk∫n / sự giới thiệu, lời giới thiệu

manipulation (n) / mƏnipju'lei∫n / thao tác

puncture (n) / 'pʌŋkt∫Ə / sự chích, chỗ chích

suturing (n) / 'sju:t∫Əriŋ / sự khâu

to designate (v) / 'dezigneit / đặt tên, gọi tên

superficial (adj) / sju:pƏ'fi∫Əl / ở bề mặt

to meet with (v) / mi:t / gặp phải

century (n) / 'sent∫uri / thế kỷ, trăm năm

to make it possible to solve…. làm cho...có thể giải quyết ...

brilliant (adj) / briljƏnt / lỗi lạc, tài giỏi

to voice (v) / vɔis/ nói lên, phát biểu

invasion (n) / in'veiƷn / sự xâm nhập

causative agent /'kɔ:ze tiv 'eidƷƏnt / tác nhân gây bệnh, gây viêm

miasmas (n) / mi'æzmƏz / khí độc, chướng khí

to publish (v) / 'pʌbli∫ / công bố, xuất bản

remarkable (adj ) / ri'ma:kƏbl / xuất sắc, đáng chú ý

putrefaction (n) / pju:tri'fæk∫n / sự thối rữa

minute (adj) / mai'nju:t / rất nhỏ

living organism / 'ɔ :gƏnizm / sinh vật

on the basic of / 'beisis / trên cơ sở của

to conclude (v) / kƏn'klu:d / kết luận

to find one's way / wei / into vào được

22

penetration (n) / peni'trei∫n / sự xâm nhập

irrigate (v) / 'irigeit / rửa

carbolic acid / ka:'bɔlik 'æsid / axit cacbonlic

to treat (v) / tri :t / xử lý

instrument (n) / 'instrumƏnt / dụng cụ

antiseptic (n),(adj) / ænti'septik/ khử trùng

object (n) / ɔ'bdzikt / dụng cụ, đồ vật

to handle (v) / 'hændl / cầm, nắm

physical agent tác nhân lý học

disinfection (n) / disin'fek∫n / sự khử trùng, tẩy uế

asepsis (n) / æ'sepsis / sự vô trùng

aseptic (adj) / æ'septic / vô trùng, vô khuẩn

to revolutionize (v) / revƏ'lu:∫naiz / cách mạng hoá

to eliminate (v) / i'limineit / loại trừ

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Where does the term "surgery" come from?

..................................................................................................................................

2. What do the words "surgical operation" mean?

..................................................................................................................................

3. To what were inflammatory processes after operations due?

..................................................................................................................................

4. When was this difficult problem solved?

..................................................................................................................................

5. What made it possible to solve the problem?

..................................................................................................................................

6. Who was the first to discover the real cause of wound infection?

..................................................................................................................................

7. What did the famous French scientist Pasteur publish?

..................................................................................................................................

23

8. What did Pasteur prove?

..................................................................................................................................

9. What did the British surgeon Lister begin to do to protect the wounds from

the penetration of bacteria?

..................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................. .

10. With what did he treat the instruments to be used in the operations?

..................................................................................................................................

11. What name was given to Lister 's method?

..................................................................................................................................

12. What new method did the scientists find during the years that followed?

..................................................................................................................................

13. What is the significance of the antiseptic and aseptic methods for surgery?

..................................................................................................................................

III. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWINGS INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. The brilliant Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was the first to voice the

assumption that wounds were infected by invasion of special causative agents.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

2. Lister began to irrigate the wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat

the instruments and dressing material to be used in the operations with the same

solution.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

3. During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds from

infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an

operation with heat.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

24

4. These methods of treating wounds completely eliminated the danger of

infecting wounds to be operated on.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

5. The patient to be examined was brought to the casualty ward where he was

first asked to give his name, age and address.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

6. The patient to be admitted to the clinic had a very high temperature and

showed evidence of an acute illness.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

7. Measures to be taken to protect the health of people are various.

............................................................................................................... ...................

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS.

1. Surgery is the branch of.............in which various ..................manipulations

performed by.................. are used.

2. These procedures are designated by the words.................

3. For a long time..............operations were performed only on............... parts of

the ................

4. The general development of.................made it possible to solve this problem

5. Pasteur proved that the processes of.................were evoked by..................

6. The British surgeon Lister.................that the purulence of................was caused

by..................

7. To protect the wounds from..................Lister began ..................the wounds

with................

8. This method was given the name of ....................

9. Methods of...............and.....................revolutionized surgery and almost

completely eliminated................. of infecting wounds

V. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWINGS INTO ENGLISH.

25

1. Trong một thời gian dài những nhà phẫu thuật chỉ tiến hành những cuộc phẫu

thuật trên bề mặt cơ thể.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

2. Sau những cuộc phẫu thuật như vậy thường bị viêm nặng, gây ra tử vong.

..................................................................................................................................

3. Pirogov là người đầu tiên nêu một giả thuyết cho rằng những vết thương bị

viêm nhiễm do sự xâm nhập của những tác nhân gây viêm được gọi là "chướng

khí".

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

4. Nhà bác học Pháp Pasteur đã chứng minh rằng những tiến trình viêm nhiễm là

do những sinh vật rất nhỏ, vi khuẩn gây nên.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

5. Nhà bác học Anh Lister đã rửa vết thương bằng dung dịch axit carbolic để

ngăn ngừa sự xâm nhập của vi khuẩn.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Lesson four

SURGICAL SERVICE TO THE POPULATION

Surgical work is done mainly in specially equipped medical institutions -

surgical hospitals, surgical departments of general hospitals, surgical departments

of dispensaries and polyclinics. But sometimes in cases of injuries, fractures,

26

hemorrhages, etc, it is necessary to give first aid at the place of the accident or

near by. First aid is extremely important but it cannot always be rendered by a

physician, for which reason the entire medical personnel must be taught the basic

rules of first aid.

Sometimes it is necessary to give not only first aid at the place of accident

but also emergency aid as well. Emergency aid is administered to patients

brought to medical institutions at a time when the medical personnel have

already finished their regular work and have gone home, and when only the

physicians, nurses and orderlies on duty are in.

Urgent aid is also very important and therefore surgical institutions must

have in readiness everything required for administering it. It is very important

that the population should be able to deliver to a medical institution any patient

in need of such aid. So the duty of as many laymen as possible is to learn

elementary rules of first aid.

To give quick and effective aid, there must be a special organization with

transport facilities at one’s disposal.

Many patients with surgical trauma are not in need of hospital treatment. In

cases of minor injuries and mild inflammatory processes, as well as after

discharge from hospital, the necessary treatment may be given in a dispensary or

a polyclinic where the patient comes for special procedures and then goes home.

Patients who seek medical assistance in dispensaries and polyclinics for the first

time are also given a thorough examination. This form of aid is known as

outpatient or polyclinic aid.

The most complicated surgical operations can be performed only in well-

equipped special medical institutions where patients are admitted for a long stay.

Surgical service in those institutions is referred to as hospital surgical aid.

To render surgical assistance is not an easy task; it requires a wide variety of

knowledge and skill.

I. WORD STUDY

surgical (adj) / 'sƏ:dʒikl / ngoại khoa, phẫu thuật

surgical service vệc điều trị ngoại khoa

mainly (adv) / 'meinli / phần lớn; chủ yếu

to equip (v) / i'kwip / trang bị

27

first aid sơ cứu

for which reason / 'ri:zn / vì thế, vì lý do này

basic (adj) / 'beisik / cơ bản

rule (n) / rul / nguyên tắc, quy tắc

emergency, urgent aid cấp cứu

to finish (v) / 'fini∫ / kết thúc, hoàn thành

regular (adj) / 'regjulƏ / thường lệ, chính thức

orderly (n) / 'ɔ:dƏli / hộ lý

duty (n) / 'dju:ti / nhiệm vụ

to be on duty trực

therefore / 'ðƐƏfɔ: / vì vậy

readiness (n) / 'redinis / (sự) sẵn sàng

to require (v) / ri'kwaiƏ / cần, đòi hỏi

to deliver (v) / di'livƏ / đưa đến

in need of cần

layman (n) / 'leimƏn / người không có chuyên môn

the duty of as many laymen

as possible is...

nhiệm vụ của càng nhiều người

không có chuyên môn thì càng

tốt là phải...

facilities (n) / fƏ'silitiz / phương tiện

transport (n) / 'trænspɔ:t / vận chuyển

at one’s disposal / dis'pouzƏl / sẵn có để dùng

surgical trauma / 'sƏ:dʒikl trɔ:mƏ / sang chấn

minor (adj) / 'mainƏ / nhẹ, nhỏ, thứ yếu

a thorough examination / ' ʌrƏ igzæmi'nei∫n / kiểm tra, khám toàn diện

stay (n) / stei / sự lưu lại, ở lại

to refer to (v) / ri'fƏ: / nói đến, xem như

hospital surgical aid / 'hɔspitl / điều trị ngoại khoa nội viện

to render (v) / 'rendƏ / làm, làm cho

to render surgical assistance/ Ə'sistƏns / điều trị ngoại khoa

task (n) / ta:sk / nhiệm vụ, công việc

variety (n) / vƏ'raiƏti / nhiều thứ

skill (n) / skil / kỹ năng, kỹ xảo

28

elementary (adj) / eli'mentƏri / cơ bản

organization (n) / ɔ:gƏnai'zei∫n / tổ chức, cơ quan

especially equipped medical institutions : những cơ sở y tế có những trang bị

chuyên dùng

a wide variety of knowledge / 'nɔlidʒ / kiến thức hiểu rộng về nhiều mặt

to have in readiness everything required for... có sẵn mọi thứ cần thiết cho...

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Where is surgical work done?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. In what cases is it necessary to give first aid?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. Can first aid always be rendered by a physician?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. What patients is emergency aid administered to?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. What can you say about urgent aid?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

6. Where is it important to deliver any patient in need of urgent aid?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

7. What must there be at one’s disposal to give quick and effective aid?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

8. Where may the necessary treatment be given in cases of minor injures and

mild inflammatory processes?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………......

9. Where does a patient go for special procedures?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

10. What are patients who seek medical assistance for the first time given at

polyclinics?

29

…………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………......

11. What do we call the form of aid given in a dispensary or a polyclinic?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

12. Where are the most complicated surgical operations performed?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

13. What is required from a person to render surgical assistance in complicated

cases?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. To give quick and effective aid is very important as it can save the patient’s life.

………………………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. The duty of as many laymen as possible is to learn how to give quick and

effective medical assistance at the place of the accident.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. To give first aid, one must learn the basic first aid rules.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. The patients in need of emergency aid must be brought to medical institutions.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. To render urgent aid, surgical institutions must have in readiness everything

required for administering it.

………………………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………………......

6. The necessary treatment may be given in a dispensary or polyclinic where the

patient comes for special procedures.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………......

30

7. To render surgical assistance is not an easy task it requires a wide variety of

knowledge and skill.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………......

8. To give quick and effective aid, there must be a special organization with

transport facilities at one’s disposal.

………………………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………………......

9. The object of microbiology is to combat and prevent epidemic diseases.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

IV. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Đôi khi những bệnh nhân bị sang chấn không cần điều trị trong bệnh viện, họ

có thể điều trị tại một phòng khám đa khoa nơi mà họ đến để tiến hành những

can thiệp chuyên khoa, sau đó trở về nhà.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

2. Tiến hành sơ cứu tại nơi xảy ra tai nạn cũng như cấp cứu tại một cơ sở y tế gần

đó là cần thiết.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. Những bệnh nhân như vậy được đưa đến bệnh viện, ở đó họ được các bác sỹ

chuyên khoa giàu kinh nghiệm cấp cứu.

………………………………………………………………………………….….

………………………………………………………………………………..........

V. GAP – FILLING

Choose one word in the box and fill in each gap.

generally public health personally beings

31

with on in general without

who healthy attention whom people

The foreign scientists in (1)................... health who visit our country draw

everybody’s (2)................to three things that made a lasting impression on them.

People in (3)...................... are very “health conscious”. They are not so much

concerned (4)..................... their ailments and symptoms, as they are with things

they can do to be (5).........................

Their medical authorities encourage this attitude. Doctors are the men

(6).................. must take this stand: “When you are ill, always consult us; but

health is not made in hospitals, and to win good health, everyone is

(7)................responsible for using in daily life the scientific principles of health”.

Medical scientists (8)................ the world insist that health is the natural way

of life for human (9)......................; the goal of their research is to find out how

people can live long, healthy lives (10).................... ever having to take medicine

or treatment.

Lesson five

THE COMMON COLD

32

Your head aches and you sneeze and cough. Your nose is all stuffed up, and

it keeps running, so you have to blow it every few minutes. You know by these

symptoms that you have a cold, and you feel completely miserable. You’re not

sure if you live through the day.

Everyone suffers from the common cold at some time or other. It isn’t a

serious illness, but over a billion dollars a year is spent on different kinds of cold

medicine every year. This medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can

make you cough less, make your headache less intense, and stop your nose

running for a while. However, it can’t cure your cold. So far, there is no cure for

the common cold and no medicine to prevent it.

Even though there is no cure or preventive medicine for colds, people have

all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat colds. Some people think that if

you eat lots of onions and garlic, you won’t catch cold. Others say that you

should avoid getting wet and chilled or you will catch cold. However, this is

apparently not so. In an experiment in England, a group of volunteers took a

bath, put on cold wet clothing and stood in cold rooms. Others stood outside in a

cold rain until they were wet through to the skin. The researchers didn’t find any

connection between being wet and chilly and catching a cold.

Dr. Linus Pauling, the winner of the 1954 Nobel prize for chemistry, did

experiments with vitamin C. He says his experiments prove that if you take 1 to 2

grams a day of vitamin C, it will prevent colds. Other researchers have tested this

theory for years. They have not been able to find that large amounts of vitamin C

have any effect on colds. Meanwhile, millions of dollars are spent on vitamin C

every year. This money is possibly all wasted.

Colds are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they

cause different kinds of diseases. So far, scientists have found over 200 kinds of

viruses that cause colds. Some diseases can be prevented by a vaccine. This

liquid is injected into the arm and the person is safe from catching that disease.

However, it is probably impossible to develop a vaccine that could work against

200 different viruses. Certainly no one would want to have 200 different shots,

one for each cold virus, even if they were available.

One problem with the common cold is that the symptoms are very similar to

the symptoms of influenza, or flu for short. Influenza is a much more serious

disease, especially for pregnant women, people over 65, and people already

33

suffering from another disease, such as a heart problem. Even doctors cannot

always tell the difference between the symptoms without doing laboratory tests.

One difference between colds and flu is fever. A person with a cold does not

have a high body temperature, but about half of all flu patients do.

A similarity between colds and flu is that they are both contagious. One

person catches a cold or the flu from another person; they don’t begin inside the

body as heart disease does.

Researchers continue searching for a way to cure or prevent colds. Since

colds and flu are closely related diseases, scientists hope that if they find a cure

for one, it will also have an effect on the other.

Doctors don’t know what causes colds, but they are beginning to learn how

they spread. When scientists discovered in the 1950s that viruses cause colds, it

seemed logical to believe that they were spread when people sneezed and

coughed. They believed that the explosive cough or sneeze sent the viruses

shooting out into the air and then entering the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.

However, researches show that this is not true. Most cold viruses are spread

through the hands. When you have a cold and blow your nose, you get viruses on

your hands. When you touch another person’s hand, and when that person

touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the virus enters the body. It isn’t even

necessary to touch the person directly. Cold viruses spread when roommates or

members of a family touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can even

pick up a virus when you touch the doorknob on your classroom door, or when

you touch things in public buildings.

It seems completely illogical, but kissing apparently doesn’t spread colds. In

one study, volunteers with a cold kissed volunteers without a cold. Only 8

percent without a cold caught one.

How can you use all this information for your own good health? Students are

in close contact in the classroom, the cafeteria or dining room, and dormitories or

apartments. When someone you know catches a cold, try to avoid physical

contact with that person. If you catch a cold yourself, keep your towel and dishes

separate from everyone else’s. Try not to touch things that belong to others.

Don’t touch other people, and don’t shake hands. Explain why, however, you

don’t want people to think you are impolite. Wash your hands often if you have a

cold or if anyone around you has one.

Colds are miserable. It is worth the trouble to try to avoid catching them or

giving them to others.

I. WORD STUDY

34

sneeze (v),(n) / sni:z / hắt hơi

cough (v),(n) / kɔ:f / ho

miserable (adj) / 'mizƏrƏbl / khổ sở, bất hạnh

at some time or other (phrase) hoặc lúc này hay lúc khác

symptom (n) / 'simptƏm / triệu trứng

preventive (adj) / pri'ventiv / phòng bệnh, phòng ngừa

avoid (vt) / Ə'vɔid / tránh

chilled (adj) / t∫ild / bị lạnh cứng

apparently (adv) / Ə'pærƏntli / hiển nhiên, rõ ràng

experiment (n), (v) / iks'perƏmƏnt / thí nghiệm

volunteer (n), (v) / vɔlƏn'tiƏ / người tình nguyện

researcher (n) / ri'sƏ:t∫Ə / nhà nghiên cứu

connection (n) / kƏ 'nek∫n / sự liên quan, mối quan hệ

prove (vt), (vi) / pru:v / chứng minh, tỏ ra

theory (n) / iƏri / thuyết, lý thuyết

amount (n) / Ə'maunt / số lượng

meanwhile (adv) / 'mi:n wail / trong khi đó

to be wasted (phr) / 'weistid / bị lãng phí

to be injected into…. (phr) / in'dzektid / được tiêm vào…..

shot (n) / ∫ɔt / mũi tiêm

available (adj) / Ə'veilƏbl / có sẵn

to be similar to…. (phr) / 'similƏ / tương tự…, giống như….

pregnant (adj) / 'pregnƏnt / có thai

similarity (n) / simƏ'lærƏti / sự giống nhau

contagious (adj) / kƏn'teidzƏs / lây lan

scientist (n) / 'saiƏntist / nhà khoa học

to discover (vt) / dis'kʌvƏ / khám phá ra, phát hiện ra

explosive cough (phr) / ik'plousiv kɔ:f / ho bật ra

to blow one’s nose (phr) / blou / phì mũi

roommate (n) / 'ru:mmeit / bạn cùng phòng

35

furniture (n) / 'fƏ:nit∫Ə / đồ đạc

doorknob (n) / 'dɔ:nɔb / quả đấm cửa

to be in close contact (phr) / knouz 'kɔntækt / tiếp xúc

cafeteria (n) / kæfƏ'tiƏriƏ / quán ăn tự phục vụ

dormitory (n) / 'dɔ:mitɔri / phòng ngủ (tập thể)

to belong to sb (phr) / bi'lɔŋ / thuộc về….

It is worth st to do st / wƏ: / làm (cái gì) cũng bõ….

II. GAP - FILLING

1. Complete each sentence with one word from the box.

cough prizes polite stuffed

meanwhile contagious sneeze miserable

chilled vitamin vaccines influenza

1. ………………is more serious than a cold.

2. When you have a cold, you………………and……………………

3. A pillow is ……………with feathers, cotton, or polyester.

4. Some people like to have their fruit………..………….. instead of at room

temperature.

5. Sweden gives Nobel……………… every year to people who have created

great things.

6. When you have a headache, you probably feel…………………

7. Babies should receive………………to prevent common childhood diseases.

Then they won’t catch these………………….diseases.

8. Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole and began the journey back to his

ship…………………., captain Scott and his men were trapped in their tent by

blizzards.

9. In most countries, it is………………..to shake hands when you meet

someone.

2. Choose one word in the box and fill in each sentence below .

36

fever contact vitamins symptoms

relieve volunteer viruses injected

pregnant worth contagious doorknob

1. You have to turn the……………………to open a door.

2. When your temperature is above normal, you have a………………………

3. There is no physical………………in tenses. The players don’t touch each

other when they play.

4. Ms. Davis is………………… She is going to have a baby in May.

5. How much is gold…………………today?

6. Colds are caused by…………………..

7. Aspirin can………………….some headaches.

8. What are the……………………...of a cold? How do you know you have one?

9. Thousands of people…………………..to work for the Red Cross without pay.

III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. Blood is carried from the heart through the arteries.

2. If you hit your thumb with a hammer, the thumb will probably swell up.

3. Sometimes the sky is beautiful at dawn.

4. Tom got hit in the forehead with the ball.

5. The army attacked at dawn to surprise the enemy.

6. Rita has a recurring pain in the stomach. It comes and goes.

7. The waves move higher up on the beach as the tide comes in.

8. Iron and cotton are raw materials.

9. Dan pounded on the table to get everyone’s attention.

10. Every rock music band has a drummer.

11. The government keeps a record of the birth of every child.

IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Coughing and sneezing are ………………….of a cold.

37

a. miserable b. stuffs c. symptoms

2. Cold medicine …………………..cold.

a. can cure

b. can relieve the symptoms of c. can prevent

3. An experiment in England showed that……………

a. getting chilled probably causes colds.

b. keeping warm and dry probably prevents colds.

c. getting chilled probably doesn’t cause a cold.

4. Which one of these sentences is not true?

a. Researchers have shown that vitamin C can prevent colds.

b. Dr. Linus Pauling’s research shows that vitamin C prevents colds.

c. People take vitamin C because they believe it prevents colds.

5. ……………………….. prevent colds.

a. There is no vaccine to

b. There will probably be a vaccine in the future to

c. You can have a vaccine injected into your arm to

6. Most colds spread ………………

a. by hand contact

b. when people cough and sneeze

c. through kissing

7. The best way to avoid getting colds is to …………

a. avoid touching people who have colds or the objects they use

b. avoid getting chilled or wet

c. avoid standing near people who have a cold

V. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.

1. Name the symptoms of a cold.

38

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. What does cold medicine do for a cold?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. Is it worth the expense to take vitamin C?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Why isn’t it likely that someone will develop a cold vaccine?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. How do colds spread?

………………………………………………………………………………..........

6. Do you think you should or should not shake hands with someone who has a

cold? Why?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. Why can’t a doctor tell if a person has a cold or the flu?

………………………………………………………………………………..........

VI. FIND MAIN IDEAS.

What is the main idea of these paragraphs?

P.2 (Everyone - prevent

it):.......................................................................................

P.4 (Dr. Linus Pauling - all

wasted):.........................................................................

P.5 (Colds -

availaible):.............................................................................................

P.6 (One problem - patients do):...............................................................................

39

Lesson six

INFLUENZA

Influenza (grip, grippe) is an acute infectious epidemic disease caused by a

virus and marked by depression, distressing fever, acute catarrhal inflammation

of the nose, larynx and bronchi, neuralgic and muscular pains, gastrointestinal

disorder, and nervous disturbances. All ages are liable to the disease. It is in

severe cases that vomiting is frequent in babies and in young children as well.

It is in the typical form of grippe that the onset is sudden, beginning with

chills, muscular pains and aches in the back and limbs, and bronchitis. Nervous

symptoms, e.g. , headache and in severe cases convulsions in babies are usually

present.

There are mild cases of the disease. The duration of the disease in a mild case

is usually three to four days and the temperature is not very high.

It is only in severe cases that the patient's temperature is very high and rises

higher with each succeeding paroxysm. Distressing fever and other symptoms,

e.g. , acute catarrhal inflammation of the bronchi, muscular pain, and so on,

persist for several days. Sometimes pneumonia develops and even death may

occur in two or three days. Therefore, it is in the very young or when there are

pulmonary complications that grippe is especially serious.

In order to minimize the severity of the attack in grippe and to protect the

patient from secondary infection, the patient must go to bed at the beginning of

an attack and not be up again without the approval of his physician.

The effects of grippe may persist for a long period of time, therefore a

convalescent becomes sensitive to heat, cold, draughts, and so on, he easily gets

colds, coughs and other respiratory diseases.

40

I. WORD STUDY

influenza (n) / influ'enzƏ / bệnh cúm

epidemic (adj) / epi'demik / dịch

depression (n) / di'pre∫n / sự khó chịu, sự sầu uất

distressing (adj) / dis'tresiŋ / làm khó chịu, làm mệt mỏi

distressing fever / 'fi:vƏ / cơn sốt

larynx (n) / 'læriŋks / thanh quản

bronchi (n) / 'brɔŋkai / cuống phổi, phế quản

neuralgic (adj) / njuƏ'rældʒik / (thuộc) đau dây thần kinh

gastrointestinal disorder / 'gæstrouin'testinl / rối loạn tiêu hoá

disturbance (n) / dis’tƏ:bƏns / sự rối loạn, tổn thương

nervous disturbance / 'nƏ:vƏs dis'tƏ:bƏns/ sự tổn thương hệ thần kinh

to be liable to / 'laiƏbl / có khả năng bị

bronchitis (n) / brɔŋ 'kaitis / viêm phế quản

convulsion (n) / kƏn'vʌl∫n / chứng co giật

mild (adj) / maild / nhẹ, dịu

succeeding (adj) / sƏk'si:diŋ / kế tiếp, tiếp theo

paroxysm (n) / 'pærƏsizm / cơn kịch phát

pulmonary (adj) / 'pʌlmƏnƏri / (thuộc) phổi, bị bệnh phổi

complication (n) / kɔmpli'kei∫n / biến chứng

to minimize (v) / 'minimaiz / giảm đến mức tối thiểu

severity (n) / si 'veriti / mức độ trầm trọng

attack (n) / Ə'tæk / cơn, trận

to protect (v) / prƏ’tekt / bảo vệ

secondary (adj) / 'sekƏndƏri / thứ phát

to be up dậy

without (prep) / wið'aut / không có

41

approval (n) / Ə'pru:vƏl / sự cho phép

effect (n) / i'fekt / hậu quả, tác dụng

draught (n) / drɔ:t / gió lùa, luồng gió

convalescent (n) / kɔnvƏ'lesnt / bệnh nhân đang hồi phục

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What other name can you call influenza?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. What kind of disease is it?

………………………………………………………………………………..........

3. What ages are liable to the disease?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. In what cases and in whom is vomiting frequent?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. What symptoms are usually present in grippe?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

6. What is the typical form of the disease?

………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. What nervous symptoms are usually present in severe cases?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

8. What are the characteristic features of a mild case? of a severe one?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

9. What may develop sometimes?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

10. What else may occur?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

11. What must one do in order to minimize the severity of the attack in grippe?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

12. When may the patient be up again?

42

…………………………………………………………………………………......

13. How long may the effects of grippe persist?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

14. What does a convalescent become sensitive to?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. It was in the evening that the patient developed a splitting headache.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. It was after vomiting that patient Ostrov complained of severe pains in his

abdomen.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. It was a patient of the third ward that asked some medicine for a bad headache.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

4. It was severe pains in his legs and feet that patient Ostrov complained of.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. It was about one of the new methods of testing that our professor spoke of at

the scientific conference.

………………………………………………………………………………..........

………………………………………………………………………………..........

6. It is especial in young children that grippe is dangerous because of its tendency

to complications.

………………………………………………………………………………..........

………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. It is in severe cases of grippe that vomiting is frequent in babies and in young

children as well.

………………………………………………………………………………..........

………………………………………………………………………………..........

8. It is in the typical form of grippe that the onset is sudden, beginning with chills.

43

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………..................................

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS.

1. Influenza is a ………………. disease.

2. It is marked by………………. fever…………………. inflammation of the

nose, larynx, and bronchi, ………………pains, …………………disorder, and

…………….. disturbances.

3. It is in …………………. cases that there are……………….symptoms.

4. Pains often persist .....................for several days.

5. In order to protect the patient from……………….infection, he must be put to

bed at the very beginning of an attack.

V. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Hoặc lúc này hoặc lúc khác, mọi người ai cũng bị cảm lạnh.

..................................................................................................................................

2. Cảm lạnh do virus gây ra. Cho đến nay, các nhà khoa học đã tìm ra được hơn

200 loài virus gây ra cảm.

..................................................................................................................................

................................................................................. .................................................

3. Cảm và cúm cả hai đều lây lan. Cúm là bệnh trầm trọng hơn.

..................................................................................................................................

4. Những người bị cảm không sốt, nhưng những bệnh nhân cúm, khoảng một nửa

bị sốt.

..................................................................................................................................

5. Trẻ sơ sinh nên được tiêm phòng vac-xin để phòng ngừa những bệnh trẻ em

thường gặp.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

44

Lesson seven

HEADACHES

Some little man is inside your head, pounding your brain with a hammer.

Beside him, a rock musician is playing a drum. Your head feels as if it is going to

explode. You have a headache and you think it will never go away.

Doctors say there are several kinds of headaches. Each kind begins in a

different place and needs a different treatment.

One kind starts in the arteries in the head. The arteries swell and send pain

signals to the brain. Some of these headaches start with a change in vision. The

person sees wavy lines, black dots, or bright spots in front of the eyes. This is a

warning that a headache is coming. The headache occurs on only one side of the

head. The vision is blurred and the person may vomit from the pain. These

headaches, which are called migraine headaches, are more frequent in women

than in men. Sleep is the best cure for them.

Cluster headaches, which also start in the arteries, are called cluster

headaches because they come in clusters or groups for two or three months. Then

there are no more for several months or even years. A cluster headache lasts up to

two hours and then goes away. At the beginning of the headache, the eyes are red

and watery. There is a steady pain in the head. When the pain finally goes away,

the head is sore. Men have more cluster headaches than women do.

The muscle headache, which starts in the muscles in the neck or forehead, is

caused by tension. A person works too hard, is nervous about something, or has

problems at work, at school, or at home. The neck and head muscles become

tense, and the headache starts. A muscle headache usually starts in the morning

and gets worse as the hours pass. There is a steady pain, pressure, and a bursting

feeling. Usually aspirin doesn’t help a muscle headache very much.

About 40 percent of all headaches start in the head and neck muscles.

Another 40 percent start in the arteries.

45

How do doctors treat headaches? If a person has frequent headaches, the

doctor first has to decide what kind they are. Medicine can help, but there are

other ways to treat them.

The doctor asks the patient to analyze his or her daily living patterns. A

change in diet or an increase in exercise might stop the headaches. If the patient

realizes that difficulties at home, at work, or at school are causing the tension, it

might be possible to make changes and decrease these problems. Psychological

problems and even medicine for another physical problem can cause headaches.

The doctor has to discuss and analyze all these patterns of the patient’s life. A

headache can also be a signal of a more serious problem.

Everyone has headaches from time to time. If they continue over several

days, or keep recurring, it is time to talk to a doctor. There is no magic cure for

headaches, but a doctor can help control most of them because of recent

researches.

I. WORD STUDY

headache (n) / 'heideik / đau đầu

to pound (vt) / paund / đánh dồn dập

hammer (n) / 'hæmƏ / cái búa

to explode (vt/vi) / ik'sploud / làm nổ, nổ

artery (n) / 'a:tƏri / động mạch

to swell (vt/vi) / swel / sưng lên, phồng lên

vision / 'viʒn / thị giác

to occur (v) / ƏkƏ: / xẩy ra, xuất hiện

blurred (adj) / blƏ:d/ bị mờ, nhòa

migraine (n) / 'maigrein, mi:grein / đau nửa đầu

cluster (n) / 'klʌstƏ / đám, cụm

steady (adj) / s'tedi / dai dẳng

muscle (n) / 'mʌsƏl / bắp thịt

forehead (n) / 'fɔ:rid, 'fɔ:hed / trán

bursting (adj) / 'bƏ:stiŋ / nổ tung

46

aspirin (n)

/ 'æsprin, 'æspƏrin / thuốc aspirin,

thuốc giảm đau

tension / 'ten∫Ən, 'ten∫n / căng thẳng

to analyze (v) / 'ænƏlaiz / phân tích

pattern (n) / 'pætƏn , pætn / kiểu, cách, mẫu

psychological (adj) / saikƏ'lɔdʒikl / (thuộc) tâm lý

physical (adj) / 'fizikl , 'fizikƏl / (thuộc) cơ thể

to recur (v) / ri'kƏ: / tái phát

II. FILLING - IN

Choose one word in the box and fill in each sentence below.

a. ache b. vision c. vomit d. steady

e. warned f. hammer g. cures h. patients

i. blurred k. drum l. physical m. muscles

n. arteries o. forehead p. swell q. tense

1. When you are sick and in pain, your stomach may protest and make

you…………….

2. The teacher…………….. the children that they had to behave or there would

be no party.

3. People in the hospital are called…………………

4. While Pat was swimming she got water in her eyes. Everything

looked………………….

5. Students feel……………… before an important exam.

6. Tension in the………………. of the neck can cause headache.

7. The farmers were happy when a……………… rain continued all night.

8. ……………… carry blood from the heart to the rest to the body.

9. Today there are……………….. for many diseases that used to kill people.

47

10. People with poor ………………... wear glasses or contact lenses.

11. You may get a stomach……………….. if you eat too much.

12. A complete…………………examination is necessary for anyone entering the

army.

III. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. When someone sees black dots or wavy lines, this is a change in……………..

a. blurring b. clusters c. vision

2. A migraine headache causes………………………….

a. blurred vision b. red and watery eyes c. a bursting feeling

3. …………………… is the best cure for migraines.

a. Sleep b. Aspirin c. Arteries

4. ………………... have more of the kind of headache that leaves the head sore.

a. Women b. Men c. Older people

5. A………………. headache usually starts in the morning and gets worse.

a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle

6. Tension causes a………………. headache.

a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle

7. The muscle and the………………. headache are the most common.

a. migraine b. cluster c. warning

8. Medicine is……………………………..headache.

a. the best treatment for b. not usually helpful for c. one way to treat

9. A change in a patient’s life patterns can…………………………….

a. help cure headaches b. cause headaches c. both a and b

IV. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. Describe a migraine headache.

48

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

2. Describe a muscle headache.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................... ...........................................

3. Describe cluster headaches.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

4. Which kind of headache affects more women than men?

..................................................................................................................................

5. What are some things that can cause a muscle headache?

..................................................................................................................................

.......................................................... ........................................................................

6. If you have a headache, will aspirin help?

..................................................................................................................................

7. Why does a doctor analyze the life patterns of a headache patient?

..................................................................................................................................

V. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Có nhiều loại đau đầu. Đó là đau nửa đầu, đau đầu từng đám, đau cơ đầu.

..................................................................................................................................

2. Những bệnh nhân migren thường bị nhòa thị lực và có thể bị nôn do đau.

..................................................................................................................................

3. Đau đầu từng đám thường kéo dài vài ba tháng. Bệnh nhân đau đầu kiểu này

mắt bị đỏ và chảy nước.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

4. Những người quá căng thẳng về một điều gì đó hoặc có những vấn đề về gia

đình hoặc ở nơi làm việc thường bị đau cơ đầu.

..................................................................................................................................

49

..................................................................................................................................

Lesson eight

CHOLESTEROL AND HEART DISEASE

Do you know your cholesterol level? Many people don't. A high level of

cholesterol in the blood is an important risk factor for heart disease.

Some people say that the danger of hear disease is exaggerated. However,

heart disease is a main cause of death in developed countries. Every year more

than one million Americans have heart attacks, and half of them die. People with

heart disease suffer chest pains that make simple activities, such as walking,

shaving, or taking a shower, difficult.

Research has proven that cholesterol levels are connected with heart disease.

One project in Massachusetts has studied the same group of men and women

since 1948. The researchers have found that the people who have high levels of

cholesterol have more heart attacks.

A natural substance in the blood, cholesterol comes from the liver. The

amount of cholesterol is affected by diet and by physical qualities we inherit

from our parents. One kind of choleterol sticks fat to the walls of arteries, making

them smaller and finally blocking them. It produces a condition called

"hardening of the arteries", which causes heart attacks. With tiny cameras,

doctors can see blood circulating through the heart valves. Angiograms are x-rays

of the heart arteries. They show fat deposits and blockages caused by high

cholesterol.

Heart disease begins in children as young as 3 years old. It occurs earlier in

boys than in girls. Nearly half of teenagers have some fat deposits on their artery

walls. Heart disease develops faster if we have high cholesterol levels and also

smoke.

50

What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of heart attack if

their cholesterol level is above 240 milligrams per deciliter of blood. Below 200

is better. In the Massachusetts study, no one with cholesterol level below 150 has

ever had a heart attack. However, about half of American adults have cholesterol

level above 200.

To lower our cholesterol level, we must change our eating habits. Anything

that comes from an animal is high in fat and high in cholesterol. The American

Heart Association National Cholesterol Education Program says that fat should

be no more than 30 percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after

2 to 3 weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet.

Dietary changes alone can result in a 10 percent reduction of the everage

person's cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can be

reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and amount of

exercise. We must educate everyone, including children in elementary schools.

We must teach them responsibility for their health through classes in nutrition

and aerobic exercise. For example, the smart snack is fruit. Children must be

served fruit in the school cafeteria, along with low-fat meals. Schools must send

recipes home with the children. Parents must include children in planning and

preparing meals and shopping for food.

Adults, including persons over the age of sixty-five, can lower their

cholesterol by 30 or 40 percent. It is never too late to change. One man began his

health program when he was seventy-three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he

had lowered his arteria blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his

cholesterol from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a vegetarian diet with

only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more exercise.

A low-cholesterol diet that cuts out most animal products and high-fat

vegetables may be unfamiliar to people. The Heart Association says to use no

added fat of any kind. Don't fry food in oil. Cook it in water, vinegar, or

vegetable water. Learn about grains and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks (the yellow

part of the egg). Eat potatoes, beans, low-fat vegetables, and fruit. People often

complain about low-fat diets before they have had time to get used to them. Food

can taste good without cream, butter, and salt. You can use olive oil, mustard,

fresh herbs, or yogurt instead.

A new diet can cause general anxiety, when people feel worried and nervous

about what is going to happen. They must learn to deal with the changes in their

51

lives. Sometimes major changes in diet or lifestyle are easier than minor ones

because the results are bigger and faster. Fast results encourage us.

How can you control the amount of fat in your diet if you eat in restaurants?

Restaurants must provide healthy meals that are low in fat, salt, and cholesterol.

A diet is a personal thing. Restaurant owners should not make customers feel

embarrassed because they want to follow a diet that is good for them. Restaurant

owners must learn to give equal service to customers on a healthy diet. Some

restaurants have items on the menu marked with a heart to show that they are low

in fat, cholesterol, salt, or sugar. A few restaurants serve only these recipes.

Heart disease causes one out of every four deaths in East Harlem in New

York City. The East Harlem Healthy Heart Program is an educational program. It

has 2 goals: to get people to change their diets and to find volunteers to help run

educational activities. One way it educates is by street shows. Actors wear

costumes and carry big pieces of plastic fat. They entertain so people will listen.

Groups of children perform songs and dances that educate people about heart

disease and diet. Volunteers lead walking and exercise groups to show people

how to begin exercising.

Volunteers also stand in supermarkets to suggest healthy food choices to

shoppers. The volunteers have shoppers taste two kinds of milk to see which

tastes better. Most people are surprised that the low- fat milk tastes better than

the whole milk. Shoppers are encourged to buy low-fat milk instead of whole

milk.

Education costs money, but it also brings results. In 1983, only 35 percent of

the American public knew their cholesterol levels. By 1990, 65 percent of the

people had had theirs checked.

People feel better if they lower their cholesterol through diet. Healthy people

are more confident. They are more attactive to themselves, as well as to others.

Their friends stare at them because they look so healthy.

We can prevent heart disease by living a healthful lifestyle and eating the

right kind of diet. If people don't do this, two out of three men amd women in

America will eventually get heart diseases.

I. WORD STUDY

52

cholesterol (n) / kƏ`lestƏrɔl / chất colesteron

risk (n) / risk / nguy cơ, rủi ro

exaggerated (adj) / ig`zædʒƏreitid / thái quá, cường điệu

substance (n) /`sʌbstƏns / chất

to inherit (v) / in`herit / thừa kế, di truyền

to stick (v) /stik / cắm, đâm, dán

hardening of the arteries /`ha:dniŋ Əv i: `a:tƏri:z / sơ cứng động mạch

valve (n) / vælv / van

angiogram (n) / æn`dʒaiougræm / phim tia x mạch

deposit (n) / di`pɔzit / lớp lắng đọng

blockage (n) /`blɔkidʒ / tắc nghẽn

deciliter (n) /`desili:tƏ / đềxilit

reduction (n) / ri`dʌk∫n / sự giảm bớt

aerobic (adj) / eƏ`roubik / (thuộc) thể dục nhịp điệu

elementary school (n) / eli`mentri sku:l / trường tiểu học

responsibility (n) / rispɔnsƏ`bilƏti / trách nhiệm

nutrition (n) / nju:`tri∫n / dinh dưỡng

snack (n) / snæk / bữa ăn nhẹ, quà

cafeteria (n) / kæfƏ`tiƏriƏ / nhà ăn tự phục vụ

recipe (n) /`resƏpi / công thức (nấu ăn ...)

vegetarian(n) / vedʒiteƏriƏn / người ăn chay

unfamiliar ( to smb)(adj) / ʌnfƏ`miliƏ / xa lạ (đối với ai)

added (adj) / ædid / thêm, bổ sung

grain (n) / grein / ngũ cốc, mễ cốc

vinegar (n) /`vinigƏ / giấm

egg yolk (n) / eg jouk / lòng đỏ trứng

to complain (about) (v) / kƏm`plein / kêu ca, than phiền

olive oil (n) /`ɔliv ɔil / dầu ôliu

53

mustard (n) /`mʌstƏd / mù tạt

to deal (with) (v) / di:l / giải quyết, đề cập, xử lý

to encourage (v) / in`kʌridʒ / động viên, khích lệ

embarrassed (adj) / im`bærƏst / bối rối, lúng túng

to get smb to do smt khiến ai làm gì

costume (n) /`kɔstju:m / trang phục, áo quần

to entertain (v) / entƏ`tein / tiếp đãi, mua vui

to stare (v) / steƏ / nhìn chằm chằm, ngắm

nhìn

eventually (adv) / i`vent∫uƏli / rốt cuộc, cuối cùng

II. GAP - FILLING

Choose one suitable word in the box and fill in the gap of each sentence

below.

confidence anxiety stare herbs aerobic risk

encouraged valve unfamiliar inherited personal snack

factor suggestion deal with complains attractive reduction

service angiogram exaggerated cholesterol recipe stress

1. John's parents........................................ him to stay in school even though his

grades were not very good.

2. ......................... exercise is good for the heart.

3. Is it impolite to ask someone ............................... questions?

4. Students often suffer from ..........................before an exam.

5. Some people are ............................ with a low-fat diet.

6. Mark ........................... red hair from his mother.

7. Is it impolite to ....................at people?

8. I'm hungry now, but it's 2 hours until dinner. I think I'll have a ....................

9. Open the ............................ so the water will flow freely through the pipes.

10. If you are sure of yourself, you have ..........................in yourself.

11. Most television stars are ...........................

12. ........................ occurs naturally in the blood.

54

13. A .............................in how much fat you eat might make you healthier.

14. One of the students made a good ........................... for what we could do in

the International Day program.

15. It is difficult to ..........................a child who doesn't behave well.

16. Smoking is a .............................in many diseases of the heart and lungs.

17. Tom said he earned $1000 a week, but he is really paid only $800. He

......................

18. The doctor wants my mother to have an ........................ to see if her arteries

are blocked.

19. This restaurant has good food, but the ........................ is low.

20. The ..........................of running away from the dog was too much for the old

man, and he had a heart attack.

III. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE DEFINITION.

1. Nervous ............................. a. length of time

2. Period ................................ b. at the same time

3. Habit ................................. c. stage

4. Meanwhile ........................ d. act in response to something

5. Fever ................................. e. grind

6. Pregnant ............................ f. hit

7. Location ............................ g. watch

8. Strike ................................. h. die in water

9. React ................................. i. anxious

10. Drown ............................... j. usual action

11. Solar .................................. k. high body temperature

12. Observe ............................. l. of the sun

m. place

n. going to become a mother

IV. TRUE(T)/FALSE(F)/NOT ENOUGH(NE) INFORMATION

....... 1. Around 500,000 Americans die each year from heart disease.

....... 2. More than twice as many people had their blood cholesterol

55

levels checked in 1990 as in 1983.

....... 3. Smoking can be a risk factor for heart disease.

....... 4. No direct relationship has been proven between high cholesterol

levels and heart attacks.

........5. Girls have no risk of heart disease.

........6. Low-fat diets always taste bad.

....... 7. Children should learn more responsibility for eating healthy food.

........8. People usually feel good about going on a new diet.

....... 9. It can be easier to change our diet a lot than change it a little.

......10. Old people shouldn't bother to change their eating habits

because it's too late for it to do them any good.

......11. Most people think that whole milk tastes better than low-fat milk.

V. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What are some symptoms of heart disease?

................................................................................................................................

2. What is "hardening of the arteries"? How is it connected with high cholesterol?

...............................................................................................................................

3. Why are angiograms useful?

...............................................................................................................................

4. At what age does heart disease start?

................................................................................................ ...............................

5. What level of cholesterol is believed to be safe?

...............................................................................................................................

6. How long does it take for cholesterol levels to start to drop?

...............................................................................................................................

7. How can schools help teach children healthy eating habits?

...............................................................................................................................

8. How can parents help teach children healthy eating habits?

................................................................................................ ...............................

9. What are some ways to reduce fat in your diet?

...............................................................................................................................

56

10. Describe the East Harlem Healthy Heart Program.

...............................................................................................................................

VI. THESE WORDS HAVE MORE THAN ONE MEANING. CIRCLE THE

LETTER OF THE BEST MEANINGS OF THE BOLD WORD. CHOOSE THE

MEANINGS OF THE WORDS AS THEY ARE USED IN THESE SENTENCES.

1. Mr. Becker has worked in the field of computer science for 10 years.

a. an area of specialization

b. a place where animals or plants are raised

c. the place where baseball is played

2. Carolyn is often late for class because she has to walk so far from her apartment.

a. until now

b. such for a long distance

c. far enough

3. There are 2.2 pounds in a kilo.

a. the unit of Enghlish money

b. hits or strikes

c. a unit of weight

4. Trappers sometimes cure the skins of the animals they catch before they sell them.

a. dry and prepare for use

b. make better

c. a kind of medicine

5. The current value of gold is $321.

57

a. The movement of electricity

b. at this time

c. the movement of a stream of water in the ocean

6. I know that it isn't so

a. very

b. too

c. true

7. Ali and Muhammed live in a large apartment complex near the university.

a. related group of building

b. complicated

c. anxiety

Lesson nine

ON MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND

HYPERTENSIVE HEADACHE

Although migraine was described in the first century A.D. and despite the

fact that migraine has been termed the commonest complaint of civilized man, it

is only in recent years that its pathophysiology has been extensively investigated.

There are several reasons for the slow accumulation of knowledge

concerning migraine. Pain is a subjective sensation which is difficult to measure.

Migraine is usually a benign and self-limited disease; hence the lack of autopsy

material for study is met with. A large proportion of patients with this complaint

fail to consult a physician, presumably preferring to coexist with the intermittent

discomfort of their headaches while relying on numerous omnipresent

proprietary remedies for relief of pain.

Migraine is characterized not only by headache, but also by anorexia, nausea,

photophobia, vomiting, weight gain, and fluid retention.

Some observations about vascular headache of the migraine type can be set

down with a fair degree of certainty. In the first place migraine, or at least the

tendency to migraine, occurs in families.

The headache is often presaged by phenomena produced by vasoconstriction

of cranial blood vessels. In some fashion, this initial brief period of

58

vasoconstriction is replaced by a prolonged phase of dilatation of the cranial

arteries; this is the painful stage of headache that may be relieved by

vasoconstrictor agents.

Migraine is commonly evoked by periods of prolonged wakefulness and

extraordinary effort or by prolonged anxiety. It may be produced by medications

that stimulate one or another of the subcortical systems.

Descriptions of the so-called hypertensive headache have varied greatly, and

although certain characteristics have been emphasized repeatedly, no specific

symptom complex has been elaborated. Despite these defects in our knowledge,

the relief of headache in the hypertensive individual has been used as a criterion

for a good result whenever any new therapy or procedure has been introduced for

the treatment of elevated blood pressure.

I. WORD STUDY

migraine (n) / 'migrein / chứng đau nửa đầu

hypertensive (adj) / 'haipƏ:'tensiv / (thuộc) chứng cao huyết áp.

to describe (v) / dis'kraib / mô tả

despite (prep) / dis'pait / bất chấp, mặc dù

complaint (n) / kƏm'pleint / bệnh, sự đau, than phiền

civilized (adj) / 'si:vilaizd / có văn hóa, văn minh

pathophysiology (n) / 'pæ Ə,fizi'ɔlƏdzi / sinh lý bệnh

to investigate (v) / in'vestigeit / điều tra, nghiên cứu

accumulation (n) / Ə,kju:mju'lei∫n / sự tích luỹ

concerning (prep) / kƏn'sƏ: niŋ / về, về việc

subjective (adj) / sʌb'dʒektiv / chủ quan

sensation (n) / sen'sei∫n / cảm giác

benign (adj) / bi'nain / nhẹ (bệnh), lành (u)

self-limited disease / self limitid / bệnh tự khỏi

hence (adv) / hens / do đó

autopsy (n) / 'ɔ:tɔpsi / giải phẫu thi thể

material (n) / mƏ'tiƏriƏl / tài liệu, bệnh phẩm

59

proportion (n) / prƏ'pɔ :∫n / phần, tỷ lệ

to consult (v) / kƏn'sʌlt / đi khám bệnh, hỏi ý kiến

presumably (adv) / pri'zju:mƏbli / có thể đoán chừng

to coexist (v) / kouig'zist / cùng tồn tại, chung sống

intermittent (adj) / intƏ'mitƏnt / từng cơn, từng hồi

discomfort (n) / dis'kʌmfƏt / sự khó chịu

to rely (v) / ri'lai / tin, tin cậy, dựa vào

numerous (adj) / 'nju: mƏrƏs / nhiều, đông

omnipresent (adj) / ' mni'preznt / có mặt ở khắp nơi

proprietary (adj) / prƏ'praiƏtƏri / biệt dược, thuốc tư

remedy (n) / remidi / thuốc

anorexia (n) / ænou'reksiƏ / chứng biếng ăn, chứng chán

ăn

photophobia (n) / 'foutƏ'foubiƏ / chứng sợ ánh sáng

weight gain (n) / gein / sự tăng cân

retention (n) / ri' ten∫n / sự bí (đái), sự giữ lại

fluid retention / flu:id / sự giữ nước

vascular (adj) / 'væskjulƏ / (thuộc) mạch

to set down ghi lại, chép lại

fair (adj) / fồƏ / khá, hợp lí

in the first place trước hết, trước nhất

to presage (v) / 'presidʒ / báo trước

vasoconstriction (n) / veizou kƏn 'strik∫n / sự co thắt mạch

vasoconstrictor agent thuốc co mạch

cranial (adj) / 'kreiniƏl / (thuộc) sọ

in some fashion / 'fæ∫n / ở một mức độ nào đó

brief (adj) / bri:f / ngắn, vắn tắt

prolonged (adj) / prƏ'lɔŋd / kéo dài

wakefulness (n) / 'weikfulnis / sự mất ngủ, sự không ngủ

được

extraordinary (adj) / iks'trɔ:dnri / đặc biệt, lạ thường

60

effort (n) / 'efƏt / sự cố gắng

anxiety (n) / æŋ 'zaiƏti / sự lo lắng, mối lo

subcortical (adj) / sʌb'kɔ:tikƏl / dưới vỏ não

description (n) / dis'krip∫n / sự mô tả

so-called (adj) / sou'kɔ:ld / cái gọi là

dilatation (n) / dai lei'tei∫n / sự giãn, sự nở

to evoke (v) / i'vouk / gây ra, gợi lên

to emphasize (v) / 'emfƏsaiz / nhấn mạnh

repeatedly (adj) / ri'pi:tidli / nhiều lần, nhắc đi nhắc lại

complex (n) / 'kɔmpleks / một tập hợp, phức hệ

defect (n) / di'fekt / thiếu sót, nhược điểm

criterion (n) / krai'tiƏriƏn / tiêu chuẩn

to introduce (v) / intrƏ'dju:s / đưa vào

quanrantine / 'kwɔrƏntin / thời gian cách ly

one or another of the subcortical systems : vùng này hay vùng khác dưới vỏ não

specific symptom complex: hội chứng đặc trưng

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. When was migraine described first?

..................................................................................................................................

2. How has it (migraine) been termed?

..................................................................................................................................

3. When was its pathophysiology extensively investigated?

..................................................................................................................................

4. What is the reason for the slow accumulation of knowledge concerning migraine?

..................................................................................................................................

5. Why do patients with migraine fail to consult a physician?

..................................................................................................................................

6. What is migraine characterized by?

61

..................................................................................................................................

7. What is migraine commonly evoked by?

..................................................................................................................................

8. What can you say about the so-called hypertensive headache?

..................................................................................................................................

9. Has any specific symptom complex concerning hypertensive headache elaborated?

..................................................................................................................................

10. What has been used as a criterion for a good result in the treatment for

hypertensive headache?

..................................................................................................................................

III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. Migraine has been termed the commonest complaint of civilized man.

..................................................................................................................................

2. The pathophysiology of migraine has been extensively investigated.

..................................................................................................................................

3. Descriptions of the so-called hypertensive headache have varied greatly and

its characteristics have been emphasized repeatedly.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

4. The relief of headache in the hypertensive individual has been used as a

criterion for a good result of the treatment.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

5. Quarantine is the limitation of freedom of movement of persons who have

been exposed to communicable diseases.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

62

6. Shocked patients who have resumed (= have begun again) breathing often

later stop breathing and must therefore be watched closely.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

7. After the operation had been performed the patient was taken to the ward.

..................................................................................................................................

8. Before the operation began the instruments had been thoroughly boiled.

..................................................................................................................................

9. The operation will have been finished by 12 o’clock.

..................................................................................................................................

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS.

1. It is known that pain is a subjective…………. which is difficult…………….

2. Migraine has been termed the commonest……………....of civilized man.

3. There are some reasons for the slow…………. of knowledge…………....

migraine.

4. Patients with headache………….to consult a physician, preferring to rely on

………………remedies for ……………… of pain.

5. Migraine, or at least ……………… to migraine occurs in……………..

6. A new procedure has been introduced for……………. of blood pressure.

7. Migraine may be produced by…………………..

V. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Chứng đau nửa đầu không chỉ có triệu chứng đặc trưng là đau đầu mà còn có

triệu chứng đặc trưng là buồn nôn, sợ ánh sáng, nôn, tăng cân, và giữ nước.

……………………………………………………………………………..............

……………………………………………………………………………..............

63

2. Những bệnh nhân migren ít khi (seldom) đến bác sĩ khám bệnh.

……………………………………………………………………………..............

3. Chứng đau nửa đầu, hay ít nhất xu hướng mắc chứng đau nửa đầu thường xuất

hiện ở những người có cùng huyết thống.

……………………………………………………………………………..............

……………………………………………………………………………..............

4. Phụ nữ mắc chứng đau nửa đầu nhiều hơn nam giới.

..................................................................................................................................

Lesson ten

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE SKULL

CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. In severe head injury, for example, blows

on the head, the head striking against the pavement during a fall in the street, a

fall from a height, etc., very frequently no injuries to the skull are found, but the

patient develops a characteristic picture of concussion of the brain.

Concussion of the brain being one of the most serious results of trauma, those

who are nearby must seek immediate medical help.

At the moment the injury is sustained or immediately after it, the patient loses

consciousness. He produces the impression of a person who is fast asleep,

breathing evenly and deeply, answering no questions and not reacting to light

stimuli. This condition is frequently accompanied by vomiting and involuntary

urination and lasts several minutes, half an hour, and sometimes longer. Then the

patient gradually recovers consciousness, but often feels weak and dizzy, has a

headache and buzzing in the ears. Having regained consciousness the patient

cannot recall what happened. Complete unconsciousness at the moment the

64

injury is sustained; vomiting and amnesia are the most characteristic signs of

concussion of the brain.

CONTUSION OF THE BRAIN. In contusions of the brain multiple

hemorrhages are observed at points corresponding to the side of the blow or on

the opposite side. In addition to hemorrhages, crushing of the brain substance

with subsequent softening of its tissue is possible. This picture of the disease at

first resembles that of concussion of the brain, but the phenomena do not

disappear within a few days as they do in cases of concussion of the brain, but

increase and focal symptoms appear (paresis, paralyses, convulsive twitchings).

Contusions of the brain run different courses depending on the localization and

extent of destruction of the brain tissue. Patients with contusion of the brain must

be ensured complete rest for a long period of time and must be administered

sedatives, the treatment and care of them being generally the same, as in

concussion of the brain.

I. WORD STUDY.

concussion (n) / kƏn'kʌ∫n / chấn động

concussion of the brain chấn động não

blow (n) / blou / (cú) đánh, đập, giáng

to strike against (v) / straik / đập vào, va vào

a fall from a height ngã từ trên cao xuống

consciousness (n) / 'kɔn∫Əsnis / ý thức, tri giác

to lose consciousness mất ý thức, mê

to be fast asleep ngủ thiếp đi nhanh

evenly (adv) / 'i:vƏnli / đều đều, đều

to seek (v) / si:k / đi tìm

to react (v) / ri:'ækt / phản ứng lại

urination (n) / juƏri'nei∫n / (sự) đi đái, đi tiểu

involuntary urination / in'vɔlƏntri / đái dầm dề

65

to recall (v) / ri'kɔ:l / nhớ lại

amnesia (n) / æm'ni:ziƏ / chứng quên

contusion (n) / kƏn'tju:ʒn / chấn dập

contusion of the brain chấn dập não

multiple hemorrhages chảy máu nhiều chỗ

point (n) / pɔint / điểm, chỗ

crushing (n) / 'krʌ∫iŋ / sự dập nát

brain substance / 'sʌbstƏns / chất não

softening (n) / 'sɔfƏniŋ / nhũn, nhuyễn

subsequent / 'subsikwƏnt / sau đó, đến sau

to resemble (v) / ri'zembl / giống với, giống như

focal symptoms: / 'foukƏl / triệu chứng tại chỗ

paresis (n) / pƏ'ri:sis 'pærisis / liệt nhẹ

paralysis (n)(pl.-ses) / pƏ'rælisis / tê liệt

convulsive (adj) / kƏn'vʌlsiv / (thuộc) co giật

convulsive twitching / 'twit∫iŋ / chứng co giật

to run different courses / 'kɔ:siz / tiến triển khác nhau

extent (n) / iks'tent / phạm vi, mức độ

destruction (n) / dis'trʌk∫n / (sự) phá hủy

to ensure (v) / in'∫uƏ / bảo đảm

sedative (n) / 'sedƏtiv / thuốc giảm đau

to have buzzing in the ears / bʌziŋ/ ù tai

to recover or to regain consciousness (v) tỉnh lại

to seek immediate medical help : tìm thầy thuốc cấp cứu

a most serious result : một hậu quả rất trầm trọng

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. When does a patient develop concussion of the brain?

66

………………………………………………………………………………..........

2. What must those who are nearby do in case of an accident (head injury)?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. When does the patient lose consciousness?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. What impression does he produce?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. What is this condition frequently accompanied by?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

6. How long does this condition last?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

7. How does the patient feel (after) having regained consciousness?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

8. What are the most characteristic signs of concussion of the brain?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

9. What is observed in contusions of the brain?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

10. What does the picture of contusion of the brain resemble at first?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

11. Why do contusions of the brain run different courses?

………………………………………………………………………………..........

12. What are the treatment and care of patients with concussion and contusion of

the brain?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. Concussion and contusion of the brain being a very serious result of trauma,

persons with head injuries must be given immediate attention.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

67

2. Having lost consciousness, the injured man produced the impression of a

person being fast asleep.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………….........

3. Having regained consciousness, the patient could not recall what had

happened.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Complete unconsciousness at the moment of injury being a sign of a serious

trauma, those who are nearby must seek immediate medical help.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

5. Contusion of the brain running different courses, patients with such a trauma

must be ensured complete rest for a long period of time.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………….........

6. Ensured complete rest and treatment with sedatives, the above mentioned

patients will recover completely.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. When the temperature of the body rises above normal the condition then

existing is known as fever, and it is usually accompanied by quickened pulse and

respiration, and disordered secretions.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………..............

8. The onset of fevers may be abrunt or gradual, those of sudden onset being

frequently characterized by chills, acute pain, headache, and sometimes

accompanied by vomiting, while those of gradual onset are characterized by

headache, uneasiness, weariness, loss of appetite, general malaise, etc., as well as

by chilly sensations.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

68

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………......................

IV. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Trong chấn dập đầu thường không thấy thương tích ở sọ nhưng bệnh nhân phát

triển bệnh cảnh đặc trưng của chấn động não.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………….........

2. Trong chấn động não, bệnh nhân thường bị mê man; sau khi tỉnh bệnh nhân

không thể nhớ lại những cái đã xảy ra.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………….........

3. Bệnh cảnh của chấn dập não lúc đầu giống như bệnh cảnh của chấn động não.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Những trường hợp chấn dập não tiến triển khác nhau.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

V. GAP - FILLING

The patient who has (1).................. a crushing injury often has other severe

injuries. In addition (2)................tissue damage from compression, he will die

from shock (3)....................lost plasma and blood are replaced promptly. At the

same (4)................, pain and anxiety should be (5).................by the

administration of suitable drugs.

There are some patients with injuries to the nose. The frequent injuries to the

nose are fractures of the nasal (6).......................... . Signs of (7)....................... of

the nasal bones are pain in the region of the bridge of the nose, hemorrhage from

the (8)........................ and its deformation. The wounds of the soft parts of the

head and face are very dangerous because (9)....................the rich blood supply to

the face and the skin of the skull. The basic method of treating such wounds

consists in an operation and suturing as soon after the injuries as (10)..................

69

Lesson eleven

CIGARETTE SMOKING

AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

Almost without exception, available literature suggests association of

cigarette smoking with chronic bronchitis. Accumulating evidence indicates that

one of the major causes of chronic bronchitis is smoking, some mention is also

made of an increased incidence of respiration illness in smokers.

Of 150 patients seen with chronic bronchitis, 143 were cigarette smokers,

most of them were heavy smokers from an early age. Of the 60 who stopped

smoking, 44 noted complete, or almost complete relief from coughing or striking

improvement in coughing after smoking had been stopped.

These 44 evidenced a lower mortality rate during the 20 years after the onset

of their dyspnea than did the 83 who continued to smoke.

The incidence of chronic bronchitis is appreciably less in women than in

men, presumably because of considerable difference in their past smoking habits.

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Emphysematous subjects are especially vulnerable to bronchial irritants,

smoking tends to aggravate their airway resistance.

Human lung and bronchial tissues obtained from habitual cigarette smokers

show considerably more pathologic changes at postmortem examination than do

those from nonsmokers or ex-smokers. Application of cigarette smoke

condensate to the bronchial mucosa of laboratory dogs caused similar pathologic

changes.

All patients are admonished to stop smoking. Numerous techniques are

utilized, always including a frank statement that smoking is unquestionably

harmful. But success in stopping smoking is low. More than 90 million persons

in America use tobacco in one form or another (pipes, cigars), approximately 72

million of them smoke cigarettes.

With all of the publicity, it is hardly likely that anyone is unaware that there

is a great deal of evidence that smoking may be hazardous to health.

Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of these people continue to smoke and

it cannot be expected that they will give up smoking, even if cigarette package

contains a warning, “Smoking may impair your health”.

I. WORD STUDY

cigarette (n) / sigƏ'ret / thuốc lá điếu

exception (n) / ik'sep∫n / ngoài ra, ngoại lệ

literature (n) / 'litrƏt∫Ə, 'litƏrit∫Ə / tài liệu

association (n) / Əsousi'ei∫n / mối liên quan, liên đới

accumulating (adj) / Ə'kiu:mjuleitiŋ / chồng chất

accumulating evidence những chứng cớ chồng chất

mention(n/v) / 'men∫n / đề cập, nói đến

striking (adj) / 'straikiŋ / nổi bật, rừ rệt

to evidence (v) / 'evidƏns / chứng minh, cho thấy

mortality (n) / mƏ:'tƏliti / số tử vong

mortality rate / reit / tỉ lệ tử vong

appreciably (adv) / Ə'pri:∫iƏbli / rừ rệt

emphysematous (adj) / emfi'si:mƏtƏs / (thuộc ) khí thùng

subject (n) / 'sʌbdʒikt / người, đối tượng

71

vulnerable(adj) / 'vʌlnƏrƏbl / dễ bị tổn thương

irritant(n) / 'iritƏnt / chất kích thích

to tend(n) / tend / có khuynh hướng

to aggravate(v) / 'ægrƏveit / làm nặng thêm, trầm trọng thêm

airway(n) / 'ồƏwei / khí đạo

resistance(n) / ri'zistƏns / sức cản, cản trở

habitual(adj) / hæ'bitjuƏl / nghiện nặng, thường xuyên

smoker(n) / 'smoukƏ / người nghiện thuốc lá

nonsmoker(n) / 'nƏn 'smoukƏ / người không nghiện thuốc lá

ex-smoker(n) / 'eks 'smoukƏ / người đó bỏ thuốc lỏ

postmortem(adj) / 'poust'mɔ:tƏm / sau khi chết

application(n) / æpli'kei∫n / sự bồi vào, sự đắp vào

mucosa(n) / mju'kousƏ / niêm mạc, màng nhày

to admonish(v) / Əd'mɔni∫ / khuyên răn, răn bảo

technique(n) / tek'ni:k / thủ thuật, phương pháp, kỹ thuật

to utilize(v) / 'ju:tilaiz / dùng, sử dụng

frank(adj) / fræŋk / thẳng, bộc trực

statement / 'steitmƏnt / lời tuyên bố, lời nói

unquestionably(adv) / ʌn'kwet∫ƏnƏbli / không còn nghi ngờ

tobacco(n) / tƏ'bækou / thuốc lá

pipe(n) / paip / tẩu thuốc

cigar(n) / si'ga: / điếu xỡ gà

publicity(n) / pʌb'lisiti / sự tuyờn truyền rộng rói

unaware(adj) / ʌnƏ'wồƏ / không biết, không hay

nevertheless(adv) / nevƏðƏ'les / tuy nhiên, tuy thế mà

to expect(v) / inks'pekt / mong, trông mong, chờ đợi

package(n) / 'pækidʒ / bao, gói, kiện

warning(n) / 'wɔ:niŋ / lời răn, lời báo trước

to impair(v) / im'pồƏ / làm suy yếu

hazardous / 'hæzƏdƏs / may rủi

overwhelming (adj) / ouvƏ'welmiŋ / áp đảo, lấn át

Almost without exception …..... hầu như không có ngoại lệ

72

smoke cigarette condensate(n) / kƏn'densƏt / ni-cô-tin

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What is one of the major causes of chronic bronchitis? In whom can one

observe an increased incidence of respiratory illness?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

2. How many patients with chronic bronchitis were examined?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. How many of them were cigarette smokers?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Who of them noted relief from coughing?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. In whom men or women is the incidence of chronic bronchitis less and why?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

6. What persons are specially vulnerable to bronchial irritants?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

7. What do lung and bronchial tissues obtained from cigarette smokers show?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

8. Can it be expected that people will give up smoking because it is harmful?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. It is certain that smoking is associated with chronic bronchitis.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. Having stopped smoking, my patients noted a striking improvement in coughing.

.……………………………………………………………………….....................

..................................................................................................................................

73

3. The incidence of chronic bronchitis is less in women because of considerable

difference in their past smoking habits.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………..............

4. Smoking is unquestionably harmful, but success in stopping smoking is low.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. The rule of making a thorough examination of the chest daily until the

diagnosis is clear should be followed in all cases of acute illness.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………….........

6. The communicable diseases transmitted by the nose and mouth discharges are

largely spread by coughing and sneezing.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. Great care must be taken to never cough or sneeze in the presence of other

persons without first covering the mouth and nose.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

8. Flies may transmit many diseases by having access to discharges containing

infectious microorganisms.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..........

IV. GAP - FILLING

Fill in each of the blanks in the passage with only one word from the box.

between people disease on pay

which who smoking from money

another costs could paying to

wages connected smoke back and

74

The diseases (1)................ to smoking are a big problem. Doctors think that

the annual medical cost for lung cancer, heart (2)............... and other illnesses

connected to smoking is (3)....................12 and 35 million pounds.

And smoking (4) ...............society money in other ways. (5)...................27 to

61 billion pounds are spent each year on sick days when (6)................don't go to

work, on wages that you don't get when you don't go to work, and

(7)..............work lost at the company when you are sick.

This money counts the wages from people (8)...............die of cancer at young

age and stop (9)................taxes. This does not count fire started by cigarettes,

(10)...............kill fifteen hundred people yearly and injure (11).................four

thousand. Smoking costs every man, woman and child in the UK from one

hundred (12)...............ten to two hundred and fifty pounds each year in the lost

work and (13).................when you add another fifty to one hundred and fifty

pounds yearly in insurance cost, that comes to one hundred and sixty to four

hundred and ten pounds. If every one stopped (14) .................., a

family(15)...........have up to one thousand six hundred and forty pounds more a

year.

Lesson twelve

TRANSPLANTS - NEW BODY PARTS

Today, doctors are able to replace sick organs with operations. Surgeons take

healthy parts from one human body and put them into another. These organs are

transplants. There are two kinds of medical transplants: tissue transplants and

organ transplants. Examples of tissue transplants are skin, bone and the cornea of

the eye. Organ transplants include kidney, heart, lung, and liver.

Skin and cornea transplants are very common and very successful. Surgeons

have performed skin transplants for hundreds of years. In 600 B.C., Hindu

surgeons in India were probably the first surgeons to transplant skin. Today,

people with serious burns often have skin transplants. The surgeon usually uses

the patient’s own skin. Skin from other people often does not help.

Many blind patients can see again because of cornea transplantation cornea is

the clear, outer cover of the eye. Some kinds of blindness occur when the cornea

becomes cloudy. A cornea transplant provides a new, clear cornea.

75

There are many kidney transplant operations, and they are often successful.

The donor kidney may come from someone in the patient’s family. When the

donor comes from the patient’s own family, there is an 80 percent chance of

success. When the donor is not from the patient’s family, the body more often

does not accept the kidney, and the rate of success is only 50 percent.

All organ transplants are difficult to perform successfully. Consequently,

surgeons perform them only when the patient is dying. However, when the

operation is successful, the patient can live an almost normal life.

Organ transplants are not easy. There are several major problems. First, the

doctor must have a donor. A donor is a person who gives an organ for an

operation. Donor organs may come from people who have just died or are still

alive and well. Heart or lung donors must be people who have died, but who had

healthy hearts and lungs.

Another transplant problem is the danger of infection. When surgeons

operate, bacteria enter the body and cause infection. The third problem is

rejection. The human body naturally rejects, or does not accept, tissue from

another body. The blood produces antibodies, which kill the new tissue.

Rejection of the new tissue or organ is the major reason for the failure of

transplant operations. Doctors are developing drugs that will stop rejection and

increase the number of successful operations.

Dr. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 in South

Africa. Since then, there have been many successful operations. A number of

patients have lived for more than four years after successful surgery.

Kidney and heart transplants are successful due to and lung machines and

kidney machines, which keep patients alive during the operation. A kidney

machine is a large machine that works like a real kidney because it clears the

blood. Patients must use it several times a week. Until 1982, surgeons used heart

and lung machines only during operations. However, in 1982, Dr. Barney Clark

of Salt Lake city, Utah, received the first artificial heart. It was nothing like the

large heart and lung machines, which surgeons used for operations. It was a

small, plastic pump. Dr. Clark lived for about four months after the operation

with the artificial heart inside him.

Transplant surgery has helped many people. It has saved people with bad

burns. It has helped blind people to see again. It has saved the lives of people

who have kidney and heart diseases. There are problems with transplant surgery,

76

but doctors are finding new ways to solve them. There will certainly be more

successful transplant surgery in the future.

I. WORD STUDY

transplant (v,n) / trænsplænt / cấy ghép

transplantation (n) / trænsplæn'tei∫n / sự cấy ghép

tissue (n) / 'ti∫u: / mô

cornea (n) / 'kɔ:niƏ / giác mạc

donor (n) / 'dounƏ / người hiến, người cho

recipient (n) / risipiƏnt / người nhận

accept (v) / æk'sept / chấp nhận

consequently (adv) / 'kɔnsƏkwentli / bởi vậy, kết quả là

infection (n) / infek∫n / sự nhiễm trùng

rejection (n) / ridʒek∫n / sự đào thải

antibody (n) / 'æntibɔdi / kháng thể

failure (n) / 'feiljƏ / sự thất bại

due to (adv) / dju: tu: / nhờ, bởi

machine (n) / mƏ'∫i:n / máy

pump (n,v) / pʌmp / bơm

artificial (adj) / a:tifi∫l / nhân tạo

naturally (adv) / 'næt∫ƏrƏli / tự nhiên

II. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA ?

Put a circle in front of the main idea of “Transplants - New Body Parts”

a. The first skin transplant was in 600 BC.

77

b. Organ and tissue transplants help sick people in many ways.

c. Kidney and heart machines keep patients alive during operation.

d. Transplant surgery has helped many people.

III. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THE READING ?

Write T by the true statements and F by the false statements. Do not look

at the reading.

……1. Surgeons transplant many parts of the body.

…....2. The first skin transplant was in the United States.

……3. People with bad burns have skin transplants.

……4. A blind person who has a successful cornea transplant can see again.

……5. Donor organs are always artificial.

……6. Machines cause problems for transplant operations.

……7. Heart and lung machines keep patients alive during operations.

……8. There will never be an artificial heart.

……9. Transplants save people’s lives.

……10. All transplant operations are successful.

IV. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THESE WORDS IN CONTEXT ?

Circle the meaning for the underlined words. Do not use your dictionary.

If you are not sure, go back to the reading for more context.

1. Some kinds of blindness occur when the cornea becomes cloudy.

a. prevent b. protect c. happen d. treat

2. A cloudy cornea causes blindness. A transplant gives the blind person a new,

clear cornea.

a. old b. clear c. not clear d. new

3. An artificial heart is a machine.

a. real b. mechanical c. donor d. transplant

4. Surgeons perform many operations to transplant parts of the body.

a. assist b. educate c. harm d. do

78

5. A lung transplant provides the patient with a new lung.

a. causes b. checks c. gives d. injures

6. The human body rejects, or does not accept, tissue from another person.

a. does not accept b. does not eject c. accepts d. keeps

7. Because cornea transplants are usually successful, there have been a

number of them.

a. few b. many c. not many d. two

8. Heart and lung machines keep heart patients alive during operations.

a. living b. dead c. happy d. awake

9. Organ transplants are not always successful. Consequently, surgeons perform

them only when the patient is dying.

a. but b. and c. or d. so

V. TIME EXPRESSIONS

Read the following sentences. Pay attention to the verb and its tense.

Circle the time expression that goes with the verb.

1. Dr. Barnard performed the first heart transplant……………………..............

a. about twenty years ago

b. since 1967

c. now

d. until now

2. Doctors are finding ways to solve these problems…………………..............

a. five years ago

b. since 1980

c. now

d. until now

3. Transplant surgery has helped many people…………………………...........

a. two years ago

b. in the past

c. now

d. last year

4. Barney Clark received the first artificial heart……………………….............

a. now

b. always

c. in 1982

d. since 1982

5. The first skin transplant was in India…………………………………..........

a. sometimes

b. since 600

c. now

d. 2600 years ago

79

VI. MODALS

May, must, can, and will are modals. A modal works with verbs to add

meaning to the verb. Read the following sentences and guess the meaning of

the modals.

1. After successful cornea transplants, blind patients can see again.

a. are able to

b. is necessary

c. try to

d. do not

2. There must be a donor for a heart transplant.

a. It is a good idea

b. It is necessary

c. It is not possible

d. Both b and c

3. The donor kidney may come from someone in the patient’s family, when the

donor organ is not from someone in the same family, the body often rejects it.

a. It is necessary

b. It is possible

c. It is not possible

d. Both b and c

4. There will be more surgery in the future.

a. It is not possible

b. It is not necessary

c. In the future

d. now

Lesson thirteen

SHOCK

Shock is one of the severest complications of wounds, injuries, grave

operations and wide - spread burns. Shock is particularly dangerous under war

conditions because it ends fatally in many cases. The following is a description

of shock made by the famous surgeon N. Pirogov.

“You see a wounded soldier without an arm or leg lying stock-still at the

dressing station; he does not cry or moan or complain, but is indifferent to

everything and does not ask for anything; his eyes are immovable and he gazes

into the distance, his body being cold and his face pale as those of a corpse. His

pulse is like a thread, barely palpable and intermittent. He either answers no

questions at all, or answers them under his breath, in a hardly audible whisper,

his respiration being also barely noticeable. His wound and skin are almost

80

completely insensitive, the patient displaying a sign of sensation only by

contraction of the facial muscles. Sometimes this state passes off within a few

hours, and sometimes it persists unchanged until death.

The essence of shock and its genesis are not known well enough as yet.

Experimental data and clinical observations warrant the assumption that the

nervous system plays the leading role in this affection.

The problem of the genesis of shock is solved on the basis of I. P. Pavlov’s

teaching, considerable importance being attached in the mechanism of its

development to exhaustion of the cerebral cortex under the influence of the

harmful action of the stimuli (pain, intoxication, and so on).

An enormous part in the development of shock is played by physical

overstrain, insomnia, exhaustion and starvation, cooling, hemorrhage, emotional

experience, etc.

The stimulation transmitted to the central nervous system at first excites and

then depresses the vitally important centers, including the vasomotor ones. As the

result, vascular tone diminishes, the internal vessels in the abdominal cavity

dilate and accumulate a lot of blood, so that the peripheral arterial system is

drained of blood hence the blood pressure drops and shock develops.

I. WORD STUDY

shock (n) / ∫ɔk / choáng, sốc

stock-still (adj) / 'stɔk'stil / không nhúc nhích, bất động

to moan (v) / moun / rên, rên rỉ

indifferent (adj) / in'difƏrƏnt / thờ ơ, không để ý

immovable (adj) / im'mu:vƏbl / bất động

to gaze (v) / geiz / nhỡn chằm chằm

distance (n) / 'distƏns / phía xa, đằng xa

corpse (n) / kɔ:ps / xác chết

thread (n) / red / chỉ, sợi chỉ

his pulse is like a thread mạch anh ta chỉ cũn là mạch chỉ

under his breath nhỏ, qua hơi thở

audible (adj) / 'ɔ:dibl / có thể nghe thấy

81

whisper (n) / 'wispƏ / tiếng nói thầm

to display (v) / dis'plei / thể hiện , để lộ ra

contraction (n) / kƏn'træk∫n / sự co rút , sự co

facial (adj) / 'fei∫Əl / (thuộc) mặt

to pass off (v) / pa:s / biến mất, mất đi

to persist (v) / pƏ 'sist / vẫn

to persist unchanged vẫn không đổi

essence (n) / 'esns / bản chất, thực chất

genesis (n) /'dʒenisis / căn nguyên, nguồn gốc

experimental (adj) /esk peri'mentl / dựa trên thí nghiệm thực nghiệm

to warrant (v) / 'wɔrƏnt / cho phép, đảm bảo

assumption (n) / Ə'sʌmp∫n / giả thuyết, thừa nhận

leading (adj) / 'li:diŋ / chính, quan trọng, chủ đạo

teaching (n) / 'ti:t∫iŋ / học thuyết

exhaustion (n) / ig' zɔ:st∫n / tỡnh trạng kiệt sức

cerebral (adj) / 'seribrƏl / (thuộc) nóo

cortex (n) / 'kɔ:teks / vỏ nóo, vỏ

influence (n) / 'influƏns / ảnh hưởng

under the influence do ảnh hưởng

to attach importance to coi trọng

intoxication (n) / in tɔksi'kei∫n / sự làm nhiễm độc

overstrain (n) / ouvƏs'trein / sự gắng quá sức

starvation (n) / sta: 'vei∫n / sự đói ăn, sự đói, sự thiếu ăn

cooling (n) / 'ku:liŋ / sự giảm thể nhiệt

insomnia (n) / in'sɔmniƏ / sự mất ngủ

emotional (adj) / i'mou∫Ənl / xúc động

experience (n) / iks'piƏriƏns / sự trải qua

emotional experience sự xúc động mạnh

stimulation (adj) / stimu'lei∫n / sự kích thích

to transmit (v) / trænz'mit / truyền

82

to excite (v) / ik'sait / kích thích

to express (v) / di'pres / ức chế

vitally important tối quan trọng

vasomotor (adj) /'veizou'moutƏ / vận mạch

vascular (adj) / 'væskjulƏ / (thuộc) mạch

vascular tone trương lực mạnh

to dilate (v) /dai'leit / làm gión

to accumulate (v) / 'kju:mjuleit / tích lại, tích lũy

hence / hens / do đó

to drop (v) / drɔp / sụt, giảm

to drain (v) / drein / làm kiệt, rút hết, dẫn lưu

he either answers no questions at all: anh ta hoặc không trả lời câu

hỏi nào cả

to see a wounded soldier… lying stock- still : nhỡn thấy một người lính bị

thương nằm bất động.

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What do we call shock?

………………………………………………………………………..…................

2. When is shock particularly dangerous?

…………………………………………………………………………..................

3. How does it end in many cases?

……………………………………………………………………..........................

4. By whom was the description of shock made?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

5. What is the clinical picture of a patient in shock like?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

6. How does the patient display a sign of sensation?

……………………………………………………………………..........................

7. When does this state of the patient pass off? And what may occur if it does not?

83

……………………………………………………………………………..............

..................................................................................................................................

8. What assumption do experimental data warrant?

………………………………………………………………………......................

9. On what basis is the problem of the genesis of shock solved?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

10. What stimuli may cause shock?

……………………………………………………………………..........................

11. Can you describe the mechanism of the development of shock?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

II. TRANSLATE IN TO VIETNAMESE.

1. The patient’s eyes are immovable and he gazes into the distance, his body

being cold and his face pale as those of corpse.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………..............

2. He either answers no questions at all, or answer them under his breath, his

respiration being also barely noticeable.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………….........

3. His wound and skin are almost completely insensitive, the patient displaying a

sign of sensation only by contraction of the facial muscles.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

..........………………………………………………………………………………

4. The mass being rather large and tender, laparotomy was indicated.

84

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. The patient’s symptoms having been explained to her, she no longer was

troubled by the left sided symptoms.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

..........………………………………………………………………………………

6. Grippe is a highly communicable and rapidly spreading disease, all ages being

liable to it, especially children.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

..............……………………………………………………………………………

7. Some palpable mass in the epigastria having been revealed at the physical

examination, the surgeon made a second X-ray examination.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

8. The barium meal having showed signs of a large mass displacing the stomach

to left, laparotomy was indicated.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

..………………………………………………………………………………........

IV. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

1. A wounded soldier in shock is lying stock-still, his face (to be)………….pale

as that of corpse.

2. His pulse is like a thread and barely palpable, his respiration (to be)……….

also barely noticeable.

3. The patient’s wound and skin (to be)…………. almost completely insensitive,

he does not cry or moan when examined.

4. The development of shock (to be attached)………………to exhaustion of the

cerebral cortex, an enormous part in its development is played by physical

overstrain, hemorrhage, starvation, and emotional experience.

V. TRANSLATE IN TO ENGLISH.

1. Phần lớn choáng phát triển là do gắng quá sức, mất ngủ, đói ăn, giảm thể nhiệt...

85

…………………………………………………………………………………

…............................................................................................................................ ..

2. Choáng là một trong những biến chứng trầm trọng nhất sau những ca đại phẫu

thuật, sau khi bị bỏng rộng hoặc bị chấn thương…

……………………………………………………………………………………..

..........………………………………………………………………………………

3. Trạng thái choáng đó được nhà phẫu thuật nổi tiếng N.I.Pirogov mô tả.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4.Vấn đề căn nguyên của choáng đó được giải quyết trên cơ sở học thuyết của

I.P.Pavlov.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

.............................................................................................................................................

Lesson fourteen

CPR

CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardio is a medical word for

heart. Pulmonary is a medical word for lungs. To resuscitate means to bring back

to life. CPR starts someone’s lungs and heart functioning again after they have

stopped.

It is an amazing idea that there is a cure for sudden death. It is equally

amazing that this magic is not done by today’s high technology. Any ordinary

person can do it. You use your own lungs to breathe into the patient’s mouth and

start his or her lungs working. You push on the heart with your hands to make it

start beating again. It is as easy as that.

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The heart is a large muscle that pumps blood through the arteries. It is located

in the center of the chest behind the breastbone. The lungs are at either side of the

heart. Air enters the nose and mouth and moves through the airway to the lungs,

bringing oxygen into the body. As the blood moves through the lungs, it picks up

the oxygen and carries it to the cells throughout the body. At the same time that

the blood picks up the oxygen, it leaves carbon dioxide as a waste material, and

the lungs breathe it out through the airway.

When the heart stops beating, or a person stops breathing, this whole process

stops. No oxygen is taken into the body, and the blood doesn’t move through the

arteries. CPR can start the process moving again.

There are several situations where CPR is needed. It can be used when a

person has a heart attack and the heart stops. A heart attack occurs when the heart

cannot get enough oxygen. This usually happens because one of the two arteries

to the heart has become narrow or completely blocked. The heart muscle cells

that are supplied with oxygen by that artery die because they stop receiving

oxygen.

One of the symptoms of a heart attack is a feeling of pressure and tightness or

aching in the center of the chest. It lasts longer than two minutes, and it may

come and go. The person having a heart attack may also starts sweating, feel

weak, be short of breath, and feel like vomiting. However, there may be no

symptoms at all; the heart may stop suddenly and the person stops breathing. If

CPR is started immediately, it may bring the person back to life.

Electric shock is another situation where CPR can be used. If enough

electricity enters the body, the person dies immediately. CPR can resuscitate the

person. An electric shock usually happens to someone who has been working

carelessly with electricity. It can also be caused if lightning strikes a person.

A third situation is drowning, or dying in the water, which happens most

often in the summer when many people go swimming. Children can also drown

when they are left alone near a swimming pool. A person trained in CPR can

help a person start to breathe after clearing the water of the airway.

These are the three most common causes of sudden death when CPR can be

used. There are others less common. Someone in a burning building may breathe

in too much smoke and not get any oxygen into the lungs. Some people have an

87

intense reaction to certain drugs or to the sting of a bee or some other insect, and

the heart and lungs stop functioning.

CPR is an example of first aid. An ordinary can take a first aid class and learn

what to do until the patient receives professional help. This might mean helping

someone until an ambulance comes. The professionals can use their equipment to

take charge of the patient. Or it might mean giving first aid and then taking the

patient to a doctor. CPR can keep a person alive until he or she reaches a

hospital.

When you give CPR, you breathe directly into the patient’s mouth. Then you

press on the heart in the center of the chest. You continue alternating these two

actions.

CPR is easy to learn, but you shouldn’t learn it from a book. You should

receive instruction in a class where you practice in front of the teacher until you

do it correctly. As you know, if the brain is without oxygen for four minutes,

there will be permanent brain damage. It is necessary to start CPR immediately

when a person stops breathing, or as soon as possible. You have to know how to

do it quickly and well.

If someone in your family has heart trouble, if you go swimming a lot, or if

you plan to work with electricity, you should learn CPR. In fact, everyone should

learn it, in case they ever need it.

Where can you learn it? The Red Cross has CPR classes, many hospitals

teach it, and so do some university student health centers. If there are no classes

where you live, ask the Red Cross or a nearby hospital to organize a class.

CPR is worth learning. It can give you the chance to save someone’s life.

I. WORD STUDY

cardio (adj) / 'ka:diƏ / (thuộc) tim

pulmonary (adj) / 'pʌlmƏnƏri / (thuộc) phổi

resuscitation (n) / risʌsi 'tei∫n / sự làm hồi sinh

to resuscitate (v) / ri 'sʌsiteit / làm tỉnh lại

amazing (adj) / Ə 'meiziŋ / kinh ngạc

magic (n) / 'mædʒik / phép kỳ diệu

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technology (n) / tek 'nɔlƏdʒi / kỹ thuật

to breathe (v) / bri:ð / hô hấp, thở

artery (n) / 'a:tƏri / động mạch

breastbone (n) / 'brestboun / xương ức

airway (n) / 'eƏwei / khí đạo

oxygen (n) / 'ɔksidʒƏn / khí ôxy

carbon dioxide (phr) / 'ka:bƏn daiɔksaid / khí cacbon điôxit

heart attack (phr) / ha:t Ə'tæk / đau tim

to block (v) / blɔk / làm tắc

to sweat (v) / swet / vã mồ hôi

electric shock (phr) / i 'lektrik ∫ɔk / cú điện giật

lightning (n) / 'laitniŋ / tia chớp, sét

to strike (v) / straik / đánh

to drown (v) / draun / chết đuối

intense reaction (phr) / in'tens riæk∫n / phản ứng mạnh

sting (n,v) / stiŋ / châm, đốt

to function (v) / 'fʌŋk∫n / có chức năng

professional (n) / prƏ 'fe∫Ənl / nhà chuyên môn

to take charge of... (phr) / t∫a:dʒ / chịu trách nhiệm về...

to keep sb alive (phr) / Ə 'laiv / giữ cho ai sống

to alternate (v) / 'ɔ:ltƏneit / thay phiên, luân phiên

permanent brain damage (phr) : tổn thương não vĩnh viễn

to give sb the chance to do smt : tạo cho ai cơ hội để làm

gì

to save someone's life : cứu sống tính mạng cho ai

II. VOCABULARY

Complete each sentence with one word or phrase from the box.

resuscitation located pump strike chest

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ambulance first aid react lungs shock

breastbone process drown function take charge

so in case process reaction so

1. The heart is directly behind the…………...

2. Village people often have to ………………water by hand.

3. Volcanoes are…………….. in chains and clusters.

4. Hail and snow are formed by a similar………………

5. The...................... of the heart is to pump blood through the arteries.

6. Children should wear a life preserver when they are around water so they can't

..................

7. Anyone can learn to give...................You don't have to be a doctor or a nurse.

8. The R in CPR stands for........................

9. The..................are in the chest and ..............................is the heart.

10. An electric................ can kill a person.

11. An ................... is used to take patients to a hospital.

12. A strong....................to a drug can kill a person.

13. Edward volunteered to .....................of arranging food for the party.

14. Handwriting analysis is a ..................... of studying handwriting in order to

understand the person who wrote it.

15. You cannot save up sleep ahead of time.......................you need it later.

III. VOCABULARY REVIEW: SYNONYMS

Match the words that mean the same.

1. worth .......................

2. miserable .......................

3. contagious .......................

4. a great deal .......................

5. at times .......................

6. nightmare .......................

a. a lot

b. blur

c. teenager

d. catching

e. vision

f. forever

90

7. confused .......................

8. adolescent .......................

9. permanently .......................

10. sore .......................

11. dawn .......................

12. position .......................

g. value

h. location

i. painful

j. unhappy

k. sometimes

l. sunrise

m. mixed up

n. bad dream

IV. TRUE(T) / FALSE(F) / NO INFORMATION(NI).

...........1. Resuscitation is a medical word.

...........2. Sudden death can be cured only by using today's technology.

...........3. The arteries take carbon dioxide out of the lungs.

...........4. Carbon dioxide enters the lungs through the airways.

...........5. CPR can be used in cases of drowning.

...........6. CPR can help a person with sleep apnea.

...........7. A common situation when CPR is needed is with an intense reaction

to an insect sting.

...........8. First aid is an example of CPR.

...........9. Everyone should get a book about CPR and learn how to do it.

...........10. You should call an ambulance before you start CPR.

V. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS.

1. What is the function of the lungs?

..................................................................................................................................

2. What are the symptoms of a heart attack?

..................................................................................................................................

3. What are the three most common situations where CPR is needed?

..................................................................................................................................

4. What is the first aid?

91

.............................................................................. ....................................................

5. How can CPR prevent brain damage?

..................................................................................................................................

6. What professionals work with patients?

..................................................................................................................................

VI. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Hồi sức tim phổi được thực hiện để cứu sống người bị đột tử và bất kỳ ai cũng

có thể làm được.

..................................................................................................................................

2. Khi tiến hành hồi sức tim phổi, bạn cần thay đổi giữa hà hơi trực tiếp vào

miệng bệnh nhân và ép lên tim ở giữa lồng ngực của bệnh nhân.

..................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................... ............................

3. Một người bị đột tử do đau tim, do điện giật hay bị chết đuối cần phải được

tiến hành hồi sức tim phổi ngay lập tức.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

4. Hồi sức tim phổi dễ học. Bạn không nên học qua sách vở mà bạn nên tiếp thu

sự hướng dẫn của giáo viên. Sau đó bạn phải luyện tập cho đến khi bạn có thể

tiến hành một cách nhanh chóng và chuẩn xác.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

5. Càng có nhiều người không chuyên nghành y biết tiến hành được hồi sức tim

phổi thì càng tốt.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

REFERENCES

1. Henry Holt and company, New York, Reading skills.

2. P.L.Sandler, BBC English by Radio and Television, English for medical

profession.

3. West Pacific Region, WHO, Medical Journals.

4. Newbury House Publishers, inc, Cause and Effect.

92

5. F.A.Davis Company - Philadelphia, Taber's Cyclopedic Medical

Dictionary.

6. The F.A.Davis Company, Philadelphia, Dictionary of Abbreviations in

Medicine and the related sciences.

7. Physicians Record Co., Medical Terminology Made Easy.

8. Cambridge University Press, Practical Faster Reading.

9. Mir Publishers, Textbook of Obstetries.

93

NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE

VOLUME ONE

(Higher education material)

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TRINH NGUYEN HOE, MD

TRAN THI HUONG, BA

AUTHOR.

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