hci project : an iterative optimization approach for unified image segmentation and matting 組員 :...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
239 views
TRANSCRIPT
HCI Project :An Iterative Optimization Approach for
Unified Image Segmentation and Matting
組員 : P78961304 周智倫 P76961023 黃琮聖 P76974157 蔡偉民 P76974482 鄭世鴻
Abstract
• Extracting a matte by previous approaches require the input image to be pre-segmented into three regions (trimap).
• This pre-segmentation based approach fails for images with large portions of semi-transparent foreground.
• In this paper we combine the segmentation and matting problem together and propose a unified optimization approach based on Belief Propagation.
Introduction
• The observed image I(z) (z = (x, y)) is modeled as a linear combination of foreground image F(z) and background image B(z) by an alpha map: I(z) = αzF(z) + (1 − αz)B(z)
• Image Matting– estimating an opacity (alpha value) and
foreground and background colors for each pixel in the image.
Limitations of a Trimap
• To generate good mattes, all these approaches require the user to ”carefully” specify the trimap.
• it is almost impossible to manually create an optimal trimap.
Limitations of a Trimap (cont.)
• Automatically generated trimaps based on the binary segmentation result is non-optimal, since it always has uniform thickness regardless of local image characteristics.
MRF Construction
• Each pixel in and are treated as a node in the MRF• Minimize the total energy of the following function
• : How well the estimated alpha value , and foreground and background color for fit with the actual color
• : The smoothness energy which penalizes inconsistent alpha value changes between two neighbors and
cU cU~
p qp
qpspd VVV,
),()(
dV pp
pC
sVp q
Predefined arguments
• Discretize the possible alpha value to 25 levels between 0 and 1,denoted as , k=1,…,25
• Each level corresponds to a possible state for a node in the MRF
• The local neighborhood area is defined to have a radius of r=20
in detail
• Compute the likelihood of each alpha level as
• The set of valid foreground samples, are then weighted by their uncertainty and distance, by
dV
K
k k
kkpd
pL
pLV
1)(
)(1)(
k
)2/))1(,(exp(.1
)(22
1 12
kd
pj
kpi
kpc
N
i
N
j
Bj
Fik BFCdww
NpL
))),(
exp()))(1(2
2
w
ii
Fi
ppspuw
Belief Propagation Optimization
• Use loopy belief propagation (BP) to solve problem– Finding a labeling with minimum energy corresponds to
the MAP estimation problem
• It works by passing messages along links in the constructed path
BP Algorithm(1)
• In each iteration, new messages are computed for each possible state
• H (p) \ q denotes the neighbors of p other than q• c is a normalization factor
BP Algorithm(2)
• After T iterations a belief vector is computed for each node
• The state the maximizes at each node is selected as the estimated level
k p
kb p
pk p *
p
BP Algorithm(3)
• If =1, set the color as a new foreground sample
• If =0, set the color as a new background sample
• Otherwise, choose the pair of foreground and background colors from the group of samples
*
p C p
*
p C p
BP Algorithm(4)
• Then, the uncertainty value u(p) is updated as
• and are weights for the selected pair of foreground and background samples w
F
i
*
wB
i
*