hcv vaccine –where do we stand? - comtecgroup · habersetzer et al gastroenterology 2011. 5/15...

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HCV Vaccine – where do we stand? U. Spengler University of Bonn

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Page 1: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

HCV Vaccine – where do we stand?

U. Spengler 

University of Bonn

Page 2: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

THE IDEAL GOAL: The vaccine should induce sterilizing immunity

A MORE REALISTIC GOAL: Prevention of chronic persistent infection

Page 3: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Osburn Gastroenterology 2010

Feinstone et al. CID 2012

Page 4: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Osburn Gastroenterology 2010

Upon HCV re‐infection patients have reduced max  HCV loads and reduced duration of acute disease 

Re‐infection is associated with generation of cross‐reactive neutralizing Abs

Re‐infection is associated with the appearance  of new multispecific T cell responses 

Page 5: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses
Page 6: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

AntigenAdjuvant

T

MHCII

Co‐stimulatory signals

CD4+ HelferT ‐

Helper Cells

CD8+ cytotoxic T ‐

Cells

B ‐

Cells

IFN‐

T

MHCI

Neutralising Abs

Page 7: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Correlates of Protective Immunity

Neutralising Antibodies:

Broad, multispecific T cell responses:

Neutralising antibodies appear much earlier in 

resolving than persisten hepatitis C and  

contemporaneous isolates are efficiently 

neutralized. 

Rare spontaneous elimination of  chronic hepatitis 

C may involve late neutralizing Ab responses. Rhaguraman et al. JID 2012

Pestka et al. PNAS 2007Dowd et al. Gastroenterology 2009

T cell responses are temporally associated with 

control of primary and secondary HCV infection. 

Depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in immune 

chimpanzees results in prolonged or persistent 

HCV infection.

Shoukry et al. J Exp Med 2003Grakoui et al. Science 2003

Rehermann J Clin Invest 2009

Page 8: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

41/2/6

3

1/2/3

41

1/2

1/2/31/2/3

1/2 1/2/6

5

1/3

A preventive vaccine should be broadly reactive to many isolates

To prevent shifts in dominant genotype in some  regions of the world

To also protect migrant populations

To prevent emerging of new more violent isolates

The Problem of Global HCV Diversity

Page 9: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

C. Walker EASL Monothematic Conference on HCV 2012

Page 10: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Meta‐Analysis of 13 published Chimpanzee Studies

Recombinant envelope glycoproteins (E1/E2)

Virus‐like particles (C‐E1‐E2)

Recombinant DNA vaccines

Recombinant MVA and VV vectors

Dahari et al. Gastroenterology 2010

PooledResults:

Page 11: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Dahari et al. Gastroenterology 2010

Meta‐Analysis of 13 Chimpanzee Studies

Page 12: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

E1/E2 antibody vaccineNovartis/Chiron

Recombinant genotype 1a (HCV1) E1 and E2 

proteins

Generated in CHO cells

micro‐fluidised (MF59) oil in water emulsion 

as adjuvant  

Page 13: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Sterilizing Immunity and Resolution in Chimpanzees

The vaccine seems to also induce HCV‐specific CD4+ T  cells which may protect from HCV persistence 

M. Houghton Immunol Rev 2011

Page 14: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

S.E. Frey et al.; Vaccine 2010; 28: 6367 

Safety and Immunogenicity of HCV E1E2 Vaccine  Adjuvanted with MF59 Administered to Healthy Adults

Characterization of Antibodies Induced by Vaccination  with Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoproteins

R. Ray et al.; J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 862 

Stamataki J Infect Dis 2011

Page 15: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

„T cell“

vaccineOkairos

Gene cassette encompassing non‐structural 

proteins NS3‐NS5B

Derived from HCV genotype 1b strain Bk

Expressed from recombinant adenovirus 

vectors, sometimes also plasmids and vaccinia 

vectors  

Page 16: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Peak viraemia 100‐fold reduced in vaccinated  versus control animals.

Duration of disease shorter in vaccinated (1‐7 wks)  versus control animals (16‐20 wks). 

T cell HCV Vaccine in Chimpanzees 

Folgori et al. Nat Medicine 2006

Anjmals received Ad6,  Ad24 or plasmid DNA 

vaccines and were  challenged with a 

genotype 1a isolate  (H77)

Page 17: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

E. Barnes Science Translational

Medicine 2012

The NS3‐NS5B gene cassette elicits strong T cell responses  in humans when delivered with ChAd3 and Ad6 vectors

Page 18: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

E. Barnes Science Translational Medicine 2012

Cross‐recognition of 

genotypes 1a and 3a

Page 19: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Therapeutic Vaccines

Targeted to strengthen and recover exhausted T cell  responses rather to induce neutralizing antibodies

Page 20: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

TG4040 Phase I Study: Treatment‐naive PatientsDesign 

TG4040 = modified poxvirus (Ankara strain) expressing HCV NS3, NS4 and NS5B

Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011

Page 21: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011

5/15 patients developed vaccine‐induced strong  HCV‐specific  cellular immune responses

8 patients had transient drops in HCV viraemia (from ‐0.52 log  to ‐1.24 log)

The most pronounced drop in HCV RNA occurred in two  patients who also showed the strongest T cell responses

All doses were well tolerated without serious adverse events

TG4040 Phase I Study: Treatment‐naive Patients

Page 22: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

TG4040 Phase I Study: Treatment‐naive PatientsELISpot Results

Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011

Page 23: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

2 electric pulses (60 ms)  immediately after DNA 

injection

DNA‐Vakzination mit in vivo Elektroporation

M. Sällberg EASL 2009

Page 24: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

M. Sällberg EASL 2009

Page 25: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

167 µg → no effects on viral load ___

or ALT ‐‐‐‐‐

500 µg

1500 µg M. Sällberg EASL 2009

Page 26: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Intercell IC41 Peptid‐Vakzine

Poly‐Arginin

Klade et al. Gastroenterology 2008 

Page 27: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Intercell IC41 Peptide‐Vaccine Phase II Study

Klade et al. Vaccine 2012

50 treatment‐naive patients HCV genotype I 

Group A:

8  intradermal bi‐weekly injections plus Imiquimod  (TLR‐8  Agonist)

Group B

: 16 subcutaneous injections every week;  no imiquimod

0.2 log (p=0.001)

0.46 log(p< 0.001)In patients with high viral loads

(>2x106

IU/ml) 0.61 log, p=0,002

8 patients  (24%) > 0.8 log drop in HCV loads

Page 28: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Wedemeyer et al. Vaccine 2009

35 patients ; 6 injections  weeks 28 ‐

48

Therapeutic IC41 Vaccine as late add‐on  to standard p‐interferon/ribavirin

Increased HCV‐specific T cell responses in 73%. 

However, IC41 did not delay relapse, 

which occurred in 8 patients (32%) 

Page 29: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

CoreNS3

Phase II Study in treatment‐naive  (n= 110) and non‐responder (n=24) Patients

Randomisation  1 : 1  Standard therapy versus standard therapy + Tarmogen

5 GI 5005 weekly run‐in injections, then boostering every 2  months on Peg/R therapy

Triple arm: 68 treatment‐naive, 18 non‐responder patients

SOC arm: 5o treatment naive, 19 non‐responder patients

Tarmogen = recombinant HCV Core‐NS3 fusion proteinexpressed in Yeast

GlobeImmune Phase IIb Study GI 5005‐02

I.M. Jacobson  et al. EASL 2010

Page 30: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

63%

45%58%

48%

GlobeImmune GI 5005 Phase IIb Study

I.M. Jacobson  et al. EASL 2010

Shiffman et al. AASLD 2012

33%

11%

17%

5%

*: p=0.037

GI5005 Triple

SOC

63%

27%

TH‐Naive Non‐Responder

IL28B‐GT TT

Page 31: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Conclusions

It is unlikely that a HCV vaccine can obtain  sterilizing immunity. However, attenuated  primary infection may still afford protection 

from chronic hepatitis

Many promising vaccine candidates have  entered clinical trials but show limited efficacy

Suitable high risk populations should be  defined for broader studies on clinical utility. 

Page 32: HCV Vaccine –where do we stand? - Comtecgroup · Habersetzer et al Gastroenterology 2011. 5/15 patients developed vaccine ‐ induced strong HCV ‐ specific cellular immune responses

Thank you for your attention