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He Waka He Tangata Te Whakatere ā Iwi Taketake i te

Moana-nui-ā-Kiwa

TE WHAKATERE

TE WHAKATERE............................................................................................1 Whataata 1 – Kaiwhakatere Waka o ngā Kuki Airani Tua Pittman................................................1 Whataata 2 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Mau Piailug.....................................................................2 Whataata 3 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Jerome Rakilur................................................................2 Whataata 4 – Tohunga Tārai Waka Hekenukumaingaiwi Puhipi ...................................................2

1 Te Whakatikatika me te Tīmata ........................................................................................................3 Whataata 1 – Tohunga Tārai Waka Hekenukumaingaiwi Puhipi ...................................................3 Whataata 2 – Ka whakaritea e Mau Piailug te kaiwhakatere o Hatawara tana rōpū, me te haere ki te urupā o tana pāpā i mua i te haerenga .........................................................................................3 Whataata 3 – He karakia whakaritenga ka whakahaerehia i Ngā Kuki Airani ...............................4 Kōrero 1 – Honu me waka: Te tikanga o te whakaritenga (Pārau, Maikaranīhia) ..........................4

1.1 Waka..............................................................................................................................................5 Whataata 1 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Jerome Rakilur................................................................5 Whataata 2 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Lewis Repwanglug .........................................................5

1.2 Kai .................................................................................................................................................5 Whataata 1 – Kuki Airani Dorice Reid ...........................................................................................6 Whataata 2 – Ka kohikohia ka whakatōngia ngā wāhine o Hatawara i te taro, ka whakaritehia te kuru ki te umu. ................................................................................................................................6 Whataata 3 – Ka tunu ika ngā kōtiro o Hatawara ki te ahi..............................................................6 Whataata 4 – Ka kohikohi ika ngā taitama o Hatawara hei tunu mā ngā wāhine. ..........................7

1.3 Te Wā Haere ..................................................................................................................................7 Whataata 1 – Ka whakamāramatia e Piailug ngā āhua me ngā tae o ngā kapua. ............................9 Whataata 2 – Ka karakia a Kaiwhakatere Lewis Repwanglug o Hatawara mō te huarere..............9

1.4 Te Wehenga Atu ..........................................................................................................................10 Whataata 1 – Ka hākari a Kaiwhakatere Mau Piailug o Hatawara me tana tira i mua i te haerenga......................................................................................................................................................11 Whataata 2 – Ka karakia tētahi o Hatawara i mua i te wharau......................................................11 Whataata 3 – Whakamāunu waka ...............................................................................................11

2 Te urungi mā ngā whetū ...................................................................................................................12 Whataata 1 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Jerome Rakilur..............................................................12

2.1 Whetū kāpehu ..............................................................................................................................13 2.2 Huarahi whetū..............................................................................................................................15

Kōrero 1 - Gaiuli rāua ko Gaisina (Hāmoa, Poronīhia) ................................................................16 2.3 Whetū kōmata..............................................................................................................................16

3 Te urungi mā te moana, te rā me te hau..........................................................................................18 Kōrero 1 – Te matimati o Tuita (Tonga, Poronīhia) .....................................................................18

3.1 Āmai ............................................................................................................................................18 Whataata 1 – Ka kōrero a Mau Piailug te kaiwhakatere o Hatawara ki tana rōpū mō ngā āmai...20 Whataata 2 - Lourdes Lepanemai Hatawara .................................................................................20

3.2 Ngā Tohu Moana .........................................................................................................................21 Whataata 1 – Ākonga whakatere Kaiki Tarangi (Karl) o ngā Kuki Airani ...................................21 Whataata 2 – Kuki Airani Dorice Reid, o Te Au o Tonga............................................................22 Whataata 3 – Ka waiata a Lourdes Lepanemai o Hatawara i te waiata Tutu ne Naipa (Te Kaukau a Naipa)........................................................................................................................................22

3.3 Tama-nui-te-rā .............................................................................................................................23 3.4 Te Hau .........................................................................................................................................23

4 Te Mōhio me te Whakatika Tūranga...............................................................................................25 Kōrero 1 – Te Haerenga o Moala Lahi (Tonga, Poronīhia) ..........................................................25

4.1 Te Whakatau tūranga...................................................................................................................26 4.2 Whakataki tūranga waka mā te kāpehu........................................................................................28

4.3 Hōputu etak..................................................................................................................................28

5 Kitenga whenua .................................................................................................................................30 Whataata 1 – Kaitārai waka, kaiwhakatere o Ngā Kuki Airani Sir Tom Davis (Papa Tom) ........30 Whataata 2 – Kuki Airani Dorice Reid, o Te Au o Tonga............................................................31 Whataata 3 – Ka pōwhiringia e ngā tangata whenua o Haipani a Mau Piailug me tana tira nō Hatawara. ......................................................................................................................................31

5.1 Ngā koiora o te moana.................................................................................................................31 Kōrero 1 – Te kitenga o Pisiiras (Tiuka, Maikaranīhia)................................................................32 Kōrero 2 - Paikea me te Tohorā (Aotearoa, Poronīhia) ................................................................32

5.2 Āmai kua aukatia .........................................................................................................................34 5.3 Ao ................................................................................................................................................35 5.4 Hīnātore uriuri .............................................................................................................................36

Mapi o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ………………………………………..…………………………….. 37

He Waka He Tangata – Te Whakatere

Te Whakatere I te tīmatanga, me tika te whakarite a te kaiwhakatere me tana iwi i mua tonu i te haerenga. Kia tae rawa ki te moana, me mārama katoa te kaiwhakatere ki ōna mātauranga mō ngā whetū, mō te moana me ngā hau kia pai ai te haere kia ū pai ai ki uta. I ngā wā katoa, me mārama anō ia ki te tūranga o te waka me te hāngai ki tōna kāinga, ki te tauranga e whāia ana hoki, kia whakarerekēngia te ara hoki mēnā koirā te huarahi tika. Ki te pēnei, me mataara ia mō te wā roa – i ētahi wā ao noa, pō noa. Ki te kore, koi mahue i a ia ētahi aronga matua, pērā ki tētahi whetū ki te rere kē rānei o te hau. Ēngari, ehara te whakatere i te āhuatanga kikokiko anake - he āhuatanga wairua anō hoki. E kīia ana ka taea te tohu i te kaiwhakatere i te mea he whero ōna whatu – he tohu kua whakapaingia ā-wairua, ehara kē i te mea kua kore ia e moe! Ki ngā moutere Kararaina, kawea ai e te kaiwhakatere tētahi taonga* he mea hanga mai i ngā rākau me ngā tuaiwi o te whai hei tiaki mai i a ia. I te Ngā Moutere o Ruihiāti, ka whakatakotoria ngā otaota pērā ki te rau niu ki runga i te waka hei whakaatu i tōna mana hei kaupare atu hoki i ngā wairua. I Kiripati (Kiripato, Pīniki me ngā moutere o Raina) tērā pea ka karakia ia kia kaupare ake i ngā kino pērā i te āwhā. Ruberubei-te-nang, nkoe! Me na baka, me na maototo i maiaki-ni wa-u ni boborau ikai! Papā te ao, e koe! Kia patere, kia pakaru mai ki te tonga o taku waka haere moana! He mea whakarerekē mai i a Grimble, A. (1972).

Whataata 1 – Kaiwhakatere Waka o ngā Kuki Airani Tua Pittman He maha ngā mahi o runga i te waka kāore e taea ana te āta whakamārama. He nui ake te taha wairua i te taha kikokiko, taha hinengaro rānei, ā, he kaupapa nui hoki tēnei mō te haere moana. Ka pakari to tū, ko koe rā anō te pūkaha o runga i tō waka, ēngari ki te kore i a koe te taha wairua, kua noho wehe rua koe.

* Ā TĒNĀ: Kei te Papakupu o te Kōpae Pataka ngā tautuhinga o ngā kupu kua tītahatia

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Whataata 2 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Mau Piailug Kei a au ngā tūmomo tikanga mō ngā wā e tika ana. Ka mātakitākina te āhua me te tae o ngā ao. Mā te kōwhai, te whero, te kahurangi rānei au e mōhio ai hei āwhea te āwhā, te marangai, te hau pūkeri rānei. Mai i te Last Navigator © INCA 1989. He mea arataki e Andre Singer.

Whataata 3 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Jerome Rakilur Taku hokinga tuatahitanga mai i te kura, nā taku matua kēkē au i ako ki “te tikanga o te tere", e kīia nei e mātou ko te akurigiy. Ko tōna tikanga ko ngā āhuatanga katoa e pā ana ki te tere tae ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te waka, arā, te hanga, te whakamahi, ngā whetū, ngā hau, te au moana me ngā whakaahunga. Ngā mea katoa … kāore i hunaia te paku aha. Me mōhio te kaiwhakatere e ahu mai ana te hau i whea, ngā mea kei muri i a koe inā wehe atu i te whenua, me mōhio hoki ia te wāhi e haere nei ia. Ka mōhio taku matua kēkē kua ākona e au ngā mātauranga o te tere waka, kātahi ia ka tuku i a au ki te mahi nei.

Whataata 4 – Tohunga Tārai Waka Hekenukumaingaiwi Puhipi I haere mātou ki te Marquesas. I Nukuhiva, ka hakatikatika mātou mō te haere nui nei, e rua tekau mā toru maero tērā haere. E rua ngā tauira, hei ārahi i Te Aurere, mai i Nukuhiva ki Hawai’i. He mīhini i runga i tō mātou waka kia mōhio ai ngā iwi o te University of Hawai’i, e pēhea ana tō mātou haere. I te otinga, ko Te Aurere i tino pā tata ki te raina i hakatikatikahia ai mātou i mua i te haerenga. Heoi anō ka mihi au, ka hari au, i ō mātou tauira.

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1 Te Whakatikatika me te Tīmata Puta noa te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ko te waka te whaea o ngā tāngata haere moana ā ko te kaiwhakatere te pāpā. I mua i te wehenga ko tā te kaiwhakatere he whakatau: • kei te pai te haere o te waka • kua rahi ngā kai me te wai • e tika ana te wā wehe. He tokomaha te hunga āwhina i ēnei momo whakaritenga. E mōhio ana te kaiwhakatere waka ki ngā huarahi o te moana nui. Mō ngā rā o mua tata o te haerenga, ka āta whakaarohia te huarahi e whāia ai. E mōhio ana ia ki ngā whetū katoa o taua huarahi, ngā momo huarere ka kitea e ia, me ngā huarahi ohorere ki te whakakōtitihia te waka e ngā au e ngā hau rānei. Ki te nuinga o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, pēnei me Hatawara, me whai e ngā kaiwhakatere ngā kawa i mua i te haerenga, pēnei i te kore mahi ai, te kai rānei i ngā kai i whakaritea māna anake. Ko tāna anō he whai i ngā kawa whakamaru i te waka kia kaua e pāngia e te kino. E kīia ana kei ētahi kaiwhakatere he mana anō o runga o te taiao, o te huarere hoki.

Whataata 1 – Tohunga Tārai Waka Hekenukumaingaiwi Puhipi Ka hakatikatika i te waka nei ka hakaaro anō mātou tētahi haere i te tau 1995, ka pātai mai tētahi o ngā tohunga o Ra’iatea, e pai rānei mātou te hiki i tētahi tapu i pānga atu ki reira e ō tāua tūpuna e hia rau tau ki muri. Ko te rapu i te whanaungatanga i waenganui i a tātou whanaunga o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. He mea tika anō, me hakaae au i te mahi, i te hiki i te tapu nei. I hakaaro au, waiho atu ngā āhuatanga o mua ki reira. Mā te kaumātua nei a Te Ao Peehi, māna ngā karakia nei. Kore au e wareware i taua rā. E rongo ana au i a mātou e karapotihia ana e ō tātou tūpuna.

Whataata 2 – Ka whakaritea e Mau Piailug te kaiwhakatere o Hatawara tana rōpū, me te haere ki te urupā o tana pāpā i mua i te haerenga Nei au ka noho, i te mea … He aha te ingoa o tēnei? He urupā. Āe, ko te urupā tēnei ō taku pāpā. Nāna ahau i whakaako ki te whakatere. Koirā … inā tere au atu i konei ki Haipani, ki whea rānei. I te mea nāna ahau i whakaako. Nō te Last Navigator © INCA 1989. He mea arataki e Andre Singer.

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Whataata 3 – He karakia whakaritenga ka whakahaerehia i Ngā Kuki Airani

Kōrero 1 – Honu me waka: Te tikanga o te whakaritenga (Pārau, Maikaranīhia)

Ko te wawata a Eledui o Ngerutemai koia hei toa o ngā kaiwhakangau katoa. Ko tāna me hopu e ia te Honu Nui – te Mea Kaumātua. Kātahi ia ka kōrerotia i ngā pākiwaitara mō tōna pūkaha! “He moumou te whanga a ngā koroheke ki tētahi tohu. Ko tāku, me tīmata te whakangau ināia tonu nei!” I tētahi pō uriuri, ka wehe atu. Wareware katoa i a ia te kimi i ngā āwhā, i ngā au kaha rānei. Ēngari, nō te karanga mai o tētahi tara iti, ka tū tana hoe. Ka tīmata te kata, ēngari ka whakangaro atu te manu. He pōhēhē noa nōna? Kātahi ia ka maumahara – i wareware i a ia te tono ki ngā atua, ngā kaitiaki. He mea huri ēnei atua hei manu whakatūpato. Nō reira ka karamihi a Eledui ka tono kia murua tāna whakahorohoro. Ka makaia he wai ki runga i te ihu o tana waka, kātahi ka hoe ki te ākau o waho. Ki reira, ka kitea e te Kaumātua rā! Ka karawhiua te teka ka werohia. Ka ruku atu a Eledui. Kia kaua e hōhonu rawa te kauhoe a te honu. Ēngari i wareware te tuku i te punga kia tau tōna waka. Kua kawea e te au kua rere ki te moana! Me kauhoe wawe ki te tiki i te waka … ēngari kei mahue i a ia te honu. Mā te honu pea ia e kawe ki tōna waka. Karekare ana ngā ngaru, kua tata pau te kaha o Eledui. Ka whero te wai i ō rāua toto. Kātahi ka hōhonu te ruku a te honu, ka ngaro i a Eledui. “Kao, kao!” tāna karanga. Ēngari ko ngā ngaru kau ka rongo mai.

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1.1 Waka Mō mua o te haerenga, me pai te haere o te waka. Me whiwhi utauta anō kei tūpono ohorere – arā, he rākau (hei whakatika i te tira whati), he rā whara anō, he taura, he hoe anō, me te wai kuru, he raima kua tahuna ki te ahi hoki hei puru i ngā whārua o te waka .. kia kaua hoki e warewaretia te pōtae whara hei whakamarumaru mai i te rā me te ua! He toimaha anō ēnei mea katoa ka pā mai ki te tere o te waka, nō reira ko ngā mea matua anahe ka haria. Ka āta whakaputua kia noho tautika ai te waka. Ko ētahi mea ka herea ki te takere. Ki te tūpoki te waka i te āwhā, ka kore ēnei mea e ngaro. E taea ana e ngā kaiwhakatere me ngā kaumoana te whakatika i ngā wāhanga o te waka i a rātou e haereere ana. Ko ngā waka nunui ngā mea pai mō ngā haerenga tawhiti. Ki runga i ngā waka ama o Hatawara he epep (papa) me tētahi aimweim (whare) iti o runga kia noho maroke ai ngā tāngata me ngā utauta. I Hawai’i me ētahi atu moutere o Poronīhia, he nui ake te papa kei waenga i ngā takere o ngā waka hourua, hei kawe tangata, kararehe, kai me ngā maha ake.

Whataata 1 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Jerome Rakilur Nō muri mai o aku akoranga i ngā whetū, ka ako hoki ahau ki te pwang – te whakatika waka ki tai. He akoranga nui tēnei inā pakaru taku waka. Ka taea e au te whakatika i taku waka me te hoki ki uta.

Whataata 2 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Lewis Repwanglug Ko tāna ka taea te mahi ki tai. Me kī, ka wāwāhia te waka e te āwhā kino, me heke ki raro ki te tiki i te utauta tika pēnā kei reira tonu. Me here. Ka haria ētahi atu taura hei whakamahi … kia taea e rātou te kauhoe huri noa i te waka ki te whakatika i a ia. Āe rā, he tipua. I kīia ka taea hoki e ia te hora i te marino ki ngā hau me ngā ngaru.

1.2 Kai Kei te āhua tonu o ngā kai o ngā takiwā, ko ngā momo kai ka haria ko te:

• kuru, te taro me te whara (kua tunua, kua whakamarokehia, waruwarutia, aha ake rānei)

• niu maoa hei kai me ngā mea mata hei inu. • ika (kua tunua kua whakamarokengia rānei) • rākau huka.

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I ngā wā o mua, ka whakaritengia ētahi tino kai hei koha mō ngā moutere ka toroa atu – hei tauira, ko ngā rare niu porowhita mō ngā Iapi i ngā haerenga sawei tawhito (he tikanga haerenga o Micronesia). Ki Hatawara, mā te hunga wāhine te ohu māra kai me te whakarite kai, ehara i te mea mō ngā haerenga anake ēngari mō ngā hui, pērā i te hanga waka me te pwo (te kawa tomokanga o ngā kaiwhakatere). Ka whakaritea te taro huri noa te tau. Ka tunu kai mā te umu, ki te ahi rānei i te kāinga. Ka whakaritea hoki ngā kuru i te wā e tika ana. Ka kake ngā taitama i ngā rākau o ngā huānga ka whiua ngā hua nui ki raro. Ka kōtuturia ngā kuru e ngā wāhine mō ngā haerenga o muri ake. Ka pōkaia ngā hua ki ngā rau kia maroke, kia mā hoki. Ki tai, ka kohikohi wai ua ngā kaumoana, ka hopu manu, ka hī ika. I ētahi wā ka tunu ki te ahi i tahuna ki ngā kiri o te hua niu ki te ipu rākau kua rohea ki te oneone me te kohatu iti.

Whataata 1 – Kuki Airani Dorice Reid Ka akona te kōtutu i te kuru – me pēhea te waiho ki roto i te whenua kia rite ki te pouaka makariri, kia reri rānō te haere, ka tangohia ake. I aua rā ko te mahi te ingoa, ā, ka kōtutuhia te kuru mō te wā roa.

Whataata 2 – Ka kohikohia ka whakatōngia ngā wāhine o Hatawara i te taro, ka whakaritehia te kuru ki te umu.

Whataata 3 – Ka tunu ika ngā kōtiro o Hatawara ki te ahi.

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Whataata 4 – Ka kohikohi ika ngā taitama o Hatawara hei tunu mā ngā wāhine.

1.3 Te Wā Haere Me tohu e te kaiwhakatere i te wāhanga tika o te tau, i te huarere tika, me te wā tika o te rangi hei wā wehe atu. Kei ēnei tūāhuatanga te tutukinga o te haere. Kei ngā iwi katoa o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa he maramataka whīwhiwhi mai i te mātai whetū, me ngā tohu huarere tae noa ki te tupu rerekē o ngā otaota ki ngā wāhanga o te tau. I Woreai me ētahi atu o Ngā Moutere o Kararaina, kei te āhua hoki o te bwe – te pūtiki tapu te wā wehe. Hei poropiti i te haerenga o te waka, ka tupurangi te whiria e te tohunga o ngā pūtiki rau niu, kātahi ka kautehia. Ko ngā momo pūtiki ngā momo wairua ka eke i te waka o te wā. Mā ngā momo pānuitanga ka kitea ai te huarere pai e pāngia e te waka me ngā kaumoana, me te harakoakoa o te iwi inā hoki mai rātou. Ka kore ngā pānuitanga e pai, ka kore pea te hunga e haere [tirohia te whakaahua 1]. Whakaahua 1

Te Wāhanga o te tau He wā pai, he wā kino hoki o te tau mō te tere waka. Hei tauira, i ngā moutere o Kararaina me Kiripati, ko ngā rangi pai mō te haere mai i Poutūterangi ki Mahuru. E mōhio ana ngā kaiwhakatere ki ngā wāhanga o te tau mai i te maramataka, mai i te whitinga me te tōnga o ngā whetū i te ata me te ahiahi. He rerekē te whitinga mai me te tōnga o ngā whetū puta noa te tau, ā, i ētahi wā kāore e kitea ana i te pō. Nō reira, ka rerekē te huarahi whetū ki tētahi moutere ia wāhanga o te tau.

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Te Huarere E mōhio ana ngā kaiwhakatere ki ngā tohu huarere mō te tere i ō rātou ake wāhi. Ki te tonga o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, he paeroa ngā hau hokohoko i te nuinga o te tau. Ēngari mai i te Hakihea ki te Poutūterangi, nā ngā āwhā matara, he hau-ā-uru. Mā tēnei hau ka tere whakaterāwhiti ngā kaiwhakatere. E mōhio ana rātou, kāore e roa ka hoki mai ngā hau hokohoko hei whakahoki i a rātou ki te kāinga [tirohia te whakaahua 2]. Tērā pea neke atu i te rua wiki te kaiwhakatere e whanga ana ki ngā hau pai. Ka āta rangahaua ngā tohu o te taiao. Ko ngā āhua me ngā tae o ngā ao he tohu i te kaha me te ahunga pēhea o te hau, ā, ko ngā mahinga ā ngā kararehe hoki he tohu huarere kino. Hei tauira, ka puta wawe ētahi tūmomo manu ki Rarotonga, he tohu huarere kino. Ki te maha ngā pōpokoriki e puta mai i Kiripati, he tohu huarere pai. I ētahi wā, ma te karakia o te kaiwhakatere, o te tohunga huarere rānei ka riro mai he rangi paihuarere.

Whakaahua 2

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Te Haora o te rā Kei ia haerenga te wā pai o te rā mō te wehe atu: • Tērā pea ka whakaritea kia tae ki te moutere hei te ata hei te ahiahi rānei. Koinei te wā ka rere atu ka rere mai ngā manu ki o rātou kōhanga. He tohu pai o te whenua ngā manu. • I ngā āhuatanga kuruaki me te whakarite kai, kāore e moata rawa te wehenga mō ngā haerenga tawhiti. • Ki te wehe i te ahiahi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatere te whakatau i te tūranga o te waka mai i ngā whetū inā ngaro atu te whenua i te tirohanga kanohi. Hei te poupoutanga o te rā, kei te kōmata te rā, kāore i te pai mō te whakatere.

Whataata 1 – Ka whakamāramatia e Piailug ngā āhua me ngā tae o ngā kapua. Ka rua ngā rā ki konei [ki Whaiū ki te Uru]. Ka whakamāramahia e Piailug ngā āhua me ngā tae o ngā kapua i te whitinga mai me te tōnga o te rā hei whakakitenga tohu huarere. He hau whakarua – kāore e pai mō tā mātou haere. Ka mākū, ka pukepuke te terenga [ki Haipani] Nō The Last Navigator © INCA 1989. He mea arataki e Andre Singer.

Whataata 2 – Ka karakia a Kaiwhakatere Lewis Repwanglug o Hatawara mō te huarere He karanga i ngā wairua Uturenga, Rapwi, haere mai, inumia ngā wai whakararo katoa o runga o Hatawara kia maroke ai. Mao te ua. Kua maroke katoa te whenua.

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1.4 Te Wehenga Atu Mō ngā huarahi matua ki ētahi atu moutere, he wāhi ake mō te wehe. E mōhio ana te kaiwhakatere te āhua o tōna whenua inā wehe atu i tēnei wāhi. Ka whakarārangitia tōna waka ki ngā mātārae o te whenua, pērā ki ngā maunga, ngā toka, ngā rākau rānei. Ka wehe i te pō ka tahuna he ahi hei ārahi i a ia. Mā te ū ki ngā mātārae ka tika te haere. E ai ki te Pākehā, koinei te ‘taking back sightings’. He pai ake mehemea kāore e taea te kite i ngā whetū me te rā. Ki te neke tītaha te waka kia kōtiti i te rārangi o ngā mātārae, ka mōhio te kaiwhakatere ko te au te take i pērā ai. Ka taea te whakarerekē i tana ahunga.

Whakamāunu ana tētahi waka, ka karakia ka waerea ngā kaiwhakatere, pērā ki te karakia o raro ake nei nō Tuamotu. Ko te kaupapa he manaaki i te waka haere moana. Ringiringi te horo o tena vaka! Ko nei au hiri ka. Ko tena ko te piu … Tere rā te waka i te hukahuka Nei au ka mīharo Ki te moana piupiu nei ki taku taha … Nō Emory, K. P. (1969).

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Whataata 1 – Ka hākari a Kaiwhakatere Mau Piailug o Hatawara me tana tira i mua i te haerenga Nō The Last Navigator © INCA 1989. He mea arataki e Andre Singer.

Whataata 2 – Ka karakia tētahi o Hatawara i mua i te wharau Nei au ka noho, ka noho i te takutai pātata ki taku kāinga. Kia rite au mō te haere. He haere ki te uru. Ka purutia taua ahunga, te mutunga o tēnei haerenga he toa mātou. Nō The Last Navigator © INCA 1989. He mea arataki e Andre Singer.

Whataata 3 – Whakamāunu waka Ka whakamāunutia te waka mō te haere atu i Hatawara ki Haipani, ko Mau Piailug kei te karakia. Nō The Last Navigator © INCA 1989. He mea arataki e Andre Singer.

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2 Te urungi mā ngā whetū Ngā tāngata i whetūrangitia Whakataukī Māori I te nuinga o te wā ko ngā whetū ngā kaiarataki i te kaiwhakatere. Mā te ako me te wheako, ka tino mōhio ia ki te rangi i te pō kia taea ai e ia te urungi i tana waka kia tika ahakoa ka tahi, ka rua noa ngā whetū e kitea ana. E mōhio ana te kaiwhakatere ki ngā tūranga me ngā wā ka whiti, ka tō rānei ngā whetū i te pae. Ka kōrero te Pākehā mō te kāpehu whetū hei whakamārama i tā ngā kaiwhakatere o ngā moutere tirohanga i ngā tūranga whetū pēnei. Ki Hatawara, ko te ingoa mō ngā whetū ka whiti mai, ka tō hoki, ko te ururun mor. E mōhio ana te kaiwhakatere ki ngā huarahi whetū – te ururun mor hei whai mai i tētahi moutere ki tētahi atu. Ki Hatawara, ko te ofanuw te ingoa o tēnei mōhiotanga, ka whakahuatia ki ā rātou karakia. Kei te mōhio hoki ia ki ngā whetū kōmata ka whiti mai ki runga rawa o ētahi moutere.

Whataata 1 – Kaiwhakatere o Hatawara Jerome Rakilur Ko taku akoranga tuatahi mai i taku matua kēkē, ko te ingoa o ngā whetū, paafu. Nāna hoki ahau i whakaako ki te areuum me te amaas. Ko te amaas he mōhio ki te whetū kei mua i te waka me te whetū kei muri. Ko te areuum me mōhio ki ngā whetū kei mua i te ama kei muri hoki. Ko te Ofanuw ngā mōhiotanga e pā ana ki ngā whetū e hāngai ana ki te wāhi e haere nei te waka. Kātahi au ka ako ki te ururun mor – arā ko te whitinga me te tōnga o ia whetū. Mēnā ko tāku noa iho he mōhio me pēhea te tere, ēngari kāore i te mōhio ki te whitinga o ngā whetū, ka mate au i te moana.

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2.1 Whetū kāpehu Kaiwhakatere Hawaiana Keahi Omai (ākonga a Nainoa Thompson): “Ka whakamahia e mātou ngā whare o Papa Tom [Sir Tom Davis’]. Ko ngā whare ka whakawehea kia 32 ngā wāhanga ki te rangi e nohoia nei e ngā whetū. Ki tōku nei whakaaro, ka noho whare ngā whetū pērā ki ngā tāngata e noho whare ana.” Nā Bader, H. rāua ko McCurdy, P., eds (1999). Ka rere ngā whetū i te rangi mai i te rāwhiti ki te uru. Ka paku moata te whitinga me te tōnga o ngā whetū ia pō ki te pō o mua. Pātata ki te pae o te ao, ka whiti mai ia whetū i te tūranga kotahi o te pae ki te rāwhiti, ā, ka tō i te tūranga kotahi ki te uru. Ka whakawehea e ngā iwi o ngā Carolines i te pae kia 32 ngā ira e whiti, e tō ai ngā whetū. Kei Te Ngapore o te Ao (Whakaahunga Puta Noa i te Ao), ka 32 hoki ngā ira. Ko te hunga nō ērā atu wāhi, pēnei i Indonesia, kei a rātou hoki ēnei mōhiotanga. He ingoa tō ia wāhi tūranga o ngā whetū, te paafu rānei o Satawal. Ka noho tokorua hoki ngā whetū. Hei tauira, ka noho takirua a whetū X e whiti mai ana, kia whetū X e tō ana. Ka ako te kaiwhakatere i aua tokorua nei, me ngā tokorua e hāngai tonu ana ki a rāua. Nā reira ka taea ai e ia te tia mā te whakarārangi i ngā whetū e whiti mai ana, e tō ana ki mua ki te taha ki muri hoki o tōna waka. Ki te kore ngā whetu, (i te rā, i ngā pō kapua rānei), ka taea e te kaiwhakatere te whakamahi i te kāpehu whetū i te mea e mōhio ana ia ki te ahunga o te āmai me te hau e hāngai ana ki ngā whetū. Whakaahua 1. E hāngai ana tēnei whakaahua ki te whakaahua mai i te pukapuka "Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian and Pacific Societies." Etita David Woodward rāua ko G. Malcolm Lewis, 1998, pg 462.

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2.2 Huarahi whetū He kaiarataki pai te whetū kātahi anō ka whiti ka tō rānei. Ka ahi te kaiwhakatere ki te aronga o te whitinga me te tōnga o ngā whetū ki te pae o te moutere e haere nei ia. Heoi anō, kāore te whetū e whiti mai i te pae (mei kore i te pae o te ao). Ka whiti ki te taha o te moutere, ā, ka tere whakangaro atu. Nō reira ka whakamahia e te kaiwhakatere te whetū whai mai, ka pērā rā anō te haere. I ētahi wā ka tekau pea ngā whetū i te huarahi mō te tere i te pō kotahi, ēngari kotahi anake te whetū ka whai ingoa.

He waiata he kōrero pūrākau hei whakamaumahara i ngā huarahi whetū. Neke atu i te kotahi huarahi whetū i waenga i ngā moutere. Kotahi anake te huarahi whetū e whāia ia wāhanga o te tau. Ka ono marama o muri mai , ko aua whetū kei tua i runga i te pae hei te whitinga mai o te rā nō reira kāore i te kitea. Ka whāia hoki ngā momo huarahi whetū inā kaha ngā au me ngā hau. “Nō tā mātou tere atu i Puruwati ki Haipani [tētahi o ngā moutere o Mariana ki te Raki] … mā te whai i ngā tohutohu a Hipour … ka toru ngā huarahi: … te ahunga ki te moutere … te ahunga ahakoa te au o te uru, me te mea tuatoru … ahakoa ngā hau pūkeri …” Nō David Lewis ki roto i Bader, H. rāua ko McCurdy, P., eds (1999).

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Kōrero 1 - Gaiuli rāua ko Gaisina (Hāmoa, Poronīhia)

He kōrero tēnei mō Gaiuli me Gaisina nō Tutuira e mōhiotia ana i ēnei rā ko Hāmoa o Amerika tae noa ki ngā moutere o Manua. Tuatahi, ka ahu rātou ki te whetū Mataula. Ka whiti mai a Tapuitea (te whetū ahiahi), ā, ka whiti mai a Faipa me Tulalupe ki te rāwhiti. Kātahi ka whiti mai ko Toloa (Taki o Autahi), ko Sumu me Luatagata – he piritata. Kātahi ko Taelo ka whiti mai, ka ahu pērā rātou. Ka whiti mai ko Tiotala, ka ahu pērā rātou. Tata rawa mai te atatū, ka whiti mai ko Amoga (Tautoru) me Lii (Matariki). Ka aro atu rātou ki Amoga. Ao ake, i te ahu tika tonu rātou ki Manua.

2.3 Whetū kōmata Ka whakawhiti ngā whetū mai i te rāwhiti ki te uru. Kei te kōmata rātou inā tae rawa ki tō rātou panekiretanga. E mōhiotia ana ko ētahi whetū ka whakawhiti tika i ētahi moutere inā tae rawa ki tō rātou kōmata. Ko ngā whetū kōmata ēnei. Ko Hokulea (Arcturus) tētahi whetū kōmata o Hawai’i. Ko Aa (Sirius) tō Tahiti me Whīti. Inā whakarite te kaiwhakatere i tana tira ka kite ana i a Sirius ki runga rawa ake i a ia, ka mōhio ia he rite tonu tōna pae ki tō Whīti me Tahiti. Heoi anō, kāore e taea te whetū kōmata te whakaatu i tōna tawhiti ki te rāwhiti ki te uru rānei o aua motu nei.

Ki ētahi, i ngā wā o mua maumaharatia ana e ngā kaiwhakatere ngā whetū kōmata o ia moutere me te roanga o waenganui. Hei tauira, mō te haerenga atu i Tahiti ki Hawaii, ka mōhio te kaiwhakatere he rite tonu tōna pae ki Nuku Hiva ( Te Henua Enana (ngā moutere o Marquesas) ) ki te rāwhiti inā kitea kei raro tonu ia i te whetū Puanga (Rigel)

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Ki ētahi, i ngā wā o mua maumaharatia ana e ngā kaiwhakatere ngā whetū kōmata o ia moutere me te roanga o waenganui. Hei tauira, mō te haerenga atu i Tahiti ki Hawai’i, ka mōhio te kaiwhakatere he rite tonu tōna pae ki Nuku Hiva (Te Henua Enana (Ngā Moutere o Mākehā) ki te rāwhiti inā kitea kei raro tonu ia i te whetū Puanga (Rigel) He pai hoki ngā whetū kōmata mō te kite whenua. Mō ngā haerenga ki te raki ki te tonga, ka taea e te kaiwhakatere te haere mā te hau o te wāhi haerea ana kia tae rawa ia ki te wāhi e kitea ai te whetū kōmata ki runga ake i a ia. (Arā, ki te ahu whakaterāwhiti mai te hau, ka tere ia ki te taha rāwhiti o te moutere). Kātahi ia ka nuku mā mua o te hau, kia noho tonu te whetū kōmata ki runga. Ka noho tonu ia ki te huarahi rāwhiti ki te uru tae rawa ki te tauranga whenua. I ētahi wā ka kōpekapeka kia kaha ake ai te roke kimikimi. Ben Finney Kai rangahau tikanga tangata: “I te haerenga tuatahi o Hokulea ki Tahiti i te tau 1976, ka whāia e māua ko David Lewis ko Spica (te whetū kōmata o Te Henua Enana (Ngā Moutere o Mākehā) kia mōhio ai māua ki te tauaro o taua huinga moutere. Ka whakaritea te tira o muri kia noho mai a Spica ki tōna pane. Kāore i taea te whai i a Aa (Sirius), te whetū kōmata o Tahiti, i te mea kāore i te kitea i taua wā.”

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3 Te urungi mā te moana, te rā me te hau Inā whakatere, ka kitea e te kaiwhakatere ngā tūmomo tohu katoa o te taiao, ā, kāore ia e poka noa. Ki te kore e kitea ngā whetū (i te rā i ngā wā kapua rānei), ka whāia hoki ngā tohu – ko ngā āmai, ngā tohu moana, te rā me te hau. Ka tirohia aua tohu nei me ngā pānga ki ngā tūranga whetū. Ka honoa te whakamahinga o aua mātauranga katoa. Ko te toi rangatira tērā o tēnei mea te whakatere. Kōrero 1 – Te matimati o Tuita (Tonga, Poronīhia)

Tērā te wā, i te haereere a Tuita, te kaumātua kaiwhakatere o Tonga (nō te iwi whakatere o Haa Fokololo oe Hau) mā tōna kalia (waka hourua) me te ope o te Kingi (he ope waka). Ka ngaro te ope, me te pīrangi mōhio a te Kingi kei whea rātou. Kua koroheke kua kāpō a Tuita, nō reira ia ka tono ai mā tāna tama e whakamārama mai ko ngā mea kāore e taea e ia te kite. Kātahi ka whāwhā tana ringa ki te moana, ka ngotehia te wai. Ka mea atu ki te Kingi ko Whīti tāna rongo … ā, kāore i roa ka tae rātou ki reira! Ko ngā matapule (ngā kaikōrero) o te iwi o Tuita i whakaingoatia ki tēnei pūrākau – fafa ki taha: te whāwhā ki te moana.

3.1 Āmai "Ko tāku rongo mai i ngā mātāpuna maha, ko te tino tautika tūtohu [hei rongo i te āmai] ko ngā raho o te tāne…” Nā Ward mai i Lewis, D. (1972). Kāore pea te whetū e kitea, ēngari te āmai e kitea ana i ngā wā katoa, ā, he riterite tonu te ahunga mō te wā roa. He pai tēnei mō te whakatere. Ka whakahāngai te kaiwhakatere i ngā āmai ki ngā tūranga whetū. Hei whakaako i a ia ki ngā āhuatanga o te āmai, ka whakatakotoria ia e tōna kaiwhakaako ki roto i te moana kia rongo ai tana tinana i aua āmai. Kāore he take o ana karu i te pō uriuri. E mōhio ana te kaiwhakatere me pēhea te rere a te waka i

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ngā āmai ki te terea te ahunga tika. Hei tauira, ki te ahu tika tonu ki te āmai, ka piki te takere ka tūtuki ana ki te āmai, ka heke hoki ki te hipa. Ki te kōtiti, ka tīmata te takahuri. Ka rerekē hoki te tukinga o te āmai ki te takere, ka kitea ka rangona hoki e ia. Ka arohia te āhua o te āmai kia mōhio ai te ahunga me te kaha o te au o raro. He whakaawenga nō ngā au ki te ahunga me te tere o te waka.

I Ngā Moutere o Māhara, he nui ake ngā āmai, ngā au me ngā hau i ngā whetū mō te whakatere. I reira, ka toro whakarara Ngā Moutere o Māhara ka whakawhiti i te mata o te āmai matua, nā reira i pai ake ai [tirohia te whakaahua 1]

“Ko Tevake, i Hāto Kurūhi … ka toru ngā momo ngaru i te haere … ka tīmata te ua, ka rere kē te hau. Ka tū a Tevake…ka rongo-ā-tinana i te piki o tētahi paku āmai … mai i te tokerau, ka waru haora tana urungi mā taua āmai, tū mākūkū tonu me tana lavalava… Ko ia rā te whakatere mā te āmai, me te rongo-ā-tinana…” Mai i David Lewis ki roto o Bader, H. rāua ko McCurdy, P., ngā etita (1999). Nā te aha ngā Āmai? Nā te pupuhi o ngā hau nui mai i tawhiti ngā āmai nui. He rerekē te rongo i ngā ngaru o te kāinga, he mea hanga e ngā hau o te kāinga. He poto ake, he tūparipari ake ngā ngaru kāinga, ka whatiwhati ā runga. He roa ake te wehewehenga o ngā āmai, ā, he takahuri haere. Ahakoa te pānga o ngā āmai e rua e toru rānei ki ngā ngaru kāinga, ka taea e te kaiwhakatere te whakawehewehe hei whai māna. He mōhio hoki ia ki ngā āmai pai hei whai.

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Te Whakatere o Ngā Moutere o Māhara Kua rangahaua e ngā kaiwhakatere o Māhara te whakatīhoi me te whakaata o ngā ngaru o waho o ngā moutere me te tukitukitanga ki a rātou anō. Ka whakamāramahia mā ngā mahere mattang, ā, ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā ngaru o ētahi moutere mā ngā mahere rebbellith me te meddo. Hei rauemi whakaako ēnei mahere. He maha hoki ngā kupu a ngā iwi o Māhara hei whakaahua hoki i ngā au – hei tauira, jukae (au kāinga tuatahi – koinei ngā au pātata ki te moutere), dibukae (au kāinga tuarua), jejelatae (au kāinga tuatoru – koinei ngā au tawhiti atu i te moutere). Ko ngā āmai kokoti ngā mea pai ake mō te kimi whenua. He mātauranga hōhonu tō ngā iwi o Māhara mō tēnei.

Whataata 1 – Ka kōrero a Mau Piailug te kaiwhakatere o Hatawara ki tana rōpū mō ngā āmai I ako a Piailug i a ia e tere ana i te taha o tōna koroua. Nāna a Mau i whakaako ki ngā āmai. Ka waru ngā momo āmai. E hāngai ana ia āmai ki tētahi tūranga whetū o te kāpehu whetū. Engari he maha ake ngā whakaaturanga o te āmai i te huarahi noa iho e haere nei tō waka. Mā ngā āhua, ka mōhio ai te kaha me te ahunga o te au o raro. Ki te kore koe e mōhio e aha ana te au, ka ngaro ahakoa he tika tonu te tia. Mai i The Last Navigator © INCA 1989. Kaiwhakahaere Andre Singer.

Whataata 2 - Lourdes Lepanemai Hatawara Taku haerenga tuatahi mā runga waka, ka kino taku ruaki – he mumus. Kāore au i pīrangi ki te kai i te paku aha. Tata hemo au i taua ruaki! Mate ana au ia rā!

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3.2 Ngā Tohu Moana Ka whai hoki te kaiwhakatere i ngā tohu moana kei tēnā wāhi, kei tēnā wāhi. Kāore pea e whāia te huarahi tōtika ki tētahi moutere ka taea rā anō te whakarite i tana huarahi mā aua tohu. Ka akona aua tohu mā te wheako, te pakiwaitara, me te waiata. Ko te ākau pea hei tohu, ahakoa he 50m ki raro o te moana. He rerekē te tae o te wai o ngā ākau (momo kākāriki) ki tō te moana (kikorangi). I ētahi wā he poto, he tūparipari hoki ngā ngaru o runga i te ākau. Nā te tukitukitanga o ngā au me te ākau e pēnei ai. Pēnā he papatahi te moana, ka kitea e te kaiwhakatere ngā ngaru ahakoa he tawhiti. I te pō, ka rongo ia i te rerekē o te tere a te waka o runga i te ākau [tirohia te whakaahua 1]

He tohu anō o ngā koiora moana (pērā ki te mako, te tohorā, te aihe). Kitea ana ngā kararehe motuhake i aua wāhi anō o te huarahi, huri noa ngā rau tau. Ko ētahi e mōhiotia whānuitia ana e ngā kaiwhakatere, ā, kua whakaingoatia. He pai te āwhina mai o ēnei pērā i ngā ākau hei ārahi i te kaiwhakatere. Ka taea hoki e ngā koiora moana nei te āwhina i te kite whenua. Ka āta tiakina ngā mātauranga tohu moana. Ka waiatatia e ngā ākonga kaiwhakatere ngā rārangi tohu hei kimihanga mō waenga o ngā moutere me ia tūranga whetū. Ka waiatatia ka kōrero pakitia rānei aua tohu moana nei e tana hoa wahine i a ia e tere ana i te moana.

Whataata 1 – Ākonga whakatere Kaiki Tarangi (Karl) o ngā Kuki Airani Ka kī atu “Ahakoa ko wai koe, e mōhio ana au ki a koe– koia tērā, e mōhio ana au ki a koe, e whakawhirinaki ana au ki a koe – māu ahau e pupuri ki te kapu o to ringa kia hoki ora i tēnei haerenga ki te kāinga?” E hoa, ka mīharo mai koe. E hia kē nei ngā kaiwhakatere ka mea i ō rātou ngarotanga ki te moana, ka ānipa, ka titiro ki te wai, tērā tētahi mako, he mako mā e kauhoe ana ki mua noa, ka mutu tā rātou “Arā kē te ahunga!”

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Whataata 2 – Kuki Airani Dorice Reid, o Te Au o Tonga Kuki Airani Dorice Reid, kaumoana o Te Au o Tonga i te haerenga ki Taputapuatea Marae i te tau 1995: Ka kite mātou i ētahi manu, me tētahi tohorā. Ka kite mātou i a ia, ka ruku ki raro me te hiki i tana whiore, he pōwhiri noa ki a mātou kia mōhio ai mātou i reira ia. Ki taku mōhio he ūwhā. Ka pōwhiritia tana whiore, ka riro. Tō mātou taenga ki te wahaapu o te whanga tapu, he aihe i reira i te tomokanga. Ko te tikanga o tērā he tuku kia kuhu mātou ki roto o te whanga. Ka kī mai te tohunga o te marae, “Ka kite ana koutou i ngā aihe, kua tukua koutou kia kuhu mai ki roto o te whanga.” Heoi anō, i reira rā anō rātou.

Whataata 3 – Ka waiata a Lourdes Lepanemai o Hatawara i te waiata Tutu ne Naipa (Te Kaukau a Naipa) Ka waiata a Lourdes Lepanemai i te waiata Tutu ne Naipa (Te Kaukau a Naipa), he whakaingoa i ngā koiora maha o te moana: Ka haere te wahine nei a Naipa ki te kaukau ki Powrow ki runga i te ākau. Ka heke iho te hau ki a ia mai i te tonga. Ka karanga ngā tāne he waka kei te haere mai. Ko Gamomumonu, e oma atu ana i tana pāpā. E tere whakatetonga ana, he whai i ngā whetū. Ka kite ia i te mako i tōna wāhi. Ka rewa atu te rau o te rākau nat mai i te tākutai. Kātahi koe ka inu i tō inu nuu (niu). Ko te asaf (he momo manu) ko Tinimwar te ingoa – ko tētahi o ōna ringa ki te uru ki Eurpiik ko tōna kakī me te ūpoko ki Metau Sarik (te huarahi ki waenga o Hatawara me Piki) … Kei te haere koe ki Piki ki te tiki suum (he pipi nui) mai i te ākau … mō Naosow i te mea e hia inu ana ia me te mate kai.

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3.3 Tama-nui-te-rā Kāore i te āta tika ake te urungi i te rā i tō te pō, mā ngā ira mātārae mārama te kaiwhakatere e ārahi. Kāore hoki te rā e rite ki ngā whetū i te mea ka rerekē ngā wāhi whitinga me ngā wāhi tōnga i roto i te tau kotahi. He pai noa iho te rā mō te urungi i te atatū me te ahiahi pō. Ia ata ka whakarārangihia te tūnga o te rā ki ngā whetū. Ka awatea ka āta tirohia e te kaiwhakatere te tūranga o te rā ki ngā wāhanga o te waka kia tātairia tāna whakaahunga. Ka tata te tōnga o te rā, ka tirohia anō kia mōhio ai kei whea te rā i taua wā. Ka mōhio ia ki te huarahi whetū e hāngai ana ki taua tūranga nei.

3.4 Te Hau E mōhio ana te kaiwhakatere ki te ahunga o te hau nō te pānga ki tana kanohi. Ki runga i te waka, ka noho ia ki te wāhi e pā tika tonu mai ai te hau ki tana kanohi, kia āta kitea hoki e ia te moana me te pae kei mua. I ētahi wā, ka mātakitaki hoki ia i ngā raukura i ngā kiri rākau rānei o runga i te rā, i ngā taura rānei. Mā te rongo i te oreore a te waka ki runga ngaru ka rangona rere kētanga o te hau. Ka whakahāngai te kaiwhakatere i te ahunga o te hau ki ngā whetū. Heoi, i te mea rere kē ai te hau, kāore tōna tika i te rite ki tō ngā whetū. Ka kīia e te Pākehā ko tēnei momo whakatere he kāpehu hau. I te tau 1876, nā te mihinare William Wyatt Gill te kāpehu hau a Ngā Kuki Airani i whakamārama, arā te whakawehengia kia 32 ngā ira mātārae o te pae. Mā te hue me ōna rua aua hau i whakaakoria ai. “Ki tua o te pae he hinga rua, ko ētahi he nui ko ētahi he iti, hei pupuhi mā Raka, te Atua o ngā hau, me āna tamariki…” Nā Lewis, D. (1994). He whakamāramatanga hoki mō ngā kāpehu hau (kua whakawehewehea kia whai nama ki ia ira mātārae) mai i ērā atu moutere, pērā ki ngā Kararaina, ki Whīti, ki Tonga, ki Tokerau me Tahiti. Nā te tohunga kaiwhakatere a Kruso Kaveia, tētahi i whakamārama mai i Hāto Kurūhi (i te rāwhiti o Ngā Moutere o Horomona) mai i ngā moutere o waho. “… mō ngā haora e rua, ka tū ia …ka whakaingoatia ia momo hau. Ka whakaaturia te ahunga… ahakoa he hau makariri, he hau mahana … ā, hei āwhea ngā hau e huri i te wāhanga o te tau.” Mai i David Lewis ki roto o Bader, H. rāua ko McCurdy, P., ngā etita (1999).

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4 Te Mōhio me te Whakatika Tūranga Mō runga i te tawhiti o te moana, me mōhio te kaiwhakatere ki te tūranga o tōna waka me tōna kāinga me te wāhi e haerea nei, kia taea ai e ia te tīni i te huarahi inā hiahia. Ki te pēnei, me mōhio ia ki tōna ahunga me te horo o te waka. Me mōhio hoki ia ki te pana o te aronga me ngā au me te pānga ki te horo o tana waka. Mai i enei mōhiotanga katoa nei ka taea e ia te whakatau i tōna tūranga i te wā e hiahiatia ana. He maha ngā momo huarahi e taea te pēnei: • I mua o te GPS, ko tā ngā kaiwhakatere Pakeha he dead reckoning. • Ko tā te kaiwhakatere o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa he dead reckoning anō, ēngari he

huarahi anō tōna hei mōhio ki tana tūranga. Ko te etak te hōputu e mōhiotia whānuitia ana, e whakamahia ana e ngā iwi o Hatawara me ngā moutere o Kararaina.

Ko te tino whakamātautau ko te pupuhinga o te āwhā i te waka kia kōtiti ai te waka mō ngā rā maha. Inā pēnei me rongo e ia tōna matakite me te whai i ōna pukenga, wheako hoki kia mōhio ai ia ki tōna tūranga. I te wā ohorere pēnei i te huarere kino, me matua mōhio hoki te kaiwhakatere kei whea ētahi atu moutere me ngā ara ki reira. Kōrero 1 – Te Haerenga o Moala Lahi (Tonga, Poronīhia)

He kōrero tēnei mō tētahi kaiwhakatere i whakarerekē i tōna ahunga i te kino o ngā hau. Ko Akauola te kaiwhakatere rangatira o Haa Fokololo oe Hau o Tonga. Tērā te wā ko tētahi o ōna kau moala (kaumoana) ko Moala Lahi tōna ingoa, i te hoki ki te kāinga ki Wawau atu i Whīti me ētahi kalia (waka hourua). I te haere whakatetokerau. Ka kino haere ngā hau, ka wehewehea ngā waka, nō reira ka ahu rangaranga te muri a Moala Lahi ki Hāmoa. Ēngari ka rerekē anō ngā hau, nō reira ka ahu whakararo atu ai ki Uvea (ki Wārihi me Whutūna). Ka tae ki reira. Ka āwhinatia ia e ngā iwi o Uvea. Hei koha ki a rātou, ka hoatu ki a rātou ōna kawenga. Ka pai haere ngā hau, ka hoki ia ki Whīti ki te tiki kawenga anō. Nāwai rā, ka haere anō ka ū pai ki Wawau.

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4.1 Te Whakatau tūranga Whiriwhiri i te Horo Ka rerekē te hau i ngā wā katoa, nō reira ka rerekē hoki te horo o te waka. Hei whiriwhiri i te horo, ka mātakitākina e te kaiwhakatere o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ngā hukahuka o te wai kei ngā taha o te waka. Ka rangona hoki e ia te pupuhi a te hau ki tōna kanohi, ka mātakitākina hoki te pānga ki te rā, ki ngā mea e tāwēwē noa ana. Ko tā te kaiwhakatere Hawaiana Keahi Omai: “… Ka inehia ngā hukahuka ki te kiato o mua [ihu] ki te kiato o muri [kei] … ki te tere ngā hukahuka mai i te ihu ki te kei i roto i te rima hekona, ka rima noti pea tā mātou horo.” Mai i Bader, H. rāua ko McCurdy, P., ngā etita (1999). N.B.: Ko ngā kōrero a Keahi mō ngā noti me ngā hekona, he mea pā mai i te mātauranga Pākehā mō te ine i te tere. I ēnei rā, he maha ngā momo mahi hono i te mātauranga Pākehā ki ngā tikanga tawhito.

Whiriwhiri i te nekehanga o te waka mā te hau Inā tere te waka ki te hau, ka paea te waka e te hau, ehara i te mea ka haere whakamua anake. Koinei te aronga. Nā runga i te āhuatanga o te aronga he rerekētanga i waenganui i te huarahi kua urungitia e te kaiwhakatere me te whakatikatanga i te ahunga. Ki te whiriwhiri i te aronga, ka rangahaua e ngā kaiwhakatere o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa te koko o te pokapū o te waka me te kārohirohi. Pānui i ngā au o te moana Ka whakakōtiti ngā au o te moana i te waka me te whakarerekē i tōna horo. Ki te tere te waka ki ngā hau, ka āta haere te waka. Ki te tere me ngā hau, ka kaha ake te horo. Me mōhio te kaiwhakatere ki te pānui i ngā au, ki te whakarerekē rānō i tōna huarahi ina hiahiatia. Ka rerekē pea ngā ara whetū o tētahi motu e haerea ana, me ngā ahunga, ngā kaha o ngā au. Whakatika ana te kaiwhakatere, ka āta mātakitākina e ia te waka kei neke ki te taha o ngā mātārae ki uta. Ki tai ka kimihia ētahi atu tohu au. Arā, ka taea e ia te pānui i te ahunga me te kaha o te au mā te tirotiro i te pupuhitanga o te wai e te hau.

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• Ki te nui haere te tū o ngā ngaru i te puhinga mai o te hau, kāore te au i te tautoko i a rātou. [tirohia te whakaahua 1] • Ki te taka whakamuri ngā whatinga ngaru ki te hau, kei te rere te au ki te hau. [tirohia te whakaahua 2] • Ki te iti ake ki te papatahi ake ngā ngaru, kei te rere tahi me te hau me te au.[tirohia te whakaahua 3]. • Ki te ngāwari te taka o ngā whatinga ngaru, ā haere ngātahi ana ngā hukahuka e rere tahi ana te au me te hau. [Tirohia te whakaahua 4]. • Inā marino te moana, ka whakaaturia e ngā ripo o te wai te ahunga me te kaha o te au [tirohia te whakaahua 5]. • Ka rārangi pea ētahi rākau me ētahi atu punipuni ki te tūtakitanga o ngā au e rua [tirohia te whakaahua 6].

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4.2 Whakataki tūranga waka mā te kāpehu He rerekē tēnei momo whakataki i te tikanga etak a ngā kaiwhakatere o Kararaina. 1. I ngā wā o mua, mā te kāpehu hautō te kaiwhakatere pākehā e mōhio ai ki tana ahunga. Ka tātairia te roa i terea mā te whiu i tētahi mea ki te moana ka inehia te horo me te roa o te mahuetanga ki muri. 2. Ka tātairia te pā mai o te aronga me ngā au ki te ahunga me te horo. 3. Mā ēnei mōhiotanga ka tātairia te tawhiti me te ahunga o te waka kua terea i roto o tētahi wā – hei tauira, ka 200km ki te 90 hurihanga (tika ki te rāwhiti) i roto i te 24 haora. 4. Kātahi rātou ka māka i te tūranga o te waka ki runga mahere me te whakarerekē i te ahunga mēna e hiahiatia ana.

I ēnei rā, nā te GPS i māmā ai te mahi! Ko te GPS tētahi rorohiko e mau ai ki te ringa hei whakaatu ki te kaiwhakatere te tūranga o te waka mā te pā atu ki te waka tawhio.

4.3 Hōputu etak Pērā ki te dead reckoning, ka whāia e te kaiwhakatere o Kararaina te ahunga o tana waka, te horo me ngā pānga o tōna tūranga ki te aronga me ngā au. Engari kāore āna taputapu, kāore hoki e tuhituhia! Kāore hoki āna mō tōna tūranga mā ngā aronga o te kāpehu (raki, rāwhiti, tonga, uru), te kiromita, te haora, te meneti rānei. Engari ia, ka whakaarohia ko tōna waka me ngā whetū ngā mea kāore e nekeneke haere ana. Ko te moana me te whenua kē ka neke whakamuri– pēra ki te whāriki kua tangohia mai i raro o te waka. Neke atu ana te kāinga, ka pātata mai te moutere e haerea ana ki runga o tēnei whāriki moana. Ki ngā taha e rua o te moutere, ka nuku whakamuri hoki ngā whenua kāore e kitea ana. 1. Ka whiriwhirihia te mātārae kāpehu whetū e pātata ana ki te moutere e haerea ana. Ki tōna hinengaro ka tuhia te ara ki taua moutere. 2. Ka whiriwhiria hoki e ia tētahi moutere kāore e kitea ana ki tētahi taha o te ara haere hei moutere whakapuakanga. Kātahi ia ka tuhi rārangi haerenga ki waenga o ia mātārae kāpehu whetu hoki noa mai ki te rārangi huarahi. 3. I a ia e tere ana, ko te moutere whakapuakanga ka nuku, mai i tētahi mātārae whetu ki tētahi atu. (Me maumahara mai, ki tēnei tikanga, kāore ngā whetū me te waka i te nuku). Mā te pēnei, ka whakawehea ngā rārangi huarahi hei etak (ūpane). E mārama ana ki a ia ko te tūranga o tōna waka mai i tētahi etak ki tētahi atu. Ko tētahi etak te nekehanga whakamuri o te moutere whakapuakanga ki tētahi mātārae whetū i te terenga o te waka ki tōna tauranga.

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Ngā etak o Hatawara Ka ono ngā momo haerenga matara mai i Hatawara ki ētahi atu moutere: • etakin mwaan – karekau ana he manu whenua i konei • palsapou – kua tawhiti rawa • alugaan metaw – waenganui moana • sapalongon alugaan ponsapilong – e pātata ana ki te moutere • etakin mwaan – ka kitea ngā manu o te moutere e haerea ana • etakin kena – kimikimi i te moutere, ka tata kitea Ko ngā etak whakamutunga, ko ngā manu – ko te roanga o te rere o ngā manu hoki ki te kāinga (ka 30 kiromita pea)

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5 Kitenga whenua Inā paki te rangi, ka taea te kite i ngā moutere pāpaku mai i te 15 km, ko ngā moutere teitei he tawhiti ake. Ko ngā tohu whenua e taea te kite mai i te 30 km neke atu rānei. Ko ngā momo tohu, ko te kararehe moana, ngā āmai kua kokotihia, ngā kapua me te hīnātore. Ka whakamahia e te kaiwhakatere ēnei tohu hei whakawhānui ake i te moutere e haerea ana. Ka aro atu ia ki te wāhi 60 km te tawhā, ēngari mō te moutere iti noa iho. Kātahi ka pānuitia ngā tohu whenua. Ko ngā moutere nui ka tūhonotia kia hanga papa moutere, ā, neke atu i kotahi rau kiromita te tawhā.

Mō ia moutere, he rerekē ngā tohu, ka rerekē hoki te pānui a te kaiwhakatere. I te pō, mehemea kāore e āta mōhiotia ana te rohe e te kaiwhakatere, ka tukua iho te rā, ka tatari kia awatea te ū ki te whenua. Ka ū, tērā pea ka tere atu ki roto i te hau me te au. Kia mutu rānō te haerenga roa, te hī ika roa rānei, he pōwhiri nui ka haere inā hoki pai mai te waka me ngā kawenga kai o runga.

Whataata 1 – Kaitārai waka, kaiwhakatere o Ngā Kuki Airani Sir Tom Davis (Papa Tom) Ko te mea whakamiharo rawa o te whakatere, ko te āhei o ngā iwi o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa kia kite i ngā moutere moroiti, kei waenganui o te moana nui, ko te manu anake hei āwhina mai mena kei reira, me te mea hoki, i waenganui rā wera, ao noa, i te ata hoki, ko te kapua puia kei runga o tēnā moutere, o tēnā moutere o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa huri noa te ao.

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Whataata 2 – Kuki Airani Dorice Reid, o Te Au o Tonga Kuki Airani Dorice Reid, o Te Au o Tonga i te haerenga ki Nuku Hiva, Te Henua Enana (Ngā Moutere o Mākehā) i te tau 1995: Muia ana te rangi i te manu. I te rere whakarunga, whakararo anō nei e harakoakoa ana. I taua wā tonu i a mātou e rere ana ki tēnei whanga, kikī katoa ana te wai i te ika. Te tini me te mano o ngā aihe e kauhoe ana, e tūpekepeke ana i te tomokanga o te whanga. No reira, e toru ngā tūmomo koiora e harakoakoa ana. Tērā te ira tangata i te tākutai e kanikani ana e whakatangitangi ana i ana pahu, te tini manu e rererere whakarunga, ana, whakararo, he hākoakoa, me te ika. Te ika ki te whanga.

Whataata 3 – Ka pōwhiringia e ngā tangata whenua o Haipani a Mau Piailug me tana tira nō Hatawara. Mai i The Last Navigator © INCA 1989. Nā Andre Singer i tohu.

5.1 Ngā koiora o te moana Koiora moana – pērā ki te ika, te manu me te rimurimu – e kitea whānuitia ana pātata tonu ki te whenua, he āwhina i te ārahi i te kaiwhakatere. Hei tauira, ko ngā rārangi rimurimu ka toro e 200 km ki te rāwhiti o Aotearoa. Ko ngā manu hoki-kāinga he pai rawa atu mō te kite whenua. Koinei ngā manu kai ki tai i te rā, moe ki uta i te pō. Ka rere tika, he whai i tētahi rārangi tōtika mō te 30 km ki tai, ki uta hoki. Ko te manutaki he tohu whenua ka 15 km - 30 km pea te tawhiti. Mō te aronga ki te whenua, ka whanga noa te kaiwhakatere kia tō te rā, te wā e hoki ai ngā manu ki te kāinga. Tērā pea ko ētahi ka huri rauna i te waka kātahi ka hoki. Tērā pea nā ngā kararehe hekeheke ētahi tohu ki ngā kaiwhakatere o mua mō te whenua – hei tauira, ko te kuaka me te koekoea he manu whakawhiti i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki Aotearoa i te koanga, ia tau. Ka hekeheke hoki ngā Tohorā i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, he whai i taua huarahi anō ia tau.

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Kōrero 1 – Te kitenga o Pisiiras (Tiuka, Maikaranīhia)

Kei tēnei kōrero mō te kitenga whenua tētahi mako me tētahi manu. Tokorima ngā tuākana-tēina i te moutere o Moene e noho ana. Nā tō rātou pāpā te kōrero mō tētahi moutere ngaro, he pātata ki Moene. Ka mate ia. Ka tere atu ngā tama ki te kimi. Ka whā ngā rā, kāore kau i kitea. Ko te pōtiki anake te mea whakapono tonu ki ngā kōrero a tana pāpā. Ka kimi tonu. Nāwai rā, ka kitea tētahi mako nunui. I te ārahi i tana waka. Anō ki te tamaiti ko te wairua pea o tana pāpā. Ka kauhoe tahi te mako me te waka, tae rawa ana ki te rohe o te moutere ngaro nei. Ka ruku, ka kite te tama nei i te moutere! Aoake i te ata, ka haria e ia ōna tuākana ki reira. Ka herea e te mātāmua tētahi taura ki te moutere nei, ka kukumea. Ka pērā rā ana teina, kāore i taea. Taea noatia te teina, ka puta mai! I taua wā tonu, ka topa mai tētahi manu pango me te kī kia whakaingoatia taua moutere ko Pisiiras. Ko Weno kē a Moene i tēnei wā. Kōrero 2 - Paikea me te Tohorā (Aotearoa, Poronīhia)

Kei a Ngāti Porou te kōrero mō Kahutia-te-rangi (Paikea rānei) me tana hekenga mai ki Aotearoa mā runga tohorā. I te kāinga tūturu o Hawaiki a Paikea e noho ana. Ko Uenuku tana pāpā, ko Ruatapu tana tuakana. Tērā tētahi rangi, ka piki ake a Ruatapu

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ki te tuanui o te whare o Uenuku. He whakahāwea nui tēnei ki tana pāpā. Ka taka te riri a Uenuku. Ko tāna ki a Ruatapu, he tama meamea, he pōriro (kāore ōna mātua i mārena) nō reira kei a Paikea kē te mana. Ko te whakataunga o Ruatapu me kōhuru e ia ngā mātāmua a ngā rangatira katoa o Hawaiki. I haria rātou ki te moana, ka toremi ngia mā te whakakī i te waka ki te wai. Engari mō Paikea. Ka kawea kē ia e tētahi tohorā ki Aotearoa. Ka ū ki Whangarā kei te Tairāwhiti o te Ika a Maui. Ko wai te tekoteko kei runga? Ko Paikea! Ko Paikea! Whakakau Paikea hei! Whakakau he tipua hei! Whakakau he taniwha hei! Ka ū Paikea ki Ahuahu ... He mea whakarerekē mai i te ipurangi a John Archer (www.folksong.org.nz/pataka.html).

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5.2 Āmai kua aukatia Atu i te whakamahi i ngā āmai hei whakatau i tana ara, ka whakamahia hoki e te kaiwhakatere ngā āmai kua kokotihia hei kimi whenua. E mōhio ana ia he tohu ērā, he whenua e 50 km pea te tawhiti. He matatau ngā kaiwhakatere o Māhara ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā āmai me ngā au, koinei ngā ārahinga matua. Mā te mahere rākau hei whakaatu hei whakamaumahara hoki i ngā āmai kua aukatia me ngā au o ngā moutere matua. Anei ētahi tauira e rua o te mātauranga mai i ngā mahere rākau. 1. Te tūtakitanga o te āmai ki te moutere. Inā tūtaki te āmai ki te moutere, ka whakaata mai tētahi wāhanga o te āmai, ko te toenga ka whakatīhoi atu ka tūtaki anō ki tērā taha. Ki te tūtakitanga he limaajnono te wai (he pukepuke ngā ngaru. Pātata ana ki te moutere, he wāhi marino kāore e ekea ana e te āmai.

• Ka tere ana te kaiwhakatere ki te āmai, ka rongo ia i te rere kā o ngā karekare. Tae rawa ana ki te wai marino, ka noho ki reira ki te kimi whenua. • Mehemea e tere ana me te āmai, ka rongo ia i te waka e tū tata ana i tutukinga ki te āmai kua whakaatahia mai. He poto ake te āmai whakaata i te āmai matua, ā, he rerekē te whakakoko. Ka tia tika tonu ki te āmai kia kite i te whenua.

2. Ngā āmai kei ngā aronga kē o te moutere: Ka rua ngā āmai mai i te rāwhiti me te uru (arā, mai i ngā aronga kē), ka huri rauna i te moutere ka tūtaki i te raki me te tonga. Ka hanga okar (rārangi pukepuke āmai) i te tūtakitanga o ngā āmai, he tohu ki te whenua. Ka kitea te okar e te kaiwhakatere, ka mōhio ia kei tētahi taha o te moutere ia, ahakoa kāore e āta kitea ana. Mā te okar anō e kitea ai te whenua.

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5.3 Ao Ko te ingoa Māori o New Zealand ko Aotearoa - he take nui tō tēnei ingoa. E ai ki te Māori, i te hekenga tuatahi mai ki Aotearoa, nā te wahine a Kupe te Kaiwhakatere te karanga, ‘He ao, he ao-tea, he ao-tea roa!’ He maha ngā tohu o ngā ao mō ngā whenua kei tua o te pae. Ka roa te āta rangahau a ngā kaiwhakatere i ngā hanganga, ngā āhua me ngā tae. Hanganga me te nekehanga Ko ngā ao e whaihanga ana ki te wāhi kotahi he tohu whenua. • Hei ngā rangi kapua, huarere marino, he mātotoru ngā ao o runga whenua. • Hei ngā rangi kapua, he hauhau, kotahi anake pea te ao ki runga whenua, ko te toenga ka tere rere atu. • He rere māmā noa te ao e ahu atu ana ki uta. Mō te pātatanga atu ka āta haere, kātahi ka pakaru, ka rere tītaha atu. Āhua Ko ngā ao hanga-V ka hangaia ki runga whenua, i ngā wā marino ka torutoru noa ngā ao o te rangi. Ko te pokapū o te ao ka noho tonu ki runga whenua, kāore e nekeneke.

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Tae Ko ngā ao o runga whenua he whakaata i te tae o te whenua – he mā mō te ākau wheo me te oneone; he māwhero mō te ākau wheo e whitia ana e te rā; he pōuri mō te otaota. Ahakoa kāore he kapua, kei taua rangi tonu he tohu whenua. Mai i te oneone mā me ngā pūroto ha whakaatatanga i te rā hei hihi kōmā, mārama hoki ki runga whenua. Ko te whakaata a te pūroto i ngā whetū he kaha ake i te whakaata a te moana.

5.4 Hīnātore uriuri “Ki te rāwhiti o Whangaroa, ko … Te Au-kānapanapa, … koinei te wāhi i kīia ai te ūnga o Kupe i tana hekenga mai i Hawaiki.” Mai i Evans, J. (1998). E mōhio ana te kaiwhakatere mā ngā kānapanapa o roto o te wai hōhonu hei whakaatu i te aronga me te tawhiti o te whenua. Ko te lapa te ingoa ki Ngā Moutere o Hāto Kurūhi (taha rāwhiti o Ngā Moutere o Horomona); ko te mata ki Kiripati ki te Uru; me te ulo aetahi ki Tonga. Ka 150 kiromita ki te moana nui ka kitea te kānapanapa mai, e rērere ana ki tai, e rērere ana ki uta. Te pātatatanga mai o te whenua, ka tētere ake ka popoto ake ngā kānapanapa. Ka kitea te whenua, ka ngaro ngā kānapanapa. Ko tēnei ‘uira o raro i te wai’ te kupu whakamārama a Tevake te kaiwhakatere ki a David Lewis, ka kotahi mita pea te kitenga i raro o te wai. Ka pō uriuri, pō kapua ka whāia ēnei e te kaiwhakatere. He rerekē ki te hīnātore, otirā te kārohirohi, e kitea ana ki runga o te wai, i te kōriporipo o ngā waka, me te pātata ki ngā ākau me te whenua. Kāore i te mōhiotia nā te aha te hinātore uriuri.

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he waka he tangatacanoeisthepeople.org/pdf/storehouse/4_te whakatere.pdfhe waka he tangata – te...

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