hemo flagellate s
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Trypanosoma
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Introducere HEMOFLAGELATE
• Familia Trypanosomatidae conţine douăgenuri principale , Trypanosoma şi
Leishmania, care includ importanţipatogeni pentru oameni şi pentru animaleledomestice.
• Aceste protozoare necesită hematinaobţinută din hemoglobina din sânge pentrurespiraţia aerobă, sunt numite
hemoflagelate.
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Trypanosoma
Ciclul de viaţă presupune două gazde:
o insectă şi un vertebrat.
emo!lagelatele au până la " cicluricare di!eră prin plasarea !lagelului.
# stagii, amastigotul şi tr$pomastigotulpot !i %n gazda vertebrată şi trei stagii,promastigotul, paramastigotul, şi
epimastigotul %n gazda nevertebrată.
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tagiile trypanosomatidelor.
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!lasificarea
"oala somnului este cau#at$ deTrypanosoma brucei su%spprhodesiense şi gambiense.
&aria'ia frec(ent$ a antigenelor desuprafa'$ permit para#i'ilor s$ scape de
immunitatea specific$.
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Multiplicarea şi ciclul de (ia'$
& Trypomastigotele se multiplic$ )n s*ngeleomului.
& !*nd s*ngele este ingerat de un (ectormusca tsetse + para#i'ii se multiplic$ caepimastigo'i )n glandele sali(are+
produc*nd trypomastigo'ii infec'ioşi careintr$ )ntr,o nou$ ga#d$ c*nd musca )n'eap$.
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Trypanosomia#a African$ -%oala
somnului
Manifest$ri clinice
imptomele timpurii sunt/
0. 1ancrul de inoculare2
3. fe%ra2
4. !efaleea2
5. limfadenopatia.
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'ardiv
(olnavii au apoi:
• meningoence!alită,
• somnolenţă, şi mor netrataţi.
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!iclurile domestic şi s$l%atic al tipurilor gam%ian şi rode#ian al %olii somnuluiafricane
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• 6atogene#a
• )odi!icările in!lamatorii *posibil
autoimune+ produc demielinizarea -C.
• munosupresia de către parazit !acilitează
in!ecţiile secundare.
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7iagnostic
•/araziţii apar iniţial %n sânge şi %n ganglioniapoi %n 0C1.
• 2iagnosticul se pune prin inoculareaanimalelor de laborator sau prin testeserologice.
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Trypano#omia#a american$ -"oala !hagas
• Manifest$rile clinice
• imptomele bolii acute include:
• !ebră3• edem local sau general3
• lim!adenopatia3
• tahicardia3• miocardita. )egaeso!agul sau megacolonpot apare ca sechele tardive.
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6atogene#a1eacţii in!lamatorii au loc %n prea4ma
pseudociştilor ceea ce conduce la
miocardită şi la distrugerea ganglionilorparasimpatici *mai ales %n inimă şi %nple5ul mezenteric+.
Apare şi reacţia autoimună.
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Ap$rarea antipara#itar$
• 1eacţia in!lamatorie, anticorpii şi
imunitatea mediată celular.
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Multiplicarea şi ciclul de (ia'$
Amastigoţii intracelulari se divid !ormândpseudochişti care eliberează
tr$pomastigote %n sânge.'r$pomastigotele ingerate de vectorulinsectă se trans!ormă %n intestinul insectei
%n epimastigoţi, care se reproduc %n !ormain!ecţioasă de tr$pomastigoţi sunt eliminaţiprin !ecale şi intră %n noua gazdă prin
pielea %nţepată.
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Epidemiologie
• (oala este transmisă de musca tse6tse şise mai poate transmite congenital şi printrans!uzie.
• 1ezervorul animal include: rozătoare,câini, şi pisici.
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7iagnostic
• 'abloul clinic este sugestiv.
• 7bservarea microscopică directă aparaziţilor sau testele serologice suntimportante.
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!ontrol şi tratament
• nsecticidele pentru omorârea vectorilor.
• creeningul serologic al donatorilor desânge %n zonele endemice.
• 'ratamentul este e!icient numai %n !aza
acută.• /entamidina şi derivate arsenicale.
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emnul 8oma9a )n fa#a acut$ a %olii!hagas -edem unilateral %ipalpe%ral
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!iclul de (ia'$ al T cruzi )n intestinul insectei şi )n
ga#da (erte%rat$