herbal medicine in egypt

HERBAL MEDICINE ZN EGYPT

M. Younis Haggag University of Cairo, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Kasr El Aini st., Cairo, EGYPT

&m La médecine herbale a été utilisée en Egypte depuis longtemps. Les anciens égyptiens ont connu !'importance de beaucoup de plantes médicinales et les ont utilisées pour les même raisons pour lesquelles elles sont recement utilisées. La flora égyptienne comprend environ 2000 espèces plus certaines nouvelles, introduites et acclimatisées récemment. Plusieurs plantes ont été étudiées pour leur usage en m6dicine herbal et beaucoup de travail est accompli pour explorer d'autres espèces. Quelques plantes utilisées en médicine herbal et presentés au marché égyptien sont aussi inclues.

KEY-WORDS EGYPT, MEDICINAL PLANTS, USES, HERBAL MEDICINE, RESEARCH PROJECTS

MOTS-CLES EGYF'TE, PLANTE MEDICINALE, UTILISATION, MBDICINE HERBALE, PROJET DE RECHERCHE

Medicinal plants have been used as a source of remedies since ancient times. 'The ancient Egyptians were familiar with many medicinal herbs and were aware of their usefulness in treatment of various diseases. The healing of sick persons was carried out by priest doctors who prescribed and prepared medicaments. The first recorded prescriptions were found in Ancient Egyptian tombs. The writing on the temple walls and in the papyri revealed that Ancient Egyptians used many herbal drugs for the same purposes as they are used today. They used drugs of animal, plant, as well as mineral origins. From the first group, they used blood, meat, horn, milk, egg, honey and excreta. Among drugs of vegetable origin that they used are acacia, aloes, gums, myrrh, pomegranate, colocynth, linseed, squill, coriander, cumin, onions, anise, grapes, castor oil and wine. They used all plant organs such as roots, rhizomes, flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, as well as oils. They applied their medicaments in the form of powders, pills, suppositories, creams, pastes and ointments.

When the Arabs came to Egypt, Arabic medicine was practiced and the art of healing made use of all available knowledge gained from different civilizations such as the Persian, Chinese, Greek, as well as the Ancient Egyptian. The books writen by some famous workers such as Rases, Ibn Sina, Ibn El-bitar are still present and represent main references in herbal shops (known as Attars). Among these books are El-Kanoon Fil Tib (by Ibn Sina), Tazkaret Oli Albab @awood El-Antaki) and Mofradat El-Adwia (Ibn El-Bitar). Some people still go to such Attareen shops seeking herbal remedies since they are cheap and regarded as more safe.

Nowadays, there is an increasing trend towards the use of herbal medicine in Egypt that reflects an increasing confidence in such remedies. Recently, there are, two companies in Egypt that are specialised in the production of herbal drugs and herbal drug-based medicaments. In addition, certain extracts andor herbal drug constituents are produced together with what is called modern or western medicine in some pharmaceutical companies.

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

The flora of Egypt includes about 2000 species of plants distributed in its different localities that vary in type of soil and prevailing climatic and other environmental conditions that hence encourage the growth of a wide range of plant species. h addition, many plante have been successfully introduced and acclimatized in Egypt.

About 300 drugs, mostly of local origin, can be found in Egyptian market today. The accompanying table (Table 1) shows examples of such herbal drugs, including their local and scientific names, part(s) used, and main active constituents and uses..

Our Pharmacognosy Department, as well as other similar departments in Egyptian Universities and other Research Centres, have taken on the task of studying both wild and cultivated plants with view to discovering their chemical constituents, pharmacological action and hence their possible pharmaceutical USES. The accompanying list shows the names of plants that are studied mainly for both the Master and PhD. degrees, in Egypt until 1989.

B is noteworthy that h e occurrence of some wild growing plants in Egypt is becoming rare, and some species are threatened with extinction for a large number of reasons such as over-collection, land reclamation and the extension of building to many mral areas.

Therefore we are calling in Egypt for establishment of more protected areas to save such species from extiactioz. Moreover, we have projects aimed ai the collection of seeds of such species U d carrying out agricultural experiments to find optimum conditions for their cultivation. A study has recentiy been carried out on squill (Urginea maritima) aná Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus) for this purpose.

Beside native wild species, several medicinal plants are cultivated in Egypt such as liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Mentha species, Thymus spp., Salvia sp., rosemary (Rosmarinm oficinalis), lavander (LavanduZa osficcincclis), basil (Ocimum basilicurn), several Umbelliferous plants such as fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), anise (Pilnpimlla aniwm), caraway (Carum carvi), cnmir~ (Cuininum cyminum), coriander (Corimdrum sativum), parsley (Petroseiinum cyispum), celery (Apircrr, gt-aveolens), dill (Anethum grmeolew), ajowan (Carum copticurn) and Ammi vìsnsga and Ammi majus. Other plants include fenugreek (Trigorzella foenum-graecum), rosel (Hibiscus sabdaTiffa), does (Aloefei-ox, A. vem), sema species (Cassia acutìfolia), Sm species (Sah safsalf, S. ailm atid S. tetrasperma), Nigella satìva, Olea europea, Egyptian lupin (Eupinus termis), certain Datum and Digitalis species , belladonna (Atropa belladonna), marshmallow (Althaea oficinalis), Eucalyptus spp., Ambrosìa maritima, Cym,bopogon citratus, C. proximus, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) sunflower (Helianthus annuus), henna (Lawsonia inermis), white and black mustard (Sinapis alba, S. nigra ), rue (Ruta graveolens), psyllium (Plantago psyllium) and others .

It is evident that many countries bordemg the Mediterranean share many plant species in common. It will be for the benefit of all countries to cooperate among themselves and exchange their experiences and the results of scientific work carried out on medicinal plants.

46


TABLE 1: Some herbal drugs found in the Egyptian market c Part used

Contrace@ive, cosmetic, Fruits, aphrodisiac Flowers Digestive, cosmeti, anti- Flowering inflammatory tops Carminative, general tonic Rhizomes

Hypotensive, hypoglyce-mic, Bulbs anthelmiiltic Laxative, cholagogue Juice dermatitis Emollient, anticough. Leaves, roots

Antidiabetic, anti-spasmodic, Herb lipotropic Spasmolytic, remove -urinary calculi l 1 Dermatitis, Iecodermia 1 Fruits

Aphrodisiac, tonic Roots

I Cardiotonic I Kerb

I Diuretic, antispasmodic

Dermatitis, CN stimulant, FLheads, antiarterisclerotic rhizomes Anthelmintic FI. buds

Anthelmintic FI. heads

Hypoglycemic, urinary Fruits, leaves infections Laxative, contraceptive Roots

Skin diseases, sun burns, Fl.heads, emmenagogue leaves Haemostatic, Herb, roots hypotensive,diaphoretic,

I Digestive, carminative, I Fruits antispasmodic I Antispasmodic, antisepticjn 1 Fruits

I renal calculi. I

Latin name ¿k family Local name

Acacia arabica L. Sant Leguminosae Acacia famesiana (L.)Willd. Fitnah Leguminosae Achillea millefolium L. I Hazanbal Compositae l Acorns calamus L. I Qasab ad- Araceae Allium sativum L.

dharirah Thawm

Liliaceae Aloe vera L. Sabbar Liliaceae Althea officinalis L. h-alvaceae

Khitmi

Ambrosia maritima L. Compositae Ammi visnaga L. limbelliferae Ammi majus L. Umbelliferae Anacyclus pyrethrum L Compositae Anastatica hierochuntica Crucìferae Aizetkurn gnmeokms L. Umbelljferae Anthemis cotda Compositae Apium gmveoiens L. UnlbelliJerae Amica montana L. Compositae Artmesia cina Ber. Comvositae

Darnsisa

W i i a Baiady Khella shytani Asir qush

Kaffmaryam

Shibith .

Sheih

Kwds

Khaniq el Fahd Shih balady

Artemisia herba-alba I Shih Compositae Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. I Haglig

~~

Simarubaceae Bryonia alba L.

Compositae Oqhwan Calendula oficinalis L. Shar Cucurbitaceae Haleq el

Cruciferae Kis er Rai Capsella busa-pastoris

~~

Capsicum minimum Solanaceae Carum carvi L. Umbelliferae Carum copticum Benth. Umbelliferae

Shatt ah

Karawyah

Nakhwah


emmenagogue,

Laxative

Anthelmintic Leaves, fruits

Tonic, lipotropic, Roots, hypoglycemic, laxative seeds,

Carminative, flavouring agent Bark antiseptic, mild astringent cathartic Cathartic, diuretic, Fruit pdp, dcrm2titis seeds

rheumatic,disinfectant. Disinfectant, antidysenteric, Oleo gum dermatitis resin Digestive, carminative, Fruits CB hypoglycemic herb Appetizer,carminative, styles &

AdScUrbutic ,anti- Fruit ,peels

Carthamus tinctorius L. osfur Compositae

Cassia acutifolia Del. Sama makki

Legumtnosae shamber Ceratonia siliqua L. Kharrub Leguminosae I Chenopodium ambrosioides L. I Zorbeih Chenopadiaceae Cichorium intybus L. Shìkowah Compositae

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae

Citmllns colocynthis Schrad H a n d Cucurbitaceae Citrus limon L. Laymm Rutaceae Commiphora mukul L. MW UDurseraceae Coriandrunt sativurn L. Kuzbarah Umbelliferae Crocus sativus L. Zafraan

48


Carnative, antispasmo.dic

Sahlab Glossostemon bruguieri Desf. Roots Dernulcent, tonic

Shamar Foeniculum vulgare Miller Fruits Umbelliferae

diseases. Anticough, bronchial disorders

-4ntispasmodic, dermatitis, sedative Carminative, anti-spasmodic, antiseptic Antislimming, tonic.

Antidiabetic, astringent, haemostatic Bronchial asthma, inmunostimulant, diuretic Antispasmodic, digestive, galactagogue Nutrient, antidimhoea

Digestive, mouth wash, bronch.disorders, Anthelmintic, antirheumatic

Diuretic, antirheumatic, emmenagogue. Carminative, sedative, mild diuretic, anti-spasmodic

1 Kundus l

' Abbad esh shams Karkadeih

Hashishet ed- dinar Arar

Khuzami

Henna

Ussab

Kattan

Termis

flowers 1 Malvaceae i Leaves, R. 1 Ii4mrubium vulggare. L. 1 Sharir bps 1 kilbiatae I FI. heads I Mafrìcaria chammilla L. I Babung

l Comvosttae l

49


1 Labiatae I

50


LIST OF PLANTS. INCLUDED IN SCIENTIF’IC THESES AND RESEARCH PAPERS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. l o. I I . 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 2 o. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 25, 2 7. 28. 29. 30. 31, 32. 33. 34. 35. 3 ó. 3 7. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

Abrus precatorius L. Acacia arabica L. Acacia farnesiana L. Acacia senegalensis L. Achilleafragrantissima Sch.B.p. Achillea santolina L. Acokanthera spectabilis Hook fil. Adhatoda vasica Nees Adonis aututnnalis L. Adonis dentata Del. Aegialophila pumila (Jusl.) Boiss. Aegle marmelos (L.) Con. Aerva lanata Juss. - Aerva tomentosa Forsk. Agave americana L. var. marginata Agave decipiens Ba!!cr Agave sisalana (Engelm.) 0:umm. C% Prain. Ajuga iva L. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Alhagi maurorum Medic. Allium aschersonianum Barb. Allium cepa L. Allium sativum L. Aloe grandidentata S.D. Aloe vera L. Aithea officimiis L. klthea rosea L. kmberboa tubulìjlora Murb. Ambrosia maritima L. hmmi majus L. Arnmi visnaga L. Anahasis articulafa L. Anagallis arvensis L. Anastatica hierochuntica L. Anchusa millerì Willd. hnnona cherimola Milier Annona ghbra L. Annona muricata L. Annona squamosa L. Anthemis nobilis L. Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. Antirrhinum majus L. Apiurn graveolens L. Argemone mexicana L. Arisarum vulgare Schott. Aristolochia elegans Mast Artemisia absinthium L. Artemisia argentea L’Hér. Artemisia argyi Levl. & Vant. Artemisia cina Berg. Artemisia herba alba L, Artemisia judaica L. Artemisia monosperma L.

54.

55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.

73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.

84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96.

97. 98. 99. I OO. 101. 102. 103.

Arthrucnemum glaucum (Del.) Ung - Sternb. Asclepias curassavica L. Asparagus stipularis Forssk. Aster squamatus L. Asteriscus graveolens Less. Astragalus alexandrinus Boiss. Astragalus boeticus L. Astragalus cremophilos Boiss. Astragalus tomentosus Lam. Astragallus trigonus DC. Atrocarpus integrfolia Link Atropa belladonna L. Avicennia officinalis L. Barleria cristata L. Bassiß mtu-ico-fa MUT. Bauhiaea purpurea L. Bauhinia variegata L. Beamontia grandij7ora Wall. Bolusanthus specìosus (Bolus) Hams Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Brassica nigra L. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Bryonia cretica L. Calendula arvensis E. “dendula officinalis L. Culligonum cornosum L’Heï. Callistemon lanceolatus DC. Callistemon rigidus R.Br. Calotropis procera (Aitcn) R.&. Calycodendron milnei (A.Gray) A.C.Smith. Canavalia obtusifolìa DC. Cannaflaccida Salisb. Canna indica L. Canna orientalis Iioscoe Cannabis sativa L. Cardiospernwm halicacabum L. Carduncellus eriocephalus Boiss. Carduus getulus Porne1 Carduus nutans L. Carica papaya L. Carissa carandas L. Carissa grandiflora DC. Carthamus glaucus Biebsubsp. alexandrinus Carthamus mariuticus Del. Carthamus tinctorius L. Carum copticum Benth. Carurn carvi L. Cassìa acutrgolia Del. Cassia didymobotrya Fres. Cassiafistula L.

51


104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115.

116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126.

127.

128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138.

139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155.

Cassia javanica L. Cassia nigricans Cassia obovata Coll. Cassia siamea Lam. Cassia spectabilis DC. Catha edulis Forssk. Centaurea aegyptiaca Del. Centaurea alexandrina Del. Centaurea calcitrapa L. Centaurea cineraria L. Centaurea moschata L. Centaurea ragusina L. subsp. ragusina Centaurium pulchellum SW. Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch Ceratonia siliqua L. Cerbera odollarn Gaertn. Cestrum aurantiacum L i d Cestrum diurnum L. Cestrcm elegans p r o p . ) SchJect. Chenopodium ambrosiodes L. Chenopodium murale Corchorus olitorius L. Chrysanthemum anethijolium Brows. Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium Visiani Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Chrysanthemum manifohm Ramat. Cichorilcm inntybiis L. Cichorizcm pundum L. Cttrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader Citrus aurantijolia Swingle Citrus aurantiunt L. Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Citrus aurantium L. var. deliciosa Citrus aurantium L. var. sinensis Citrus bergamia (Risso & Poiteau) Wight & Am. Citrus limetta L. Citrus Eimon (L.) Burm. fil. Citrus nobilis Lour Citrus X paradisi Macfad. Citrus reticulata Blanco Citrus sanguinea Engl. Citrus triyoliata L. Cleistopholis patens Engl.& Diels. Cleonze amblycarpa Barr. & Murb. Cleome droserifolia (Forssk) Del. Clerodendron inermis L. Clivia miniata Regel Cocculus laurijolius DC. Coffea arabica L. Convolvulus althaeoides L. Convolvulus awensis L. Convolvulus lanatus Vahl

156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174, 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. i 87. 188. 189.

190. 191.

192.

193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202.

203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208.

Conyza dioscorides (L.) Desf. Conyza linijdia Willd. Cordia myxa L. Coriandrum sativum L. Cornulacca monacantha Del. Cotula cinerea Del. Crinum americanum L. Crinum augustum Rox. Crinum bulbispermum Milne Crotolaria aegyptiaca Bentham Crotolaria madurensis R. Wight Crucianella maritima L. Cucumis melo L. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Cucurbita pepo var. medullosa Alef. Cuminum cyminum L. Cupressus arizonica Greene Ccpressus lusitanica Miller Cupressus sempervirens L. Cumma l o . ~ g ~ L. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub. Cymbopogon citratus L. Cymbopogon nardus Rendle Cymbopogon proximus Stapf. Cy.wrzdropsis pentaphylla Bahus Cyperus rotundus L. Datura discolour Berth. Datura fastusa L. Datura ferox L. Datura imoxia Miller Datma metek L. Datua metelolides DC. Datma stramonium L. Datura stramonium var. inermis S afford Vatura tatula L. Datura tatula L. var. inernlis S afford Daucus carota L. var. boissieri Schweinf. Daucus glaber Forssk Delphinium ajacis L. Delphinium barbeyi Huth. Delphinium belladonna Kelw. Derris elliptica L. Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Digitalis mertonensis Buxt. & Darl. Digitalis parviflora Jacq. Digitalis purpurea L. Digitalis purpwea var. miniana Sampaio Digitalis viridifora Lindl. Dioscorea opposita Thunb. Discorea tokoro Makino Dolichoìs lablab L. Ducrosia ismaelis Aschers. Duranta plumeri Jacq.

52


209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215.

21 6. 21 7. 21 8. 219. 22 o. 221. 222. 223.

224. 225. 226.

22 7. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232.

233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 2 56. 257. 258. 259. 260.

Duranta repens L. Ecballium elaterium A.Rich. Echiochilon,fruticosum Desf. Echium sericeum Vahl Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Emex spinosus (L.) Campd. Eminiurn spiculatum (Blume) Schott Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb. Ephedra alata Decne Ephedra alta C.A.Meyer Ephedra sinica Stapf Erigeron crispus P o u . Eruca sativcz Mill. Erucaria pinnata Tackl. Erythraeu spicata L. = Centaurium spicatum (L) Fritsch Erythrina variegata L. Eschscholtzia caLì$obmica Cham. Ethulia conyzoides LX var. gracilis Asch & Schweinf Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker Eucalyptus cornuta Labiii. Eucalyptus goniocalyx F.J.Muel1. Eucalyptus globuls Labill. Eucalyptus macrocarpa Hooker Eucalyptus maculata vur. citriodora Bailey Euphorbia hyperictlfalia L. Euphorbig geniculata 01%. Eupiiorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbia heierophjrila L. Euphdia pwalias L. Euphorbia peplus L. Euphorbia plucherrina -Wílid Euphorbia retusa Forssk. Euphoirbia terracina L. Fagonia arabica L. Fagonia bruguieri DC. Fagonia cretica L. Fagonia glutinosa Del. Fagonia mollis Del. Fagonia parviflora Boiss. Fagopyrum esculentum L. Farsetia aegyptia Turra Ficus benghalensis L. Ficus benjamina L. Ficus elastica Roxb. Ficus platyphylla Del. Fuymaria densiflora DC. Fumaria judaica Boiss. Glacium9avurn Crantz Glossostemon bruguieri Desf. Glycyrrihiuza glabra L. Gossypium barbadense L. Haemanthus multiflorus Martyn

261.

262.

263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 2 70. 271. 2 72.

2 73. 2 74. 2 75. 276.

277. 2 78. 2 79. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 29i. 292. 293.

294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 31 O. 31 1. 312.

Haloxylon salicornicum auct .non Bunge Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk) A.Juss. Hedera helix L. Helianthus annuus L. Heliotropium digynum Forssk Hemerocallis aurantica Hibiscus sabdarìfa L. Hippeastrum vittatum L’Her. Hyoscyamus albus var. desertorum Hyoscyamus muticus L. Hyoseris lucida L. Hypecoum aegyptiacum (Forssk.) Asch & Schweinf. Hyossopus 0J”jirtalis L. Inula crithmoides L. Iochiomu lanceolatum Iphiona mucronata (Forssk) Asch & Schweinf Iphiona scabra DC. Ipomoea batatas &.)Lam. Iris germanica L. var. alba Jasminium mesnyi Hance Jasminum grandgorum L. Jasminum sambac &.)Aiton Jasonia montana Wald) Botsch. .Tatropha curcas L. Joannesia principzs VA. Khaya senegalencis A. Juss. Lacturn saligna L. Lagenaria brevijlora Robert. hgenarie sicerariu (Mol.) Standl. kantana camara L. Launea mucronata Forssk Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Ho0k.f. Launaea resedifolia (Willd.) Kuntze Lunaea spinosa Forssk. Lclunaea tenrciloba Bolfss. Laurus nobilis L. Lavandula officinalis L. Luwsonia inermis L. Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. Limonium sinuatum Mill. Limonium tubgorum (Del.) Ktze. Linum usitatissimum L. Lotus arabicus L. Lotus creticus L. Lupinus termis Forssk. Lycium shawii Roem & Sch. Lycopersicum prumijorme Miller Lygos raetam (Forssk.) Heywood Magnolia grand$?ora L. Majorana hortensis Moench Malabaila suaveolens Coss. Malva arborea L.

53


313. 314. 315. 31 6. 317. 31 8. 319. 320. 321.

322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 32 7. 328. 329. 330, 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 33 7. 338. 339. 340. 341, 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352.

353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367.

54

~~ ~ ~

Malva rotundifolia Desf. Malva sylvestris L. Malva viscosus arborea L. Marrubium alysson L. Mathiola livida (Del.) DC. Matricaria chamomilla L. Medicago sativa L. Melia azedarch L. Melilotus indica (L.) All. var. tommasinii Jord. Melilotus siculus Turra Mentha piperita L. Mentha pulegium L. Mentha spicata L. Mentha viridis L. Moltkiopsis ciliata Johnst. Montanoa bipinnatifida Kock. Murraya exotica L. Muscari comosum Miller Myrtus communis L. Narcissus tazetfa L. Nerium oleander L. Nicotiana glauca R.@ Grah. Nicotiana rustica L. Nicotiana tabacum L. Nigella sativa L. Nitraria retusa (Forssk) A.sch. Nymphaea lotus L. Ocìmunz basilicurn L. Ocinum ccwm Sim. Ocimum gmtissimzcm L. Qcimum mbrum L. Ononis vaginalis VahL Opuntia ficus-indica L. Orchradenus baccatus Del. Origanum majorana L. Oropordum alexandrinum Boiss. Oryza sativa L. Oxandra xylopioides Diels Pancratium maritimum L. Pancratium sickenbergerei Asch. & Schweinf. ex Boiss. Panicum turgidum Forssk. Papaver argemone L. Papaver bracteatum L. Papaver dubium L. Papaver nudicaule L. Papaver orientale L. Papaver rhoeas L. Papaver somniferum L. Pastinaca sativa L. Peganum harmala L. Pelargoniumfragrans Willd. Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. Pergularìa tomentosa L. Petroselinum sativum H o a . Phlomis aurea Decne.

368. 369. 3 70. 371. 3 72. 3 73. 3 74.

3 75. 3 76. 3 77. 3 78. 3 79. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 41 O. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 41 6. 41 7. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423.

Phoenix dactylifera L. Physalis peruviana L. Phytolacca americana L. Pimenta acris Kostel. Pimenta dioica (L.) Men. Pimpinella anisum L Pituranthus triradiatus (Hochst.) Asch. & Schweinf. Pituranths tortuosrus (Des f.) Benth. Plantago albicans L. Plantago coronopus L. Plantago crypsoides Boiss. Plantago cylindrica Forssk. Plantago major L. Plantago notata Lag. Plantag9 ovata FOrSsk. Plantago psyllium L. Plumbago capenis Thunb. Plumeria rubra L. Polianthus tuberosa L. Foiycarpaea repens Forssk. Polycarpon alsinifolium (Biv.) DC. Polygonum sa1ici;folium L. Portulaca oleracea L. Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Murb. Psidium guajava L. Pulicaria crispa Forssk. Pulicaria dysenterica L. Pdicoria incisa (Lm.) DC. Puiicarïa unddata L. Ranunculus sativus L. Ranuncuhs sczleratus L. Rauwolfia cmescens i. Reseda pruirosa Del. Reaumuria hirtella Jaub be §p. Ricinus communis L. Rosa rugosa Thunb. Rosmarinus oficinalis L. Rubia tinctorium L. Rumex confertus Willd. Rumex crispus L. Rumex dentatus L. Rumex obtusgolius L. Ruscus hypoglossum L. Ruta graveolens L. Saccarum oficinarum L. Salix babylonica L. Salk safsafL. Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Salvadora persica L. Salvia aegyptiaca L. Salvia farenaceae Benth. Salvia lanigera Poir . Salvia oficinalis L. Salvia triloba L. Salvia verbenaca L. Sambucus nigra L.


424. 425. 426. 42 7. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449.

459. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458.

459.

460. 461.

462.

Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer. Santolina chainaecyprissus L. Saponaria oficinalis L. Schinus molle L. Schinus terebinthifolius Radd. Scrozonera alexandrina Boiss. Scrophularia desertii Del. Securinega sufSncticesa Rehd. Senecio coronopifolius Desf. Senecio desfontainei Druce Senecio vulgaris L. Sequoia sempervirens Endl. Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers. Silene succulenta Forssk. Silene villosa Forssk. Solenostemma argei (Del.) Hayne Solanum aviculare Forst. Solanum laciniatum Ait. Solanum macranthum Dun. Solanum macrocarpum Pers. Solanum melongena L. Solanum nigrum L. Solanum o Leraceum L. Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Solanum. sodomeum L. Sonchus macrocarpus Boulas ¿k Jeffrey Sophora,flavexens Ait. Sophora japonica E. Sophora secundiflora Ortega Sterculia diversifolia Don Sylibum marianum 6.1 Gzertn. Tcbebuia guayacctn Eeml. Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl. Tabemaemontana coronaria Willd. Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. Tabebuia argentea @W.& §chum) Britt. Tcgetes erecta L. Tanacetum santolinoides (DC.) Feinbr. Tecoma stans (L.). HBK

463. 464. 465. 466. 467. 468.

469. 470. 471. 472. 473. 474. 475. 476. 477.

478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 49. $92. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 498.

Terminalia chebula Retz. Teucrium polium L. Thea sinensis L. Thymelea hirsuta E. Thymus bovei Benth. Thymus capitatus (L.) Hofiìngg. & Link Tithonia diversifolia Gray Tradescantia bracteata Small Tribulus alatus L. Trifolium alexandrinum L. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Trigonella maritima Del. Trigonella stellata Forssk Urginea maritima L. Urginea maritima var. pancratium (Steinh.) B&. Urospermum picroides L. Valeriam offcinalis L. Varthemia montanas Wahl.) Boiss. Verbena oficinalis L. Vemonia amygdalina Del. Vicia calcarata Desf. Vicia faba L. Vicia sativa L. Vinca rosea L. Vitex agnus-casfus L. Witharzia somaifera L- Wrightia coccinea Sims. Xanthium occidentale Bert. Xanthium pungens W&J. Xanthiunt spinoswn L. Xylopia aethiopica A.fiich. ZiZla spinosa (Turra) Prantl Ziziphus spina-Christi L.. Zygophyllum album L. Zygophyllumm coccineum L. Zygophyllum decumbens Del.

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