hg indices

Scores for the Hofstede IBM study (Hofstede, 2001)

Countries

AlbaniaArabic countries (Region) 80 68 38 53Argentina 49 86 46 56Australia total (a) 36 51 90 61 31Australia

Austrialia Aborigines (e) 80 128 89 22 -10

Austria 11 70 55 79 31Bangladesh (estimated) 80 60 20 55 40

Belgium 65 94 75 54 38Belgium Dutch speakers (a) 61 97 78 43

French speakers (a) 67 93 72 60BoliviaBrazil 69 76 38 49 65Bulgaria (estimated) 70 85 30 40Canada total (a) 39 48 80 52 23Canada English speakers

Canada French speakers (d) 54 60 73 45 30Chile 63 86 23 28China (estimated) 80 30 20 66 118Colombia 67 80 13 64Costa Rica 35 86 15 21

Additional notes Hofstede

Power Distance*

Uncertainty Avoidance*

Individualism (vs. Collectivism)*

Masculinity (vs. Femininity)*

Long/Short-term Orientation*

(for LTO: EMS consumer survey)

total (for LTO: EMS consumer survey)(a)

Belgium/French speakers

Czechia (estimated) 57 74 58 57 13

Denmark 18 23 74 16 46East Africa (Region) 64 52 27 53Ecuador 78 67 8 63EgyptEl SalvadorEnglandEstonia (estimated) 40 60 60 30

Finland 33 59 63 26 41

France 68 86 71 43 39GeorgiaGermany 35 65 67 66 31Germany

GermanyGreat Britain 35 35 89 66 25Greece 60 112 35 57Guatemala 95 101 6 37Hong Kong 68 29 25 57 96Hungary (estimated) 46 82 80 88 50India 77 40 48 56 61Indonesia 78 48 14 46

Ireland 28 35 70 68 43Iran 58 59 41 43Israel 13 81 54 47

Italy 50 75 76 70 34Jamaica 45 13 39 68Japan 54 92 46 95 80KazakhstanKorea (South) 60 85 18 39 75






KuwaitLuxemburg (estimated) 40 70 60 50Malaysia 104 36 26 50Malta (estimated) 56 96 59 47Mexico 81 82 30 69Morocco (estimated) 70 68 46 53NamibiaNetherlands 38 53 80 14 44New Zealand 22 49 79 58 30Nigeria

Norway 31 50 69 8 44Pakistan 55 70 14 50 0Panama 95 86 11 44Peru 64 87 16 42Philippines 94 44 32 64 19Poland (estimated) 68 93 60 64 32

Portugal 63 104 27 31 30QatarRomania (estimated) 90 90 30 42Russia (estimated) 93 95 39 36Singapore 74 8 20 48 48SloveniaSouth Africa 49 49 65 63South Africa

South AfricaSalvador 66 94 19 40Slovakia (estimated) 104 51 52 110 38

Spain 57 86 51 42 19Surinam (estimated) 85 92 47 37Sweden 31 29 71 5 33




Switzerland 34 58 68 70 40

Switzerland 26 56 69 72

Switzerland French speakers (a) 70 70 64 58Taiwan 58 69 17 45 87Thailand 64 64 20 34 56Trinidad (estimated) 47 55 16 58Turkey 66 85 37 45Uruguay 61 100 36 38United States 40 46 91 62 29Venezuela 81 76 12 73Vietnam (estimated) 70 30 20 40 80West Africa (Region) 77 54 2 46 16Yugoslavia (total) (a) 76 88 27 21Yugoslavia/Croatia (Zagreb) (c) 73 80 33 40Yugoslavia/Serbia (Beograd)(c) 86 92 25 43Yugoslavia/Slovenia (Ljubljana)(c) 71 88 27 19ZambiaZimbabwe

a=based on IBM survey datab=see also Kopper (1993)c=based on reanalysis of IBM survey data (Hofstede, 1993)

e=Based on oberservations of Dr. Ray Simonsen, Victoria Unversitz, Darwin (personal communciations, 1998)

* Higher scores indicate higher levels of this dimension** Response bias corrected scores for societal cultural scales (House et. al., 2004)

For further details and interpretation of these two seminal studies as well as a review of other cross-cultural research, please refer to these two very comprehensive books:

total (for LTO: EMS consumer survey)(a)

German speakers (a,b)

d=based on Hofstede's interpretation of Rokeach Value Survey scores collected by McCarrey, Edwards, and Jones (1978); of work goal importance scores collected by Jain, Normand, and Kanungo (1979); IDV based on regression from data collected by Lambert and Klineberg (1967); and observations by Dr. Christoph Barmeyer (personal communication, 1999)

Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, London: Sage House, R.J.; Hanges, P.J.' Javidan, M.; Dorfman, P.W.; Gupta, V. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organiza-tions, The Globe Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks: Sage

ReferencesHofstede, G. (1993) Images of Europe (Valedictory address) Maastricht, the Netherlands: Maastricht University, Faculty of Economics and BusinessKopper (1993) Swiss and Germans: Similarities and differences in work-related values, attitudes, and behavior, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 17, pp. 167-184.McCarrey, M.W.; Edwards, S.; Jones, R. (1978) Personal values of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone employees and ethnolinguistic group membership, sex, and position level, Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 104, pp. 175-184.Jain, H.C.; Normand, J.; Kanungo, R.N. (1979) Job motivation of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone hospital employees, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, vol. 11, pp. 160-163.Lambert, W.E.; Klineberg, O. (1967) Children's views of foreign peoples: A cross-national study, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Scores for the GLOBE Study**(House et. al., 2004)

Assertiveness*

Values Values Values Values Values

4.57 4.39 4.28 4.3 5.51 4.98 3.69 5.17 3.48 4.04 4.4

4.18 3.18 3.66 5.29 5.51 6.07 3.1 5.73 3.44 4.89 3.94

4.29 3.83 4.31 4.47 4.14 5.82 4.09 5.21 3.41 5.02 4.32

4.59 2.85 4.34 4.78 4.89 5.32 4.47 5.15 3.18 4.83 3.77

3.78 3.68 3.96 5.03 5.44 5.91 3.55 5.56 3.45 4.65 3.994.25 3.06 3.94 5.57 5.16 5.17 3.9 5.6 3.44 4.91 3.76

English speakers 4.09 4.15 4.36 4.2 4.22 5.94 4.4 5.34 3.66 5.04 4.51

3.77 5.52 4.67 4.52 5.86 5.12 3.68 4.7 3.03 3.73 4.294.16 3.45 3.84 5.27 5.59 5.99 3.35 5.52 3.64 4.85 3.723.83 4.04 3.95 5.14 5.26 5.94 3.64 5.1 3.56 4.59 4.38

Institutional Collectivism*

In-Group Collectivism*

Future Orientation*

Gender Egalitarianism*

Humane Orientation*

Additional notes GLOBE

Practices Practices Practices Practices Practices Practices

4.04 3.59 4.93 4.41 3.63 5.71 4.59 4.49 4.02 5.2 4.67

3.98 3.57 3.82 5.19 5.55 5.81 3.66 5.62 3.09 4.42 4.453.91 3.22 4.36 4.72 5.49 5.39 3.8 5.6 2.9 3.34 4.64.49 3.67 3.74 5.6 5.22 6.28 3.73 5.89 3.23 4.66 3.694.23 3.76 4.31 4.39 4.08 5.66 4.31 5.15 3.67 5.2 3.74

4.05 3.91 4.77 4.34 4.23 5.6 4.39 5.24 3.55 4.47 4.19

4.44 3.57 4.2 5.27 4.66 5.88 3.74 5.35 3.81 4.71 3.64.15 4.29 4.03 3.79 6.18 5.58 3.45 5.45 3.52 3.83 4.17

(former East) 4.77 3.24 3.67 4.86 4.59 5.38 4.04 5.36 3.17 4.97 3.45

(former West) 4.66 3.21 3.97 5.07 4.16 5.46 4.41 5.06 3.25 5.06 3.3

4.55 3.05 3.41 5.41 5.28 5.47 3.53 5.17 3.53 4.84 3.443.96 3.65 3.78 5.16 5.54 5.95 3.35 5.78 3.14 4.49 3.914.53 4.8 4.03 4.35 5.33 5.11 3.88 5.52 3.26 4.27 3.724.71 3.42 3.63 4.57 5.31 5.58 3.31 5.74 4.02 4.65 3.39

3.7 4.65 4.25 4.59 5.81 5.22 4.04 5.43 2.89 4.4 4.453.7 4.5 4.27 4.96 5.5 5.46 3.61 5.48 3.04 3.71 4.47

3.93 4 4.57 4.55 5.12 5.72 3.93 5.18 3.19 5.07 4.96

4.19 3.74 4.4 4.25 4.63 5.69 3.82 5.17 3.21 4.66 4.07

4.12 3.87 3.75 5.2 4.99 5.76 3.34 6.01 3.3 4.88 3.66

3.69 5.84 5.23 4.01 4.72 5.44 4.29 5.42 3.17 4.41 4.344.51 3.88 4.38 4.16 5.5 5.62 3.72 5.22 3.87 4.85 4.444.36 3.69 5.2 3.84 5.71 5.5 3.9 5.83 2.45 4.23 3.73

3.56 3.61 4.32 5.04 5.7 5.32 3.18 5.62 2.59 3.5 4.44

3.77 4.73 4.45 4.78 5.47 5.77 4.39 5.84 3.31 3.72 4.76

4.31 3.67 3.95 4.77 5.62 5.78 3.75 5.74 3.5 4.57 3.844.72 3.68 4.18 5.34 6.37 6.03 3.5 6.33 3.08 4.07 4.523.81 3.76 4.02 4.26 4.39 6.13 3.32 6.3 3.69 4.2 3.834.46 3.13 4.62 4.76 3.79 5.39 4.72 5.24 3.62 5.1 4.023.47 3.52 4.96 4.31 3.58 6.54 3.46 5.9 3.18 4.32 4.434.53 3.14 4 4.86 5.34 5.31 3.95 5.8 3.04 4.16 3.96

3.85 4.93 4.37 4.55 6.14 5.86 3.92 5.66 3.42 4.36 4.884.11 3.95 4.51 4.24 5.55 5.69 3.23 5.17 3.94 4.53 3.67

3.75 3.61 4.02 5.4 5.64 5.97 3.77 5.5 3.69 5.12 3.964.39 3.72 4.78 5.1 5.07 5.55 4.08 5.92 3.86 3.49 4.79

3.86 2.9 4.57 4.01 5.83 5.9 3.06 5.6 4.07 4.34 4.044.06 4.28 4.77 4.42 5.66 5.46 4.88 5.46 3.52 4.43 3.294.01 4.61 4.09 4.36 5.49 5.71 3.56 5.43 3.84 4.78 3.75

(Black sample) 4.43 3.97 4.47 4.46 5.18 5.14 4.66 5.25 3.78 4.43 4.46

(White sample) 4.49 3.65 4.54 4.36 4.42 5.82 4.08 5.59 3.25 4.54 3.45

4.39 4.01 3.87 5.25 5.53 5.82 3.52 5.66 3.06 4.82 3.29

3.41 3.49 5.26 3.91 3.46 6.25 4.37 4.96 3.72 5.19 4.09

4.58 3.31 4.2 4.87 4.04 5.16 4.8 4.93 3.12 5.01 3.73

French speakers 3.61 3.83 4.31 4.42 3.82 5.54 4.36 4.89 3.46 4.77 3.983.7 2.91 4.3 4.95 5.45 5.3 3.65 4.94 2.92 3.88 3.82

3.58 3.43 3.88 5.08 5.72 5.73 3.27 6.26 3.26 4.12 4.87

4.42 2.68 4.02 5.18 5.79 5.63 3.74 5.71 3.02 4.46 3.92

4.5 4.36 4.21 4.2 4.22 5.79 4.13 5.34 3.36 5.03 4.184.25 3.34 3.96 5.28 5.41 5.92 3.43 5.61 3.6 4.7 4.19

4 4.24 4.41 4.55 5.72 5.64 3.55 5.76 2.88 4.27 5.124.04 4.6 4.08 4.84 5.53 5.74 3.76 6.01 3.09 4.4 4.38

For further details and interpretation of these two seminal studies as well as a review of other cross-cultural research, please refer to these two very comprehensive books:

Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, London: Sage House, R.J.; Hanges, P.J.' Javidan, M.; Dorfman, P.W.; Gupta, V. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organiza-tions, The Globe Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks: Sage

Hofstede, G. (1993) Images of Europe (Valedictory address) Maastricht, the Netherlands: Maastricht University, Faculty of Economics and BusinessKopper (1993) Swiss and Germans: Similarities and differences in work-related values, attitudes, and behavior, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 17, pp. 167-184.McCarrey, M.W.; Edwards, S.; Jones, R. (1978) Personal values of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone employees and ethnolinguistic group membership, sex, and position level, Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 104, pp. 175-184.Jain, H.C.; Normand, J.; Kanungo, R.N. (1979) Job motivation of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone hospital employees, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, vol. 11, pp. 160-163.

Scores for the GLOBE Study**(House et. al., 2004)

Values Values Values Values

5.16 4.57 5.47 4.44 3.47 4.45 5.17

5.5 3.63 6.28 5.56 2.3 3.63 4.62

5.6 4.37 5.99 4.81 2.77 4.4 3.99

5.68 4.47 6.12 5 2.52 5.1 3.65

5.11 3.57 5.98 4.46 3.31 3.32 4.645.52 4.11 5.98 5.24 2.59 3.74 5

5.58 4.46 6.13 4.85 2.73 4.54 3.73

5.34 4.37 5.72 5.02 3.01 4.81 5.345.43 3.93 6.15 5.37 2.21 3.62 4.925.08 4.1 5.78 4.7 2.66 3.84 4.58

Humane Orientation*

Performance Orientation*

Power Distance*

Uncertainty Avoidance*

Practices Practices Practices

5.59 4.4 5.82 4.14 2.96 5.32 4.01

5.13 4.06 5.95 5.29 2.36 3.63 4.955.13 4.15 5.71 4.76 3.2 3.97 5.245.38 3.72 6.37 5.56 2.76 3.69 5.275.52 4.16 6.03 5.26 2.82 4.7 4.17

5.8 4.02 6.23 5.08 2.46 5.11 4.04

5.91 4.43 6.1 5.68 2.96 4.66 4.655.48 3.85 5.63 5.15 2.86 3.54 5.23

5.56 4.16 6.24 5.7 2.74 5.19 4.02

5.63 4.42 6.27 5.48 2.66 5.35 3.38

5.28 3.34 5.79 5.35 2.57 3.52 5.165.24 3.85 5.96 5.47 2.49 3.44 4.855.38 4.69 5.71 4.94 3 4.17 4.525.48 3.5 5.97 5.57 2.59 3.26 4.745.2 4.11 5.87 5.29 2.58 4.02 4.58

5.06 4.14 5.54 4.93 2.38 3.92 5.04

5.45 4.3 5.99 5.13 2.66 4.25 3.94

5.51 4.03 5.71 4.71 2.72 3.97 4.34

5.57 3.66 6.11 5.45 2.51 3.85 4.52

5.53 4.22 5.37 5.23 2.76 4.07 4.45.66 3.72 5.57 5.4 3.19 3.76 4.525.61 4.53 5.41 5.69 2.39 3.52 4.74

5.06 3.79 5.89 4.97 3.02 4.02 4.65

5.43 4.16 5.96 5.09 2.75 4.59 4.81

5.1 3.97 6 5.07 2.75 4.06 5.185.73 4.31 6.12 6.14 3.3 3.95 5.775.47 3.52 6.52 5.29 2.59 4.09 5.195.41 4.46 5.71 4.32 2.61 4.81 3.344.85 4.86 6.24 5.12 3.56 4.86 4.175.71 3.79 5.99 5.32 2.66 4.14 5.45

5.19 4.21 6 5.15 2.54 3.69 4.925.32 3.96 6.06 5.09 3.19 3.71 4.75

5.4 3.65 6.41 5.5 2.45 3.96 4.55.31 3.76 5.94 5.05 3.18 4.26 4.82

5.62 3.53 5.68 5.61 2.73 3.09 5.265.66 4.81 5.7 4.92 2.84 5.16 4.085.31 3.62 6.41 5.32 2.5 3.76 5.03

5.23 4.72 5.09 4.31 3.8 4.64 4.92

5.53 4.07 6.13 5.1 2.67 4.06 4.65

5.63 4 5.85 5.53 2.23 3.95 4.8

5.72 3.67 6.01 4.94 2.49 5.36 3.45

5.63 5.04 6 5.05 2.54 5.42 3.2

5.68 4.36 6.17 5 2.8 5.05 3.845.15 4.27 5.58 5 2.77 4.04 5.145.05 3.84 5.76 5.62 2.74 3.79 5.71

5.4 3.82 5.34 5.43 2.52 3.67 4.61

5.51 4.45 6.14 4.92 2.88 4.15 3.995.24 3.41 6.11 5.22 2.43 3.55 5.19

5.37 4.01 6.08 5.23 2.37 3.92 4.455.2 4.2 6.33 5.54 2.65 4.12 4.68

hg indices

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