hkkjrh; izks

1939 esa LFkkfir Hkkjrh; izkS<+ f'k{kk la?k dk mís'; O;fDr ds thou dh xq.koÙkk eas] f'k{kk dsek/;e ls vfHko`f) djuk gS] ftls ;g fujUrj ,oa vkthou izfØ;k ds :i esa ns[krk gSA la?k izkS<+f'k{kk dks ,d izfØ;k] dk;ZØe vkSj vkUnksyu ds :i esa xfr'khy cukus dh fn'kk esa izfrc) gSA

la?k izkS<+ f'k{kk ds izlkj esa dk;Zjr Loa;lsoh laxBuksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa] 'kkldh;] jk"Vªh; rFkkvUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds dk;Zdykiksa ls leUo; djrk gSA laxksf"B;ksa ,oa lEesyuksa dk vk;kstuvkSj izkS<+ f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ij fujarj losZ{k.k rFkk 'kks/k ds lkFk] la?k vius lnL;ksa dhizkS<+ f'k{kk fo"k;d tkudkjh esa uohurk ,oa iz[kjrk cuk, j[kus ds fy, lewps fo'o esa v|rufopkj vkSj vuqHko izLrqr djus dk fujUrj iz;Ru djrk jgrk gSA izkS<+ f'k{kk ds {ks=ksa esa vuqla/kkugsrq fofHkUu iz;ksxkRed ifj;kstuk,a Hkh lapkfyr djrk gSA viuh uhfr;ksa ds vuqlj.k esa la?k us^usg: lk{kjrk iqjLdkj^ ,oa efgykvksa esa fuj{kjrk fuokj.k dk;Z gsrq ^VSxksj lk{kjrk iqjLdkj* dhLFkkiuk dh gSA Mk- tkfdj gqlSu Le`fr O;k[;ku izfro"kZ fdlh ew/kZU; f'k{kkfon~ }kjk fn;k tkrkgSA la?k fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, Mk- eksgu flag esgrk Qsyksf'ki Hkh iznku djrk gSA

la?k dk vejukFk >k iqLrdky; izkS<+] lrr~ vkSj tula[;k f'k{kk dh lUnHkZ lkexzh dh n`f"Vls ns'k esa vf}rh; gSA fofo/k lUnHkZ iqLrdksa ds ladyu ds vfrfjDr ns'k vkSj fons'k ls izdkf'krizkS<+ f'k{kk laca/kh i=&if=dk,a] lwpuk ,oa lanHkZ lkexzh Hkh blesa miyC/k gSA la?k] us'kuybUQkesZfVd ls.Vj bafM;k b.Vjus'kuy lsaVj }kjk izk;ksftr MsyusV ls Hkh lEc) gSA la?k }kjkvHkh gky esa izkS<+ ,oa thoui;ZUr vUrjkZ"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku ¼baVjus'kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWQ ,MYV,aM ykbZQyk¡x ,twds'ku½ dh LFkkiuk Hkh dj nh xbZ gSA

la?k izkS<+ f'k{kk fo"k; ij vusd iqLrdsa o if=dk,a izdkf'kr djrk gSa] tks fd eq[;r% izkS<+ f'k{kkdfeZ;ksa vkSj uolk{kjksa ds fy, gSA la?k ^b.Vjus'kuy QsMjs'ku vkQ odZlZ ,twds'kuy,lksfl,'ku~l^ ,oa ^,f'k;u lkmFk islsfQd C;wjks vkQ ,MYV ,twds'ku^ ,oa ^b.Vjus'kuy dkSaflyvkQ ,MYV ,twds'ku^ ls Hkh lEc) gSA la?k dh lnL;rk mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa ,oa laLFkkvksa ds fy,[kqyh gS tks blds vkn'kksZa ,oa y{;ksa esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA

Hkkjrh; izkS<+ f'k{kk la?k17&ch bUæizLFk ,LVsV] egkRek xka/kh ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh&110002

nwjHkk"k% 011&23379282] 23378436] 23379306QSDl% 011&23378206] bZ&esy% [email protected]

[email protected]: www.iaea-india.org; www.iiale.org

Hkkjrh; izkS<+ f'k{kk la?k

bl vad esa

flracj 2010o"kZ 54 vad&2

if=dk esa O;Dr ys[kdksa ds fopkj muds oS;fDrd fopkjgSa ftuls la?k ,oa lEikndh; lgefr vfuok;Z ugha gS A

ewY;% 100 :i;s okf"kZd

laj{kd

izks- Hkokuh 'kadj xxZ

v/;{kdSyk'k pkS/kjh

bfUnjk iqjksfgr,-,p-[kkuizQqYy ukxjds-vkj- lq'khys xkSMkMk- fo|kfoUnq flagMk- enu flag

lgk;d lEikndch- lat;

Vad.k ,oa :ilTtkÑ".k flag

izkS<+f'k{kk

lEiknd e.My

lEikndh; 2

efgyk l'kDrhdj.k esa xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk

&vfurk tks'kh 3

f'k{kk vkSj fodkl

&v:.k izdk'k ik.Ms; 8

eSa ugha i<awxh&jes'k nos 12

lk{kj Hkkjr fe'ku dh lQyrk dh dqath % l'kDrLo;alsoh f'k{kd

&;ksxsUnz yky nkl 14

fd'kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u&izfrHkk ik.Ms;&lq"kek tSu 18

lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dkrqyukRed v/;;u

&vuwih leS;k 26

i=dkfjrk ds cnyrs vk;ke&Jhifr jLrksxh 33

uolk{kjksa dh ijh{kk 20 vxLr] 2010

&'kkjnkuUn flag 37

India Marching Towards Global Knowledge Hub

-V. Mohan Rao 38

xr 8 flrEcj dks ns'kHkj ds reke LFkkuksa ij varjkZ"Vªh; lk{kjrk fnol lekjksg euk, x,A Hkkjr ljdkj dhvksj ls bl volj ij gksus okyk eq[; jk"Vªh; lekjksg gj o"kZ dh Hkkafr ubZ fnYyh fLFkr foKku Hkou esa u gksdjgSnjkckn eas vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA laHko gS bl vk;kstu ds dkj.k ns'k ds nf{k.kh jkT;ksa eas lk{kjrk dh eqfge dksvkSj rhoz xfr ls lapkfyr djus yk;d mRlkg ogka ds ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa] lektlsfo;ksa dks feyk gks rFkk ogka blgsrq vuqdwy okrkoj.k ltu djus esa enn feyh gks vkSj bl fygkt ls gSnjkckn esa varjkZ"Vªh; lk{kjrk fnol lekjksgds vk;kstu dks fuf'pr gh ,d ç'kaluh; dne ekuk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu foMacuk ;g gS fd reke ljdkjh ;kxSj ljdkjh lekpkj ek/;eksa dh mifLFkfr ds ckotwn ubZ fnYyh ds ikBdksa dks bl vk;kstu dh 'kk;n gh dksbZtkudkjh feyh gksxhA ,slk yxrk gS tSls lekpkj ek/;eksa ds fy, ns'k eas lk{kjrk ds {ks= esa py jgh xfrfof/k;ksa dkscrkuk dksbZ çeq[krk gh ugha j[krhA ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh vk'p;Ztud gS fd i= lwpuk dk;kZy; ¼ih-vkbZ-ch-½ ds ek/;e ls Hkh bl laca/k eas dksbZ lekpkj foKfIr çdkf'kr ugha dh xbZA

cgjgky] ns'k ds dbZ tkus&ekus fo}kuksa] 'kh"kZLFk ç'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa] lk{kjrk ,oa çkS<+ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dk;Zjrofj"B f'k{kkfonksa lfgr vusd 'kks/k fo|kfFkZ;ksa us varjkZ"Vªh; lk{kjrk fnol ,oa tsEl ,- Mªkij lefr O;k[;ku 2010ds miy{; eas ubZ fnYyh fLFkr bafM;k baVjus'uy lsaVj esa baVjus'uy baLVhV;wV vkWQ ,MYV ,.M ykbZQykax ,twds'kurFkk Hkkjrh; çkS<+ f'k{kk la?k] ubZ fnYyh ds la;qDr rRok/kku esa vk;ksftr dk;ZØe esa f'kjdr dhA xq.koÙkk ds fygktls mPp Lrjh; ;g dk;ZØe dbZ dkj.kksa ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ jgkA jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk fe'ku ds iwoZ egkfuns'kd ,oaorZeku eas lfpo] yksd m|e foHkkx] Hkkjh m|ksx ,oa yksd m|e ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] Jh HkkLdj pSVthZ us tgka,d vksj Lok/khuksÙkj Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk vkanksyu] mlds mrkj&p<+ko] mldh miyfC/k;ksa] bu miyfC/k;ksa dks lkdkjdjus esa ;ksxnku nsus okys iwjks/kk O;fDrRoksa rFkk fuLokFkZ lsok djus okys çsjdksa ,oa vU; lk{kjrk dfeZ;ksa ds ;ksxnkudks js[kkafdr fd;kA ogha nwljh vksj teZu baLVhV;wV vkWQ ,MYV ,stwds'ku ds oSKkfud funs'kd çksQslj ,DdsgkMZuwt+y oksu jsu us teZuh lfgr ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u ds vU; ns'kksa esa çkS<+ ,oa vkthou f'k{kk ds {ks= eas gks jgs uohureç;ksxksa] 'kks/kdk;ksZa ,oa ,f'k;kbZ fo'ks"krkSj ij Hkkjrh; ifjn'; ds lkFk ,d rqyukRed fp= çLrqr fd;kA

çksQslj uwt+y us ckj&ckj nksgjk;k fd leLr ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u ds ns'kksa esa çkS<+ ,oa vkthou f'k{kk dksO;kolkf;drk ds çeq[k iSekuksa [kklrkSj ij xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk iM+ jgk gSA çksQslj uwt+yus ekuk fd teZuh esa çkS<+ f'k{kk vc Lo&funsf'kZr nkSj esa tgka ,d çkS<+ f'k{kkFkhZ dks Lo;a gh 'kSf{kd dq'kyrk vftZrgksrh gS] ços'k dj x;k gSA bruk gh ugha çkS<+ f'k{kk ogka csjkstxkjksa] jk"Vªh; eq[; /kkjk ls dVs yksxksa ,oa ,sls leqnk;ksaftlesa cM+h la[;k eas iM+kslh rFkk fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa ls vk, yksx 'kkfey gksrs gSa] dks jk"Vªh; eq[; /kkjk esa 'kkfeydjus dk çeq[k ek/;e gSA

mijksDr fopkjksa ,oa ç;ksxksa ds en~nsutj tc ge Hkkjrh; ifjn'; dh foospuk djrs gSa rks Li"V gksrk gS fd gesavHkh Hkh yEch ;k=k djuh gSA lk{kj Hkkjr dk;ZØe gekjs ;gka lk{kjrk iVy ij fd;k tk jgk uohure ç;ksx gSAljdkj us bl ç;ksx eas ;g lqfuf'pr djus dk Hkjld ç;kl fd;k gS fd bl lewps ç;ksx dks Hkz"Vkpkj ds na'k lscpk;k tk ldsA bl dk;ZØe ds rgr vkadM+ksa dks vke vkneh ds fy, gj Lrj ij miyC/k Hkh djk;k tk jgk gSAckotwn blds bl ç;ksx esa xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus ij 'kk;n gh /;ku fn;k tk ldk gSA tsEl ,- Mªkij LefrO;k[;ku ds nkSjku fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, çksQslj uwt+y us dgk Fkk fd teZuh esa çkS<+ f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk blfy,lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gS fd vukSipkfjd rjhds ls çnÙk bl f'k{kk ls fudys O;Ld Hkh çR;{k vFkok vçR;{k :i lsmRiknu ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA loky mBrk gS fd D;k gesa Hkh ;g ugha lkspuk pkfg, fd çkS<+ f'k{kk iw.kZ :i ls O;kolkf;ddkS'ky çnku djus ls tqM+ tk, ,oa bl f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk Hkh xq.koÙkk ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij lqfuf'pr dh tk,A

& ch lat;

izkS<+ f'k{kk 2 flracj&2010

�� lEikndh;


��

vfurk tks'kh

Ikkfjokfjd thou 'kSyh ds ÁkjEHk ls gh efgykvksa dks ifjokj dh eq[; /kqjh ekuk tkrk jgk gS ijUrq f'k{kkds vHkko esa ;g /kqjh ifjokj esa rks lcds fodkl esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh jgh ij Lo;a ghu Hkkouk ls xzLrgks xbZA LorU=rk ds le; ns'k dh iq#"k lk{kjrk nj 24-9 izfr'kr rFkk efgyk lk{kjrk nj dsoy 7-3Ikzfr'kr FkhA 21oha 'krkCnh esa Kku dh gj O;fDr] gj Lrj rd dh miyC/krk ds fopkj us f'k{kk ds O;kidizpkj ij cy fn;kA Qyr% efgyk,a f'k{kk dh /kkjk ls tqMhaA f'kf{kr gksus ds ckn mUgksaus gj {ks= esa lQyrkds ekun.M LFkkfir fd;sA f'kf{kr efgyk u dsoy Lo;a ds vfirq lEiw.kZ ifjokj ds l'kDrhdj.k dk ek/;egksrh gSA orZeku esa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dk izR;; ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa rFkk lkekftddk;ZdrkZvksa ds e/; izpfyr gSA l'kDrhdj.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa efgyk,a fofHkUu Lrjksa a ij viusvf/kdkjksa ds laca/k esa tkudkjh xzg.k djus ds i'pkr vius thou ij fu;a=.k j[krha gS rFkk vkfFkZd jktuhfrd,oa lkekftd {ks= esa fu.kZ; izfØ;k gsrq Lo;a l'kDr gksrh gS ¼avDlksuZdwy]1993( fiYybZ]1995½A

efgyk l'kDrhdj.k gsrq orZeku esa ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk fofo/k iz;kl fd;s tk jgsgSaaAxSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk dks ekuo fodkl ds fofo/k igyqvksa esa ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk Hkh lqfuf'prfd;k x;k gS ¼jk"Vªh; ifjizs{; ;kstuk]1988&2000(csV~Vyh] 2000( eksguu]2000½A orZeku le; esa Hkh izkFkfedf'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSfedhdj.k rFkk efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds {ks= esa budh Hkwfedk lqfuf'pr dh x;h gSAxSjljdkjh laxBu os laxBu gksrs gSa tks LFkkuh; Lrj ij leqnk; ds yksxksa ds Lrj dks mUur djus ds fy,Lora=rkiwoZd dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk ljdkj dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSa ¼ckWMu]1997½A xSj ljdkjh laxBu bl ckrdk iz;kl dj jgs gSa fd efgyk,a Lo;a ds fodkl gsrq okgd dk dk;Z dj ldsa ¼nqXxy]1989( df'kdj]1990½Abu laxBuksa }kjk dbZ ;kstuk,a lapkfyr dh tk jgh gSa] ftudk vfUre mn~ns'; efgykvksa dks l'kDr cukrsgq, jk"Vªh; fodkl esa mudh Hkwfedk lqfuf'pr djuk gSA ijUrq Hkkjro"kZ ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vf'k{kk] :f<+okfnrk,oa vR;f/kd dk;ZHkkj efgyk fodkl esa ck/kd rRo ds :Ik esa lkeus vkrs gSaA vr% fofo/k xSj ljdkjh laxBuksaus efgykvksa dks viuk y{; lewg cuk;k gSA orZeku le; esa buds }kjk ogn :i ls efgykvksa dks ykecUndj fyax Hksn ds {ks= esa ikfjokfjd thou dh f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr dk;Z fd;s tk jgs gSaA mRrjkapy jkT; esaHkh vR;f/kd dk;ZHkkj ds dkj.k efgyk,a fodklkRed dk;ZØeksa esa pkgdj Hkkxhnkjh ugha dj ikrhgSa¼xSjksyk]2004( <kSf<;ky]2004½A ,slh fLFkfr esa ;s laxBu efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k esa dgka rd lgk;d gS]izLrqr v/;;u bl lanHkZ dks mtkxj djrk gSA

v/;;u dk mn~ns';& izLrqr v/;;u dk eq[; mn~ns'; xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds dk;Z{ks= esa fuokl

djus okyh efgykvksa esa xSj ljdkjh laxBuksaa ds dk;ZØeksa ds QyLo:i efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fofo/k vk;keksa;Fkk&vkRefo'okl] ckfydkvksa ds izfr nf"Vdks.k] LokLF; ds izfr tkx#drk] ifjokj&fu;kstu ds izfrnf"Vdks.k] jktuhfrd psruk] dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa ds izfr psruk rFkk lwpuk lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ij izHkko dkvkWdyu djuk gSA

ifjdYiuk&ijh{k.k gsrq fuEu 'kwU; ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSAxSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds dk;ZØeksa ls vkPNkfnr {ks= esa fuokl djus okyh rFkk vukPNkfnr {ks= esa fuokl

djus okyh efgykvksa ds e/; efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fofo/k vk;keksa ;Fkk&vkRefo'okl] ckfydkvksa ds izfrnf"Vdks.k] LokLF; ds izfr tkx#drk] ifjokj&fu;kstu ds izfr nf"Vdks.k] jktuhfrd psruk] dkuwuh vf/kdkjksads izfr psruk rFkk lwpuk lalk/kukas ds mi;ksx Lrj esa dkbZ vUrj ugha ik;k tkrk gSA

v/;;u fof/k&izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z ds mnn';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq 'kks/k dh losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kgSA tuin uSuhrky ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fuokl djus okyh 15&35 vk;q&oxZ dh 400efgykvksa ¼300 vkPNkfnr{ks= ,oa 100 vukPNkfnr {ks=½ dks v/;;u esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA vkPNkfnr {ks= esa lfEefyr 300 efgyk,a;knfPNd p;u fof/k ls p;fur dqekma e.My ds uSuhrky tuin esa dk;Zjr 09 xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dsdk;Z{ks= ls ;knfPNd p;u fof/k ls 18 xkWoksa ls p;fur dh x;ha rFkk vukPNkfnr {ks= dh 100 efgyk,axSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds dk;Z{ks= ds ckgj ds 5 xkaoksa ls p;fur dh x;haA efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fofo/ki{kksa ds ekiu gsrq <kSafM;ky ¼2000½ }kjk fufeZr ,oa ekudhdr ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izkIr vkadMksads fo'ys"k.k gsrq ^t* rFkk ^Fk* ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

ifj.kke o fu"d"kZ& vkadMksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds i'pkr izkIr ifj.kke rkfydk&1 esa iznf'kZr fd, x,gSaA

rkfydk & 01vkPNkfnr ,oa vukPNkfnr {ks= dh efgyk,a ,oa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k

Ø0 efgyk oxZ la[;k e/;eku ekud Lora=rk t eku lkFkZdrk

la0 l'kDrhd.k fopyu ds ¼Lrj&

i{k va'k 0-05½

1 vkRefo'okl vkPNkfnr {ks= 300 27-62 5-10

dh efgyk,a ¼750½ 398 2-94 lkFkZd

vukPNkfnr {ks= 100 25-84 5-59

dh efgyk,a ¼25-0½


2 ckfydkvksa vukPNkfnr {ks= 300 53-09 4-09

ds izfr dh efgyk,a ¼75-0½ 398 6-29 lkFkZd

n`f"Vdks.k vkPNkfnr {ks= 100 49-47 7-01

dh efgyk,a ¼25-0½

3 LokLF; ds vkPNkfnr {ks= 300 72-61 4-56

izfr dh efgyk,¡ ¼75-0½ 398 4-02 lkFkZd

tkx:drk vukPNkfnr {ks= 100 70-32 5-92

dh efgyk,a ¼25-0½

4 ifjokj vkPNkfnr {ks= 300 35-83 3-86

fu;kstu dh efgyk,a ¼75-0½ 398 2-93 lkFkZd

ds izfr vukPNkfnr {ks= 100 34-49 4-29

n`f"Vdks.k dh efgyk,a ¼25-0½

5 jktuhfrd vkPNkfnr {ks= 300 52-13 4-51

psruk dh efgyk,a ¼75-0½ 398 3-96 lkFkZd

Lrj vukPNkfnr {ks= 100 49-83 6-37

dh efgyk,a ¼25-0½

6 dkuwuh vkPNkfnr {ks= 300 20-31 2-15

vf/kdkjksa dh efgyk,a ¼75-0½ 0-98 398 fujFkZd

ds izfr vukPNkfnr {ks= 100 20-07 2-16

psruk dh efgyk,a ¼25-0½

7 lwpuk vkPNkfnr {ks= 300 2-34 1-19

lalk/kuksa dh efgyk,a ¼75-0½ 0-22 398 fujFkZd

dk mi;ksx vukPNkfnr {ks= 100 2-37 1-19

dh efgyk,a ¼25-0½

dks"Bd esa nh x;h la[;k izfr'kr esa gSA



xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds dk;ZØeksa ls vkPNkfnr ,oa vukPNkfnr {ks= esa fuokl djus okyh 15ls 35 vk;q oxZ dh efgykvksa ds eè; efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fofHkUu i{kksa ls lEcfUèkrvk¡dM+s ¼rkfydk&1½ bl rF; dh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr djrs gSa fd vkPNkfnr {ks= ,oa vukPNkfnr{ks= dh efgykvksa ds e/; l'kDrhdj.k ds vf/kdka'k i{kksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA nksuksa {ks=ksa dhefgykvksa ds e/;eku vad bl rF; dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr djrs gSa fd vkPNkfnr {ks= dhefgyk,¡ vf/kd l'kDr gSaA l'kDrhdj.k ekiuh ds izFke i{k vkRefo'okl ds Lrj esa vkPNkfnr{ks= dh efgykvksa dk Lrj vukPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksa dh vis{kk vfèkd gS ¼eè;eku&27-62,oa 25-84 Øe'k%½A ckfydkvksa ds izfr vkPNkfnr {ks= dh efgyk,a vukPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksadh vis{kk vfèkd ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[krh gSa ¼e/;eku&53-09 rFkk 49-47 Øe'k%½A LokLF; dsizfr tkx:drk ls lanfHkZr vkadM+ksa esa vkPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksa }kjk izkIr eè;eku ¼72-61½vukPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa mPp ¼70-32½ gSA ifj.kker% vukPNkfnr {ks= dhefgykvksa esa vkPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa LokLF; lEcUèkh tkudkjh dk Lrj degSA blh Øe easa vukPNfnr {ks= dh efgykvkas dk n`f"Vdks.k ifjokj fu;kstu ds lanHkZ eas vkPNkfnr{ks= dh efgykvksa ls fHkUu gS ¼t eku&2-93] lkFkZdrk Lrj&0-05½A jktuhfrd ,oa dkuwuhvfèkdkjks ds izfr vkPNkfnr {ks= dh efgyk,a vfèkd tkx:d ik;h xbZa gSa ¼e/;eku&52-13 rFkk49-83] 20-31 rFkk 20-07 Øe'k%½A ek= dkuwuh psruk Lrj rFkk lwpuk lalkèkuksa ds mi;ksx Lrjij vkPNkfnr ,oa vukPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksa ds eè; dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;k x;k gSA

mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vkPNkfnr o vukPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksa esaefgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fofo/k i{kksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds dk;ZØeksa lsvkPNkfnr {ks= dh efgykvksa ds }kjk viuh psruk Lrj dks mPp Lrj dk n'kkZ;k x;k gSAlkekU;r% xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dk mn~ns'; efgykvksa esa vkRefo'okl dks fodflr djuk] LokLF;ds izfr laonsu'khy gksuk] ySafxx lekurk rFkk fu;ksftr ifjokj dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk viusvf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d jgus gsrq iszfjr djuk gksrk gSA ftlls os vius O;fDrRo fodkl dslkFk&lkFk ifjokj vkSj lekt ds fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj ldsaA bl lUnHkZesa izkIr ifj.kke xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds iz;klksa dks lkFkZd fl) dj jgs gSaA

dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:drk ,oa lwpuk lalk/ku ds mi;ksx ds lUnHkZ esa nksuksa {ks=ksadh efgykvksa ds e/; dksbZ vUrj u fn[kkbZ nsuk bl RkF; dh vksj ladsr djrk gS fd dkuwuhlk{kjrk dk {ks= viuh fDy"Vrk ds dkj.k lkekU;r% ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds e/; izHkko Mkyus ds fy,vf/kd le; ysrk gSA lwpuk lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ds lUnHkZ esa ;|fi ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfrds vk/kkj ij lalk/ku miyC/k gksrs gSa rFkkfi xzkeh.k lekt esa lkekU;r;k lalk/ku miyC/k gksusds okctwn Hkh vR;f/kd dk;ZHkkj ds dkj.k efgyk,a budk mi;ksx ugha dj ikrh gSaA vr% fu"d"kZ

:i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks efgykvksa dh iw.kZ l'kDrrk gsrq dkuwwuhtkx:drk dk;ZØeksa ij fo'sk"k cy nsuk pkfg,A lkFk gh efgykvkssa dks lwpuk lalk/kuksa dsvf/kdkf/kd iz;ksx gsrq izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg, ftlls efgyk,a vius vf/kdkjksa o drZO;ksa ds izfrvf/kdkf/kd ltx jgrs gq, Lo;a dks l'kDrrk ds mPp Lrj rd igqapk ldsaA

References:

� Aksornkool,N.(1993), Women Education and Empowerment ,Report of

International Seminar, UIE Hamburg.

� Bateille,A.(2000), The Third Sector: Driving Force in Economic Development,

The Times of India, 10th March, New Delhi.

� Bowden, Peter(1997),NGOs , Govt. and the Development Agencies, Education

and Development : Tradition and Innovation, Vol.4 ,Non formal & Non-

Governmental Approaches.

� Dhoundhiyal,V .R.(2004) ,Grameen Mahila Vikas Mein.Mahila Jagrati

Sanshthan ka Yogdan ,Ek Report, Siksha Sankay,K.U.C.Almora.

� Duggal, J.(1989),Quoted in Usha Nayar (1997),Education For Girls and Women,.

Fifth survey of Educational Research, N.C.E.R.T 1988-92,Published in 1997.

� Gairola ,R .(2004), Uttaranchal Mein Mahila Shaksharata, Kurukshetra, 50, 11,

27-30. Kashikar,M.R.(1990), Quoted in Usha Nayer(1997), Education for Girls

and Women in Fifth Survey of Educational Research ,N.C.E.R.T. 1988-92,I,

Published in 1997.

� Mohanan, S.(2000), Micro Credit and Empowerment of Women- Role of

NGOs,Yojana , II, 21-23.

� National Perspective Plan(1988) , Core Group Report, M.H.R.D., Govt.of India

(9-10) .

� Pillai ,J. K.(1995), Education and Empowerment of Women ,In Women and

Empowerment ,Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi.

��



��

v:.k izdk'k ik.Ms;f'k{kk vkSj fodkl] ;g nksuksa gh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSaA O;fDr] lekt] vkSj ns'k lHkh ds

fy, budh mi;ksfxrk loZekU; gSA ;g nksuksa ijLij lacaf/kr gSa] ijUrq fHkUu Hkh gSaA oLrqr% f'k{kkdks ladh.kZ vFkZ esa u ys dj ;fn ge O;kid lUnHkZ esa xzg.k djsa] rks f'k{kk vkSj fodkl ds lEcU/kijLij vkSj vf/kd ?kfu"B gks tkrs gSaA bls vkSj Li"V djus ds fy, ge ,d O;fDr dh tks fdLukrdksRrj mikf/k izkIr gS] ijUrq csjkstxkj gS] dk mnkgj.k ys ldrs gSaA pwafd og csjkstxkj gS]mldh f'k{kk fodkl esa lgk;d ugha gks ikrhA ijUrq okjk.klh dk ,d cqudj tks FkksM+k i<+ukHkj tkurk gS vius dj?ks ij ik¡p fnu esa js'ke dh ,d dykRed lkM+h rS;kj dj ysrk gS]ftldk cktkj ewY; 2000 ls 5000 ds e/; gSA fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls cqudj dh f'k{kk lkFkZdgS vkSj LukrdksRrj mikf/k/kkjh O;fDr dh f'k{kk fodkl ls ijs gSA vr% ;g dguk izklafxd gSfd f'k{kk ogh lkFkZd gS] tks fodkl ls tqM+h gks vkSj mRiknu'khy gksA blhfy, vFkoZosn ds ,dlqUnj ea= esa dgk x;k gS %

**d`ra esa nf{k.ks gLrs] t;ks esa lO; vkfgr%Axksftn Hkw;k le·oftn] /kuat;ks fgj.;ftr~AA**vFkkZr~ esjs nkfgus gkFk esa deZ gks rks] cka;sa gkFk esa fot; izkIr gks tkrh gSA eq>s xkS] v'o] /ku

vkSj lqo.kZ lHkh dqN izkIr gks tkrs gSaAbl ea= dk lVhd rkRi;Z gS fd f'k{kk ,slh gks ftlls thfodk dk fuoZgu gks ldsA vFkZdkjh

f'k{kk gh fodkl ls tqM+h gksrh gSA blds foijhr ;fn f'k{kk vFkZdkjh ugha gksrh gS rks ogvuFkZdkjh gks dj fodkl dh ctk; fouk'k ls tqM+ tkrh gS vkSj vius fofgr mn~ns';ksa dks izkIrugha dj ikus ds dkj.k O;fDr] lekt vkSj jk"Vª ds fy, ykHkizn ugha gksrh gSA bl ckr ds vusdksamnkgj.k vkt lewpk fo'o izR;{k :i esa vuqHko dj jgk gSA f'k{kk ,slh ugha gks fd **i<+bZ QkjlhcsapbZ rsy** vFkkZr~ ;fn rsy gh csapuk gks rks Qkjlh ¼mPp½ dh f'k{kk fujFkZd gSA vkt ,slk ghgks jgk gSA

fodkl ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ bls gesa lgh lUnHkZ esa vo'; le>uk pkfg;sA blls f'k{kkvkSj fodkl ds ijLij lEcU/kksa dk Hkh Li"Vhdj.k gks ldrk gSA bldh ppkZ djuk blfy, Hkhvko';d gS] D;ksafd fodkl ds lgh fufgrkFkZ dks izk;% xyr lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kds fy, fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk vFkZ'kkL= foHkkx cgqr cM+k gSA vc og ,d laLFkku cu x;kgS] ftldk vaxzsth esa uke gS %

Institute of Economic Growth ¼vkfFkZd o`f) laLFkku½ vkSj fgUnh esa bldk uke gS

& vkfFkZd fodkl laLFkkuA;g nksuksa uke mijksDr laLFkku ds QkVd ij v¡xzsth vkSj fgUnh esa vafdr gSaA ;gk¡ fodkl

vkSj o`f) dks i;kZ;okph le> fy;k x;k gSA iwNs tkus ij crk;k x;k fd bldk mn~?kkVu MkW-eueksgu flag th }kjk rc fd;k x;k Fkk] tc og fjtoZ cSad ds xouZj FksA

oLrqr% fodkl vkSj o`f) i;kZ;okph ugha gSaA fodkl ds c<+rs lksiku esa /khjs&/khjs d`f"k ijfuHkZjrk de gksrh tkrh gS vkSj yksx m|ksx ,oa O;kikj ij vf/kd fuHkZj djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ% vesfjdk esa 12 izfr'kr yksxksa dh thfodk d`f"k ij fuHkZj gS] fczVsu esa 8 izfr'kr]tkiku esa 8 izfr'kr] vkSj teZuh esa ;g 10 izfr'kr gS] ijUrq Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh 65 izfr'kr yksxd`f"k ij vk/kkfjr gSaA Hkkjrh; d`f"k dk cjlkr ij vkfJr gksuk cgqr vf/kd mRlkgo/kZd fp=izLrqr ugha djrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa d`f"k dk 'ks;j 32 izfr'krij vk fVdk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk ds vU; {ks=ksa esa lkeuqikfrd mRiknu c<+k gS]ijUrq d`f"k {ks= esa ;g ?kVk gSA ;g dksbZ xyr ckr ugha gS] ijUrq vesfjdk] fczVsu] tkiku vkSjteZuh dh Hkkafr d`f"k ij fuHkZjrk Hkh 32 izfr'kr ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A ;g ifjfLFkfrvkfFkZd o`f) dk ,d mnkgj.k gS] ijUrq fodkl dk ughaA

mngkj.kkFkZ osustq,yk vFkok dqoSr ls isVªksfy;e fu;kZr }kjk vkfFkZd o`f) rks gksrh gS] ijUrq;g vkfFkZd fodkl ugha gks ldrkA blh izdkj Hkkjr ls cMs+ iSekus ij ykSg v;Ld dk fu;kZrgksrk gS] ;g vkfFkZd o`f) dk mnkgj.k gSA ijUrq ;fn yksgs ls lw{e ;a= fu;kZr fd, tk,a rks;g fodkl gksxk vkSj cMs+ iSekus ij dq'ky ,oa v/kZdq'ky dkjhxjksa ds lkFk lkFk etnwjksa dks Hkhjkstxkj miyC/k gks ldsxkA

vkpk;Z dkSfVY; vFkkZr~ pk.kD; us ekuo] lekt vkSj ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, **vFkZ'kkL=**uked iqLrd dh jpuk dh FkhA Hkkjr esa vusd vFkZ'kkL=h gq, gSa vkSj vkt Hkh yksx fy[krs jgrsgSaA ijUrq dkSfVY; ds ckn ge MkW- iz'kkUr pUnz egkyuohl dk uke ysrs gSaA og HkkSfrd 'kkL=esa LukrdksRrj] lkaf[;dh esa MkWDVjsV Fks fdUrq muds }kjk fy[ks x;s 'kks/k i= vFkZ'kkL= ds FksAegykuohl] ia-usg: ds vkfFkZd lykgdkj Fks vkSj f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk MªkQ~V mUgksaus ghrS;kj fd;k FkkA ;g MªkQ~V iw.kZr% fodklksUeq[kh Fkk vkSj f'k{kk dks jkstxkj ls tksM+us okyk FkkAys[kd dk ;g ekuuk gS fd f'k{kk }kjk jkstxkj izkIr gksuk pkfg, vkSj ftldks jkstxkj miyC/kgks tkrk gS] fodkl Hkh mlh dk gksrk gSA O;fDr fdruk Hkh mPp f'kf{kr D;ksa u gks] ;fn csjkstxkjgS] rks mlds fodkl dh rks ckr gh NksfM+,] mldk fookg rd ugha gks ikrkA

f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fodkl ds blh igyw ls f'k{kk dks tksM+k x;k FkkA mRiknu dsvk/kkj ij fodkl ls bl ekWMy dks izksQslj egkyuohl us fuEufyf[kr fp= }kjk iznf'kZr fd;kFkk &



;g egkyuohl th dk Four Sector Model gSA blesa &

K= Capital goods sector (Heavy Industry)

C1= Machine tool sectors (Medium Industry)

C2= Service Sector

C3 = Consumer goods sector ¼dqVhj m|ksx½

izks- egkyuohl ds ekWMy ds vuqlkj lokZf/kd Surplus Value ¼ykHkka'k½ C3 vkSj C2 Sector esal`ftr gksrk gSA egkRek xk¡/kh] iafMr usg: vkSj izks- egkyuohl dh ;kstukuqlkj C3 vkSj C2

Sectors dks y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa dh Js.kh esa lajf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk ftlls f'k{kk vkSj izf'k{k.kdks fodkl ls tksM+k tk ldsA ijUrq Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa dkvfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ x;k gSA xzkeh.k Lrj ij cuk;k tkus okyk lkekU; inkFkZ ued dk fuekZ.kHkh vc cMs+ m|ksxksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA rsy dh /kkfu;ka cUn gks xbZ gSaA bu lc dkj.kksa lsxzkeh.k Lrj ij jkstxkj ds volj esa deh vkbZ gS vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls 'kgjh {ks=ksa dh vksj izotZuesa o`f) gqbZ gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i 'kgjh vkcknh esa o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj vkokl gsrq edku cukusds fy, taxy dkVus iM+ jgs gSaA izR;{k :i ls ;s lc ckrsa gekjs i;kZoj.k ij Hkh udkjkRedizHkko Mky jgh gSaA miHkksDrk m|ksxksa dh lHkh oLrq,a cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds gkFkksa esa tk pqdhgSa] blls Hkkjh vkSj mUUr e'khuksa ls mRiknu esa o`f) gks jgh gS ijUrq fodkl fiNM+ jgk gS] vkSjf'k{kk vkSj fodkl ds laca/k VwV jgs gSaA

f'k{kk dk ,d ikou mn~ns'; gS%**lk fo|k;k foeqDr;s**vFkkZr~ f'k{kk og gS ftlls eqfDr izkIr gks ldsA ;gka eqfDr dk vk'k; ikjykSfdd eqfDr ls u

gksdj ykSfdd dfBukbZ;ksa rFkk nkfjnz;] :f<+;ksa vkfn ls eqfDr ls gSA xk¡/kh th ds vuqlkj **f'k{kk og gS tks euq"; dk lokZaxh.k fodkl dj lds**A ;g vkn'kZ ifjdYiuk gSA ,d fodflrjkT; ;k iz'kklu vFkkZr~ jkejkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djrs gq, xksLokeh rqylhnkl us fy[kkgS %

**ufga nfjnz dksb nq[kh u nhukAufga dksÅ vcq/k u y{k.k ghukAA**

vFkkZr~ fodkl og ifjos'k gS ftlesa dksbZ vcq/k vkSj nfjnz ugha gksrkA ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd;gka yksxksa dks lE;d f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj izkIr gksrk gSA

vr% f'k{kk vkSj fodkl vkil esa rHkh lacaf/kr jg ldrs gSa] tcfd f'k{kk jkstxkj ewyd gksAcsjkstxkjh c<+kus okyh f'k{kk dk lEcU/k fodkl ls gksus dh ifjdYiuk Hkzked gSA ,slh f'k{kkfodkl dks ugha fouk'k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA

vr% ;g dguk izklafxd gS fd f'k{kk fdlh Hkh dksfV ;k izdkj dh gks] mls fodkl ls vo';tqM+uk pkfg, vFkkZr~ f'k{kk }kjk O;fDrRo dk lgh fodkl vo'; gksuk pkfg;s] thfodksiktZulfgrA

��



��

jes'k nos

Vhpj th dks ns[k yhft,A lkS nks lkS cPpksa ij nks rhu VhpjA muesa ,d lnSo xSjgkftjA,d ljdkjh dkedkt djus] Mkd yxkus] lkgcksa dh M~;wVh djus] fo/kku lHkk ds ç'uksa ds tokcbdV~Bs djus esa yxk] rhljs ds ikl lkS ls vf/kd cPps] ikap&ikap d{kk,a] dejs flQZ nks ;krhuA cSBus dks xanh tehuA mnkl VwVk QwVk CySdcksMZ vkSj lSdM+ksa lky ls pyh vk jgh dheM+h;kuh csar gkFkksa eas tks ckr&ckr ij py iM+rh gSA dku rks cspkjk Vhpj th ds fy, mesBus dkvkuan gS] eqxkZ cuk cuk dj os gels ;ksx djokrh gSaA vkSj fpeVh rks bruh rh[kh Hkjrh gSa tSlsrrS;k us Mad ekj fn;k gksA ekLVj lkgc gSa rks i<+kus ds dke ihVus ds T;knk] ekLVjuh gSa rksLosVj cquus ls ysdj ?kj ds lkjs dke Ldwy esa ys vkrh gSaA cPps Hkh fo|kFkhZ de vkSj ukSdjT;knkA Vhpj [kM+s gSa uxj ikfydk ds esB ls vkSj cPps >kMw yxkrs gSa] dpjk mBk mBk djLdwy ds vkl ikl Qsad dj Ldwy Jaxkj djrs gSa vkSj Vhpj i;kZoj.k dk ikB i<+k jgs gSaA gjvk/kk ?kaVs esa Vhpj rackdw [kk jgs gSa] chM+h ih jgs gSa] cPpksa ls eaxok Hkh jgs gSa vkSj cgu th viusyap ds crZu eatok jgh gSA i<+krs Hkh D;k gSa\ QVh gqbZ fdrkc ds dVs&QVs lcdA vkt rdHkh Ldwy esa Vhpj ds ikl v&vukj dk gh gS tcfd xkao ds dbZ cPpksa us vukj&n'kZu fd;kgh ughaA u v&vnjd dk cuk] u ve:n dkA 'kgj ds ekynkj cPps vukj dk twl ih ih djyky gks jgs gSa vkSj ge x&xjhc dk i<+ i<+ dj ftanxh Hkj xjhc jgus dks etcwj gSaA fxurhfl[kkrh gSa tc gekjh Vhpj rks iwNrh gSa ns[kks ;g LosVj dh lykbZ] fxuksa blesa eSaus fdrus QansMkys gSa\ Bhd gS Vhpj th] fxu rks nsrh] exj vHkh rd vkius nl rd fxuuk Hkh rks ughafl[kk;k rks ;s flykbZ&Hkj Qans dSls fxuwaA pksVh idM+ dj >d>ksj dj dgrh gSaA bruh cM+hgks xbZ] dy ls nwljs ?kj tk,xh ;g tjk&lh fxurh ugha vkbZA D;k d:a\ mez dk Ldwy rksfl[kk gh nsxk lc dqN exj ;g Ldwy uke dh txg gS ftl ij eq>s vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS]og D;k fl[kk jgk gS\ blfy, eSa ugha i<waxhA

eSa [ksyuk pkgrh gwa] exj u eSnku u [ksy dk lkeku] eSa dgkuh i<+uk pkgrh gwa] dfork xkukpkgrh gwaA exj fdrkcsa gSa] Hkhrks rkys esa canA Vhpj dgr gSa QV tk,axh] [kjkc gks tk,axh rksiSls rks eq>ls olwys tk,axs] vQlj vyx ukjkt gksaxs] fQj bu lcdks i<+ dj D;k djksxh&dkslZdh fdrkc i<+ksA blh ls bErgku gksxkA nwljh fdrkcsa i<+&i<+ dj Qsy gks xbZ rks tokc dkSunsxk\ esjk osru dV tk,xk] rjDdh ugha feysxh] osru ugha c<+sxk vkSj MkaV iM+sxh lks vyxAfQj cpkus dkSu vk,xk\ rqEgkjk cki\ eSa Mj tkrh gwaA tgka gkftjh dk Mj] i<+kbZ dk Mj] fiVkbZ


dk Mj] gkseodZ dk Mj] Vhpj dk Mj] fdrkc dk Mj vkSj ijh{kk dk Mj gh Mj gks& ogka tkdjD;k d:axhA blfy, eSa ugha i<waxhA

gekjs Vhpj Vªsfuax ysdj vk, gSaA os dgrs gSa fd fnYyh esa] jkt/kkfu;ksa eas] cM+s 'kgjksa esa] ftyksaesa Vsªfuax gks jgh gSA os crkrs gSa& pquko dh Vªsfuax] tux.kuk dh Vªsfuax] iksfy;ks dh Vªsfuax]iksfy;ks Mªki fiykus dh Vªsfuax] QksVks igpku i= cukus dh Vªsfuax] ck<+] vkx] nq?kZVuk ls cpkusdh Vªsfuax] isM+ yxkus dh Vªsfuax] ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa dh Vªsfuax] nksigj dk [kkuk cukus dh Vªsfuax]vkSj ,sls gh <sjksa dkeksa dh Vªsfuax] i;kZoj.k dh Vªsfuax vkSj vkuannk;h f'k{k.k dh VªsfuaxA tcreke Vªsfuaxksa ls f'k{kd Fkd tkrk gS] mnkl vkSj fpM+fpM+k gks tkrk gS] rc mls nh tkrh gSvkuannk;h f'k{kk dh Vªsfuax] og Hkh ,sls Vªsfuax dkystksa esa tks Lo;a vkuan&foghu gSa] tks flQZMh,M] ch,M ;k ,e,M dh fMxzh mxkus ds dsUnz gSaA ,d Hkh ubZ fdrkc] u, f'k{kkfon] u, ç;ksxdk uke mu çf'k{kdksa dks ;kn ugha tks vkuannk;h çf'k{k.k ns jgs gSaA cl lqcg 'kke çkFkZuk xokyks] ihVh djk yks vkSj ipkl lky ls py jgs uksV~l ls Vªsfuax ns nksA çf'k{k.k laLFkk vFkkZr ogtxg tgka f'k{kd tks tkurk gS] og Hkh Hkwy tk,A tc ,d f'k{kd dks mlds ;k xkao] uxj]eksgYys dh lqfo/kk ls Ldwy le; r; djus dk vf/kdkj ugha] viuk Vkbe&Vscy cukus dkvf/kdkj ugha] dc vodk'k gks dc ugha] blds fy, jk; nsus dk vf/kdkj ugha vkSj viuh ethZls i<+kus] ç;ksx djus] uokpkj djus dk vf/kdkj ugha rks fQj f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj& f'k{kk vkSjf'k{kd Nhuus] Ldwy dh vktknh Nhuus vkSj dsoy vf/kdkj& vf/kdkj dk dhrZu djrs jgus dkvf/kdkj gS\ futh Ldwy vkids cl esa blfy, ugha fd os vius dks ljdkj ls cM+s ekurs gSa]ljdkjh Ldwy vf/kdkj blfy, ugha ykxw dj ldrs fd mu ij vf/kdkj de vf/kdkjh] ges'kkgkoh jgrs gSaA tc ,d f'k{kd dh fu;qfDr] rcknyk vkSj gj dke fcdrk gks] tc f'k{kd ls çse;k lgkuqHkwfr dh ctk; mls ges'kk Mjk;k] /kedk;k tkrk gks rks og vkuan dk Ldwy D;ksa cusxk\vxj Vhpj mnkl gS] cPps mnkl gSa rks og rks mnklh dk Ldwy gh gksxk uk\ ,sls Ldwy esa tkdj D;k d:axh\ blfy, eSa ugha i<waxh] ugha i<waxh! cl!

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Hkwfedkjk"Vªh; lk{kjrk fe'ku] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkS<+ f'k{kk ds Lo:i

esa dbZ cnyko ykus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA QyLo:i bldh uhfr ,oa fØ;kUo;u dh j.kuhfresa uokpkjh iz;ksx Li"Vr% ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i vc ;g iwoZ dh rjg vyx&vyxpj.kksa ¼lk{kjrk vfHk;ku] mÙkj lk{kjrk vkSj lrr f'k{kk½ esa foHkkftr@oxhZd`r ugha gS] oju~ ,dgh lkFk cqfu;knh lk{kjrk vkSj lrr f'k{kk dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks la;qDr :i ls lapkfyr djus dh;kstuk gSA cqfu;knh lk{kjrk ij fo'ks"k cy nsdj vlk{kjrk mUewyu ds fy, vf/kd Bksl ,oadkjxj igy djus dh ;kstuk Hkh blesa 'kkfey gSA fo'ks"k y{; lewg ds fy, vkoklh; f'k{k.kf'kfoj vkSj ekuns; vk/kkfjr vuqns'kd ds }kjk dsUnz lapkyu dh Hkh O;oLFkk lk{kj Hkkjr fe'kuesa gSA 15&35 vk;q oxZ ds ctk, 15 o"kZ ds Åij ds lHkh fuj{kjksa ds fy, lk{kjrk dsUnz LFkkfirdjus dh ;kstuk blesa gSA

fdUrq] cqfu;knh lk{kjrk iznku djus dh ;kstuk esa lk{kj Hkkjr fe'ku esa Hkh lk{kjrk vfHk;kudh rjg Lo;alsoh f'k{kdksa@f'kf{kdkvksa dh Hkwfedk gh lokZf/kd vkSj loksZifj gSA vr,o] ;fn fe'kudks lQy cukuk gS rks ;g vko';d gS fd Lo;alsfo;ksa dks l{ke@l'kDr cuk;k tk,A os ghfe'ku dh lQyrk dh dqath gSaA blfy, iwoZ ds vfHk;ku@dk;ZØeksa esa tks detksfj;ka jg xbZFkha mls nwj djus dh ps"Vk gksuh pkfg, vkSj os lHkh iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg,a tks mUgsa lacyiznku dj muesa lgh eukso`fr fodflr djsa vkSj dk;Zdq'ky cuk,A

Lo;alsodksa@Lo;alsfodkvksa dks l{ke@l'kDr cukus ds mik;%d½ Lo;alsod dh igpku & Lo;alsod dh igpku esa tYnckth ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

muds mez] ;ksX;rk] bPNk 'kfDr vkfn dh ij[k djds] mudh lgefr ysdj vkSjlk{kjrkdehZ@iapk;r izfrfuf/k }kjk mudks mRizsj.k@mUeq[khdj.k djus ds ckn gh mUgsa Lo;alsoh?kksf"kr@fpfUg~r djsaA

[k½ Lo;alsod dk izf'k{k.k & Lo;alsod dk izf'k{k.k izHkkoh ugha gksus ds dkj.k muesa visf{krn{krk fodflr ugha gksus ls os viuh Hkwfedk lgt] lfØ; ,oa izHkkoh <+ax ls ugha fuHkk ikrs ,slkiwoZ vuqHko jgk gSA vr,o] bu dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, fuEukafdr iz;kl vfuok;Z gS %


1½ izf'k{k.k dk dkldsV eksM dk;e jgsA vFkkZr~ lHkh Lrj ij izf'k{k.k vof/k] izf'k{k.k dsfo"k;&oLrq izf'k{k.k dh fof/k ,oa izfØ;k leku gksA blds fy, izf'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ¼Vh-vks-Vh½ds fy, ,d gh izf'k{k.k izk:i ¼Vªsfuax fMtkbu½ vkSj Vªsfuax ekM;wy ¼izf'k{k.k lanf'kZdk½ gksAizf'k{k.k lanf'kZdk lgHkkfxrk@xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr gksA blesa l=okj izf'k{k.k p;kZlapkfyr@lesfdr djus dh lqLi"V funsZ'k izf'k{kd ds fy, gksA gj l= dk mís';] pj.k ¼LVsi½l= esa dh tkusokyh xfrfof/k] mi;ksx dh tkusokyh lkexzh] QhM cSd ysus] lesfdr djus¼MhczhfQax djus½ ds rjhds vkSj fu"d"kZr% l= ds var esa laizsf"kr fd;s tkus okys lh[k dh fcUnqvksa¼buiqV½ dk mYys[k gksA

laf{kIr esa izf'k{k.k ekWM;wy izfrHkkfx;ksa dh vko';drk ds vkdyu izf'k{k.k l= dh ;kstukfuekZ.k] l= ds lapkyu vkSj izf'k{k.k dh izHkkoiw.kZrk ds vkdyu laEcfU/kr O;ofLFkr n`f"Vdks.kdks /;ku esa j[kdj fodflr fd;k tk,A vr,o] gj Lrj ij vyx&vyx y{; lewg ¼ds-vkj-ih-vkj-ih-] ,e-Vh-½ ds fy, vyx&vyx ekWM;wy fodflr djus dh vko';drk ugha eglwl dhtkuh pkfg,A

2½ Lo;alsfo;ksa dks mudh tkudkjh c<+kus ds fy, lgk;d lkexzh dh fdV&;Fkk iksLVj] pkVZisij] yS'k] dkMZ@v{kj vad dkMZ vkfn miyC/k djk;k tkuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr gS.Mfcy]QksYMj] iqfLrdk vkfn ¼ftlesa Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds xBu] efgyk dY;k.k ;kstuk,a] LokLF;;kstuk,a] ifjokj dY;k.k] vkethou chek ;kstuk] vkfn laca/kh fo"k;&oLrq lfUufgr gks½ miyC/kdjk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd os viuh tkudkjh c<+k ldsa vkSj f'k{kqvksa dks Hkh ;s tkudkjh ns ldsaA

3½ Lo;alsfo;ksa ds izf'k{k.k esa 25&30 izfrHkkfx;ksa dk gh lewg ,d cSp esa gksA4½ izR;sd lewg dks izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy, 2&3 ekLVj Vªsuj vo'; gksA5½ ftys esa f=Lrjh; izf'k{k.k lajpuk ds ctk, ;fn nks Lrjh; lajpuk j[kh tk, rks izf'k{k.k

vf/kd izHkkoh gksxk vkSj Vªkalfe'ku ykSl dks de fd;k tk ldsxkA ,slk djuk FkksM+k dfBu gS]fdUrq vlaHko ugha D;ksafd fcgkj esa eq[;ea=h v{kj vkapy ;kstuk ds varxZr ,slk vfHkuo iz;ksxlQy ,oa dkjxj lkfcr gks pqdk gSA

vko';drk bl ckr dh gksxh fd ftys ds p;fur ds-vkj-ih- ;k ,e-Vh- ¼tks Hkh uke nsa½ mUgsajkT; lalk/ku dsUnz }kjk izf'kf{kr fd;k tk, vkSj os lh/ks Lo;alsfo;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsaA blesa ds-vkj-ih- ¼,e-Vh-½ ds la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ,d lkFk dbZ cSp esa Lo;alsfo;ksa dk izf'k{k.k vk;ksftrfd;k tk ldsxkA varj dsoy ;g gksxk fd ,slk izf'k{k.k 4&5 fnuksa dh vof/k esa iwjh ugha gksxhoju~ Lo;alsfo;ksa dh la[;k ds vuqlkj 5&5 fnuksa d izf'k{k.k yxkrkj vk;ksftr djrs gq, gksldrk gS fd eghus Hkj ;k mlls vf/kd dk le; izf'k{k.k iwjk djus esa yx tk,A fdUrq] ;gizf'k{k.k Bksl@izHkkoh fl) gksxkA

6½ izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, Hkkstu vkfn rFkk oxZ O;oLFkk i;kZIr ,oa lehphu gks tks lh[kus


dh vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djsaA7½ izf'k{k.k esa O;kogkfjd dk;Z] ;Fkk ikB izLrqfr] f'k{kqvksa ds miyfC/k Lrj dh tkap@tkap

i=d Hkjus vkfn ds fy, de&ls&de rhu fnuksa dk le; fn;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd Lo;alsohviuh ewy Hkwfedk esa iw.kZ n{krk gkfly dj ldsaA iBu&ikBu dk vH;kl vkfn {ks= Hkze.k djkdjlgh fuj{kjksa ds lkFk djk;k tk, rks ;g Hkh izHkkfor fl) gksxkA

8½ iwoZ vuqHko ,slk jgk gS fd tgka izf'k{k.k dks dsoy ,d ckj dh xfrfof/k ekudj lapkfyrfd;k x;k ogka mruk mRlkgo/kZd ifj.kke lkeus ugha vk;kA ijUrq tgka bls f'k{k.k dk;Z lstksM+k x;k vFkkZr~ lk{kjrk dsUnz rd ds-vkj-ih-@,e-Vh- dh igqap lqfuf'pr dh xbZ ogkaLo;alsfo;ksa dh n{krk vkSj f'k{kqvksa ds miyfC/k Lrj dh xq.koÙkk esa dkQh o`f) gqbZA vr% ;gvko';d gS fd izf'k{k.k ds mijkar Hkh-Vh- dks izf'kf{kr djus okys izf'k{kd fu;fer :i ls dsUnzksadk vuqJo.k djrs jgsa vkSj Lo;alsfo;ksa dks ;Fkko';d ekxZn'kZu djrs jgs rkfd os viuh detksjhdks nwj dj ldsa vkSj ,d l{ke l'kDr Lo;alsoh dh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsaA [kkldj iBu&ikBudh xfrfof/k esa dksbZ Hkwy@=qfV ugha jgus ik,A

9½ izR;sd ekg Lo;alsfo;ksa dk ,d lqfuf'pr frfFk dks fu/kkZfjr LFkku ij cSBd vk;ksftrfd;k tk,A ys[ku] okn&fookn] f'k{k.k fdV fuekZ.k laca/kh izfr;ksfxrk,a vk;ksftr dh tk,a vkSjvkf/kdkf/kd Lo;alsfo;ksa dks iqLd`r@lEekfur dj muds eukscy dks c<+k;k tk,A

x½ mRizsj.k@mRlkgo/kZu % ;nk dnk iz[kaM@ftyk Lrj ij Lo;alsfo;ksa dk esyk Hkh yxk;ktk ldrk gS tgka os viuh jpukReddrk dks n'kkZ ldsa vkSj viuh mRd`"V miyfC/k dks crkldsaA

pwafd Lo;alsfo;ksa dks dksbZ vf/kd izksRlkgu ¼ekuns; vkfn½ nsus dk izko/kku ugha gSA vr,o]mUgsa fodklkRed ;kstuk,a ;Fkk vke vkneh thou chek ;kstuk] tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk] ekr`RoykHk] bafnjk vkokl] ;kstuk ,l-th-,l-okbZ-] lekt dY;k.k vkfn dk ykHk fnykus esa lk{kjrkdehZlgk;d Hkwfedk fuHkk,aA dsUnz ,oa jkT; Lrj ls bl fn'kk esa igy dj lacaf/kr foHkkxksa ls leUo;LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkaaSj Li"V fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh djokus rFkk ml fn'kk esa mBk;s x;sdne dk vuqJo.k vkSj vuqxeu Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

efgyk Lo;alsfo;ksa dk Lo;a lgk;rk lewg xBu ,oa dkS'ky fodkl laca/kh izf'k{k.k nsdj Hkhf'k{k.k@iBu&ikBu esa mudh layXurk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSaaA

Lo;alsodksa dk ;nk&dnk mUeq[khdj.k dj mUgsa ;g vglkl djkuk Hkh vko';d gS fd Hkysgh mUgsa vkfFkZd ykHk ugha feyrk] fdarq] Lo;alsoh ds #i esa mUgsa vkSj cgqr dqN feyrk gSA mudsifjp; vkSj igaqp dk nk;jk c<+k gSA ubZ tkudkfj;ka feyh gS tks Lo;a muds fy, Hkh mi;ksxhgSA ,d volj feyk gS ftldk mi;ksx dj os viuh vPNh igpku cuk ik;s gSaA ,df'kf{kr&lk{kj lekt ds fuekZrk ds :i esa muds ;ksxnku dh ljkguk gksxhA os vius Kku vkSj


vuqHko dks ckaVdj] c<+kdj Hkfo"; esa bldk ykHk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA vU; lsokvksa dk voljizkIr djuk vklku gks ldrk gSA bl izdkj Lo;alsoh ds :i esa fd;k x;k dk;Z muds csgrjHkfo"; dk ekxZ Hkh [kksy ldrk gSA

?k½ fu"d"kZ % bl izdkj] Lo;alsfo;ksa ds izHkkoh izf'k{k.k] mRizsj.k vkSj mRlkgo/kZu ds }kjk mUgsal'kDr@l{ke cuk;k tk ldrk gSA os viuh Hkwfedk izHkkoh <ax ls fuHkk ldrs gSaA Qyr% lk{kjHkkjr fe'ku ds ewyHkwr y{; ¼fuj{kjrk mUewyu½ dks izkIr djuk vklku gksxkA

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izfrHkk ik.Ms;

lq"kek tSuizLrqr 'kks/k dk mís'; d{kk 9 ,oa 10 dh Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k dk v/;;u gSA

bl 'kks/k esa Mk- ,syu oh- fi;lZ rFkk bZt oh- gSfjl }kjk lu~ 1919 esa rS;kj fd;s x;svkRe&lacks/k ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl ijh{k.k ds }kjk ;g ifj.kke lkeus vk;kfd d{kk 9 ,oa 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha vk;kA

izLrkouk ekuo O;ogkj dks mn~?kkfVr djus okyh fof'k"Vrk dk mlds fof'k"V fpUru dh

vo/kkj.kk ds ^vkRe&lacks/k* fo"k;d /kkj.kk esa vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vkRe&lacks/k euq";ds fy, bZ'oj iznÙk ojnku gS tks vU; izk.kh leqnk; ds fy, vyH; gSA ^fcMuh* ¼1959½us vkRe&lacks/k ds lanHkZ esa gh ekuo dks l`f"V ds lcls lkFkZd vax ds :i esa Lohdkjfd;k gSA D;ksafd euq"; gh ,d ,slk izk.kh gS tks vius Lo o vkRe&lacks/k izJ; ds izfrltx jgrk gSA vr% vkRe&lacks/k] vkRe&fparu] vkRe ewY; o vkRe ewY;kadu dk ,dhd`rLo:i gSA

ckyd ds fodkl esa tho vkSj ifjos'k laca/kh dsoy nks 'kfDr;ka gh ugha gksrh cfYd ,drhljh 'kfDr Hkh dk;Z djrh gS] og gS vkRe&lacks/kA ekuo f'k'kq tUe ds le; fdlhvkRe&lacks/k ls Lo&laiUu ugha gksrk cfYd vkRe lacks/k ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd cks/k ls 'kq:gksrk gS vkSj /khjs&/khjs fopkj] Hkkoukvksa vkSj fØ;kvksa }kjk fodflr gksrk gSA vkRe&lacks/kds }kjk gh mlesa vkRe Kku dk fodkl gksrk gS tks mls lek;kstu LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rknsrk gSA euksfoKku esa vkRe&lacks/k dk iz;ksx ^O;fDrRo* vFkok ^vga* ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrkgSA ;g og ,tsUV gS tks vius dks igpkuus esa LFkkf;Ro ds laca/k esa psru jgrk gSA vr%;g ,d vfHkdrkZ gS vkSj ftlesa viuh lrr~ rknRE;rk dh psruk gSA blds }kjk bl ckrdk Hkh fu/kkZj.k gksrk gS fd ckyd ;k O;fDr ^D;k* vkSj ^dSlk* vuqHko djrk gSAvkRe&lacks/k O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dk fu/kkZjd gSA ;g euq"; ds fopkjks a o vuqHkoks a dk fefJrLo:i gSA

lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;u & bZ- bZLVeSu ¼1965½ us cPpksa ds vkRe&lacks/k vkSj cqf)


yfC/k dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk fu"d"kZ ik;k fd ftu cPpksa dk vkRe&lacks/k vf/kd ik;kx;k] muesa lk{ksi :i ls vf/kd cqf)yfC/k ik;h x;hA gaXls ¼1971½ us pkSFkh d{kk dsfo|kfFkZ;ks a ds vkRe&lacks/k dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk ;g fu"d"kZ ik;k fd ftu cPpksa esa vkRelEeku vf/kd gksrk gS] muesa miyfC/k Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA czwdj ¼1974½ us dkys o xksjscPpksa ds vkRe&lacks/k dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd dkys cPpksa dkvkRe&lacks/k xksjs cPpksa dh vis{kk vf/kd FkkA ^dwys* us vkRe&lacks/k dk Li"Vhdj.k ^tqfdaxXykl* dg dj fd;k gSA O;fDr dks vius izfr rFkk nwljks a ds izfr vo/kkj.kk dk izfrfcacvkRe&lacks/k esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA ^byk ,oa iafMr* ds fopkjkuqlkj vkRe&lacks/k dkv/;;u ge lkekftd xfrfof/k;ks a dks igpkuus esa djrs gSa] ,oa muds laca/kks a esa varj dkslfEefr djrs gSaA

vkt dk Nk= dy dk ekxZn'kZd gS] lekt o jk"Vª dh fuf/k gSA vr% vko';d gS fdNk=ksa ds vkRe&lacks/k dks izkjEHk ls gh ;Fkksfpr ekxZ dh vksj fodflr rFkk mUeq[k gksusdk volj iznku fd;k tk;sAv/;;u dk mís';

izLrqr 'kks/k fo"k; dk izeq[k y{; d{kk 9 ,oa 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/kdk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk ,oa 'kSf{kd izklafxdrk dks Li"V djukA

ifjdYiuk,aizLrqr y{;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ijh{k.k gsrq fuEu ifjdYiuk,a O;Dr dh xbZ gSaA¼1½ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa esa vkRe&lacks/k gksrk gSA¼2½ d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k esa varj ugha gksrkA¼3½ d{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k esa varj ugha gksrkA¼4½ d{kk ckj o fyaxokj Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gksrkA

'kks/k fof/k bl 'kks/k v/;;u esa losZ{k.k ijh{k.k fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

'kks/k midj.kvkRe&lacks/k ijh{k.k Mk- ,syu ch- fi;lZ bZt ch- gSfjl }kjk lu~ 1919 esa rS;kj fd;k

x;kA ijh{k.k dk fgUnh :ikUrj.k Mk- ,l-ih- vgyqokfy;k }kjk 1984&86 esa fd;k x;kAvkRe&lacks/k ekiuh esa 80 in gSaA ;s in N% ?kVdksa ls lacaf/kr gSA bu ?kVdksa ls lacaf/kriz'uks a dk mÙkj nsus esa vf/kd ls vf/kd 20 feuV dk le; yxrk gSA U;kn'kZ

izLrqr 'kks/k gsrq U;kn'kZ ds rkSj ij 280 Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks fy;k x;k ftlesa 140 Nk=


o Nk=k,a d{kk 9 ls 140 Nk= o Nk=k,a d{kk 10 ls fy, x, gSaA Nk=ksa dk p;u lkxjuxj dh 'kk- cgq- mís- mPp- ek/;- fo|ky; ls fd;k x;k gSA Nk=kvksa dk p;u lkxjuxj dh egkjkuh y{ehckbZ dU;k fo|ky; ls fd;k x;kA

O;k[;k ,oa fo'ys"k.k d{kk 9 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk vkRe lacks/k

Ø- ?kVd Nk= Nk=k,a Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a

e/;eku Ekud ekud e/;eku Ekud ekud e/;eku Ekud ekud

fopyu =qfV fopyu =qfV fopyu =qfV

1- O;ogkj 11-50 02-52 0-30 11-79 1-62 0-19 12-01 02-30 0-19

2- cqf) ,oa 10-44 02-94 0-35 09-63 2-67 0-32 08-63 02-51 0-21

'kkys; Lrj

3- 'kkjhfjd 07-93 02-48 0-29 07-30 2-42 0-29 07-66 02-40 0-20

n`';rk

,oa xq.k

4- fpUrk 08-99 02-34 0-28 09-01 2-26 0-27 09-09 02-12 0-16

5- yksdfiz;rk 08-16 02-38 0-28 08-67 01-54 0-18 08-41 02-02 0-17

6- izlUurk 04-13 01-20 0-14 04-56 01-20 0-14 04-99 01-42 0-12

,oa larq"Vh

dqy vkRe&lacks/k 51-07 10-70 01-28 51-21 08-45 01-01 51-36 09-50 0-80

O;k[;k rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk 9 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk

vkRe&lacks/k ekiuh ds N% ?kVdksa ds varxZr dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;k A d{kk 9ds Nk=ksa dk dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku 51-07 gSA ekud fopyu 10-70 gS vkSj ekud=qfV 1-28 gSA d{kk 9 dh Nk=kvksa dk dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku 51-21 gS] ekudfopyu 8-45 gS ,oa ekud =qfV 1-01 gSA d{kk 9 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lexz lewg dk dqyvkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku 51-36 gS] ekud fopyu 9-50 gS ,oa ekud =qfV 0-80 gSA

d{kk 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k


Ø- ?kVd Nk= Nk=k,a Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a

e/;eku Ekud ekud e/;eku Ekud ekud e/;eku Ekud ekud

fopyu =qfV fopyu =qfV fopyu =qfV

1- O;ogkj 11-64 01-98 0-24 11-73 01-78 0-21 11-59 01-96 0-17

2- cqf) ,oa 10-70 02-49 0-29 09-93 02-73 0-33 10-34 02-43 0-74

'kkys; Lrj

3- 'kkjhfjd 07-99 02-30 0-27 05-53 02-10 0-25 07-12 02-70 0-23

n`';rk ,oa xq.k

4- fpUrk 08-93 02-44 0-29 08-90 02-14 0-26 09-00 02-12 0-18

5- yksdfiz;rk 08-50 02-10 0-25 08-87 01-98 0-24 08-04 01-46 0-12

6- izlUurk 04-16 01-20 0-14 04-13 01-18 0-26 05-06 01-24 0-10

,oa larq"Vh

dqy vkRe&lacks/k 51-78 09-30 0-13 51-03 07-85 0-94 51-93 9-00 0-76

O;k[;k rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk

vkRe&lacks/k ekiuh ds N% ?kVdksa ds varxZr dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;k A d{kk 10ds Nk=ksa dk dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku 51-78 gS] ekud fopyu 9-30 gS ,oa ekud=qfV 0-13 gSA d{kk 10 dh Nk=kvksa dk dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku 51-03 gS] ekudfopyu 7-85 gS ,oa ekud =qfV 0-94 gSA d{kk 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lexz lewg dkdqy vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku 51-93 gS] ekud fopyu 9-00 gS ,oa ekud =qfV 0-76 gSA

d{kk 9 ,oa 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku varj dh lkFkZdrk

Ø- ?kVd d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a d{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a

e/;eku Lora=rk ekud Vh lkFkZdrk e/;eku Lora=rk ekud Vh lkFkZdrk

varj ds va'k =qfV ewY; varj ds va'k =qfV ewY;

1- O;ogkj 0-49 138 0-36 1-36 lkFkZd 0-09 138 0-33 0-27 lkFkZd

ugha ugha

2- cqf) ,oa 0-81 138 0-47 1-72 lkFkZd 0-77 138 0-45 1-72 lkFkZd

'kkys; Lrj ugha ugha


3- 'kkjhfjd 0-63 138 0-10 6030 lkFkZd 0-46 138 0-37 1-24 lkFkZd

n`';rk ugha ugha

,oa xq.k

4- fpUrk 0-02 138 0-10 0-20 lkFkZd 0-03 138 0-40 0-08 lkFkZd

ugha ugha

5- yksdfiz;rk 0-51 138 0-33 0-55 lkFkZd 0-37 138 0-35 1-06 lkFkZd

ugha ugha

6- izlUurk 0-43 138 0-20 2-15 lkFkZd 0-03 138 0-20 2-15 lkFkZd

,oa larq"Vh ugha ugh

dqy 0-14 138 1-63 0-09 lkFkZd 0-15 138 1-46 0-10 lkFkZd

vkRe&lacks/k ugha ugha

O;k[;k rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk 9 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk e/;eku

varj 0-05 ,oa 0-01 nksuks a Lrjks a ij lkFkZd ugha gS] D;ksafd bldk ifjxf.kr Vh eku 0-09 gSA d{kk 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku varj 0-05 ,oa 0-01nksuks a Lrjks a ij lkFkZd ugha gS D;ksafd bldk ifjxf.kr Vh eku 0-10 gSA

ifj.kke ,oa fu"d"kZiznÙkks a ds lkj.kh;u] fo'ys"k.k O;k[;k ,oa foospu ds vk/kkj ij fuEu fu"d"kZ izkIr

gq,Adqy 280 Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ij v/;;u fd;k x;k A v/;;u d{kk 9 o 10 rd lhfer

jgk ftlesa izR;sd d{kk ls 70&70 Nk=ksa o Nk=kvksa dks fy;k x;kA izkIr fu"d"kZ blhU;kn'kZ rd lhfer gSA

d{kk 9 ds Nk=ksa esa dqy vkRe&lacks/k Lrj ¼vkSlr e/;eku½ 51-07 gS] ekud fopyu10-70 gS rFkk ekud =qfV 1-28 gSA d{kk 9 dh Nk=kvksa esa dqy vkRe&lacks/k Lrj ¼vkSlre/;eku½ 51-21 gSA ekud fopyu 8-45 gS ,oa ekud =qfV 1-01 gSA rqyukRed n`f"V lsd{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk ¼vkSlr e/;eku½ 51-36 gS] ekud fopyu 9-50 gS ,oaekud =qfV 0-80 gSA

d{kk 10 ds Nk=ksa esa dqy vkRe&lacks/k Lrj ¼vkSlr e/;eku½ 51-78 gS] ekud fopyu9-30 gS ,oa ekud =qfV 0-13 gSa d{kk 10 dh Nk=kvksa esa dqy vkRe&lacks/k Lrj ¼vkSlr


e/;eku½ 51-03 gS] ekud fopyu 7-85 gS ,oa ekud =qfV 0-94 gSA rqyukRed n`f"V ls d{kk10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk ¼vkSlr e/;eku½ 51-93 gS ekud fopyu 9-00 gS ,oa ekud=qfV 0-76 gSA

d{kk 9 ,oa 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k esa e/;eku varjdh lkFkZdrk

d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd Ô;ogkj* esa e/;eku varj 0-49gSA d{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd Ô;ogkj* esa e/;eku varj 0-09 gS rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk 9 ds Nk= o Nk=k,a rFkk d{kk10 ds Nk= o Nk=k,a vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd O;ogkj ij leku gSaA buesa dksbZ lkFkZd varjugha ik;k x;kA d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ^cqf) ,oa 'kkys;Lrj* esa e/;eku varj 0-81 gSA d{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd^cqf) ,oa 'kkys; Lrj* esa e/;eku varj 0-77 gSA rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrkgS fd d{kk 9 ds Nk=&Nk=k,a ^cqf) ,oa 'kkys; Lrj* ?kVd ij leku gS] buesa dksbZ lkFkZdvarj ugha ik;k x;kA

d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ^'kkjhfjd n`';rk ,oa xq.k* esae/;eku varj 0-63 gSA d{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ^'kkjhfjdn`';rk ,oa xq.k* esa e/;eku 0-46 gSA

d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ß'kkjhfjd n`';rk ,oa xq.k esa lekuugha gSa] buesa nksuks a Lrjks a ij lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA vr% bl ?kVd esa Nk=kvksa dh vis{kkNk= mPp ik;s x;sA tcfd d{kk 10 ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kAvr% nksuks a Lrjks a ij lkeku gSAÞ d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd^fpUrk* esa e/;eku varj 0-02 gSA d{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd^fpUrk* esa e/;eku varj 0-03 gSA rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk 9o 10 ds Nk= o Nk=k,a vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ^fpUrk esa leku gS] muesa dksbZ lkFkZd varjugha ik;k x;kA

d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ^yksdfiz;rk* esa e/;eku 0-51 gSAd{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ^yksdfiz;rk* esa e/;eku 0-37 gSArqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk 9 o 10 ds Nk= o Nk=k,a vkRe&lacks/kds ?kVd ^yksdfiz;rk* esa leku gS muesa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA d{kk 9 ds Nk=,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd îzlUurk ,oa larqf"V* esa vkSlr e/;eku varj 0-43gSA d{kk 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk vkRe lacks/k ds ?kVd îzlUurk ,oa larqf"V* esa vkSlr


e/;eku 0-03 gSA rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk 9 ,oa 10 ds Nk=,oa Nk=k,a vkRe&lacks/k ds ?kVd ^izlUurk ,oa larqf"V* esa leku gS] buesa dksbZ lkFkZd varjugha ik;k x;kA

dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa d{kk 9 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk e/;eku varj 0-14 gSA d{kk 10ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk e/;eku varj 0-15 gSA rqyukRed n`f"V ls ns[kus ij Li"V gksrkgS fd d{kk 9 o 10 ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dk dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;kx;kA fyaxokj o d{kkokj Nk=&Nk=k,a dqy vkRe&lacks/k esa leku gSA

'kks/k v/;;u dh mi;ksfxrkizLrqr 'kks/k izca/k }kjk Nk=ksa o Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k dh tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ gSA

chloha 'krkCnh ds vkBosa n'kd esa euksfoKku dh ,d u;h 'kk[kk vkdka{kk dk euksfoKkufodflr gqvkA vkRe fl)kar ds fodkl us Li"V dj fn;k fd O;fDr dh lQyrk mldsvkRe&lacks/k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn ifjokj esa ekrk&firk] fo|ky; esa f'k{kdNk=&Nk=kvksa ds vkRe&lacks/k dh tkudkjh j[ks rks os iz[kj vkSlr rFkk ean cqf) Nk=ksads fy, vko';d 'kSf{kd izko/kku djrs gq, vf/kdre lQyrk ds fudV yk ldsaxsA vktdh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa ckydksa ds okLrfod Lo:i dks tkuus dk iz;kl vf/kd izpyu esa gSAoS;fDrd fofHkUurkvksa ds vk/kkj ij f'k{k.k fo"k;] f'k{kk izdj.kks a o f'k{kdksa ds leqfpr p;uesa lqfo/kk gksrh gSA d{kk f'k{k.k esa izfrHkk'kkyh] eancqf) o fiNMs+ ckydksa ds laca/k esavyx&vyx leL;kvksa dks muds vkRe&lacks/k ds ;Fks"B Kku ds }kjk Kkr dj mudks;Fkksfpr f'k{k.k iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ckydksa dk fodkl izFker% vfHkHkkodksa dh tkap] laj{k.k o fujh{k.k esa gksrk gSA vr%vfHkHkkodksa }kjk izR;{khd`r ckyd dk vkRe izR;; mlds okLrfod vkRe izR;; o vkReewY; ds fodkl esa fo'ks"k ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA izxR;ksUeq[k Hkkjr esa bl laca/k esa vf/kdkf/kdoSKkfud o ;kstukc) 'kks/kks a dh vko';drk gSA dknj xSlu ¼1954½ ds fopkjkuqlkj LoLFkefLr"d o LoLFk 'kjhj ds fy, O;fDrxr vko';drkvksa dh okLrfod xR;kRedrk ,oa mPpdksfV ds vkRe&lacks/k dh vko';drk gSA vkt Nk= ;k ukxfjdksa dks gh jk"Vª dh fuf/kle>k tkrk gSA vkus okys dy esa ns'k dh ckxMksj muds dq'ky o etcwr gkFkks a esa gksxh]tks muds lacy da/kks a dk lacy ikdj rh{.k mn; xkfeuh gksxhA vkRe&lacks/k v/;;u dhmi;ksfxrk ckyd ds loZrksUeq[kh fodkl esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA vr% blh dkj.kbl 'kks/k dh mi;ksfxrk mikns; gSA


lanHkZ

1- vgyqokfy;k ,l-ih ¼1986½ % eSU;qy vkWQ fpYMªu lsYQ dkalsIV Ldwy] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ lkxjA

us'kuy lkbdksykWthdy dkiksjs'ku] ;w-@230

dpgjh ?kkV &282004 ¼m-iz-½

2- xSfjV] gsujh bZ- ¼1945½ % ßf'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku ds lkaf[;dh; iz;ksxÞ

dY;k.kh ifCy'klZ] yqf/k;kukA

3- tStks] ¼1961½ % fd'kksjks a ds vkRe&lacks/k dk v/;;uA

4- fyLVj] ¼1978½ % vkRe&lacks/k ds ekiu ij v/;;uA

5- f'kjys] ¼1973½ % dkys xkSjs] vkfFkZd :i ls lEiUu o fiNM+s gq;s

cPpksa ds vkRe&lacks/k dk v/;;uA

��

��+$�,�� $��!�� (� ��*$$�

vuwih leS;kizkf.k txr dk lcls tfVy izk.kh gS ekuoA bldh leL;k;sa izR;sd bdkbZ esa fHkUu&fHkUu gaSA

vr% bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku djus dh vko';drk gSA fd'kksj tks fd bl izk.kh txr dk udsoy vax gS] cfYd fo'ks"k mUur ,oa tfVy Hkkx gS mudh Hkh viuh leL;k;sa gSA fd'kksjksa dhvusdkas leL;kvksa ds iqat esa ,d leL;k gS vlek;kstu dhA ;g leL;k okrkoj.k ls] viuslgikfB;ksa ls] vius v/;;u ds fo"k;ksa ls] fo|ky; ls] ifjokj ls vkSj ;gkWa rd fd vius vkils Hkh gks ldrh gSA fd'kksjksa ds bUgha vlek;ksftr O;ogkjksa dk v/;;u vko';d gSA1 fd'kksjkoLFkkthou dh egRoiw.kZ voLFkk gS vkSj blesa ekrk&firk ,oa v/;kid ds leqfpr /;ku dh vko';drkgksrh gSA2 LVsuys gky ds vuqlkj *fd'kksjkoLFkk dks cM+s cy] ruko] rwQku ,oa fojks/k dh voLFkkekuk x;k gSA^ D;ksafd bl voLFkk esa tks ifjorZu gksrs gSa] os vfu'p; ls fu'p; dh vksj c<+rsgSa vkSj ;g voLFkk oSls Hkh cgqr dksey ekuh tkrh gSA3

fd'kksj jk"Vª dh fuf/k o dy ds jk"Vª fuekZrk gaSA ns'k dh ckxMksj mlds dq'ky etcwr gkFkksaesa gksxh vkSj lcy daa/kks ls gh og vius y{; dh vksj mUeq[k gks ldrk gSA vr% vko';d gSfd fd'kksjksa dks izkjaHk ls gh mfpr okrkoj.k ds ek/;e ls muesa ,d&nwljs ds izfr ghurk dhHkkouk dks feVk;k tk; D;ksafd Åap&uhp dh Hkkouk Hkh ckyd ds lek;kstu esa ck/kd fl) gksldrh gSaA fu/kkZfjr mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy,] miyfC/k ,oa vuq'kklu ds fy, lek;kstu cgqrvko';d gSaA lek;kstu ls rkRi;Z ifjfLFkfrxr vuqdwyu ls gSA lek;kstu dh leL;k lkekU;,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr esa vojks/k mRiUu djrh gSaA

eSLyks o fefVyeSu ds 'kCnksa esa] *,d O;fDr ds lek;kstu ls mldh ml fof'k"V dk;Z i}frdk cks/k gksrk gS] ftlds }kjk og thou dh eq[; leL;kvksa dks le>us] muls fuiVus] mUgsalqy>kus o muds lkFk viuk rkyesy fcBkus dk iz;kl djrk gSA^4 lek;kstu O;fDr dh ,slhfof'k"V] jpukRed rFkk xR;kRed i}fr gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij og vius vkarfjd vFkok tSfodrFkk euksoSKkfud vfHkizsjdksa ds fofHkUu :iksa RkFkk ckg~; txr ds ekunaMksa] fo'ks"kr%lekt&lkaLd`frd vfHkizsjdksa ds e/; vFkok ckg~; txr ls lacaf/kr ck/kkvksa] izfrca/kksa o izfrcyksads lkFk ,d ,slk dq'ky rFkk larks"ktud lkeatL;] larqyu o esy&feyki lqLFkkfir dj lds]ftlls mldh O;fDrxr vko';drkvksa dh Hkh ;Fks"B iwfrZ gks ldsa o ckg~; lkalkfjd txr dhe;kZnkvksa o ifjf/k;ksa dk mYya/ku u gksus ik;sA ¼dfiy] i`"B&158½



O;fDrRo fu/kkZj.k esa lek;kstu dh vge Hkwfedk gSA lekt ds f'kf{kr oxZ esa izk;% ;g /kkj.kkizpfyr gS fd fd'kksjksa esa lek;kstu dh deh ikbZ tkrh gSA fodykax fd'kksjksa dks lek;kstu esaT;knk dfBukbZ gksrh gSA fdlh vifjfpr ls ckr djus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS] Hkk"k.k nsrs le; ;kokn&fookn djrs le; Mj yxrk gS ;k ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA vieku gks tkus ij cgqr nsj rdijs'kkuh gksrh jgrh gS] nwljksa ds lkFk jgrs gq, Hkh os vdsykiu vuqHko djrs gSa] :fp;katYnh&tYnh cny tkrh gaSA fe= cukus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA bl fopkj ls ijs'kku jgrs gS fddksbZ mUgsa ns[k jgk gSA ;|fi lek;kstu u gks ikus ds dkj.k ,oa ?kVd fHkUu&fHkUu gSA nksuksadh leL;k ,d gS] iajrq muds lek/kku o mu lek/kkuksa ds lk/ku fHkUu&fHkUu gSA5 nksuksa oxksZa dsNk=ksa dh mUufr ds fy, vkSj mudks bl lekkt dk] bl jk"Vª dk vPNk vkSj ykHknk;d ukxfjdcukus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mudh lek;kstu laca/kh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u dj funkufd;k tk ldsA vuqHko esa vk;k gS fd fodykax ghuHkkouk ls xzflr gksrs gSa vkSj os lkekU; d{kkesa ihNs jgrs gSaA ekrk&firk ls de I;kj] v/;kidksa ds dBksj O;ogkj rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa ds migklds dkj.k muesa ghu Hkkouk vk tkrh gSA fodaykxksa dh f'k{kk fo'ks"k egRo j[krh gS] mfpr f'k{kkvkerkSj ij fodykax dks dkQh gn rd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fot; ikus ;ksX; vkSj ,d mi;ksxhukxfjd cukrh gSA lkekftd U;k; dk Hkh ;gh rdktk gS] f'k{kk ls ekuork dh Hkkouk dk fodklgksrk gS vkSj Kku }kjk euq"; ds O;fDrRo dk fodkl gksrk gSA fodflr lekt cukus ds vfrfjDrf'k{kk dk dksbZ vkn'kZ ugha gks ldrkA

foxr bfrgkl ds iUuksa dks tc ge iyVdj ns[krs gS rks dbZ ,sls O;fDrRo lkeus vkrs gaStks 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax Fks] iajrq os lkekU; ls dgha vf/kd mPp ckSf)d Lrj ds Fks tSlsv"VkoØ vkfnA blfy, 'kks/kkFkhZ ds eu esa ;g ftKklk mRiUu gqbZ fd D;k lekt ftUgsa fodykaxdgrk gS] ghuHkkouk dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gSa] D;k okdbZ esa lkekU; fd'kksjksa dh rqyuk esa detksjgksrs gSaA fd'kksjksa esa ,sls Hkh fd'kksj ik;s tkrs gSa] tks 'kkjhfjd viaxrk ls ihfM+r gksrs gSa ftUgsalekt esa fodykax ekuk tkrk gSA6 fodykaxrk ls rkRi;Z ml vlkekU; voLFkk ls gS] tks izHkkforckyd dks vkSlr ckyd ls vyx djrh gS] ;g varj 'kkjhfjd vkd`fr] ckSf)d Lrj] lkekftdlek;kstu] O;ogkj o HkkokRed ;k laosxkRed fdlh Hkh :i esa gks ldrk gSA7

vr% ;g dg ldrs gaS fd lkekftd U;k; dh vko';drk lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksj] nksuksadks gSA vr% lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dks vyx&vyx le>dj mudkrqyukRed v/;;u djuk çklafxd gSA

'kks/k ds mís';&� lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk= fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA

� lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk=k fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA� lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA'kks/k dh ifjdYiuk,a& 'kks/k dk;Z gsrq 'kwU; ifjdYiuk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS A � lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk= fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA� lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk=k fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA� lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA

'kks/k fof/k& 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, fu;ked ¼lkekU;½ losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSAU;kn'kZ& lkxj 'kgj ds ek/;fed Lrj ds 60 lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa dk p;u

;kn`fPNdk U;kn'kZ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/k midj.k& iznRr laxzg.k gsrq ,p-,l- vLFkkuk }kjk fufeZr o ekudhd`r ekiuh

^lek;kstu vUosf"kdk* dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bl ekiuh dk iz;ksx fofHkUu v/;;uksa esa fofHkUu U;kn'kksZij fd;k tk pqdk gSA midj.k dh fo'oluh;rk ,oa oS/krk mPp gSA

'kks/k esa iz;qDr lkaf[;dh fof/k& iznRr fo'ys"k.k ds fy, fu"d"kkZRed lkaf[;dh;izfof/k;ksa dks viukrs gq, e/;eku] ekud fopyu rFkk ekud =qfV Kkr dh xbZ rFkk t ijh{k.kds ek/;e ls lkFkZdrk dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k gSA

iznRrksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k & 'kks/k ds mís';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, vk¡dM+ksa dh 'kks/kleL;k ds lanHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k dh x;h gSA¢ladsrk{kj% M - Mean8¼e/;eku½

SD( ) - Standard Deviation9¼ekud fopyu½

SE - Standard Error10 ¼ekud =qfV½

t - Significance of difference of two means11

¼nks e/;ekuksa ds vUrj dh lkFkZdrk½ df - degrees of freedom 12 ¼LokrU=ka'k½

rkfydk Øekad&1lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk= fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dh lkFkZdrk dk ijh{k.k (df= 28)Variable N M S.D. S.E. t Sig

Nk= fd'kksj lkekU; 15 23.133 11.53 2.97 0.75 ns

fodykax 15 20.4 8.16 2.108

rkfydk Øekad 1 ds vuqlkj t ewY; 0.75 gS] tks fd lkj.kh ewY; (0.05 level=2.05



& 0.01 level=2.76) ls de gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk= fd'kksjksa dslek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vr% ifjdYiuk Øekad 1 Lohd`r gksrh gSA

rkfydk Øekad&2lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk=k fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dh lkFkZdrk dk ijh{k.k ¼df= 28½Variable N M S.D. S.E. t Sig

Nk=k fd'kksj lkekU; 15 22.53 12.00 3.117 0.78 ns

fodykax 15 19.6 7.970 2.05

rkfydk Øekad 2 ds vuqlkj t ewY; 0-78 gS] tks fd lkj.kh ewY; ¼0-05 level=2-05& 0-01level=2-76½ ls de gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekU; ,oa fodykax Nk=k fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstuesa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vr% ifjdYiuk Øekad 2 Lohd`r gksrh gSA

rkfydk Øekad&3lkekU; ,oa fodykax lexz fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu dh lkFkZdrk dk ijh{k.k ¼df= 58½Variable N M S.D. S.E. t Sig

Nk=&Nk=k lkekU; 30 22.8 11.801 2.156 1.33 ns

fd'kksj fodykax 30 19.33 8.066 1.47

rkfydk Øekad 3 ds vuqlkj t ewY; 1-33 gS tks fd lkj.kh ewY; (0.05=2 & 0.01=2.66)

ls de gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekU; ,oa fodykax lexz fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu esa lkFkZdvarj ugha gSA vr% ifjdYiuk Øekad 3 Lohd`r gksrh gSA

fu"d"kZ&izlaxk/khu rkfydk ds vkadM+ksa ds rqyukRed foospu ls Li"V gS fd lkkekU; o fodykax Nk=]

lkkekU; o fodykax Nk=k ,oa lexz lkkekU; o fodykax fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varjugha gSA tks bl ckr dk ?kksrd gS fd lHkh lewgksa ds lek;kstu esa dksbZ fHkUurk ugha gS vFkkZrlkekU; fd'kkjksa ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa dk lek;kstu mPpLrjh; gSA

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk çkIr fu"d"kZ 'kks/k fo"k; ds 'kh"kZd ls HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] ikfjokfjd] lkaLÑfrdrFkk /kkfeZd n`f"V ls iw.kZr% i`Fkd gksus ds dkj.k feyrs ugha gSA çLrqr 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa dh oS/krk,oa fo'oluh;rk 'kks/k esa çLrqr oSKkfud vk/kkj ij dh xbZ 'kks/k çfØ;k] tks fd gS] 'kks/k ifj.kkeksadks iw.kZr% fu"i{k ,oa oS/k Bgjkrh gSA


'kSf{kd mi;ksfxrkfd'kksjkoLFkk fodkl dh LokHkkfod çfØ;k gS] ftlds ek/;e ls muds Lora= O;fDrRo dk

fuekZ.k gks jgk gksrk gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ckyd&ckfydk;sa vusd leL;kvksa ls xzLr gks tkrs gSaAvkt ;qok oxZ cM+h izHkqrk] funsZ'ku vkSj mins'ku dks ilan ugha djrs vkSj viuk /kS;Z [kks cSBrsgSa] os pkgrs gS fd cM+s yksx mUgsa ekus vkSj Lohdkj djsa] os Lora=rk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa vkRefuHkZjrkpkfg, rkfd os vius fy, fu.kZ; [kqn dj ldsa] fQj Hkh vf/kd yacs vuqHko vkSj T;knk o`f)okys yksxksa ls mUgsa ijke'kZ dh t:jr iM+rh gSA ,slk ijke'kZ mUgsa fe= ds :i esa ekrk&firk,oa f'k{kdksa dks nsuk pkfg,] cjkcjh ds vk/kkj ij ,sls fopkj&foe'kZ }kjk] ftlesa dfBukbZ;ksa dkfo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;] lek/kku lq>k;k tk; vkSj mudh gj rjg lgk;rk dh tk;A ;qok oxZijke'kZ lohdkj djrs gSa] ;fn mUgsa Hkh Lohdkj fd;k tk;sA

blds vykok fd'kksjksa dks thou ds fdlh ewY;oku y{; dh flf) ds fy, izsfjr djsas vkSjmUgsa ,slh ftEesnkjh lkSih tk;asa] ftUgsa os egRoiw.kZ ekusa] blls mUgsa dqaBkvksa vkSj fudEesiu dsHkko ij mUgsa fot; izkIr gksxh ,oa os mi;qDr y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gksaxs vkSjthou vkSj lekt dks cyoku vkSj laqnj cukus esa lgk;rk feysxh ,oa lekt esa O;kir cqjkbZ;ksads fujkdj.k esa os lgk;d gks ldsxsaA13

thou dks lek;kstuksa dh ,d nh?kZJ`a[kyk esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ftlesa O;fDr fujarj ckgjhi;kZoj.k dh ekaxks vkSj 'kkjhfjd vkSkj ekufld lajpuk dh vko';drkvksa ds izfr lek;kstudjrk pyk tkrk gSA ¼HkkfV;k] i`"B-442½ O;fDrRo dh ;g fofHkUurk O;fDr ds 'kkjhfjd rFkkifjos'k laca/kh vU; rRoksa dh tfVyrk ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA okLro esa O;fDrRo esa u dsoyO;fDr ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld cfYd lkekftd xq.kksa dk Hkh lekos'k gksrk gSA vr% bl v/;;u}kjk fd'kksjksa ,ao fodykax fd'kksjksa ds dqlek;kstu dk Kku gks tkus ij budh dq.Bk lekIr djmudh izfrHkk c<+k;k tk ldrk gSa rFkk f'k{kd ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dks fd'kksjksa dh vko';drkvksa]mn~ns';ksa ,oa mUgsa le>us esa Hkh lgk;rk feysxh] ftlls os fd'kksjksa dh vko';drkvksa dksle>dj] blh vuq:i vko';d 'kSf{kd izko/kku dj mudks lQyrk ds fudV ys tk ldsaxs ,oathou esa izkIr fd;s tk ldus okys y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa mUgsa le; vuqcaf/kr ik=ksa esa vftZrdjus dh dyk ,oa oSKkfud izfdz;k le>k ldsaxsA lkekaU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds ldkjkRedlaca/kks esa o`f) gksxhA fo|ky;] ifjokj] ekrk&firk ,oa f'k{kdksaa esa fd'kksjksa ds izfr tkx`fr mRiUugksxh rFkk fodykax cPpksa ds izfr lekt ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu gksxkA ;g Nk=&Nk=kvksa dsfy, blfy, mi;ksxh gSa ftlls os vkil esa fey&tqydj jg ldsa] ,d&nwljs dks tku ldsa ,oale> ldsaA ;fn fodykax cPps lkekU; leqnk; ds lkFk jgrs gS] rks fof'k"V fo|ky; esa f'k{kknsus ds fy, mUgsa i`Fkd ugha djuk pkfg,A fodykax cPpksaa dh f'k{kk lesfdr gks] tks vkfFkZd]


lkekftd o lkaLd`frd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gks] fdarq lesfdr f'k{kk fodykaxrk ds Lo:i ovko';drk ds vuqlkj fuf'pr dh tk,A

lq>ko&v/;kid] vfHkHkkod ,oa fo/kkFkhZ rhuksa gh lekt ds vk/kkjLraHk gSA vfHkHkkodkasa ,oa f'k{kdksa dks

fd'kksjksa ds oS;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dks le>dj muds vuqlkj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ,oa okrkoj.knsuk pkfg,A ;fn fd'kksjksa dh okrkoj.k lac/kh n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj dj fn;k tk;] rks mudslek;kstu dh leL;k gy gks ldrh gSA 'kkjhfjd :i ls xzflr ckyd vko';d:i ls ekufldnks"k;qDr ugha gksrsA vf/kdrj mnkgj.kksa esa 'kkjhfjd :i lsa xzflr ckyd rks mPp cqf) j[krsgSaA bl izdkj budh 'kkjhfjd xzflrrk dks nwj djus ;k mls iwjk djus ds fy,] ekrk&firk ,oaf'k{kdksa dks mudh ekufld 'kfDr;ksa] cqf) dk iwjk&iwjk fodkl djus esa lgk;rk iznku djuhpkfg,A dsoy mu ckydksa dks NksM+dj tks bl izdkj ds xaHkhj nks"k j[krs gSa] tks muds dke esack/kk Mky ldrs gSa] ckdh lHkh dks mfpr O;olkf;d f'k{kk dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg, rFkk mulc 'kSf{kd fØ;kvksa dh lqfo/kk nsuh pkfg,] tks ,d lk/kkj.k ckyd dks nh tkrh gS] fdarq tksckyd xaHkhj nks"k;qDr gSa] muds fy, bl izdkj dh O;olkf;d f'k{kk dk izca/k djuk pkfg,fd og 'kkjhfjd nks"k ds gksrs gq, Hkh xzg.k dj ldsaA O;olkf;d lek;ks;tu muds vanjvkRelEeku dh Hkkouk mRiUu dj nsxk vkSj og vius thou dks egRoiw.kZ cukus ds ;ksX; gkstk;saxsA blds fy, mUgsa ml {ks= esa fodflr gksus dk volj fn;k tk;] ftlds fy, os ekufldvkSj 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls mi;qDr gaSA

f'k{kk ds }kjk 'kkjhfjd xzflrksa ds lkekftd lek;kstu dks Hkh ns[kuk pkfg,A xzflr fd'kksjdks ges'kk nks"k ds izfr ;FkkZFk Hkkouk mRiUu djus dh izsj.kk nsuh pkfg,A lkFk gh fdlh dk;Zdks djus dh ;ksX;rk ij Hkh mls cy nsuk pkfg,A xzflr dks iz;ksxkRed :i esa dk;Z djus dkvolj nsuk pkfg,] ftUgsa og viuh iw.kZ 'kfDr dh lhekuqlkj djsa] ftlls mudk /;ku 'kkjhfjdxzflrrk ls fodflr gks tk;A mldks bl izdkj izsj.kk nsuh pkfg, fd og ;g le>as fd ogvius lewg dk egRoiww.kZ vax gSA

lanHkZ &

1- ekFkqj] MkW- ,l-,l- *f'k{kk euksfoKku^ fouksn iqLrd eafnj vkxjk] n'ke laLdj.k] 1971] i`"B&580

2- HkVukxj] lqjs'k *f'k{kk euksfoKku^ jLrksxh ifCyds'ku] esjB] prqFkZ laLdj.k] 1977] i`"B&40

3- rnSo] i`"B&33

4- eSLyks rFkk fefVyeSu] fizfUlfiYl vkWQ vcukWeZy lkbdkWykth] gkiZj]1951] i`"B&12


5- vLFkkuk] ,p-,l- }kjk fufeZr o ekudhd`r ekiuh *lek;kstu vUosf"kdk^ :ik lkbdksykWftdy lsUVj] okjk.klh] i`"B&3

6- ekFkqj] MkW- ,l-,l- *f'k{kk euksfoKku^ fouksn iqLrd eafnj vkxjk] n'ke laLdj.k] 1971] i`"B&580

7- Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk] jk"Vª 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh] tuojh 2005

8- xSjsV]]bZ gsujh ^f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa lkaf[;dh ds iz;ksx* isjkxkSu bUVjus'kuy ifCy'klZ] ckjgoka] iqu eqfnzr laLdj.k]

2005] i`"B&28

9- xSjsV]bZ gsujh ^f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa lkaf[;dh ds iz;ksx* dY;k.kh ifCy'klZ] yqf/k;kuk] iqu% eqfnzr laLdj.k] 2007]

i`"B&60

10- flag] Mk] jkeiky ^'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh* f}rh; iqu% eqfnzr laLdj.k 2005] fouksn iqLrd eafnj vkxjk&2]

i`"B&506

11- 'kekZ] vkj],] ^f'k{kk vuqla/kku* vkj] yky cqd fMiks] esjB] laLdj.k&2006 i`] 713

12- flag] Mk] jkeiky] ^'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh* f}rh; iqu%eqfnzr laLdj.k 2005] fouksn iqLrd eafnj vkxjk&2]

i`"B&510

13- HkkfV;k] galjkt *f'k{kk esa euksfoKku^ jktLFkku fganh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k] 1982] i`"B&174

14- ekFkqj] MkW- ,l-,l- *f'k{kk euksfoKku^ vxzoky ifCydlu] vkxjk&2] vV~BkbZlokWa laLdj.k 2007&2008] i`"B&497A

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Jhifr jLrksxh

Hkkjr esa i=dkfjrk dh 'kq:vkr ,d fe'ku ds :i esa gqbZ FkhA ftldk eq[; mís'; Lora=rkizkfIr ,oa yksd fgr FkkA cnyrs le; ds lkFk i=dkfjrk ds ifjos'k esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk jgkgS vkSj vkt i=dkfjrk us ,d O;olk; dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gSA fiNys nks n'kdksa esa lwpukrduhd esa gq, fodkl ds dkj.k i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gqvk gSA O;kolk;hdj.kdh vk/kqfud nkSM+ esa i=dkfjrk Hkh ihNs ugha gSA O;olk; ds lHkh fl)kar vkt i=dkfjrk ds{ks= esa Hkh ykxw gks jgs gSaA

Lora=rk ds iwoZ dh i=dkfjrk R;kx] la?k"kZ] vkst vkSj fuHkhZdrk ls ifjiw.kZ FkhA blhfy,i=dkfjrk dks la?k"kZe; ijEijk dk |ksrd ekuk tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; tkxj.k ds fy;s ml le; dsusrkvksa tSls & cky xaxk/kj fryd] ykyk yktir jk;] egkRek xka/kh] tokgj yky usg:] x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkfn us i=dkfjrk dks ,d Bksl lk/ku ds :i esa] ;k ;ksa dgsa] ,d vLe ds :iesa viuk;k FkkA vusd lkfgR;dkjksa] ftlesa egkohj izlkn f}osnh] ek[kuyky prqosZnh] lw;ZdkUrf=ikBh] ^fujkyk*] izrkiukjk;.k feJ] eqa'kh izsepUnz dk uke eq[; :i ls fy;k tk ldrk gS] usHkh i=dkfjrk dks u;k vk;ke] iznku fd;kA oSls Hkh i=dkfjrk ,oa lkfgR; esa cgqr vUrj ughagSA vaxzsth esa i=dkfjrk dks ^fyVjspj fjVsu bu gjh* ¼Literature written in hurry& 'kh?kzrkls fy[kk x;k lkfgR;½ dgk tkrk gSA i=dkfjrk esa vkt tks ifjorZu vk;k gS] mldk Js; vusdlkfgR;dkjksa dks tkrk gS] ftUgksaus i=dkfjrk dks u;h Hkk"kk] u;h 'kSyh iznku dh rFkk mlsifjekftZr Hkh fd;kA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn Hkkjr esa yksdra= dh LFkkiuk gq;h rFkk lafo/kku esa Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksadks ^vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj* iznku fd;k x;kA QyLo:i cgqr cM+h la[;k esalekpkj i= izdkf'kr gksus yxs] lekpkj i=ksa ,oa if=dkvksa dh ck<+ lh vk x;hA lekpkjksa dsizs"k.k] eqnz.k rFkk izlkj.k esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gq;sA i=ksa ds ikBd oxZ dh vis{kk,a ,oa vkdka{kk,aHkh c<+hA lekpkj i=ksa dks vf/kd vkd"kZd rFkk iBuh; cukus ds fy, fur u;s iz;ksx gksus yxsAikBdksa dks yqHkkus ds fy, i=ksa esa vkilh Li/kkZ ,oa oSeuL; Hkh ifjyf{kr gksus yxkA

vkt dh i=dkfjrk esa vusd u, vk;ke tqM+ pqds gSaA iqjkus le; esa lekpkj i= brusvkd"kZd ugha Fks] ftrus fd vkt ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA vius ikBdksa dks yqHkkus ds fy, lekpkji=ksa ds eq[ki`"B vf/kd vkd"kZd cuk, tk jgs gSaA muesa dbZ jaxks dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSrFkk jaxhu fp= vf/kd izLrqr fd, tkus yxs gSaA dbZ lekpkj i= rks eq[ki`"B ds lkFk&lkFk


Hkhrjh i`"Bksa dks Hkh jaxhu izdkf'kr dj jgs gSaA 'kh"kZdksa dks vf/kd iBuh; cukus ds fy, u;h'kSfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA vaxzsth lekpkj i= Hkh fgUnh ds eqgkojksa vkSj yksdfiz;dgkorksa dks vius dkye esa LFkku nsus ls ijgst ugha djrsA dqN lekpkj i= vkB dkye dsctk; N% ;k lkr dkyeksa esa Nius yxs gSaA vius ikBdksa dh :fp dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, i= dsi`"Bksa dk fu/kkZj.k] muds fo"k;] {ks= vkfn ds vuqlkj fd;k tk jgk gSA lekpkj i=ksa ds lEikndh;mUgha fo"k;ksa ij vf/kd fy[ks tkrs gSa tks ToyUr gks vFkok ftu ij cgl fNM+ pqdh gks] bllslekt dk ekxZn'kZu gksrk gSA vf/kd ls vf/kd [kcjs nsus dh gksM+ esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd lekpkjksads ys[ku rFkk izLrqrhdj.k esa xyfr;ka Hkh gks jgh gSaA Hkk"kk rFkk O;kdj.k ij vf/kd /;ku ughafn;k tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh le;kHkko ds dkj.k laokn&nkrkvkasa }kjk Hksth x;h [kcjs fcuktkap&iM+rky ds Nki nh tkrh gSaA lcls igys [kcj nsus dh izfrLi/kkZ dh nkSM+ esa] gj lekpkji= vkxs fudyuk pkgrk gSA lekpkj i=ksa dh forj.k la[;k c<+kus ds fy, fur u, mik; <wa<+stk jgs gSa] tSls&xzkgdksa ds fy, iqjLdkj ;kstuk rFkk yEcs le; rd lekpkj i= dk xzkgd cusjgus ds fy, fo'ks"k NwV nsuk vkfnA lekpkj i= ds dysoj esa Hkh dkQh cnyko gqvk gSA vktlekpkj i=ksa esa efgykvksa] cPpksa] ;qokvksa] cqtqxksZa ds :fp ds vuq:i ikd dyk] dkVwZu] jkstxkjds voljksa] m|ksx] O;kikj] 'ks;j] [ksy] LokLF;] x`g&lTtk] f'kYidyk] fQYeh nqfu;k o lkSan;Zvkfn ij Hkh i;kZIr lkexzh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA orZeku lekpkj i=ksa dks ;fn ^lekpkj if=dk*dgk tk;s rks dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA

foxr o"kksZa esa vkdk'kok.kh dks lwpuk rFkk euksjatu ds vfrdjDr tu ekul dks mudsvf/kdkjksa rFkk ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djus dh ftEesnkjh Hkh nh x;hAvkdk'kok.kh ds foLrkj ds fy, o`gn ;kstuk rS;kj dh x;hA vusd dsUnz [kksys x;s] ftuls nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa esa jg jgs yksx vkdk'kok.kh ds dk;ZØe lqu ldsa vkSj ykHk mBk ldsaA fQYehxhrksa dks lquus ds fy, yksx igys ^flyksu jsfM;ks* dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs FksA vkdk'kok.kh us1957 esa ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; dk;ZØe izkjEHk fd;k] ftls ^fofo/k Hkkjrh* uke fn;k x;kA ;gdk;ZØe vkt Hkh vkdk'kok.kh ds Jksrkvksa esa cgqr yksdfiz; gSA lekpkjksa ds Rofjr ladyu ,oaizlkj.k ds fy, lekpkj lsok izHkkx dk xBu fd;k x;kA orZeku le; esa vkdk'kok.kh dslaoknnkrk ns'k ds dksus&dksus esa QSys gq, gSa] tks ns'k Hkj esa gks jgh xfrfof/k;ksa dh lwpuk ,oa?kVukvksa dk C;kSjk yksxksa rd feuVksa esa igaqpkus esa lgk;d gSaA vkdk'kok.kh }kjk izlkfjr ,Q-,e-jsfM;ks ij gj /kaVsa esa lekpkj lwus tk ldrs gSaA ,Q-,e jsfM;ks ds izlkj.k ds dkj.k vkdk'kok.khdh yksdfiz;rk esa dkQh btkQk gqvk gSA Vsyhfotu ds vkus ds ckn jsfM;ks dh yksdfiz;rk 'kgjksaesa de gks x;h Fkh] ftls ,Q-,e- us iqu% LFkkfir fd;k gSA lekpkjksa ds izlkj.k esa vkdk'kok.khdks nwjn'kZu rFkk vU; pSuyksa ls izfrLi/kkZ djuh iM+rh gSA vr% lekpkjksa ds lEizs"k.k esa vf/kd


rhozrk rFkk lko/kkuh cjrh tkus yxh gSA lekpkj okpdksa dk LFkku lekpkj izLrqrdrkZvksa us ysfy;k gSA ?kVuk LFky ls gh lekpkjksa dk izs"k.k laoknnkrkvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ftls Jksrkvf/kd fo'oluh; ekurs gSaA vkt jsfM;ks 97 izfr'kr yksxksa rd igaqp pqdk gSA

nwjn'kZu ds vkus ds ckn ns'k esa lapkj ,oa i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa u;h Økafr dk vkfoHkkZr gqvkAltho izlkj.k ,oa lwpuk dh rRdkfydrk ds dkj.k nwjn'kZu ,d l'kDr ,oa fo'oluh; tulapkj ek/;e ds :i esa izdV gqvkA nwjn'kZu ds vfrfjDr vkt ns'k esa dbZ ns'kh ,oa fons'khfuth dEifu;ka lekpkj pSuy pyk jgh gaSA nwjn'kZu }kjk Hkh jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d lekpkj pSuydk izlkj.k izkjEHk dj fn;k x;k gSA ftlesa pkSchl ?k.Vs lekpkjksa dk izlkj.k gksrk gSA

nwjn'kZu rFkk vU; pSuyksa esa Hkh vkil esa lekpkj izLrqrhdj.k ds {ks= esa xykdkV Li/kkZfo|eku gSA gj pSuy nwljs pSuy ls igys lekpkj izLrqr djuk pkgrk gSA lHkh pSuyksa esalekpkj okpdksa dk LFkku lekpkj izLrqrdrkZvksa us ys fy;k gSA laoknnkrkvksa ds ek/;e ls ?kVukLFky ls lekpkjksa dks n`'; lfgr lh/ks n'kZdksa dks fn[kkus ij vf/kd tksj fn;k tk jgk gS] ,slklekpkj dh fo'oluh;rk ds fy, vko';d le>k tkrk gSA lekpkjksa ds ltho izlkj.k esa vktdk ;qx ,DlDywflo ¼;k fo'ks"k izLrqfr½ dk ;qx gSA gj pSuy n'kZdksa dks dqN u dqN fo'ks"kfn[kkuk pkgrk gS] tks fd vU; pSuyksa esa miyC/k u gksA vkt vUos'kh i=dkfjrk ;k [kksthi=dkfjrk dks vf/kd vgfe;r izkIr gq;h gSA U;wt Qkyksvi dk izpyu Hkh c<+k gSA ehfM;k esafur u, 'kks/k gks jgs gSa rFkk QhM cSd ds ek/;e ls ;g irk yxk;k tk jgk gS fd n'kZdksa dksdkSu ls dk;ZØe ;k lekpkj vf/kd vPNs yxrs gSaA dEI;wVj Økafr ds dkj.k vkt lekpkjksa dsladyu ,oa izLrqrhdj.k esa cgqr cnyko vk;k gSA vkt dbZ lekpkj pSuy ,uhes'ku Vsdfuddk Hkh iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA lekpkj i=ksa ,oa lekpkj pSuyksa ds lekpkj osclkbZVl Hkh gaS] ftUgsabaVjusV dh enn ls i<+k o ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkt eksckbZy QksUl ij Hkh lekpkjksa dk izlkj.kfd;k tk jgk gSA

mPp rduhd ds iz;ksx us i=dkfjrk txr esa jkstxkj ds u;s volj l`ftr fd;s gSaA izf'kf{krlaoknnkrkvksa] U;wt jhMlZ] ,UdlZ] lw=/kkjksa] izLrqrdrkZvksa] lEikndksa] LVksjh jkbVlZ] dEI;wVjizksQs'kuYl] xzkfQd fMtkbujksa] eYVh ehfM;k fo'ks"kKksa] dSejkeSUl] bathfu;lZ vkfn vusdksaVsfDudy O;fDr;ksa dks i=dkfjrk txr esa jkstxkj feyk gSA

vkt i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa R;kx dk LFkku XySej us ys fy;k gSA vijk/k rFkk ;kSu ekeyksa lstqM+s lekpkjksa dk n`'; lfgr izlkj.k c<+k gSA xkaoksa esa jgus okyh ipgÙkj Qhlnh tula[;k dsfodkl ls tqM+s eqís vHkh i=dkjksa dh :fp dk fo"k; ugha cu ik;s gSaA lPph i=dkfjrk ds fy,i=dkjksa dks fnXxt jktusrkvksa dh iz'kalk ds iqy cka/kus] luluh [kst [kcjkssa dks cspus] ckgqcfy;ksadks ghjks cukus rFkk XySej dh nqfu;ka esa eLr jgus dh izo`fÙk ls cpuk gksxkA


Hkkjrh; Ik=dkfjrk tks Lora=rk izkfIr ds fe'ku ds :Ik esa izkjEHk gqbZ Fkh] ns[kk tk;s rksvktknh fey tkus ds ckn Hkh mldk la/k"kZ lekIRk ugha gqvk gSaA fuj{kjrk] xjhch] csjkstxkjh]tul[;k foLQksV] fyxa Hksn] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk] lkEiznf;drk] vkradokn vkfn tSlh eqf'dypqukSfr;ka lkeus gSaA fons'kh ehfM;k ds izos'k us tgka lkjs fo'o dks ,d NksVk lk xkao cuk fn;kgS] ogha Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa ds fy, cM+k [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA bu cnyrs vk;keksaesa Hkh jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa ,oa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh j{kk ds fy, tu&ekul dks rS;kj djus dh ftEesnkjhyksdra= ds bl pkSFks LrEHk dh gSA blhfy, Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk tks la?k"kZ ,oa yksdfgrdkjhijEijk dh laokgd gS] mls viuh vfLerk dks ifjorZu ds gj nkSj esa v{kq..k cuk;s j[kuk gksxkA

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&'kkjnkuUn flag


India Marching Towards Global Knowledge Hub

V. Mohan Rao

India is gradually marching ahead to become a knowledge hub in the worldthanks to various measures taken by the Government through its Literacy Missionand reforms in the education sector. Realizing that creation of new knowledge andits dissemination are critical to the progress and development of the society, thegovernment has been taking effective steps like strengthening of existing highereducational institutions as well as creation of new knowledge based intuitions,striving quality and excellence in research both in public sphere as well as by not-for-profit private initiative. Putting its Literacy Mission high on agenda, theGovernment has initiated a number of measures including the adoption of the Rightof Children to Free and Compulsory Education, to achieve higher literacy rate inthe country. Constant efforts are also made to recasting of the National LiteracyMission to focus on literacy of women, reduction in the drop out rate of children atschool levels and introduction of public private participation in the schooleducation.

Right to Education Act, 2009The Act has come into force with effect from 1st of April 2010. It has been

enacted to provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age groupof 6 to 14 years. The provisions of the Act provide that with a view to preparechildren above the age of three years for elementary education and to provide earlychildhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of sixyears. Under the Integrated Child Development Service Scheme (ICDSS), over 3.5crore children between the age group of 3 to 6 years are being provided pre-schooleducation in the Anganwadi Centres.

Saakshar BharatSaakshar Bharat, a new variant of the National Literacy Mission has been

launched in September 2009. The Mission was rolled out in 167 districts targetingover 30 million adults predominantly belonging to Scheduled Castes, ScheduledTribes, Minorities and other disadvantaged groups. It aims to provide literacy, basiceducation, skill development and continuing education to adults, especially womenin rural areas. During 11th Five Year Plan, Saakshar Bharat aims to impart literacyto 70 million non-literate adults at an estimated cost of Rs.5, 257 crore. It has beenlaunched primarily to bridge the gender gap with the aim of achieving 80 per centliteracy at the end of 11th Plan. Under Adult Literacy programme, a total 597districts across the country have been covered so far.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is the national flagship programme of the Government

being implemented throughout the country. The World Bank provides financialassistance for implementation of SSA as sector wide support. The World Bank hasreimbursed Rs.2736 crore during the last three years. During the 11th Plan, severalschemes for strengthening existing higher educational institutions for enhancingaccess, quality, equity and relevance have been launched. A Task Force of eminent


experts appointed by the Government has circulated a draft Bill for an overarchingpromotional and regulatory authority. The Government also proposes to set up 14universities for innovation across 11th and 12th Five Year Plan to make India aglobal knowledge hub and set benchmarks for excellence for other institutions,synergizing teaching and research.

National Advisory CouncilThe Government has constituted a National Advisory Council (NAC) on 8th of

July 2010 to over the see implementation of the Right to Education (RTE) Act. For2010-11, a central budget allocation of Rs.15, 000 crore has been made for theSarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the main vehicle for implementation of theprovisions of RTE Act. The 13th Finance Commission has given Rs.24, 068 crorefor the period 2010-11 to 2014-15 for elementary education.

Literacy RateAs per the 2001 Census, the literacy rate in 7 plus age group was 79.92 per cent

in urban areas and 58.74 per cent in rural areas showing a gap of 21.18 per centbetween urban and rural literacy rates in the country. According to UNESCO GlobalMonitoring Report 2010 on literacy in the age group of 15 and above, India with 66per cent occupies second position among its neighbouring countries. Sri Lanka topswith 91 per cent of literacy rate.

Drop OutsAs per a study by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 2009, estimated

81.50 lakh children representing 4.28 of the child population in the 6 - 13 agegroups as school dropouts. The Government adopted a multi-pronged approach forreducing drop out rates. The Government has also taken several measures tostrengthen the Mid Day Meal Scheme.

Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher EducationThe Government is planning to raise the Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher

Education from the present 12.4 per cent to 30 per cent by 2020. As per estimates,the country needs 27,000 additional colleges and over 24,000 technical colleges.The Knowledge Commission has estimated that 1500 universities would be neededas against the present 504 university level institutions. For achieving capacityexpansion in higher education, the Government plans a mix of initiatives instepping up public investment, encouraging not-for-profit private participation andpublic private partnerships.

��


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What I am today is because of the

investment that my family and my country

made in my education. There are millions

of Indians like me who enter their

adulthood with no other asset than

education. But what an asset an education

is? It is the most important differentiator,

the most effective multiplier.

- Dr. Manmohan Singh

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