ho, kai-lung_the wrong position of india, arabia, and africa in the map kangnido_2009

7/23/2019 Ho, Kai-lung_The Wrong Position of India, Arabia, And Africa in the Map Kangnido_2009

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1

1959 (Joseph Needham)

[ Honil Kangni Yoktae Kukto Chi Do]

1 [ Kangnido]

1.

(b ~ m

) Tambralinga ~ Tamralinga

(Nakhon Si Thammarat < Nagara Sri Dharmarja

)2

1 Joseph Needham, Science and civilization in China. Cambridge: University Press, 1959.

2 Paul Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese - studies in the historical geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500

(Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1961), pp. 65-67. (

1981) 79-86(

2005) 65-102


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2

2.

(Keppel Habour)

(Sentosa)

3

3.

Indragiri ~

Vindhyagiri4 ( Palembang )

(Sri Vijaya) (Jampi)10

5 Indragiri Indragiri

Indragiri

11

6

Indragiri

4.

(Kedah)7 8

9

5.

(Thaton) (Kyaikto)

3 Paul Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, pp. 81-87. 213-2184 giri

5 141-145187-1906 Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp.

174-175(2003) 1437 (1986) 966-967

(1985) 221-222 (Bujang

valley) 8 (1988) 133-1411529 (2000) 68

168-172


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3

10

90

() ()

()

()

() () ()

10 1150 (Cambodia) (Sri Vijaya) Paul Wheatley, The Golden

Khersonese(Kuala Lumpur: Universtity of Malaya Press, 1961), pp. 299, 302, 310.


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4

1. ()

[-] /ngan/

[-] [an] (Andaman Islands)

11

2.

(

)

(Orissa)

Udda12

3.

Kanchipuram ( Kcpura)

13

14

4. ()

(Soli-patam) (Soli)

(patam ~ pattinam) (Tamil)

(Chola) (sh ~ ch)15

5.

11 125-127

12 339-342 1067

13 (2000) 851-855

14 /nam/ Kanchipuram15

272-274 74-80(

1999) 92-94


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5

16

6.

Kayal Cail

17

18

7.

Kollam ~ Quilon

19

8.

20 21

16 344-346(1976) 4669-4671

(1986) 98617 92218 /-t/ /-t/ /-l/

Kayal19

90-92 321-324 4669-4671

1024-102520 (MIYA Noriko)(2007) 179-18021

( 1152) ()


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6

22

9.

23

Nishapur (Naysbr )Tous (Ts )Merv (Marv )Balkh ( )

Badakhshn ( )(Delhi )

22 (MIYA Noriko) 18223

( 1567-1574)


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7

(Baroqi ~ Bharuch) 24

(*da-mu-na) Daybul(Debal ~

Deval)25 Makrn 26 14 (DYWL -

Dayl)27 28 Daybul

1.

(Yemen) (Hadan Aden )

29 30

24

(SUGIYAMA Masaaki)(

2007) 59-60Bharuch Barj Bahrch Bahrg /b/ /p/ /f/ (*fa-la-ki)

Henry Yule,Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms,

etymological, historical, geographical and discursive(London: J. Murray, 1903), pp. 116-117The University

of Chicago, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hobsonjobson/Broach 25 (*da-mu-na < Dabul ~ Daybul) m ~ b /mu/ /bu/

/na/ /-l/ /n/ ~ /l/

\ (hatt al-isti) (Equator) /na/ /-l/ (TAKAHASHI Tadashi)

374 (1963 9 ) 76-95 [ 87-90]26

Guy le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate(Cambridge: University Press, 1930), pp. 329-333 (Makrn)27

Rashd al-Dn (1247-1318), in M. Rauan and M. Msaved.,Jmical-Tawrkh(Tehran, 1994), p. 547 [ ]

(1983) 328J. A. Boyle, The History of the World

Conqueror(Manchester University Press, 1958), pp. 416-417 (note)(

1981) 49349928 ( 1153-1154)

(Makrn) (Sindu Indus)

/yut/ Dayl /tiei-yut/ /-t/ /-l/

/-r/ Diul-Sind Henry Yule,Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial

Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive(London: J.

Murray, 1903), pp. 320-321The University of Chicago, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia,

http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hobsonjobson/Diul-Sind 29

(1998) 6030 (2000) 112-115


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8

31

2.

(Zufar ~ Dhofar)

(Oman)

32 33

34

(2005) 80-8531

(TAKAHASHI Tadashi)(

)56-57 (1966 12 ) 204-21532

89-98163-16433

/fat/

/f//-t/ /-r/

/-l/ [n-] [nz] /z/ ~ /j/

Mahrja

( 128-130) /ja/34 103-106 76-80


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9

()

1.

(Maqadsh

)

(Somali) (

Mogadishu Maqadsh

) 10

()

35

2. ()

()

( Mogadishu)() (1298 )

36

37

35 (SUGIYAMA Masaaki)(

2007) 586336

(1972) 10337 (1986) 987


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10

38

38 216-218


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11

39

()

( Kedah) ()

40

41

(Zufar)

39

(1995) 21940

(Sri Lanka

)41 ( 84-86)

( 55-62)

( 51-55)


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12

()

(Mogadishu )

42

(Daybul)

(Zufar)

(Hadan)

(Makkah Mecca)

(Mogadishu )

42 (2007) 279-304


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13

(Sri Lanka )

43

90

()

44

(Cape of Good Hope) 45

43 (SUGIYAMA Masaaki)[Tzai no sekaizu ga kataru jinrui

saisho no daichihei][Daichi no shz] (2007)44

45 (MIYA Noriko) 8-9


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The confusion of the geographic position of Southeast Asia, India, Arab Peninsula and

East Africa within the mapHunyi Jiangli Lidai Guodu zhi Tu(Kangnido)

Ho, Kai-lung Lecturer

School of Humanities and General Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Tung WahGroups of Hospitals Community College

Abstract

It is widely believed that the "Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and

Capitals" [Korean: Honil kangni ryktae gukto jido; Chinese: ] was

combined by the Chinese maps and the Arabic maps during the Mongol-Yuan dynasty. This article

researchs the name of places in Southeast Asia, India and Arabic Perninsula, and proves that the map

preserved a low geographic knowledge of those region. Vietnam, Thailand, both east and west coast

of Malay Peninsula, and even a port of Sumatra were all lined up along a straight coast. Both the

Gulf of Thailand and the Malay Peninsula disappeared. The India was cut into north and south part.

The North India correctly placed in the Asia continent. But the South India was drawn as a big island

within the Indian Ocean. All the coastal cities known by the Southern Sung dynasty were placed into

this South India Island. The port Zufar (in Oman) was not at the south coast of Arabic Peninsula

but was placed into another non-existent island, south of the South India Island. The famous port

Mogadishu (in Somali) was not at the east coast of Africa but was placed into non-existent island

where located at south of the South India Island and South Arabia Island. Those mistakes were

due to the low technique of voyage. Due to the difficulty in calculating wind speed, Chinese sailors

only remembered some islands and hills along the route for reminding the position of the ship.

Therefore, they did not care about the actual size and shape of those places. On the other hand, the

Arabic maps even did not record the India coast and Southeast Asia. This map reflects the low-level

geographic knowledge around the Indian Ocean by both the Chinese and Arabic source. Joseph

Needham claimed that this map was the first one with the Africa continent point south. But I think

that we should investigate this map much more before we prove Josepth Needhams claim.


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(Joseph Needham)

ho, kai-lung_the wrong position of india, arabia, and africa in the map kangnido_2009

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