Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya
Olduwan chopper Gadeb, Ethiopia mya Homo ergaster WT Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 200-1, Hadar Ethiopia ~3 mya
Homo sp. early Homo A.L , Hadar Ethiopia 2.3 mya Australopithecus afarensis AL 288-1, Lucy Hadar, Ethiopia, 3.2 mya Australopithecus afarensis Hadar, Ethiopia, ~3 mya
A. afarensis endocranial capacity = consistent morphologies more apelike than other australopithecines dimorphism = sexual or increase in size through time? chimpanzee & A. afarensis share
subnasal prognathism large anterior dentition diastema between lateral incisor & canine confluence of temporal & nuchal lines broad pneumatized cranial base note that A. afarensis is distinct from other australopithecines in these traits DIASTEMA + NOTE THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE PREMOLARS IN A AFRICANUS & IN P
DIASTEMA + NOTE THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE PREMOLARS IN A AFRICANUS & IN P. ROBUSTUS the 3rd premolar (P3) in A afarensis = intermediate betweenchimpanzee 7 modern human morphologies
P3 HAS SAME ANGLE AS CHIMP-BUT = SLIGHTLY ROUNDER-HAS SMALL INNER (LINGUAL) CUSP (METACONID)MOD HUMANS = LARGER CUSP-MOLARIZATION Australopithecus africanus Sts 71, Sterkfontein South Africa, 2.5 mya Australopithecus sebida, 1.9-1.78 mya South Africa Australopithecus sediba
endocranial capacity= cc not greater than A. africanus likely contemporaneous with H. ergaster MH1=assumed juvenile male MH2=assumed adult female Paranthropus boisei OH 5 1.8 mya Homo habilis KNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.9 mya Homo habilis - handy man
mixed morphologies not a clearly identifiable taxon potentially represent multiple species demonstrates selective pressures & changes Homo habilis from Koobi Fora
KNM-ER 1470, Kenya mya KNM ER-1813 Kenya 1.9 mya Homo habilis KNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.9 mya
small brain (~510 cc) small teeth australopithecine-like Homo habilis KNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.8-1.9 mya Homo habilis KNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.8-1.9 mya
large brain (~750 cc) large teeth solution= create another species
Homo rudolfensis solution= create another species Homo ergaster endocranial capacity = 870 cc KNM ER 15000, Homo ergaster, Nariokotome, Kenya, 1.5 mya Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya Homo ergaster, Kenya, 1.6 mya Homo ergaster ~ mya possibly as late as 600 kya considered ancestral to all subsequent Homo increased brain size increased body size possibly more modern growth & development Homo ergaster, Swartskrans, South Africa,1.8-1.9 mya
contemporaneous with P. robustus in South Africa dental eruption may be more modern tooth crown formation may be more apelike Australopithecus afarensis L.H.-4, Laetoli, Tanzania 3.6 mya
Homo ergaster KNM-ER 992, Kenya ~1.5 mya Homo ergaster, OH9, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.2 mya
MANY SIMILARITIES TO ASIAN H ERECTUS-SUPERORBIATL TORUS BROWRDIGES; LOW FRONTAL (FOREHEAD) ANGLED OCCIPITAL Homo ergaster KNM-ER 3733, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.75 mya Homo erectus, Daka, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia, 1-0.8 mya
resembles H. erectus in: endocranial capacity =995 cc broad base sagital keel resembles H. ergaster in: thin vault bones height of vault no occipital torus H. Erectus or H. ergaster?, Dmanisi, Georgia, 1.75-2.0 mya
POSSIBLE OUT OF AFRICA EXAMPLE OF H ERGASTER Reorganization of : limb proportions longer legs shorter arms trunk dimensions ribcage=more barrel shaped gut area reduced Brain not just an increase in size differences in brain organization
cognition thought emotions brain is a costly tissue affects dietary needs growth & development birth Comparative primate allometric expectations of proportions of human organ mass Human gut lengths short
compared to other primates of our size longer gut lengths associated with processing high volumes of low-quality foods Selection on hominins appears to be:
on increased cognition-grow the size of the brain support that through higher quality foods and reduction in another costly tissue the gut is selection primarily on brains? or on increased dietary quality? complex interrelationship between diet, brain size increase, behavior, & morphology antelope humerus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.8 mya
David Brill FLK Zinj site in Olduvai Gorge, Bed 1 deposits, 1.8-1.76 mya
~100 bones show cutmarks-percussion marks 3,500 large mammal bones 2,500 Olduwan tools hunting? scavenging? carnivore remains? natural death? +16,000 SMALL FAUNA RODENTS=PROBABLE OWL PELLETS; 13 BONES = CUTMARKS & CARNIVORE DAMAGE; 8= CUTMARKS OVERPRINTED BY CARNIVORE; 5 CUTMARKS =ON TOP OF CARNIVORES C. K Brain questioned associations of bones with australopithecines as food remains initated modern taphonomic research Taponomy complex sources of deposition of animal bones in sites with archaeological remains and hominin fossils natural death carnivores geologic accmualtion hominins Cutmarks identifying stone tool marks natural scratches overprinting
excavator marks using them to understand potential butchering patterns Cladistics Can get varying relationships depending on emphasis of different traits multiple contemporaneous hominins-what specializations?
Paranthropus boisei Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo habilis Scientific American 8/25/2003:22-23 Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya
Acheulean handaxe