hỢp ĐỒng mua bÁn hÀng hoÁ theo phÁp luẬt viỆt nam hiỆn nay

7/24/2019 HP NG MUA BN HNG HO THEO PHP LUT VIT NAM HIN NAY

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I HC QUC GIA H NIKHOA LUT

INH THTHANH HUYN

HP NG MUA BN HNG HO THEO

PHP LUT VIT NAM HIN NAY

LUN VN THC SLUT HC

H NINM 2007


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I HC QUC GIA H NIKHOA LUT

INH THTHANH HUYN

HP NG MUA BN HNG HO THEO

PHP LUT VIT NAM HIN NAY

CHUYN NGNH: LUT KINH TM S : 603850

LUN VN THC SLUT HC

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: PGS. TS. NGUYN NHPHT

H NI - NM 2007

LI CAM OAN


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MC LC

LI NI

U

..1

Chng 1: NHNG VN L LUN CHUNG VHP NG V

HP NG MUA BN HNG HO..5

1.1. Tng quan vhp ng...5

1.1.1. Khi nim vbn cht php l ca hp ng..5

1.1.2. Giao kt hp ng..7

1.1.2.1. Nguyn tc giao kt hp ng7

1.1.2.2.nghgiao kt hp

ng..9

1.1.2.3. Chp nhn nghgiao kt hp

ng10

1.1.3.iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng11

1.1.4. Hp ng v hiu vxl hp ng v

hiu..13

1.1.5. Vi phm hp ng vchti..18

1.1.6. Chm dt hp ng..19

1.2. Hp ng mua bn hng

ho.191.2.1. Hp ng mua bn hng ho thng thng...19

1.2.1.1. Khi nim hng ho v hp ng mua bn hng

ho19

1.2.1.2. Xc lp hp ng mua bn hng

ho.22


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Cho

hng..23

Chp nhn cho hng25

1.2.1.3. Hiu lc ca hp ng mua bn hng

ha.27

1.2.1.4. Thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ha.31

Cc nguyn tc thc hin hp ng31

Ngha vca ngi bn hng..32

Quyn vngha vca ngi mua hng35

Quyn ngng thc hin ngha v... 37

Chuyn quyn shu vchuyn giao trch nhim gnh

chu ri ro i vi hng ho38

1.2.1.5. Gii quyt tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ho v

trch nhim vt cht khi vi phm hp ng mua bn hng

ho...40 Trch nhim vt cht khi vi phm hp ng mua bn hng

ho40

Gii quyt tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ho..42

1.2.2. Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t.46

1.2.2.1. Khi nim v c im ca hp ng mua bn hng ho

quc t.461.2.2.2. Xc lp hp ng mua bn hng ho quc

t.47

Vcho hng vchp nhn cho hng.47

Cc ni dung cbn ca hp ng mua bn hng ho

quc

t49


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1.2.2.3.iu kin c hiu lc ca cc hp ng mua bn hng ho

quc t.50

Vchthca hp ng50

Vi tng ca hp ng..51

Vni dung ca hp ng.52

Vhnh thc ca hp

ng..52

Chng 2: THC TRNG IU CHNH V THC TIN P DNG

PHP LUT I VI HP NG MUA BN HNG HA THEO

PHP LUT VIT NAM HIN NAY55

2.1. Mt schnh php lut vhp ng mua bn hng ho trong

php lut Vit Nam hin nay55

2.1.1. Chnh thng nhn.55

2.1.2. Chnh php lut vhp ng vhp ng MBHH...63

2.1.2.1. Vxc lp hp ngMBHH...65

2.1.2.2. Hiu lc ca hp ng MBHH...67

2.1.2.3. Vtrch nhim vt cht khi vi phm hp ng

MBHH..68

2.1.2.4. Gii quyt tranh chp hp ng

MBHH.772.2. nh gi chung vthc trng iu chnh php lut v thc tin p

dng php lut i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho theo php lut Vit

Nam hin nay.81

2.2.1. Chnh vthng

nhn.82

2.2.2. Chnh php lu

t v

h

p

ng vh

p

ng MBHH

...83


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Chng 3: HON THIN CC QUY NH PHP LUT VHP

NG V HP NG MUA BN HNG HO TRONG PHP LUT

VIT NAM HIN NAY89

3.1. nh hng chung trong vic hon thin php lut thng mi

vhp ng MBHH Vit Nam hin

nay...89

3.2. Kin nghvnhng vn cthhon thin php lut

thng mi trong lnh vc hp ng

MBHH..90

KT LUN...95

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO.97


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LI NI U

1. S cp thit ca ti nghin cu:

Hp ng l mt ch nh php lut c bn, mang tnh truyn thng

trong lnh vc lut t. Hp ng l hnh thc php l m bo cho cc giao

lu dn s - kinh t - thng mi trong x hi vn ng v phttrin.

Trong giai on hin nay, khi m Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam

Hoa k c hiu lc, Vit Nam gia nhp t chc Thng mi th gii

(WTO) th nhu cu hon thin Php lut vhp ng v hp ng mua bn

hng ho (MBHH) cng trnn cp thit hn bao ght.

Trc i hi ca tnh hnh mi hin nay, hng lot vn bn php lut

mi c ban hnh thay th cho nhng quy nh c tr nn lc hu.

in hnh l s ra i ca B lut Dn s nm 2005 thay th cho B lut Dn

s nm 1995 v Php lnh hp ng kinh t nm 1989, Lut Thng mi

Vit Nam nm 2005 thay th cho Lut Thng mi nm 1997, Lut Doanh

nghip nm 2005 thay th cho Lut Doanh nghip nm 1999 v Lut Doanh

nghip Nh nc nm 2003

Vn c t ra l h thng cc vn bn mi c ban hnh t

c hiu qu n mc no, p ng nhu cu thc tin mc no trong

vic iu chnh quan h mua bn hng ho hin nay Vit Nam, nhng vn

no cn c tip tc hon thin m bo s ng b, thng nht ca h

thng ccquy nh php lut v hp ng MBHH Vit Nam hin nay, mbo hiu qu ca php lut trong thc tin, to mt mi trng php l an

ton cho hot ng MBHH, ng thi m bo yu cu hi nhp kinh t quc

t.

C th thy, nhu cu hon thin h thng quy nh php lut iu chnh

quan h hp ng MBHH ti Vit Nam hin nay ang tr nn mt nhu cu

cp thit trong hon cnh Vit Nam ang y nhanh tc hi nhp ngy


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cng su hn vo nn kinh t th gii.

2. Tnh hnh nghin cu:

Hp ng mua bn hng ho l mt ch nh truyn thng ca php

lut thng mi. Do , nhng vn lin quan n ch nh ny c

nhiu nh khoa hc v nhiu tc gi quan tm nghin cu nhng mc

khc nhau, c th c cc cng trnh nghin cu v bi vit nh: Tm hiu

mt squy nh ca WTO vcc lnh vc thng mi hng ho c th v

vic tham gia ca cc nc ca Th.s. Bi ThL, Mt svn l lun v

thc tin vphp lut hp ng Vit Nam hin nay do PGS. TS. Nguyn

NhPht ( chbin), Chuyn kho Lut Kinh t ca PGS.TS. Phm Duy

Ngha, Php lut thng mi vmua bn hng ho - Thc trng v nhu cu

hon thin ca Ths. ng Quc Tun, Cc chnh cthvcc loi hnh

vi thng mi nn c xl nhthno trong Lut Thng mi sa i v

phng php iu chnh ca PGS. TS. Mai Hng Qu

Tuy nhin, trong vi nm tr li y, do nhu cu pht trin mnh mca thc tin m c mt s lng ln cc vn bn php lut quan trng c

sa i hoc ban hnh mi thay th cho nhng vn bn v quy nh php

lut c li thi, khng cn p ng c nhu cu thc tin hin nay. Cc

cng trnh nghin cu,bi vit trn li c hnh thnh trn c s cc vn bn

php lut c, do vy, c s php l ca cc vn nu ra trong cc cng trnh

phn no b sai lch v khng cn ph hp vi thc tin php l hin nay. Lun vn ny nghin cu ch nh hp ng MBHH trn c s php l

l cc quy nh php lut hin hnh, do , m bo tnh thi s v p ng

yu cu thc tin hot ng MBHH hin nay.

3. Mc ch v nhim v nghin cu ca lun vn:

Da trn vic phn tch cc c s l lun v hp ng v hp ng

MBHH, phn tch thc trng iu chnh php lut v thc tin p dng php


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lut trn c s cc quy nh mi ca php lut, lun vn a ra nhng nh

gi khch quan v nhng vn cn tn ti trong cc quy nh ca h thng

php lut thng mi iu chnh hp ng MBHH, trn c s xut

nhng phng hng v gii php c th nhm hon thin h thng php lut

thng mi v hp ng MBHH trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t quc t.

t c mc ch trn, lun vn tp trung gii quyt cc nhim v

c th sau:

+ Nghin cu v phn tch nhng vn l lun c bn v php lut

hp ng iu chnh hot ng MBHH.

+ Phn tch v thc trng iu chnh php lut v thc tin p dng

php lut trong hon cnh Vit Nam hin ti, t a ra nhng nh gi

khch quan v nhng im cn bt cp trong h thng php lut thng mi

hin hnh v nhu cu hon thin.

+ xut phng hng chung v nhng gii php c th nhm tip

tc hon thin h thng php lut thng mi iu chnh quan h hp ngMBHH Vit Nam hin nay.

4. Phm vi nghin cu ca lun vn:

Lun vn tp trung nghin cu nhng ch nh php lut lin quan n

hp ng MBHH trong php lut Vit Nam hin hnh, nhm thng qua

thy c mc hiu qu trong thc tin ca php lut thng mi hin

hnh trong vic iu chnh quan h hp ng MBHH. 5. Phng php nghin cu:

Lun vn s dng phng php: phn tch - tng hp, phng php

lut hc so snh, nhm nghin cu mt cch c h thng v y c s l

lun ca cc ch nh hp ng v hp ng MBHH, nghin cu thc trng

iu chnh v thc tin p dng ca h thng php lut thng mi hin hnh

i vi hp ng MBHH, t tnghp thng tin v mt l lun v thc tin


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ca vn nghin cu v a ra nhng gii php hon thin php lut thng

mi v hp ng MBHH trong iu kin Vit Nam hin nay.

6. Kt cu ca lun vn:

Ngoi phn Li ni u, Danh mc ti liu tham kho, Mclc th lun

vn gm c ba chng:

Chng 1: Nhng vn l lun chung v hp ng v hp ng

MBHH.

Chng 2: Thc trng iu chnh php lut v thc tin p dng php

lut i vi hp ng MBHH theo php lut Vit Nam hin nay.

Chng 3: Hon thin cc quy nh php lut v hp ng v hp ng

MBHH trong php lut Vit Nam hin nay.


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Chng 1

NHNG VN L LUN CHUNG VHP NG

V HP NG MUA BN HNG HO

1.1.Tng quan vhp ng:

1.1.1. Khi nim v bn cht php l ca hp ng:

Hp ng l mt trong nhng ch nh c bn v quan trng nht ca

h thng php lut dn s. N iu chnh hu ht cc quan h x hi v l nn

tng trong cc giao dch kinh doanh thng mi. D c hnh thnh trong

lnh vc x hi no th hp ng cng lun mang nhng c im chung sau

y:

Th nht:Yu t c bn nht ca mt hp ng l s tho hip ch

gia cc ch th ca hp ng . Yu t ny xut pht t mt nguyn tc rt

c bn v quan trng trong giao kt hpng l nguyn tc t do ch,

t do hp ng. Ni dung ca nguyn tc ny l: khi tham gia giao kt hpng, cc bn ch th c quyn t do tho thun v ni dung ca hp ng, t

do xc nh cc quyn v ngha v ca cc bn trong hp ng.

Nhngkhng phi mi s tho thun u c coi l hp ng. Ch

nhng s tho thun no c xc lp da trn ch ch thc ca cc bn

chth v p ng cc iu kin ca php lut mi c coi l hp ng.

Nhng trng hp m tho thun ca cc bn c xc lp do tc ng cas la di, cng bc, nhm ln hay mua chuc l nhng trng hp m

hp ng khng th hin ch ch thc ca ch th giao kt hp ng.

Trong nhng trng hp ny, hp ng b coi l v hiu v do , hp ng

khng lm pht sinh quyn v ngha v ca cc bn trong hp ng. ng

thi, m bo s tho thun ca cc bn trong hp ng th hin ch thc

ca h th php lut ca hu ht cc quc gia u c quy nh: ch th tham


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gia giao kt hp ng phi c nng lc ch th.

Nhng cng cn ni thm rng: t do ch, t do hp ng khng

mang tnh tuyt i. m bo trt t x hi v li ch cng cng, php lut

buc cc ch th khi giao kt hp ng phi tn trng o c x hi v

khng c tho thun tri vi cc quy nh ca php lut. V trong nhng

trng hp cn thit, khi m li ch cng cng v trt t x hi c nguy c b

xm hi bi cc tho thun ca hp ng c th no th Nh nc s nhn

danh quyn lc cng can thip vo vic k kt v thc hin hp ng. Trong

nhng trng hp ny, quyn t do hp ng b gii hn. Tuy nhin, s

can thip ny cng phi m bo tnh hp l, c c s c php lut quy

nh r rng, cht ch nhm trnh s lm dng quyn lc Nh nc vi

phm quyn t do hp ng tpha c quan cng quyn.

Th hai:Mt yu t c bn, khng th thiu trong bt c hp ng no

l i tng ca hp ng. S thng nht ch ca cc bn ch th hp ng

phi nhm vo mt i tng c th, v ngc li, mi hp ng phi c itng xc nh. i tng ca hp ng phi r rng, hp php (ngha l

khng b php lut cm a vo cc giao lu dn s - kinh t - thng mi).

Nu i tng ca hp ng khng hp php cng l mt cn c

hp ng b coi l v hiu. Mt khi hp ng c hnh thnh hp php th

n c hiu lc rng buc cc bn ch th v cc bn c ngha v lin quan

thc hin ng v y nhng g cam kt.S vi phm hp ng s dn n trch nhim ti sn m bn vi phm

phi gnh chu (tr khi thuc vo trng hp c min trch nhim theo

php lut hoc theo tho thun).

Tm li: Hp ng l hnh thc php l ca cc quan h trao i hng

ho - tin t ni chung. V bn cht, hp ng l tp hp nhng tho thun,

cam kt hnh thnh trn c s t do ch ca cc bn ch th ca hp ng,


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lm pht sinh, thay i hay chm dt cc quyn v ngha v nht nh. Hp

ng c hiu lc bt buc thc hin i vi cc bn giao kt. Php lut tn

trng, tha nhn v bo v mi cam kt hp ng c hnh thnh hp php.

Trong php lut Vit Nam hin hnh, quy nh v hp ng cng mang

nhng im c bn nh phn tch trn.

1.1.2. Giao kt hp ng:

1.1.2.1. Nguyn tc giao kt hp ng:

Xut pht t bn cht php l ca hp ng v t mc ch bo v li

ch x hi v trt t cng cng m php lut ca cc nc u c quy nh

mt s nguyn tc c bn trong giao kt hp ng.

Theo php lut dn s Vit Nam hin hnh, ngoi vic phi tun th

cc nguyn tc chung c quy nh ti Chng 2, BLDS nm 2005, cc ch

th giao kt hp ng cn phi tun th cc nguyn tc quy nh ti iu 389

BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005. C th nh sau:

* Nguyn tc: T do giao kt hp ng nhng khng c tri phplut, o c x hi (khon 1 -iu 389 BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005).

Ni n t do l ni n kh nng hoc quyn ca con ngi trong

vic th hin ch hay hnh ng ca bn thn gn vi s nhn thc ng cc

quy lut khch quan. T do l mt phm tr trit hc ch kh nng th hin

ch, hnh ng theo mun ca mnh trn c snhn thc quy lut pht

trin ca t nhin, x hi[22]

.Ni dung ca nguyn tc t do ch khi giao kt hp ng l: cc bn

ch th c ton quyn quyt nh vic c tham gia vo hp ng hay khng,

quyn chn i tc giao kt hp ng, phng thc giao kt, xc nh cc

iu khon hp ng, Chnh v c hon ton t do khi xc lp hp ng

nh vy nn cc ch th b rng buc (hay t rng buc mnh) vo cc cam

kt hp ng: h c ngha v phi thc hin ng v y cc cam kt .


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Vo thi k u khi mi ra i, nguyn tc t do ch trong giao kt

hp ng cn c gi l nguyn tc c tn ch, s t do ch ca cc bn

c coi l ti thng, mi ch th trong x hi u phi tn trng cc cam

kt hp ng, thm ch ngay c php lut cng khng th can thip vo cc

cam kt hp ng. Khi , t do hp ng c coi l t do tuyt i: cc ch

th hp ng c hon ton t do khi a ra cc tho thun, cam kt. ch

ca h c th hin mt cch c lp v hon ton xut pht t li ch c

nhn.

Nhng ri quan im v t do ch mt cch tuyt i nh vy khng

tn ti c lu. Thc tin cho thy rng: t do ch ca ch th khi giao kt

hp ng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh nng lc ch th ca ch th

giao kt hp ng, kinh nghim thng trng, kh nng v c hi tip cn

cc ngun thng tin th trng, kh nng nh gi, nhn din ri ro trong kinh

doanh ca cc ch th khc nhau l khc nhau. Mt khc, quyn t do

tuyt i ca mt ch th nht nh lun tim n nguy c xm hi n t do,n li ch hp php ca ch th khc trong x hi.

Nhng l do trn i hi Nh nc phi can thip vo quyn t do ch

(trong giao kt hp ng) ca cc ch th nhm bo v trt t cng cng v

li ch x hi, m bo s n nh x hi. V vy, nguyn tc t do ch

khng cn mang tnh tuyt i nh lc mi ra i m b gii hn bi php

lut v o c x hi.* Nguyn tc: T nguyn, bnh ng, thin ch, hp tc, trung thc v

ngay thng (khon 2 -iu 389 BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005)

Nguyn tc t nguyn m bo cho cc ch th quyn t mnh quyt

nh tham gia vo cc quan h hp ng.

Nguyn tc bnh ng gia cc bn ch th m bo cho cc cam kt

hp ng l s thng nht ch chung ca h, m bo mt s cn bng


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tng i v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn trong hp ng. Cc nguyn tc:

thin ch, hp tc, trung thc v ngay thng nhm trnh hoc gim bt s lm

dng u th c th c ca mt bn ch th i vi bn kia. ng thi, nguyn

tc trung thc v ngay thng cngb sung thm cho nguyn tc t do ch ,

to iu kin cho cc ch th thc hin tt nguyn tc ny trn thc t. Bi v,

nguyn tc trung thc, ngay thng bao gm c ngha v cung cp chnh xc v

y cc thng tin lin quan n hp ng gia cc bn i tc. Ch khi

hiu r c v hon cnh, iu kin thc t khi giao kt hp ng, cc bn

ch th mi c th c s th hin ch ch thc ca h trong cc cam

kt hp ng.

1.1.2.2. ngh giao kt hp ng:

ngh giao kt hp ng c hiu lc khi ni dung ca n th hin r

ch mun giao kt hp ng v chi s rng buc v ngha v lin quan n

ngh ny ca bn a ra ngh vi bn c ngh.

Ni dung ca ngh giao kt hp ng cn c xc nh r rng, cth, th hin r cc ni dung c bn cn c ca mt hp ng.

ngh giao kt hp ng c hiu lc vo thi im n c gi cho

bn c ngh giao kt. Khi , ngh giao kt hp ng s lm pht sinh

trch nhim ca bn a ra ngh . Trong thi hn m ngh giao kt

hp ng c hiu lc, bn c ngh c quyn chp nhn hay khng chp

nhn ngh . Nu bn c ngh chp nhn th hp ng s c giaokt.

Tuy nhin, bn a ra ngh giao kt hp ng cng c th rt li li

ngh trong mt s trng hp nht nh. V d, bn c ngh cha

nhn c li ngh, bn c ngh tr li bn ngh khi qu thi

hn c n nh trong ngh, hoc cha n thi im pht sinh hiu

lc ca ngh giao kt, hoc bn a ra ngh c nu r iu kin c rt


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li ngh

Php lut mt s nc cng gii hn quyn rt li ngh giao kt hp

ng ca bn a ra ngh. Theo iu 2 - 205, Lut Thng mi nht th

M (UCC) th cho hng (bao gm c cho bn v cho mua hng ho) c

th hin di hnh thc vn bn v c k bi thng nhn ha khng hy

ngang th khng c rt li trong thi hn cam kt, hoc trong mt thi

hn hp l khng qu 3 thng, nu khng a ra cam kt r rng v thi hn

c hiu lc ca cho hng[14].

1.1.2.3. Chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng:

Khi nhn c mt bn ngh giao kt hp ng, bn c ngh c

quyn: hoc chp nhn, hoc t chi, hoc sa i, hoc khng tr li i

vi ngh .

Chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng c hiu l vic ngi c

ngh th hin ch ca mnh mt cch r rng v vic chp nhn ton b ni

dung ca ngh giao kt hp ng . Ch khi s chp nhn ny c thhin bng mt hnh thc vt cht nht nh (v d: di hnh thc vn bn) v

c chuyn ti cho bn ngh th mi xc nh l ngh c chp

nhn.

Thng thng, hp ng gia bn ngh v bn c ngh (hay

bn chp nhn ngh) c coi l xc lp vo thi im bn ngh nhn

c chp nhn ngh ca bn c ngh. Vnguyn tc, bn c ngh c quyn la chn v quyt nh c

chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng hay khng. Tuy nhin, trong mt s

trng hp, v li ch cng cng m php lut mt s nc c nhng quy nh

buc bn c ngh phi chp chn ngh giao kt hp ng nh l mt

ngha v ca mnh.

V d: Trng hp bn c ngh l cc nh cung cp cc dch v


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cng cng.

Nu bn ngh n nh r iu kin v hnh thc th hin c th ca

s chp nhn ngh, th bn c ngh phi tun th ng cc hnh thc

c n nh .

Trng hp bn a ra ngh khng n nh r mt hnh thc c th

no th s chp nhn ngh c th c th hin bng vn bn, bng li ni

hoc bng hnh vi thc t. Tr mt s trng hp c bit, cn thng th s

im lng ca bn c ngh thng khng c coi l s chp nhn ngh

giao kt hp ng.

1.1.3. iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng:

mt hp ng c hiu lc php lut th hp ng phi tho mn

mt s iu kin c bn sau:

Th nht: Mitho thun ca cc bn trong hp ng phi c xc

lp trn c s t do ch v t nguyn cam kt. Cam kt ca cc bn trong

hp ng phi th hin ch chung ch thc ca h. Bt c tho thun hpng no khng th hin ch thc ca cc bn kkt u v hiu.

Th hai:Ch th tham gia giao kt hp ng phi c nng lc php

l cn thit theo quy nh ca php lut. Ch th giao kt hp ng phi c

nng lc php lut nu l php nhn, c nng lc php lut v nng lc

hnh vi nu l c nhn. Ngi tham gia giao kt hp ng c th t mnh

ng ra k kt hp ng hoc k thng qua ngi i din hp php ca mnh(gm i din ng nhin - i din theo php lut, v i din theo u

quyn).

Thba:mc ch v ni dung ca hp ng khng c tri php lut

v o c x hi.

Th t: Hnh thc ca hp ng phi ph hp vi cc quy nh ca

php lut.


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Hnh thc ca hp ng l phng thc biu t ni dung ca hp

ng. Vn hnh thc ca hp ng c phi l iu kin xc nh hiu

lc ca hp ng hay khng th php lut ca cc quc gia c nhiu quan

im v cch tip cn khc nhau. V nguyn tc, hp ng c th c giao

kt bng vn bn, bng li ni hoc bng hnh vi thc t, tr mt s loi hp

ng c th m php lut c quynh r phi tun th nhng hnh thc nht

nh (v d: hp ng phi c lp thnh vn bn, c cng chng hoc

chng thc, phi ng k hoc xin php)

i vi mt s nc theo h thng Thng lut (Common Law) th hnh

thc vn bn l bt buc i vi nhng hp ng c gi tr cao. V d: Anh,

c, nu hp ng c gi tr t trn 10 bng Anh tr ln th hp ng phi

c lp thnh vn bn.. [20].

Vic quy nh nhng hp ng c gi tr cao cn phi c lp thnh vn

bn xut pht t quan im coi hp ng nh mt loi lut d phng [4,tr.405],

v hp ng c coi l mt cn c c bn v quan trng nht c quan cthm quyn xem xt khi c tranh chp cn gii quyt. Ngc li, cng c mt

s nc (in hnh l Php) coi s tho thun th hin ch chung ch thc

ca cc bn ch th l iu kin cn v hnh thnh hp ng, cho d

chng c th hin di bt c hnh thc no.

V vn ny, php lut dn s Vit Nam quy nh: cc hp ng

khng tun th quy nh v hnh thc s khng b v hiu nu li hnh thcc sa li cho ng vi cc quy nh ca php lut trong mt thi hn xc

nh do c quan c thm quyn n nh. Nu qu thi hn m li hnh thc

ca hp ng khng c sa cha th hp ng c th b tuyn b v

hiu [1].

Tm li, hnh thc ca hp ng c c coi l iu kin c hiu lc

ca hp ng hay khng l tu thuc php lut ca tng quc gia c th. Nhn


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13

chung, ch khi no php lut c quy nh r loi hp ng c th no phi

tun th hnh thc nht nh th khi , hnh thc ca hp ng mi c coi

l mt trong cc iu kin hp ng c hiu lc.

1.1.4. Hp ng v hiu v x l hp ng v hiu:

Mt hp ng ch c hiu lc php l khi n c giao kt hp php,

ngha l tun th y ccquy nh ca php lut. Ch khi , n mi c

php lut tha nhn v bo v.

Hp ng v hiu c th hiu l mt hp ng khng c gi tr php

l (hay khng c hp ng), khng lm pht sinh cc quyn v ngha v php

l ca cc bn giao kt hp ngv do , khng c gi tr bt buc cc bn

ch th hp ng thc hin nhng ngha v cam kt. Mt hp ng v

hiu s khng c hiu lc php l ngay t thi im hp ng c xc

lp. V ch To n mi c thm quyn tuyn b mt hp ng l v hiu hay

c hiu lc.

Trong khoa hc php l, ngi ta phn loi cc trng hp hp ngv hiu da trn nhng tiu ch nht nh t c s iu chnh thch hp

bng php lut.

* Cch phn loi th nht:cn c vo tnh cht tri php lut dn n

sv hiu ca hp ng, hp ng v hiu c chia thnh hai loi l hp

ng v hiu tuyt i v hp ng v hiu tng i.

Cch phn loi ny xut pht trn c s xem xt mi tng quan giali ch cng v li ch t, trong Nh nc lun u tin bov li ch cng

cng nu c s mu thun gia hai khi li ch ny. Bi v, khi li ch cng b

xm hi th n khng ch nh hng trc tip n cc bn ch th tham gia

hp ng, m n cn nh hng n li ch ca nhiu ch th khc c lin

quan.

Trn quan im nh vy, hp ng no c ni dung xm hi n li ch


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cng cng c xc nh l hp ng v hiu tuyt i. l cc hp ng

c ni dung v/ hoc mc ch vi phm iu cm ca php lut v/hoc tri

o c x hi, hp ngc xc lp do gi to Nhng trng hp ny

cng c quy nh r trong php lut dn s Vit Nam, ti cc iu 128 v

129BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005.

Hp ng v hiu tng i c hiu l nhng hp ng m ni dung

ca n ch xm hi n li ch c nhn hoc c s khim khuyt trong vic

thng nht ch gia cc bn giao kt hp ng. Cc dng c th ca hp

ng v hiu tng i l: hp ng c giao kt do nhm ln, do b e do,

do la di, hoc cc trng hp m ch th giao kt hp ng khng p ng

cc iu kin v nng lc ch th theo quy nh ca php lut. Cc trng

hp ny cng c quy nh trong BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005, t iu 130

n iu 133.

Tuy nhin, s phn nh gia hp ng v hiu tuyt i v hp ng

v hiu tng i cng ch mang tnh tngi, bi s phn bit mt cchrnh ri gia li ch chung v li ch ring cng rt phc tp. Li ch chung

v thc cht l tng ho cc li ch ring nn vic bo vcc li ch ring, li

ch c nhn cng ng thi l bo v li ch chung ca x hi. Do , phn

bit hai dng hp ng v hiu ny, ngi ta thng da vo mt s tiu ch

c th sau:

Th nht: V ch th c quyn yu cu To n tuyn b mt hp ngl v hiu: a s cc nc, php lut u quy nh theo hng: i vi hp

ng v hiu tuyt i th tt c mi ch th u c quyn yu cu To n

tuyn b hp ng v hiu, cn i vi hp ng v hiu tng i th ch

nhng ch th no c li ch b xm hi v li ch c php lut bo v

mi c quyn yu cu To n tuyn b hp ng v hiu.

Th hai: V kh nng khc phc nhng khim khuyt ca hp ng.


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i vi hp ng v hiu tuyt i th khng c c hi no cho php khc

phc khim khuyt ca hp ng. Cn i vi hp ng v hiu tng i th

nhng khim khuyt ca hp ng l c kh nng v c hi khc phc.

Thc cht ca vic a ra cc quy nh php lut v hp ng v hiu

tng i l nhm bo v cc bn giao kt hp ng. V vy, v nguyn tc,

ngi c php lut bo v c quyn t chi s bo v ca php lut

i vi mnh. Ngha l, trong cc trng hp hp ng v hiu tng i, cc

ch th hp ng c quyn yu cu To n tuyn b hp ng v hiu, hoc

cng c th kin yu cu To n gii quyt tranh chp hp ng. Cn trong

trng hp ch th c hng s bo v t php lut m ch th khng

c yu cu tuyn b hp ng v hiu trong thi hiu do php lut quy nh

th c th suy lun rng ngi tha nhn hp ng, hay hp ng

c khc phc nhng khim khuyt. i vi vn ny, BLDS Vit Nam

nm 2005 cng c quan im tip cn tng t.

Th ba: V thi hiu yu cu To n tuyn b hp ng v hiu. Nhnchung hu ht cc nc, thi hiu yu cu To n tuyn b hp ng v

hiu i vi cc trng hp hp ng v hiu tuyt i thng c quy nh

di hn v thm ch l khng hn ch so vi trng hp hp ng v hiu

tng i. Cch tip cn v quy nh nh vy xut pht t quan im cho

rng: Hp ng v hiu tuyt i gy tn hi n trt t php lut, trt t x

hi v li ch cng cng. Do vy, trong mi hon cnh v trong mi iu kinth hp ng vn b v hiu, b coi nh cha tng c xc lp. V vy,

hp ng khng th tr thnh c hiu lc vi l do ht thi hiu yu cu

To n tuyn b hp ng v hiu. V im ny, BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005

cng quy nh tng t: cc trng hp giao dch (hp ng) c ni dung,

mc ch vi phm iu cm ca php lut, tri o c x hi, giao dch do

gi to, (iu 128, 129) th thi hiu yu cu To n tuyn b v hiu hp


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16

ng l khng hn ch (khon 2 - iu 136)[7].

i vi cc trng hp hp ng v hiu tng i, php lut cc nc

u c quy nh quyn yu cu To n tuyn b hp ng v hiu trong mt

thi hn xc nh. Theo php lut Vit Nam hin hnh, thi hiu ny c

quy nh l hai nm k t ngy hp ng c xc lp (khon 1 - iu 136-

BLDS 2005).

* Cch phn loi th hai:Cn c vo mc ca s v hiu, ngi ta

phn chia thnh hp ng v hiu ton b v hp ng v hiu tng phn. C

nhiu quan im khcnhau v cc khi nim ny.

C quan im cho rng: hp ng v hiu ton b l trng hp hp

ng k tri vi vi cc quy nh ca php lut v khng lm pht sinh bt

k ngha v no gia cc bn ngay t thi im n c k kt; Cn hp ng

v hiu tng phn l nhng hp ng c ni dung no vi phm iu cm

ca php lut v ni dung b v hiu nhng khng lm nh hng n cc

ni dung cn li ca hp ng[13]

.

Quan im khc li cho rng: hp ng v hiu ton b khi cc iu

kin c hiu lc ca hp ng khng c p ng y . Khi , ton b

hp ng k b v hiu; Cn hp ng v hiu tng phn l hp ng ch

c mt phn no vi phm quy nh ca php lut v ch phn b v hiu,

cn phn ni dung khc ca hp ng vn chiu lc [20, tr.90, 92].

mt gc chung nht, c th hiu: hp ng v hiu ton b l hpng k kt tri php lut, o c x hi, hp ng k kt do gi to, hoc

hp ng khng p ng cc iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng theo quy

nh caphp lut. Nh vy, c th thy hp ng v hiu ton b tng t

nh trng hp hp ng v hiu tuyt i trong cch phn loi th nht. Cn

hp ng v hiu tng phn l hp ng c mt hoc mt s ni dung vi

phm quy nh cm ca php lut v ch nhng phn ni dung b v hiu,


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17

cn cc phn ni dung khc ca hp ng vn tip tc c hiu lc. V vn

ny, BLDS Vit Nam 2005 cng quy nh tng t (iu 135).

Nhn chung, cch phn loi ny, ngi ta dng nh khng quan tm

nhiu n cc nguyn nhn gy ra s v hiu ca hp ng. iu m cch

phn loi ny hng n l mc ca s v hiu trong cc trng hp c

th v hu qu php l trong cc trng hp ra sao.

* V hu qu php l ca hp ng v hiuc nhng im chung nht

nh sau:

Th nht: Mt hp ng b tuyn b v hiu th hp ng khng c

hiu lc k t thi im n c k kt, do , n khng lm pht sinh cc

quyn v ngha v php l ca cc bn ch th hp ng. D l hp ng v

hiu tuyt i hay v hiu tng i th khi b tuyn b v hiu, n cng s

khng c hiu lc php l ngay t thi im m n c giao kt. im khc

nhau v hu qu php l ca hai dng v hiu ny l: i vi hp ng v

hiu tuyt i, d b To n tuyn b v hiu hay cha th n cng lun trng thi khng c hiu lc php l ngay t thi im giao kt; i vi hp

ng v hiu tng i th ch khi To n tuyn b n v hiu th ngi ta

mi xc nh thi im hp ng v hiu l thi im giao kt hp ng .

Ngha l, nu cha c s tuyn b ca To n th hp ng vn khng b

coi l v hiu, d c th n tn ti nhng du hiu yu cu To n tuyn b

v hiu hp ng.Th hai: Khi hp ng b tuyn l v hiu, th cc bn phi khi phc

li tnh trng ban u, hon tr cho nhau nhng g nhn tnh t thi im

giao kt hp ng n thi im hp ng b tuyn b v hiu. Trng hp

khng th hon tr bng hin vt th phi hon tr bng tin. Bn c li gy

thit hi th phi bi thng. Tu trng hp c th v xt theo tnh cht v

hiu ca hp ng m ti sn a vo giao dch, hoa li, li tc thu c t


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18

vic thc hin hp ng c th b tch thu theo quy nh ca php lut. BLDS

Vit Nam 2005 cng quy nh tng t v vn ny (iu 137).

1.1.5. Vi phm hp ng v ch ti:

Vi phm hp ng l hnh vi ca mt hoc cc bn ch th hp ng

khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng, khng y , khng chnh xc

nhng ngha v cam kt trong hp ng, hoc nhng iu kin c cc

bn tho thun p dng (nh thng l, tp qun,). Cc trng hp vi phm

hp ng c th thng l:

- Vi phm do t chi thc hin ngha v cam kt.

- Vi phm do khng c kh nng thc hin ngha v.

- Vi phm do thc hin khng y cc ngha v cam kt.

Php lut thng mi ni chung v php lut Vit Nam ni ring cho

php suy on li ca ch th c hnh vi vi phm hp ng: bn b vi phm

khng c ngha v phi chng minh li ca bn c hnh vi vi phm (iu 308

BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005).Vi phm hp ng cng c phn chia thnh hai loi: vi phm c bn

v vi phm khng c bn. Trong , vi phm c bn c hiu l s vi phm

hp ng ca mt bn gy thit hi cho bn kia n mc lm cho bn kia

khng t c mc ch ca vic giao kt hp ng (khon 13 - iu 3

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005).

T s phn chia , php lut quy nh cc ch ti i vi cc hnh vivi phm hp ng. C th nh sau:

- Buc thc hin ng hp ng.

- Pht vi phm.

- Buc bi thng thit hi.

- Tm ngng thc hin hp ng.

- nh ch thc hin hp ng.


26/105


27/105

20

cha ra i v cy trng, v nhng vt c nhn bit khc gn lin vi bt

ng sn nh c m t trong phn ni v hng ho c tch ri t bt

ng sn [12]. Theo cch nh ngha ny th i tng ca hp ng mua bn

hng ho c phm vi rt rng, l tt c nhng ng sn hu hnh (k c nhng

ng sn c hnh thnh trong tng lai), ch loi tr tin, chng khon cc

loi v cc quyn v hnh.

Cng tng t nh tinh thn ca nh ngha trn, ti Lut mua bn hng

ho ca Anh (1893), sa i nm 1973, quy nh hng ho l tt c nhng

ng sn khc hn cc quyn v hnh v tin (iu 62.1).

Cn Cng c Vin nm 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t

li quy nh v hng ho vi tnh cch l i tng ca hp ng mua bn

hng ho quc t bng phng php loi tr. Ti iu 2, Cng c ny lit k

nhng i tng khng c coi l hng ho, c th nh sau:

- Hng ho c mua dng cho c nhn, gia nh, tr cc trng

hp m ngi bn trong bt k thi gian no trc hoc ti thi im k kthp ng khng bit hoc khng buc phi bit rng hng ho c mua

nhm mc ch ;

- Hng bn u gi;

- Hng thuc v n ang xt x hoc ang phi chu s qun l ca

php lut;

- Giy t chng khon, c phiu, giy m bo chng t v tin luthng;

- Phng tin vn ti ng thy, ng khng cng nh phng tin

vn ti bng khinh kh cu;

- in nng;

Cc khi nim v hng ho trn y u c phm vi rt rng, song nh n

chung, "hng ho" u c c im chung: l ng sn, hu hnh, c php


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lut chophp a vo lu thng (tr tin, chng khon cc loi v cc quyn

v hnh).

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 quy nh: "hng ho l tt c cc

loi ng sn, k c ng sn hnh thnh trong tng lai; nhng vt gn lin

vi t ai" (khon 2 - iu 3).

Quy nh ny v c bn tng i hp l, ngn gn nhng vn m

bo bao qut c phm vi nhng i tng c kh nng tham gia vo quan

h hp ng mua bn hng ho.

Cngtrn c s khi nim ny, ta c th suy lun rng: cc quyn v

hnh (nh quyn s dng t, quyn s hu tr tu, cphiu, tri phiu, cc

loi chng t c gi v cc loi ti sn v hnh ni chung,) u khng c

coi l hng ho, khng th tr thnh i tng ca hp ng mua bn hng

ho. Do , nhng tranh chp pht sinh t cc hp ng c i tng l cc

ti sn loi ny s khng c coi l tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ho.

Tm li: Xy dng c mt khi nim ng n v hng ho l mtvic quan trng, to c s cho vic xy dng h thng quy nh php lut iu

chnh quan h hp ng mua bn hng ho. Khng phi mi sn phm bt k

u c coi l hng ho, m ch nhng sn phm tho mn nhng iu kin

nht nh mi tr thnh hng ho v c php lu thng trn th trng.

Hng ho l i tng ca hp ng mua bn hng ho phi hp php, ngha

l khng thuc danh mc hng ho cm lu thng trong nc hoc cm xut,nhp khu ti thi im din ra hp ng mua bn. Nu hng ho l i tng

ca hp ng m khng p ng cc yu cu ca php lut th hp ng

s b v hiu, hng ho lin quan b tch thu, v tu theo mc nghim

trng ca v vic m cc ch th lin quan c th b x pht hnh chnh hoc

x l v hnh s.

* V hp ng mua bn hng ho:


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22

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 khng quy nh c th v hp

ng mua bn hng ho m ch quy nh v hot ng mua bn hng ho

(Khon 8 - iu 3), ng thi quy nh: "hot ng ny phi c thc hin

trn c s hp ng" (iu 24). Theo , mua bn hng ho l hot ng

thng mi m bn bn c ngha v giao hng v chuyn quyn s hu hng

ho cho bn mua v nhn thanh ton; bn mua c ngha v nhn hng v

quyn s hu hng ho v thanh ton cho bn bn theo tho thun.

Thng thng, gi tr trao i ca hng ho c xc nh bng tin.

Tuy nhin, trong thc tin hot ng thng mi c nhiu phng thc thanh

ton khc nhau, trong c phng thc hng i hng hoc thanh ton b

tr theo thi hn. cc phng thc ny, ngi mua hng khng thc hin

ngha v thanh ton bng tin m bng ti sn khc c gi tr tng ng da

trn vic nh gi bng tin i vi ti sn dng thc hin ngha v thanh

ton [15]. Trong cc trng hp ny, mc d ngi mua hng khng thc

hin ngha v thanh ton bng tin, song nu c tranh chp pht sinh t ccgiao dch ny, th vn c coi l tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ho.

V c bn, hp ng mua bn hng ho c y cc c im ca hp ng

ni chung ( c phn tch c th phn 1.1 Chng 1). Do , n cng

phi tun theo cc quy dnh chung v hp ng trong BLDS Vit Nam nm

2005. Tuy nhin, do hot ng mua bn hng ho c nhng im c th nn

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 cng c nhng quy nh nhm c thho cc quy nh v hp ng trong BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005 iu chnh

hot ng ny c hiu qu.

1.2.1.2. Xc lp hp ng mua bn hng ho:

Xc lp hp ng mua bn hng ho l mt qu trnh, trong cc ch

th a ra cc iu kin ca mnh v tin hnh thng lng vi nhau, nhm

i ti mt s thng nht ch. Hp ng c coi l xc lp vo thi im


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cc bn t c s thng nht ch v cc ni dung c bn v xc nh ca

hp ng.

*Cho hng:

Cho hng l mt hnh thc c th ca ngh giao kt hp ng. Cho

hng phi th hin r nh giao kt hp ng v chu s rng buc trch

nhim ca bn cho hng i vi (cc) bn c xc nh c th v cc ni

dung ca cho hng. Trong mt thi hn nht nh, cho hng c chuyn

cho mt haynhiu ch th xc nh. Cho hng thng thng phi c nhng

ni dung ch yu ca mt hp ng mua bn hng ho, bao gm: tn hng

ho (loi hng), s lng hng, quy cch, cht lng hng, gi c, phng

thc thanh ton, thi gian v a im giao - nhnhng ho Vic cho hng

c th do ngi bn (chobn) hoc ngi mua (cho mua) thc hin.

iu 14 Cng c Vin 1980 quy nh: "Cho hng c hiu l

ngh v vic k kt hp ng c gi ch danh mt hoc mt vi ngi,

ngh ny c ni dung xc nh v th hin c nh t quan h trongtrng hp c s chp thun n cho hng ca bn c ngh".

Trong thc tin thng mi quc t, c rt nhiu hnh thc cho hng,

ph bin nht l hai hnh thc: cho hng t do v cho hng c nh. i vi

cho hng t do, bn cho hng khng bt buc phi nu y v c th cc

ni dung ch yu ca hp ng trong n cho hng, n cho hng cng c

th khng hng ti mt i tng ch th xc nh no. Do , n chohng loi ny khng lm cho ngi cho hng b rng buc v ngha v php

l. Loi cho hng ny c ni dung v a ch khng c th nh vy nn d b

nhm ln vi qung co.

Nhng i vi cho hng c nh, n cho hng phi nu y , c

th nhng ni dung ch yu ca hp ng (nh tn hng, loi hng, s lng,

gi c hoc nguyn tc nh gi) v phi nhm ti mt hoc mt nhm ch


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th xc nh. n cho hng loi ny rng buc ngha v php l ca bn

cho hng trong mt khong thi gian xc nh theo n nh trong n cho

hng hoc theo quy nh ca php lut mi nc.

Tm li: mt ngh c coi l cho hng, n phi p ng hai yu

cu c bn: s th hin ch mun giao kt hp ng, v tnh xc nh c th

ca cho hng.

Thng thng, cho hng ch c gi tr trong mt khong thi gian nht

nh v trong khong thi gian ny, bn cho hng b rng buc bi ngha v

pht sinh t li cho hng . Nu bn c cho hng thng bo ti bn

cho hng v vic chp thun ton b cc ni dung nu trong cho hng th

hp ng mua bn hng ho coi nh c xc lp. Nu v bt k l do

g (tr cc trng hp min trch nhim i vi hnh vi vi phm hp ng do

php lut quy nh) m ngi cho hng khng thc hin ng hp ng th

s phi chu trch nhim vt chtdo hnh vi vi phm hp ng ca mnh.

Tuy nhin, ngi cho hng cng c th rt li hoc thay i n chohng trong mt s trng hp nh: trong cho hng c nu r trng hp

c rt li hay thay i n cho hng; hoc khi ngi c cho hng cha

nhn c n cho hng.

Cho hng ht hiu lc trong cc trng hp sau y:

- Ht thi hn c hiu lc (thi hn ny c th c n nh r trong

cho hng, hoc theo quy nh ca php lut). -Ngi cho hng b chm dt t cch ch th (v d: bn chohng l

c nhn, b cht; b rt giy php ng k kinh doanh; b gii th hoc ph

sn) trc thi im cho hng c chp thun.

Trng hp bn c cho hng sa i, b sung ni dung ca n

cho hng trc khi gi cho bn cho hng th y c coil mt cho hng

mi.


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* Chp nhn cho hng:

Cng ging nh cho hng, chp nhn cho hng l mt hnh vi php

l c th lm pht sinh v rng buc ngha v php l ca cc bn lin quan.

Chp nhn cho hng l vic bn c cho hng thng bo cho bncho

hng bit vic mnh chp thun ton b v v iu kin cc ni dung ca cho

hng. Nu mun giao kt hp ng, bn c cho hng phi thng bo v

vic chp nhn cho hng cho bn cho hng di hnh thc nht nh (li

ni, vn bn,) v trong thi hn cho hng cn hiu lc.

V nguyn tc, ch khi bn c cho hng chp thun hon ton v v

iu kin ni dung n cho hng th hp ng mi c xc lp. Nhng trn

thc t, vic chp thun hon ton v v iu kin nh vy thng t xy ra.

Do vy, trng hp bn c cho hng c sa i, b sung mt vi ni dung

no ca cho hng nhng khng lm thay i cc iu khon c bn ca

cho hng v nu bn cho hng khng phn i cc sa i, b sung thvn coi l ngi c cho hng chp thun hon ton cc ni dung ca

cho hng v hp ng c coi l xc lp. Trong trng hp ny, bn

nhn nhn cho hng c coi l bn cho hng (mi) cn bn cho

hng c coi l bn nhn cho hng.

Nhn chung, hp ng mua bn hng ho c coi l xc lp v k

kt k t thi im cc bn k vo hp ng hoc k t thi im bn chohng nhn c thng bo chp thun cho hng trong thi gian hiu lc ca

cho hng, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc.

Trn thc t, nhng hp ng mua bn hng ho c gi tr ln thng

c giao kt di hnh thc vn bn. Nu cc bn thng lng trc tip vi

nhau th hp ng c giao kt vo thi im cc bn cng k vo bn hp

ng. Nu l giao dch gin tip, hp ng c coi l xc lp vo thi


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im bn cho hng nhn c chp nhn cho hng. y l quan im ph

bin, c tha nhn rng ri v thi im m hp ng mua bn hng ho

c xc lp.

Tuy nhin, php lut thng mi ca mt s nc theo Thng lut (nh

Anh, M, c) li cquan im cho rng: v nguyn tc, cho hng khng c

ngha rng buc trch nhim ca bn cho hng v n c th c rt li bt

c lc no trc khi c chp thun. Trong trng hp chp nhn cho hng

c gi i theo ng bu in, th hp ng c coi l xc lp vo thi

im bn c cho hng gi chp nhn cho hng cho bu in. Quan im

ny c l xut pht t vic cho rng s thng nht ch ca cc bn c

hnh thnh v xc lp vo thi im chp nhn cho hng c gi i. Quan

im ny c im cha thc s hp l. Bi l, vo thi im chp nhn cho

hng c gi i th bn cho hng vn cha bit v s tn ti ca n. V vy,

ti thi im vn cha th c s thng nht ch ( mc y nht

cn c) gia cc bn. Thm na, cng cn tnh n trng hp m chp nhncho hng c gi i trong thi hn c hiu lc ca cho hng, nhng ngi

cho hng nhn c n khi qu thi hn n nh Trong trng hp ny,

nu theo quy nh php lut ca cc nc theo Thng lut th hp ng

c xc lp v rng buc ngha v php l ca cc bn, c bit l bn cho

hng. Trong khi , ta thy, do n nh thi hn r rng, nn khi ht thi

hn hiu lc ca cho hng, th ngi cho hng c gii phng khi mingha v m bn ny t rng buc mnh khi a ra n cho hng.

Do vy, theo tc gi lun vn, th hp ng mua bn hng ho c xc

lp vo thi im ngi cho hng nhn c chp nhn cho hng t pha

ngi c cho hng, bi v ch vo thi im , ngi cho hng mi bit

r v ch mun giao kt hp ng ca bn chp nhn cho hng. V vo

thi im ny, s thng nht ch ca cc bn ch th mi c biu hin


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mt cch r rng v y nht. Cc quy nh v thi im xc lp hp ng

ni chung, trong BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005 cng c quy nh theo hng

ny.

1.2.1.3. Hiu lc ca hp ng mua bn hng ho:

Hp ng mua bn hng ho l mt loi hp ng c th nn n cng

chu s iu chnh ca cc quy nh v giao dch dn s v hp ng ni

chung trong php lut dn s. Theo , mt giao dch dn s c hiu lc

php lut th giao dch phi tho mn mt s iu kin nht nh (xem

phn 1.1.3). Cc iu kin giao dch dn s c hiu lc c quy nh

trong BLDS l c s xem xt cc iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng mua

bn hng ho. Cc iu kin mt hp ng mua bn hng ho c hiu lc

gm:

Th nht, iu kin v ch th giao kt hp ng:

Ch th ca hp ng mua bn hng ho l thng nhn, hoc t nht l

mt trong cc bn tham gia quan h hp ng ny l thng nhn. Php lutcc nc c quy nh khc nhau v ch nh thng nhn.

V l thuyt, ngi ta chia thng nhn thnh hai loi: thng nhn do

hnh thc v thng nhn do thc cht. Thng nhn do hnh thc: l nhng

ch th do tun th nhng quy nh mang tnh hnh thc ca php lut nc

mnh (v d: ng k vo s ng k thng mi php lut o, ng k

kinh doanh php lut Vit Nam) m c coi l thng nhn v chng nhng quy ch dnh cho thng nhn. Thng nhn thc cht (thc

t): l nhng ch th thc hin cc hot ng thng mi trn thc t, v do

c coi l thng nhn m khng ph thuc vo vic ch th c ng

k hot ng thng mi vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn hay khng.

Nhng ch th ny c coil thng nhn thc cht xt t bn cht hnh vi

ca chng.


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Ti B lut Thng mi ca Php nm 1807, iu 1, nh ngha

thng nhn l nhng ngi thc hin cc hnh vi thng mi mt cch c

lp v ly chng lm ngh nghip thng xuyn ca mnh [17]. y l mt

nh ngha kp v thng nhn bao gm c thng gia th nhn v thng

gia php nhn. Thng gia th nhn c xc nh bi bn cht hnh vi ca

h. Cn thng gia php nhn th c xc nh bi hnh thc php l ca

chng. Nh vy, mt hp ng mua bn hng ho thng thng gia cc

thng nhn chu s iu chnh ca cng mt h thng php lut p ng yu

cu v ch th th ch cn cc ch th tun th cc quy nh ca php lut

nc v thng nhn. Nhng trong hp ng m cc chth ca n chu

s iu chnh ca cc h thng php lut khc nhau (v cc h thng php lut

ny quy nh khng ging nhau v ch nh thng nhn) th vic ch th ca

hp ng cn p ng iu kin no hp ng c hiu lc s kh phc

tp).

Trng hp hp ng mua bn hng ho do ngi i din ca thngnhn xc lp th phi l i din hp php ca cc bn lin quan, c th l

i din theo php lut hoc i din theo u quyn (bng vn bn).

Th hai, iu kin v mc ch v ni dung ca hp ng mua bn

hng ho:

Ngoi vic tun th cc quy nh chung trong BLDS v iu kin c

hiu lc ca hp ng, trong hp ng mua bn hng ho cn ch n itng ca hp ng. i tng ca hp ng ny phi l hng ho c php

lu thng trn lnh th ca nhng quc gia c lin quan. Php lut ca cc

quc gia nhn chung u c nhng quy nh v nhng hng ho cm kinh

doanh, hn ch kinh doanh, hoc kinh doanh c iu kin. thng l

nhng loi hng ho m trong qu trnh lu thng hoc s dng c kh nng

gy nguy hi nghim trng n an ninh, quc phng, chnh tr, kinh t - x


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29

hi, thun phong m tc, mi trng, hay sc kho cng ng Nhng sn

phm loi ny thng khng c php tr thnh i tng ca hp ng

mua bn hng ho. Trong nhng trng hp c bit, vic mua bn nhng sn

phm loi ny phi tun th nhng iu kin nht nh v thng phi c

s cho php ca c quan qun l Nh nc c thm quyn. Danh mc cc sn

phm loi ny thng c Nh nc quy nh c th tu theo yu cu qun

l Nh nc trong tng thi k.

Th ba, iu kin v hnh thc ca hp ng:

Nhn chung, hnh thc ca hp ng mua bn hng ho tun theo

nhng quy nh chung v hnh thc ca hp ng trong php lut dn s.

Ch trong nhng trng hp c bit th hp ng mua bn hng ho

mi c quy nh c th v hnh thc bt buc phi tun th. V d: hp

ng mua bn hng ho vi thng nhn nc ngoi (mua bn hng ho quc

t) phi c lp thnh vn bn hoc hnh thc khc c gi tr php l tng

ng (khon 2 - iu 27 - Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005). Tuy nhin,trn thc t, cc hp ng mua bn hng ho (nht l nhng hp ng c gi

tr ln) thng c k kt di hnh thc vn bn d y khng phi l hnh

thc bt buc hp ng c hiu lc php lut. L do l v hnh thc ny c

gi tr lm chng c cao hn cc hnh thc khc khi gii quyt tranh chp hp

ng (nu c).

Th t, iu kin v t do ch v t nguyn giao kt hp ng: Tun theo cc nguyn tc chung trong giao kt hp ng, hp ng

mua bn hng ho ch c hiu lc khi n c giao kt trn c s s t do

ch ca cc bn, t nguyn cam kt, bnh ng, thin ch, hp tc, trung thc

v ngay thng.

Tm li, mt hp ng mua bn hng ho mun c hiu lc php l th

phi p ng y tt ccc iu kin trn.


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* Vn hp ng mua bn hng ho v hiu:

Mt hp ng c giao kt m khng p ng y cc iu kin

hp ng c hiu lc th hp ng khng c gi tr php l rng buc

cc ch th v quyn v ngha v. Nu hp ng b To n tuyn l v

hiu th n khng c gi tr php l k t thi im n c coi l k kt.

V d: trng hp i tng ca hp ng mua bn hng ho bao gm

nhiu loi hng ho khc nhau, trong c mt mt hng m ch th giao kt

hp ng khng c php kinh doanh th ch phn ni dung lin quan n

mt hng b v hiu. Do , hp ng mua bn hng ho ny b v hiu

tng phn.

V d: hp ng mua bn hng ho c k kt bi ngi i din theo

u quyn, nhng ch th ny k hp ng vt qu phm vi c u quyn

(v d: vt qu v gi tr giao dch). Trng hp ny, hp ng cng v hiu

vo thi im n c k kt. Nhng nu sau , ngi u quyn chp nhnphn ni dung giao dch vt qu , th hp ng vn c hiu lc php l,

ni chnh xc hn l n c khi phc hiu lc php l sau khi c s chp

nhn ca bn u quyn.

* Vn hu qu php l ca hp ng mua bn hng ho bv hiu:

Ch To n mi c thm quyn tuyn b mt hp ng l v hiu. Sau

khi To n tuyn b v hiu, hp ng khng c hiu lc php l k t thiim giao kt, do , n khng lm pht sinh cc quyn v ngha v i vi

cc bn. Nu cha thc hin hp ng th cc ch th khng c php thc

hin. Nu thc hin hp ng th cc bn phi khi phc li tnh trng ban

u, hon tr cho nhau nhng g nhn.

Quy nh ny, trn thc t khng em li hiu qu mong mun do

vic p dng php lut mt cch cng nhc, thiu sng to ca cc thm phn


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khi gii quyt tranh chp lin quann hp ng mua bn hng ho.

1.2.1.4. Thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ho:

Cc nguyn tc thc hin hp ng:

* Nguyn tc ngay tnh.

Khi giao kt hp ng, cc ch th phi tin liu trc cc tnh hung

c th xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, v a ra nhng tho thun

chi tit v cc tnh hung . Song, d hp ng c c son tho chi tit

n u cng kh c th tnh trc ht c cc iu kin c th xy ra trn

thc t m c th tc ng n qu trnh thc hin hp ng. Do vy, php

lut ca a s cc nc u quy nh v nguyn tc thc hin hp ng, trong

, nguyn tc ngay tnh l quan trng hng u. Lc u, ngay tnh c

hiu l ngha v trung thc khi thc hin hp ng. Dn dn, thc tin cho

thy hiu nh vy cha .Mt cch chnh xc nht, ngay tnh cn c

hiu l ngha v trung thc, hp tc v bo m s tin cy gia cc bn trong

qu trnh thc hin hp ng.Trong thc tin thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ho, vic thc

hin hp ng din ra ph hp vi li ch ca cc bn ch th v thch ng

c vi s bin i lin tc ca cc iu kin th trng, cc bn cn c

ngha v thng bo cho nhau nhng thng tin lin quan n vic thc hin

hp ng, ngha v hp tc trong vic thc hin hp ng (trong : bn c

ngha v phi thc hin hp ng mt cch trung thc, cn bn c quyn phito mi iu kin thun li nht bn c ngha v thc hin tt ngha v ca

mnh). Trng hp c nhng vn pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin hp

ng, cc bn phi cng nhau thng lng tm ra cch gii quyt ph hp

nht. V d: hng ho b h hng, mt mt trong qu trnh vn chuyn, iu

chnh li gi c khi cc iu kin th trng thay i, iu chnh li phng

thc thanh ton,


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Nguyn tc ny cng m bo nguyn tc t do ch c vn hnh

tt, gip cho s thng nht ch ca cc bn ch th hp ng c duy tr

trong sut qu trnh din ra quan h hp ng mua bn hng ho.

* Nguyn tc thc hin ng tho thun:

Trong hp ng mua bn hng ho, nguyn tc ny buc ngi bn

hng phi thc hin ngha v giao hng: ng i tng, chng loi, s lng,

cht lng, a im, thi hn, phng thc cam kt trong hp ng,

chuyn quyn s hu sang cho ngi mua v c quyn nhn tin hng; ng

thi buc ngi mua phi thc hin ng ngha v thanh ton v nhn hng

theo ng tho thun hp ng.

Ngoi ra, khi thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ha, ngi ta cn ni

tiNguyn tc khng xm hi li ch cng cng, li ch hp php ca ch th

khc. Theo , trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, cc bn phi tn trng li

ch ca cng ng, ca gii doanh nghip (hip hi) v c bit l khng

c lm phng hi n li ch ca cc doanh nghip khng trc tip thamgia hp ng (th d: tha thun c mc ch hn ch cnh tranh, ty chay hay

ngn cn doanh nghip khc)

* Ngha v ca ngi bn hng:

Ngi bn phi giao cho ngi mua hng ho theo ng tho thun (v

loi hng ho, s lng, cht lng, quy cch ng gi v bo qun, v a

im v thi hn giao hng) cng ton b chng t lin quan n hng ho (v d: giy php xut nhp khu, giy t lin quan n xut x hng ho,

vn n). Nhng vn khng tho thun trong hp ng c th thc hin

theo cc quy tc mc nh ca php lut.

- Giao ng loi hng: Ngi bn c ngha v phi giao ng loi hng

ho tho thun trong hp ng, khng c t dng loi hng khc

tng ng thay th. Trng hp khng th giao ng loi hng tho


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thun, bn bn phi c l do chnh ng v cc bn c th thng lng v

vic giao loi hng khc tng ng. Trng hp ngi bn giao khng

ng loi hng ho tho thun, ngi mua c th la chn thc hin

mt trong cc quyn sau:

+ quyn chp nhn hng ho giao v thanh ton theo gi do cc bn

tho thun.

+ yu cu giao ng loi hng tho thun v i bi thng thit hi.

+ khng nhn hng, hu hp ng v i bi thng thit hi (iu

437BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005).

- Giao hng ng s lng: Tu theo hng ho trong tng hp ng c

th m cc bn tho thun v s lng, n v o lng, cch thc o (trng

lng tnh, trng lng gp), mc hao ht t nhin Trng hp bn bn

giao tha hng, bn mua c quyn t chi khng nhn phn tha ra . Bn

bn phi nhn li s hng tha ny, ng thi chu mi chi ph lin quan.

Ngi mua cng c quyn chp nhn s hng tha v thanh ton theo gi mcc bn tho thun.

Trng hp bn bn giao thiu hng so vi tho thun, bn mua c th

thc hin mt trong cc quyn sau:

+ Nhn phn giao v nh ra mt thi hn hp l bn bn giao

tip phn cn li.

+ T chi khng nhn hng, yu cu thc hin ng hp ng v ibi thng thit hi.

+ T chi khng nhn hng, hu hp ng v i bi thng thit hi.

+ Nhn phn hng ho giao v thanh ton s tin tng ng vi

phn hng ho .

- Giao hng ng a im: a im giao hng trong hp ng mua

bn hng ho l mt ni dung kh quan trng, v n thng gn lin vi vic


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xc nh thi im chuyn quyn s hu hng ho, ng thi chuyn giao

trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho t ngi bn sang ngi mua.

Thng thng, nu trong hp ng c tho thun v a im giao hng

xc nh, th trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho c chuyn giao

cho bn mua khi bn bn hon thnh hot ng giao hng cho bn mua (hoc

bn c bn mua u quyn tip nhn hng ho) ti a im giao hng

tho thun (tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc v thi im chuyn

quyn s hu v chuyn ri ro i vi hng ho).

Trng hp cc bn khng c tho thun v a im giao hng c th

th trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho c chuyn giao cho bn

mua k t thi im hng ho c giao cho ngi vn chuyn u tin.

Trng hp hng ho c giao cho ngi nhn hng giao li nm

gi(m khng phi l ngi vn chuyn) th trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i

vi hng ho c chuyn giao cho bn mua khi: (1) hoc bn mua nhn

c chng t s hu hng ho; (2) hoc khi ngi nhn hng giao li xcnhn quyn chim hu hng ho ca bnmua i vi hng ho . Trng

hp i tng ca hp ng l hng ho ang trn ng vn chuyn th

trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho c chuyn giao cho bn mua

k t thi im hp ng c giao kt v c hiu lc php l.

- Giao hng ng hn: Bn bn phi giao hng vo ng thi gian

tho thun. trng hp ch tho thun v thi hn giao hng m khng xcnh thi im giao hng c th th bn bn c quyn giao hng vo bt k

thi im no trong thi hn nhng phi thng bo trc cho bn mua bit

v vic giao hng. Trng hp khng tho thun v thi hn giao hng th

bn bn phi giao hng trong mt thi hn hp l sau khi giao kt hp ng

(iu 37 - Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005).

- Giao hng ng phng thc tho thun: Tu iu kin c th ca


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tng hp ng mua bn hng ho m cc bn tho thun chi tit v phng

thc giao hng. Hng c th c giao trc tip cho ngi mua, giao cho

ngi vn chuyn, hoc ngi nhn hng giao li Trng hp cc bn

khng tho thun v phng thc giao hng c th, th hng ho c bn

bn giao trc tip v giao mt ln cho bn mua ti a im v trong thi hn

giao hng tho thun.

- Giao hng ng quy cch ng gi v bo qun tho thun: Quy

cch ng gi v bo qun c nh hng trc tip n cht lng v gi c

hng ho. V vy, ngha v ny cn c bn bn nghim chnh thc hin.

trng hp cc bn khng tho thun v vn ny, th bn bn phi giao

hng vi bao b thng dng i vi loi hng ho c th , m bo an ton

cho hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn.

- Giao hng ng cht lng tho thun: iu khon v cht lng

hng ho thng c php lut ca a s cc nc coi l mt iu khon c

bn, cn c cc bn tho thun v a vo ni dung ca hp ng mua bnhng ho. Cht lng hng ho c lin quan trc tip n gi tr v gi c

hng ho. V vy, ngi bn c ngha v giao hng ng vi cht lng

tho thun cho ngi mua. C nhiu cch xc nh cht lng hng ho, v

d: cn c vo mt h thng tiu chun cht lng nht nh nh ISO, SA -

8000, EUROPE, Trng hp cc bn khng tho thun v cht lng hng

ho, th ngi bn c ngha v phi giao hng vi cht lng ph hp vimc ch s dng ca hng ho v phi t cht lng trung bnh ca hng

ho cng loi trn th trng.

* Quyn v ngha v ca ngi mua hng:

Tng ng vi ngha v giao hng (km theo cc chng t lin quan

n hng ho) v chuyn quyn s hu i vi hng ho ca ngi bn,

ngi mua c quyn (ng thi cng l ngha v) nhn hng v phi thanh


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ton mt s tin tng ng vi s hng ho nhn cho ngi bn theo ng

tho thun hp ng. Nhn hng l vic ngi mua tip nhn hng ho t

ngi bn, t ngi vn chuyn hng hoc t ngi nhn hng giao li .

Tuy nhin, vic nhn hng ny khng ng ngha vi vic ngi mua tha

nhn hng ho tip nhn l ph hp vi hp ng (v s lng, cht

lng,) m l nhn bo qun. Trong mt khong thi gian hp l sau

khi tip nhn hng ho, ngi mua vn cquyn thng bo ti ngi bn nu

hng ho tip nhn khng ph hp vi hp ng.

Trng hp ngi mua chm tip nhn hng ho do ngi bn giao th

ngi bn c ngha v phi p dng cc bin php cn thit bo qun ti

sn v yu cu bn mua phi thanh ton cc chi ph hp l pht sinh t vic

bo qun . Nu l hng ho c nguy c b h hng (v d: thc phm ti

sng) th bn bn c quyn bn hng ho v tr li cho b n c quyn khon

tin thu c t vic bn hng ho sau khi tr i chiph hp l s dng

vo vic bo qun v bn ti sn (iu 288 BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005).V nguyn tc, nu ngi mua chm tip nhn hng so vi thi im tho

thun trong hp ng th phi gnh chu mi ri ro c th c i vi hng ho

k t thi im .

Ngi mua c ngha v thanh ton mt s tin tng ng vi s hng

ho nhn theo ng tho thun trong hp ng. Nu ngi mua chm

thanh ton tin hng, ngi bn c quyn i tin li i vi s tin chmthanh ton theo quy nh v li sut n qu hn do c quan c thm quyn

quy nh ti thi im thanh ton tng ng vi thi gian chm tr (tr

trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc). So vi li sut n qu hn trong dn

s, li sut n qu hn trong cc quan h mua bn hng ho thng c

php lut cc nc quy nh cao hn v cho rng tin c thng nhn

dng kinh doanh vi t cch l vn ch khng thun tu l gi tr trao i


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nh trong cc giao dch dn s [14, tr. 454].

* Quyn ngng thc hin ngha v:

Cc bn trong hp ng mua bn hng ho c quyn ngng vic thc

hin ngha v ca mnh trong hp ng nu c bng chng xc thc v

vic mt bn c hnh vi la di hoc khng c kh nng thc t thc hin

hp ng k.

Ngi bn c quyn ngng giao hng nu ngi mua viphm iu

khon thanh ton tho thun hoc ngi mua khng cn kh nng thanh

ton tin hng theo tho thun.

Ngi mua c quyn ngng thanh ton tin hng nu c bng chng v

vic bn bn c hnh vi la di, hoc hng ho ang l i tng b tranh

chp, hoc hng ho c giao khng ph hp vi tho thun hp ng (v

d: hng b h hng, khuyt t, k t thi im tip nhn).

Tuy nhin, vic tm ngng (hay hon) thc hin ngha v hp ng ca

cc bn phi tun th nhng iu kin nht nh, c th nh sau:- Bn mun hon thc hin ngha v phi thng bo ngay cho bn c

quyn bit v vic hon thc hin ngha v, v phi c bn c quyn

ng . Trng hp bn c ngha v khng thng bo kp thi cho bn c

quyn v vic hon thc hin ngha v ca mnh th s phi chu mi chi ph

pht sinh t vic hon thc hin ngha v (iu 287 BLDS Vit Nam

2005, iu 315 - Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005).- Bng chng c a ra chng minh cho l do hon thc hin

ngha v phi c tnh xc thc. Nu bng chng a ra khng xc thc, gy

thit hi cho bn i ng trong hp ng th bn gy thit hi phi bi thng

thit hi v chu cc ch ti khc do php lut quy nh (khon 4 - iu 51

- Lut Thng mi 2005).


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* Chuyn quyn s hu vchuyn giao trch nhim gnh chu ri ro

i vi hng ho:

Thng thng, thi im chuyn quyn s hu v chuyn giao trch

nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho t ngi bn sang ngi mua c th

c xc nh l mt trong ba thi im sau:

- Thi im hp ng mua bn hng ho c k kt v c hiu lc

php l (v d: i tng ca hp ng l hng ho ang trn ng vn

chuyn - iu 60 - Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005).

- Thi im giy t chng minh quyn s hu hp php i vi hng

ho c chuyn giao t ngi bn sang ngi mua.

- Thi im hng ho c chuyn giao cho bn mua v thuc quyn

nh ot ca bn mua.

Trn thc t, cc bn thng tho thun vic chuyn giao quyn s hu

ch c thc hin vi iu kin bn mua thc hin y ngha v thanhton cam kt.

Thng thng, thi im chuyn quyn s hu hng ho cng ng

thi l thi im chuyn giao trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho

, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc.

Tuy nhin, php lut cc nc u th hin s tn trng quyn t do

hp ng ca cc bn ch th: h c quyn t do tho thun v thi imchuyn giao trch nhim gnh chu ri ro t ngi bn sang ngi mua m

khng ph thuc vo thi im chuyn quyn s hu hng ho .

Trc ht, ri ro i vi hng ho c th hiu l nhng tn tht, mt

mt, thit hi, h hng, tiu hao, lm gim gi tr ban u ca hng ho l

i tng ca mt hp ng mua bn hng ho. Cn c s phn bit gia s

kin bt kh khng v ri ro. S kin bt kh khng l nhng s kin


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khch quan, cc bn khng th lng trc c, v khng th khc phc

c hu qu do n gy ra. Khi xy ra s kin bt kh khng, cc bn c th

c min trch nhim i vi mt phn hoc ton b ngha v hp ng.

Cn ri ro l s kinkhng th lng trc nhng bn gp ri ro phi hon

ton gnh chu nhng hu qu bt li khi xy ra ri ro.

Cng c Vin 1980 quy nh v vn chuyn giao ri ro nh sau:

Trng hp cc bn giao nhn hng trc tip th ri ro s chuyn t ngi bn

sang ngi mua k t thi im giao hng. Nu hp ng mua bn hng ho

c quy nh v vic vn chuyn hng v ngi bn khng buc phi giao

hng ti mt a im nht nh no , th ri ro s c chuyn cho ngi

mua khi hng c giao cho ngi vn chuyn u tin. Trng hp hp

ng quy nh ngi bn phi giao hng cho ngi vn chuyn ti mt a

im c th, th ri ro s c chuyn t ngi bn sang ngi mua khi hng

c giao ti a im xc nh . Ngi mua nhn ri ro v mnh i vi

nhng hng ho ang trn ng vn chuyn k t lc hng ho c giaocho ngi chuyn ch l ngi pht chng t xc nhn mt hp ng vn

chuyn. Nu vo thi im k kt hp ng mua bn hng ho, ngi bn

bit hoc cn phi bit s kin hng ho b mt mt hay h hng m khng

thng bo iu cho ngi mua bit th nhng mt mt, h hng do

ngi bn phi gnh chu (cc iu 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 Cng c Vin 1980)[21].

Nh vy, tinh thn ca cc quy nh trn cho thy, Cng c ny xc

nh thi im chuyn giao trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho t

ngi bn sang ngi mua l thi im m hng ho c chuyn giao cho

bn mua v thuc quyn nh ot ca bn mua (m khng ph thuc vo thi

im chuyn quyn s hu hng ho ).

Ngc li vi hng trn, iu 20 - o lut mua bn hng ho ca


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Anh nm 1893 (sa i nm 1973) quy nh: bn bn phi chu trch nhim

v mi ri ro cho n khi quyn s hu hng ho c chuyn giao cho bn

mua, bn mua phi chu trch nhim v mi ri ro khi quyn s hu hng ho

c chuyn giao cho mnh, d cho bn mua nhn c hng ho hay

cha, tr khi cc bn c tho thun khc. Nh vy, o lut ny xc nh

thi im chuyn giao trch nhim gnh chu ri ro i vi hng ho trng

vi thi im chuyn quyn s hu hng ho m khng xt xem hng ho

thuc s nm gi v nh ot ca bn no.

V vn ny, php lut Vit Nam quy nh theo hng tng t nh

Cng c Vin 1980: ri ro v mt mt hoc h hng hng ho c chuyn

cho bn mua k t thi im hng ho c chuyn giao cho bn mua

(hoc bn c bn mua u quyn tip nhn hng) (cc iu 57, 58, 59, 60,

61 - Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005).

Ring i vi trng hp giao hng cho ngi nhn hng giao m

khng phi l ngi vn chuyn, th ri ro i vi hng ho c th cchuyn cho bn mua: (1) hoc khi bn mua nhn c chng t s hu hng

ho ; (2) hoc khi ngi nhn hng giao xc nhn quyn chim hu

hng ho ca bn mua (iu 59 - Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 2005).

Quyn s hu i vi hng ho c chuyn t bn bn sang bn mua

k t thi im hng ho c chuyn giao, tr trng hp php lut c quy

nh khc hoc cc bn tho thun khc (iu 62 - Lut Thng mi VitNam 2005).

1.2.1.5. Gii quyt tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ho v trch nhim

vt cht khi vi phm hp ng mua bn hng ho:

* Trch nhim vt cht khi vi phm hp ng mua bn hng ho:

Trch nhim vt cht khi vi phm hp ng mua bn hng ho l s p

dng ch ti c th i vi mt hoc cc bn ch th ca hp ng khi cc


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ch th khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng, khng y nhng

ngha v m mnh cam kt trong hp ng mua bn hng ho. Khi , ch

th c hnh vi vi phm hp ng s phi gnh chu nhng hu qu bt li v

vt cht.

Tuy nhin, bn vi phm ngha v hp ng ch phi chu trch nhim

khi c li. Trong php lut Vit Nam, nguyn tc xc nh li trong cc

quan h thng mi cng ging trong cc quan h php lut dn s: u l li

suy on. Ngha l: khi c s vi phm ngha v hp ng xy ra, th bn c

ngha v b coi l ng nhin c li, tr trng hp ngi t chng minh

c l mnh khng c li (khon 3 - iu 302 BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005,

khon 2 - iu 294 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm2005).

Nh vy, ngha v chng minh khng c li trong vic vi phm hp

ng thuc v bn c hnh vi vi phm.

Tu theo tng loi ngha v hp ng, v tu thuc tnh cht ca hnh

vi vi phm m cc bn c th tho thun v ch ti p dng cho nhng viphm c th. Nu cc bn khng c tho thun trc trong hp ng th bn

c quyn li b vi phm c th la chn cc ch ti m php lut quy nh

p dng khi c vi phm xy ra.

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 c quy nh cc loi ch ti

trong thng mi, c th l:

1.

Buc thc hin ng hp ng.2.

Pht vi phm.

3. Buc bi thng thit hi.

4. Tm ngng thc hin hp ng.

5.

nh ch thc hin hp ng.

6.

Hu b hp ng.

Ngoi cc loi ch ti trn, cc bn cng c quyn t do tho thun v


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cc loi ch ti khc, nhng khng c tri vi quy nh ca php lut quc

gia, php lut v tp qun thng mi quc t (iu 292 - Lut Thng mi

2005).

Php lut cng quy nh v cc trng hp m bn vi phm hp ng

c min trch nhim, c th l:

1. Khi xy ra trng hp min trch nhim m cc bn d liu v

tho thun trong hp ng.

2. Xy ra s kin bt kh khng (l nhng s kin xy ra sau khi giao

kt hp ng, do nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng m hai bn khng th

hoc khng bt buc phi bit trc c v khng th khc phc c, v

d: ho hon, l lt, ng t [15, tr. 157].

3. Hnh vi vi phm ca bn c ngha v hon ton do li ca bn c

quyn.

4. Hnh vi vi phm xy ra do bn c ngha v thc hin quyt nh ca

c quan qun l Nh nc c thm quyn m cc bn khng th bit trcc vo thi im giao kt hp ng (iu 294 - Lut Thng mi Vit

Nam nm 2005).

Tu theo tng hp ng mua bn hng ho c th m cc trng hp

min trch nhim c th l nhng tnh hung nm ngoi kh nng nh hng

v nm ngoi mong mun ca cc bn ch th (v d: chin tranh, nh cng,

s thay i trong cc quy nh ca php lut i vi lnh vc hng ho l itng ca hp ng). Khi , bn vi phm c ngha v chng minh cc

trng hp min trch nhim ny (c bit thng qua xc nhn ca c quan,

t chc c thm quyn), ng thi phi thng bo ngay cho cc bn lin quan

trong hp ng bit v tnh trng , d liu trc hu qu c th xy ra v

tm bin php x l hu qu trn tinh thn hp tc [14, tr. 457].

* Gii quyt tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ho:


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Tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng ho c hiu l nhng xung t

v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn ch th hp ng . Nhng xung t ny

c th xy ra bt c giai on no trong ton b qu trnh din ra quan h

hp ng mua bn hng ho. V bn cht, mi tranh chp xt cho cng u

phn nh nhng xung t v li ch kinh t gia cc ch th.

Gii quyt tranh chp trong kinh doanh ni chung v trong hp ng

mua bn hng ho ni ring l vic s dng cc cch thc, cc phng php

v tin hnh cc hot ng nht nh loi tr hoc khc phc cc tranh

chp pht sinh, nhm bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca cc ch th lin

quan, m bo s n nh v pht trin ca mi trng kinh doanh lnh mnh.

Cc hnh thc gii quyt tranh chp trong lnh vc kinh doanh ang

c p dng ph bin trn th gii hin nay gm:

1. Cc bn t thng lng.

2.

Ho gii thng qua mt trung gian ho gii do cc bn la chn v

tho thun.3. Gii quyt ti Trng ti thng mi, hoc To n.

Cc tranh chp c gii quyt bng con ng Trng ti thng mi

hoc ti To n phi tun theo trnh t, th tc t tc do php lut quy nh.

Nhng ni dung ny cng c quy nh trong php lut Vit Nam (iu 317

- Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005). Cc vn v th tc t tng, thm

quyn gii quyt, thi hn khiu ni, thi hiu khi kin, c quy nhkhc nhau trong php lut ca cc nc khc nhau.

Theo quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam hin hnh, nhng tranh chp v

kinh doanh, thng mi thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca To n l nhng

tranh chp pht sinh trong hot ng kinh doanh, thng mi gia c nhn,

t chc c ng k kinh doanh vi nhau v u c mc ch li nhun, trong

c hot ng mua bn hngho (im a - khon 1 - iu 29 BLTTDS


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44

Vit Nam nm 2004).

Cn v vic phn bit thm quyn gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh

trong hot ng thng mi (trong c tranh chp hp ng mua bn hng

ho) ca Trng ti thng mi v ca To n, php lut Vit Nam [6]quy nh

nh sau:

+ V tranh chp s c gii quyt bng trng ti, nu trc hoc sau

khi xy ra tranh chp cc bn c tho thun v vic a v tranh chp ra c

quan trng ti gii quyt (iu 1, 3 v 5 Php lnh Trng ti thng mi

nm 2003).

+ Nhng trng hp tuy cc bn c tho thun trng ti, nhng tranh

chp vn thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca To n, l:

(1)

Tho thun trng ti v hiu (iu 10 PLTTTM 2003).

(2) Trng hp mt bn hoc cc bn ch th ca hp ng khng

chngminh c c tho thun trng ti.

(3)

C quyt nh ca To n v vic hu quyt nh trng ti v cc bnkhng c tho thun khc1.

Phn quyt ca Hi ng trng ti l quyt nh chung thm, khng th

b khng co trc bt k to n hay t chc no khc.Cc bn lin quan phi

t gic thi hnh trong thi hn m phn quyt xc nh. iu ny hon

ton ph hp vi thng l thng mi quc t, v: khi cc bn tho thun v

vic a v tranh chp ra xt x ti t chc trng ti, th iu cng ngnghavi vic cc bn t nim tin vo phn quyt trng ti v cam kt s thi

hnh phn quyt trng ti mt cch v iu kin v t b quyn khng co i

vi phn quyt trng ti di mi hnh thc.

* V thi hiu t tng:

1Nhng ni dung ny c quy nh trong Ngh quyt s 05/2003/NQ HTP ngy 31/7/2003 ca Hi

ng Thm phn To n nhn dn ti cao v vic hng dn thc hin mt s quy nh ca Php lnh trngti thng mi.


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Nhn chung, php lut thng mi ccnc u c nhng quy nh v

thi hn khiu ni v thi hiu khi kin i vi cc vn lin quan n hp

ng mua bn hng ho.

Thi hn khiu ni l khong thi gian c tnh t mt thi im xc

nh ny n mt thi im xc nh khc m trong khong thi gian , bn

mua c quyn khiu ni v vic hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng. Thi

hn t tng c th c xc nh bng gi, ngy, tun, thng, nm,.. hoc

bng mt s kin c th xy ra.

Thi hn khiu ni v hng ho do cc bn t tho thuntrong hp ng.

Trng hp cc bn khng c tho thun r rng trong hp ng v thi hn

khiu ni (i vi hng ho l i tng ca hp ng) th thi hn ny

thng c xc nh bi cc quy nh mc nh ca php lut. iu 318 -

Lut Thng mi VitNam nm 2005 quy nh v thi hn ny nh sau:

- i vi khiu ni v s lng hng ho: ba thng k t ngy giao hng.

- i vi khiu ni v cht lng hng ho: su thng k t ngy giaohng; trng hp hng ho c bo hnh th thi hn ny l ba thng k t

ngy ht thi hn bo hnh.

- i vi khiu ni v cc vi phm khc: chn thng k t ngy bn vi

phm phi hon thnh ngha v theo hp ng; trong trng hp c bo hnh

th thi hn ny l chn thng k t ngy ht thi hn bo hnh.

Thi hiu khi kin:l thi hn m cc bn ch th ca hp ng cquyn khi kin yu cu To n hoc Trng ti gii quyt v tranh chp

nhm bo v cc quyn v li ch hp php b xm phm. Nu thi hn kt

thc th cc bn mt quyn khi kin, tr trnghp php lut c quy nh

khc.

i vi cc tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng mua bn hng ho, php

lut Vit Nam quy nh thi hiu khi kin ti To n hoc Trng ti l hai


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nm k t thi im quyn v li ch hp php b xm phm (iu 319 - Lut

Thng mi Vit Nam 2005; iu 427 BLDS Vit Nam 2005; im a -

khon 3 - iu 159 BLTTDS Vit Nam 2004).

1.2.2. Hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t:

1.2.2.1. Khi nim v c im ca hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t:

Hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t v c bn cng c nhng c trng

chung ca mt hp ng mua bn hng ho thng thng, theo , bn bn

c ngha v giao hng, chuyn quyn s hu hng ho cho bn mua v nhn

thanh ton; bn mua c ngha v thanh ton cho bn bn, nhn hng v quyn

s hu hng ho theo tho thun (khon 8 iu 3 - Lut Thng mi Vit

Nam nm 2005). im khc nhau c bn gia hp ng mua bn hng ho

quc t v hp ng mua bn hng ho thng thng l tnh quc t ca

hp ng.

Theo Cng c Vin 1980 v mua bn hng ho quc t th tnh quc

t ca hp ng mua bn hng ho c xc nh da trn du hiu lnh th.Cc bn tham gia giao kt hp ng c tr s thng mi t cc nc

khc nhau (iu 1) [19],[11, tr. 199].

Trc khi Lut thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 ra i, trong thc tin

hot ng ngoi thng ca Vit Nam, vic xc nh hp ng mua bn hng

ho quc t (hay hp ng ngoi thng) thng da vo ba tiu ch sau:

- Cc bn ch th ca hp ng c quc tch khc nhau.- Hng ho l i tng ca hp ng c di chuyn t nc ny sang

nc khc.

- ng tin thanh ton l ngoi t i vi t nht mt bn tham gia hp

ng [14, tr. 466].

Khi Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 ra i, lut ny a ra nh

ngha: hp ng mua bn hng ho ngoi thng l hp ng c k kt


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gia mt bn l thng nhn Vit Nam vi mt bn l thng nhn nc

ngoi (iu 80 - Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997).

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 khng a ra nh ngha c th v

hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t, nhng qua quy nh ti cc iu 27, 28,

29 v 30 ca Lut ny, c th suy lun rng, hp ng mua bn hng ho

quc t cng c xc nh trn c s cc tiu ch nu trn.

1.2.2.2. Xc lp hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t:

Do nhng cch bit v php lut, v vn ho v thi quen kinh doanh, v

khong cch a l, m hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t thng l kt

qu ca mt qu trnh m phn v thng lng tng i di so vi mt

hp ng mua bn hng ho thng thng trong ni a. i vi mt hp

ng mua bn hng ho thng thng, khi thc hin hp ng gp vng

mc v mt vn m cc bn khng tho thun trong hp ng, th vn

c th c x l bng cch p dng cc quy tc mc nh ca php lut

quc gia. Nhng i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t, nu cc bnkhng c tho thun v lut p dng cho hp ng c th, th vic xc nh

lut p dng v c quan c thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp i vi cc vn

pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng phc tp hn rt nhiu. Khi

c tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t th c s quan

trng u tin xem xt v gii quyt tranh chp chnh l hp ng .

Chnh v vy, cn nghin cu nhng im khc bit c trng trong ni dungca hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t so vi hp ng mua bn hng ho

thng thng.

* V cho hng v chp nhn cho hng:

Ti iu 14 v 16, Cng c Vin 1980 v mua bn hng ho quc t

quy nh cho hng l li ngh giao kt hp ng c gi cho mt hoc

nhiu ngi c th, c ni dung xc nh v th hin ch mun giao kt hp


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ng ca ngi ngh nu ngi c ngh chp thun ngh . Mt

n cho hng (hay ngh giao kt hp ng) c coi l c ni dung xc

nh nu c cc ni dung c bn nh: tn hng, loi hng, s lng, cht

lng, gi c, phng thc thanh ton. Nhn chung, php lut dn s Vit

Nam cng c nhng quy nh tng t. Song c nhng im khc bit v vic

bn cho hng rt li cho hng. Theo php lut ca cc nc theo h thng

Thng lut (Anh, M, c) th n cho hng c th c rt li bt c lc

no, min l trc thi im c chp nhn cho hng, mc d cho hng vn

cn hiu lc. Ch khi cho hng c k bi thng nhn ha khng hu

ngang th bn cho hng mi khng th rt li n cho hng khi ang cn

thi hn hiu lc ca cho hng .

V im ny, php lut dn s Vit Nam quy nh hon ton khc:

Ngi cho hng ch c th rt li hoc thay i n cho hng nu: (1) bn

c cho hng nhn c thng bo v vic thay i hoc rt li n cho

hng trc hoc cng thi im nhn c n cho hng; (2) hoc trongtrng hp bn cho hng c nu r cc iu kin c th c rt li n

cho hng th khi iu kin xy ra, bn cho hng c quyn rt li n

cho hng (iu 392 BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005).

Cng ging nh hp ng mua bn hng ho thng thng, trong trng

hp giao kt gin tip, hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t c coi l xc

lp vo thi im ngi cho hng nhn c chp thun cho hng t phangi c cho hng. Nh vy, c nhng im khc bit nht nh trong

quy nh php lut ca Vit Nam v cc nc v vn quyn c thay i

hoc rt li n cho hng ca bn cho hng. Do vy, khi tham gia vo cc

hnh vi tin hp ng loi ny, tin ti xc lp hp ng mua bn hng

ho quc t, cn xc nh r rng, c th v gi tr php l cng nh gii hn

trch nhim rng buc ca cho hng i vi bn cho hng.


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* Cc ni dung c bn ca hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t:

Tu tng hp ng c th m ccbn tho thun cc iu khon ca hp

ng. V c bn, mt hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t thng gm c cc

iu khon sau:

- iu khon v cc bn ch th k kt hp ng: thng c cc ni

dung nh: tn thng nhn hoc ch th khng l thng nhn (mtbn), a

ch tr s chnh, t cch php l ca cc ch th

- iu khon v thi gian, a im k kt hp ng.

- iu khon v ngn ng c la chn s dng trong hp ng,

nh ngha cc thut ng c s dng trong hp ng.

- iu khon tn hng ho: cn c th hin chnh xc, r rng trong

hp ng, nhm trnh hiu lm do nhng s khc bit v ngn ng, hoc tp

qun ca cc bn gy ra.

- iu khon v s lng hng ho: thng l nhng tho thun ca ccbn v nh lng hng ho, n v tnh s lng, phng php xc nh

trng lng (tnh hay gp), a im v phng thc kim tra s lng,

- iu khon v cht lng hng ho: thng bao gm cc ni dung nh

cch thc, phng php xc nh cht lng hng ho, kim tra cht lng

hng ho (a im, cch thc, c quan gim nh c la chn), iu

kin bo hnh,- iu khon v thi gian v a im giao hng, iu kin c s giao -

nhn hng ho: y l nhng ni dung quan trng ca hp ng mua bn

hng ho quc t, v chng c nhhng trc tip n gi c v phng thc

thanh ton, n thi im chuyn giao quyn s hu v trch nhim gnh chu

ri ro i vi hng ho.

- iu khon v chuyn quyn s hu v trch nhim gnh chu ri ro


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i vi hng ho.

- iu khon v gi c, ng tin thanh ton, phng thc thanh ton v

chng t thanh ton: thng bao gm cc ni dung nh ng tin c la

chn tnh gi, phng php tnh gi, thi im v phng thc thanh

ton, Nhn chung, nhng ni dung ny cn c cc bn tho thun c th,

chi tit trong hp ng nhm trnh ri ro hoc tranh chp c th pht sinh, v

nhng vn ny trong cc quan h hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t

thng phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi trong cc quan h hp ng mua bn

hng ho thng thng, v ng tin c chn nh gi thng l ngoi t

v vic thanh ton thng lin quan n cc ngn hng nhiu nc khc

nhau.

- iu khon v trch nhim ca cc bn khi vi phm hp ng.

- iu khon v gii quyt tranh chp trong qu trnh thc hin hp

ng: thng gm cc ni dung nh tho thun v lut p dng, c quan c

thm quyn gii quyt khi c tranh chp xy ra, tho thun trng ti, hoctho thun lin quan n thng lng, ho gii,

1.2.2.3. iu kin c hiu lc ca cc hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t:

Hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t l mt dng hp ng chuyn bit,

nn v c bn, n cng tun theo cc quy nh php lut v iu kin c hiu

lc ca hp ng ni chung v hp ng mua bn hng ho thng thng.

Nhng ng thi, hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t cng c nhng ctrng ring l tnh quc t ca n, nn cng s c nhng c trng ring trong

cc iu kin loi hp ng ny c hiu lc.

* V ch th ca hp ng:

i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho ni chung v hp ng mua bn

hng ho quc t ni ring, hp ng c hiu lc php l th t nht mt

bn ch th ca hp ng phi l thng nhn. ng thi, c ch th l


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thng nhn hay ch th khng phi l thng nhn trong hp ng phi p

ng cc iu kin v nng lc php l v phi c thm quyn theo cc

quy nh ca php lut hin hnh khi tin hnh giao kt hp ng mua bn

hng ho quc t. Nhn chung, php lut ca a s cc nc u quy nh p

dng lut quc tch ca ng s trong vic xc nh t cch ch th ca cc

bn trong hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t. V vn ny, php lut Vit

Nam cng quy nh tng t (ti cc iu 761, 762, v 765 BLDS Vit

Nam 2005).

* V i tng ca hp ng:

Php lut ca a s cc quc gia, trong c Vit Nam u c quy nh:

i tng ca hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t phi l hng ho c

php mua, bn theo quy nh php lut ca nc bn mua v nc bn bn.

bo h nn sn xut trong nc, khuyn khch xut khu hoc v cc

mc ch bo m an ninh, quc phng, thun phong m tc, bo v mi

trng hay sc kho cng ng m mi nc u ban hnh nhng danhmc cc hng ho b cm xut khu, cm nhp khu, v hng ho nhp khu

c iu kin. Php lut Vit Nam cng c nhng quy nh iu tit hot

ng xut nhp khu cc loi hng ho ny, nh Ngh nh s 57/1998N -CP

ban hnh ngy 31/7/1998 (ti iu 4 v 5, v ph lc s 2). Thm na, vo

cui mi nm, Th tng Chnh ph thng ban hnh Quyt nh v vic

iu hnh xut nhp khu hng ho ca nm tip theo, trong c nu r ccmt hng b cm xut khu hoc nhp khu, v cc hng ho xut nhp khu

theo hn ngch.

V d: Quyt nh s 242/1999/Q-Ttg ngy 30/12/1999 ca Th tng

Chnh ph v iu hnh xut nhp khu hng ho nm 2000 quy nh: hng

ho cm xut khu bao gm v kh, n dc; c; cc loi ma tu; ho

cht c hi; g trn, g x, ci, than t g hoc ci; cc loi ng vt hoang


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d v ng thc vt qu him, Hng ho cm nhp khu vo Vit Nam bao

gm: v kh, n dc; cc loi ho cht c hi; cc loi vn ho phm i

tru, phn ng; pho cc loi; thuc l iu, danh mc hng tiu dng qua

s dng; t tay li nghch;

Tm li, nu i tng ca hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t l hng

ho thuc danh mc hng ho bcm xut khu, nhp khu theo php lut ca

nc bn bn hoc nc bn mua hoc ca c hai bn th hp ng s b

coi l v hiu.

* Vni dung ca hp ng:

Php lut Vit Nam v a s cc nc u ghi nhn v bo h quyn t

do, t nguyn cam kt, tho thun ca cc bn ch th ca hp ng, ngha l

cc bn c hon ton t do trong vic tho thun v cc ni dung ca hp

ng. Tuy nhin, m bo tnh hp php v mt ni dung (v trn c s

m bo hiu lc php l) ca hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t, th cc

ni dung ca hp ng phi cha ng cc iu khon ph hp vi ccquy nh ca php lut.

Tuy nhin, h thng php lut ca cc nc khc nhau li quy nh khc

nhau v tnh hp php i vi ni dung ca hp ng. Do , khi xy ra tranh

chp, To n hoc Trng ti phi p dng h thng php lut ch thc ca

hp ng (lex contractus) hay lut ring bit ca hp ng (the proper law of

the contract)

[11]

nhm xc nh tnh hp php v mt ni dung ca hp ng. Thm vo , cc bnkhi giao kt hp ng cng c quyn la chn bt

k h thng php lut no iu chnh ni dung ca hp ng, min l vic

p dng n khng tri vi cc nguyn tc c bn ca h thng php lut m

cc bn ch th c quc tch. Lut c la chn s b sung, gii thch,

thm nh tnh hp php v mt ni dung ca hp ng.

* V hnh thc ca hp ng:


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Php lut cc nc c quy nh khng ging nhau v hnh thc ca hp

ng. Lut ca cc nc theo Thng lut (nh Anh, M, c) v Cng c

Vin 1980 u khng quy nh hnh thc bt buc no m hp ng phi tun

th. Song trn thc t, c To n bo v quyn li ca mnh, cc ch th

thng la chn hnh thc vn bn cho hp ng ca h. L do l v hnh

thc ny thng c gi tr lm chng c cao hn cc hnh thc khc trong

trng hp c tranh chp xy ra.

Theo php lut Vit Nam hin hnh, hnh thc ca hp ng dn s ni

chung phi tun theo php lut ca nc ni giao kt hp ng. Trng hp

hp ng c giao kt nc ngoi m vi phm quy nh v hnh thc ca

hp ng theo php lut nc , nhng khng tri vi cc hp ng v hnh

thc ca hp ng theo php lut Vit Nam th hnh thc ca hp ng c

giao kt nc ngoi vn c cng nhn Vit Nam (Khon 1 - iu

770BLDS Vit Nam nm 2005). i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho quc

t, php lut Vit Nam quy nh: mua bn hng ho quc t phi c thchin trn c s hp ng bng vn bn hoc bng hnh thc khc c gi tr

php l tng ng (Khon 2 - iu 27 Lut Thng mi2005). Hnh thc

vn bn ca hp ng l mt hnh thc c tnh truyn thng, c hiu l mt

vn bn (thng l trn giy) c cha cc iu khon m cc bn tho

thun v ch k xc nhn ca cc bn. Ngy nay, cn c cc hnh thc khc

tng ng vnbn v mt gi tr php l. Php lut Vit Nam lit k cchnh thc (ca hp ng) c gi tr (php l) tng ng vn bn gm: in

bo, telex, fax, thng ip d liu, (khon 15 - iu 3 - Lut Thng mi

2005), trong , thng ip d liu l thngtin c to ra, gi i, nhn v

lu gi bng phng tin in t (Khon 5 - iu 3 - Lut Thng mi

2005). Nh vy, c th thy php lut Vit Nam quy nh hnh thc vn bn

(v cc hnh thc khc tng ng) l bt buc i vi hp ng mua bn


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hng ho quc t. ng thi, gii quyt xung t php lut v hnh thc

ca hp ng, php lut Vit Nam quy nh p dng lut ni giao kt hp

ng xc nh tnh hp php i vi hnh thc hp ng.

Cn trong php lut quc t, a s cc nc p dng ph bin lut nhn

thn (lex personalis) ca cc bn tham gia hp ng, hoc lut ni giao kt

hp ng, hoc lut to n (lex fori) ni c thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp

hp ng gii quyt xung t php lut trong vic xc nh tnh hp php

v mt hnh thc ca hp ng.

Tm li, mt hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t c hiu lc php l,

n phi p ng cc iu kin c hiu lc l: ch th ca hp ng, i

tng ca hp ng, ni dung v hnh thc ca hp ng phi tun th cc

quy nh ca h thng php lut c p dng iu chnh quan h hp

ng mua bn hng ho quc t .


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Chng 2

THC TRNG IU CHNH V THC TIN

P DNG PHP LUT I VI HP NG MUA BN HNG HO

THEO PHP LUT VIT NAM HIN NAY

2.1. Mt s ch nh php lut v hp ng mua bn hng ho trong

php lut Vit Nam hin nay:

2.1.1.Chnh thng nhn:

y l mt trong nhng ch nh c bn v quan trng nht ca lut

thng mi. Theo Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005, thng nhn l

nhng ch th c ng k kinh doanh hot ng thng mi mt cch c

lp, thng xuyn (iu 6). Theo cch nh ngha ny, mt ch th mun tr

thnh thng nhn phi hi t cc du hiu php l sau:

Th nht, cc ch th phi thc hin cc hot ng thng mi. Hotng thng mi l mt tiu ch c bn xc nh mt ch th c phi l

thng nhn hay khng. Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 quy nh:

hot ng thng mi l hot ng nhm mc ch sinh li, bao gm mua

bn hng ho, cung ng dch v, u t, xc tin thng mi v cc hot ng

nhm mc ch sinh li khc (khon 1 - iu 3).

Nh vy, phm vi cc hot ng c coi l hot ng thng mi vchu s iu chnh ca Lut Thng mi 2005 b b hp trong bn nhm hot

ng l: mua bn hng ho, cung ngdch v, u t v xc tin thng mi.

Bn nhm hot ng ny li tip tc c c th ho bng vic lit k mt

lot cc hot ng thng mi c th (khon 9, 10, 11 - iu 3). Cch quy

nh nh vy dng nh khng khc nhiu lm so vi vic Lut Thng mi

1997 lit k 14 hnh vi thng mi. Nhn chung, Lut thng mi 2005


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khng th hin c tnh khi qut cao hn so vi Lut Thng mi 1997

trong vic quy nh v hot ng thng mi lm c s cho vic xc

nh t cch php l ca thng nhn. Hn th, cch thc quy nh trong Lut

Thng mi 2005 c phn rc ri hn so vi Lut Thng mi 1997.

Nh vy, Lut Thng mi 2005 cn thiu tnh khi qut khi a ra khi

nim v hot ng thng mi bng cch lit k cc hot ng c th m cha

th a ra nhng tiu ch chung c tnh khi qut cao hn xc nh mt

hot ng c th c phi l hot ng thng mi hay khng. V nh vy,

theo Lut Thng mi 2005, ch th c coi l thng nhn phi tin hnh

mt hoc mt s hot ng c lit k. Quy nh ny khc vi php

lut ca nhiu nc trn th gii. Mt s nc quy nh: cc hnh vi nhm

mc ch sinh li l hnh vi thng mi do bn cht, do , nhng ch th

thc hin cc hnh vi l thng nhn do bn cht hnh vi m h thc hin.

Ngc li, mt s ch th c coi l thng nhn do hnh thc php l ca

chng v nhng hnh vi m cc thng nhn ny thc hin c coi l hnhvi thng mi do hnh thc.

Th hai, cc hot ng thng mi phi c cc ch th thc hin mt

cch c lp. Php lut thng mi Vit Nam hin hnh cha a ra cc tiu

ch c th no xc nh tnh c lp trong hot ng thng mi ca

thng nhn. Theo ngha thng thng, hot ng thng mi mt cch c

lp c th hiu l vic mt ch th thc hinhot ng nhn danh mnh,v li ch ca chnh mnh, khng b rng buc hay chi phi bi ch ca ch

th khc. Ch th c ton quyt quy nh ni dung, cch thc tin hnh

hot ng, cng nh chu trch nhim trc tip v kt qu hot ng m mnh

thc hin.

Th ba,cc hot ng thng mi phi c cc ch th tin hnh mt

cch thng xuyn. Lut thng mi khng a ra tiu ch c th no xc


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nh tnh cht thng xuyn ca cc hot ng thng mi ca thng nhn.

Song, hiu mt cch chung nht, cc hot ng thng mi c tin hnh

thng xuyn l nhng hot ng c tin hnh trn thc t, c k hoch

tng i lu di, lin tc, lp i lp li v cc ch th tin hnh hot ng

t coi l ngh nghip ca bn thn, l phng cch to ra ngun thu nhp

thng xuyn ca h. Yu cu v tnh cht thng xuyn ca hot ng

thng mi ca thng nhn cng c th hin gin tip trong cc quy nh

ca php lut. V d: doanh nghip c th b thu hi giy chng nhn ng k

kinh doanh (mt t cch thng nhn) nu khng tin hnh cc hot ng

kinh doanh trong thi hn mt nm k t ngy c cp giy chng nhn

ng k kinh doanh hoc ngng

hỢp ĐỒng mua bÁn hÀng hoÁ theo phÁp luẬt viỆt nam hiỆn nay

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