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• Temperature• Water• Breeding Sites• Food Supply• Territory

What are some factors that affect the distribution of animal species? (there are 5)

• Need to construct food web – this is complicated because animals eat/are eaten by more than one type of animal

• Where to put omnivores?? Example: bears eat plants, insects, andfish…so are they primary/secondary/or tertiary consumers?

Discuss the difficulties of classifying organisms into trophic levels.

•Kudzu (deliberate release..thought to solve soil erosion)

rapid growth (≥ 60ft per season)costs US $500 million per year

•Zebra mussels (accidental release)in Great Lakesone mussel 100,000 eggs per year

•Prickly pear (under control)cactus in Australia

What are 3 examples of the introduction of alien species that have had significant impacts on the ecosystem?

R-strategy: disposable offspring• Ex: zebra mussels; hundreds of

offspring; more likely to survivenatural disaster (unstable environment) K-strategy: nurture offspring

• Ex: zebra (larger animals/most mammals); few offspring; time/energy spent nurturing young; notlikely to survive catastrophe (stable environment)

Distinguish between r-strategies & k-strategies.

Fundamental niche: potential mode of existence, given the adaptation of the species

complete range of biological & physicalconditions under which an organism can live

Realized niche: actual mode of existence, results from adaptations & competition with other species

narrower range

Distinguish between fundamental and realized niches.

IDEAL

REAL

Gross production: total amount of energy trapped in organic matter produced by plants (per area per time)

Net production = gross production – respiration

Biomass: dry mass of an organism

Define gross production, net production, and biomass.

•Process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at eachtrophic level

Define biomagnification.

•Restoration•Recovery of threatened species•Removal of introduced species•Legal protection against development/

pollution• Funding and prioritizing

What are some roles of active management techniques in conservation?

No two species in a communitycan occupy the same niche

one species will survive & otherwill die out (interspecific competition for same resources)

*experiments by Gause with 2 Paramecium species

Explain the principle of competitive exclusion.

Construct a general pyramid of biomass and explain the reason for its structure.

higher trophic levels – smaller biomass biomass is lost during

respiration at each trophic level

• nonlethal skin cancer- basal, squamous cell carcinoma• lethal skin cancer- malignant melanoma•mutation of DNA• sunburn- enlarged blood vessels - red skin • cataracts- clouded eye lense• reduced biological productivity- kill plant cells (affects ability to photosynthesize)damage DNA growth cells

Outline effects of ultraviolet radiation on living tissues & biological productivity.

Indicator Species: sensitive to environmental change

• Example: lichen- indicator of air quality; shows presence of lead/mercury in air• Example: macroinvertebrates- judge of water quality*cleaner the water: higher the # of sensitive organisms

Explain the use of an indicator species in monitoring environmental change.

• Competition: for food supply (survival of fittest)• Herbivory: eating of plants (producers)• Predation: consumer (predator) eating another

consumer (prey)• Parasitism: parasite lives on/in host : host is harmed• Mutualism: two species live together, both benefit from the relationship

Explain the different interactions of organisms with those of other species.

Desert –• temperature: mostly very hot; 140º F (60º C)

during day; cold at night• soil temperature: < 60º C• low precipitation: < 30 cm per year• vegetation: Cacti - water storage tissues,

thick cuticles (to reduce water loss)

Outline the characteristics of a DESERT biome.

CFCs causing ozone layer to become thinner!!In Stratosphere:• CFCs breakdown to release chloride ions (Cl-)• Cl- react with ozone molecules (O3) to produce ClO &

oxygen (O2)• ClO joins with O2 to form more O2 & release Cl-

Cl- now free to destroy another ozone molecule (start the cycle over ---- depletion of ozone)

*Montreal protocol - phase out use of CFCs in:refrigerator coolants, aerosol propellants, foampackaging material

Outline the effect of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer.

*Used if species cannot be kept in natural habitat, danger of extinction

• Captive breedingo artificial inseminationo embryo transfer to surrogate mothero cryogenics: egg/sperm cells, embryos frozen for future useo human-raised youngo keeping a pedigree to minimize inbreeding• Botanical gardens – plants easy to keep in captivity• Seed Banks – kept in cold, dark conditions: metabolism of

seed slows down, prevents it from germinating (seeds stored for decades)

What are some methods of ex situ conservation?

1. Map entire area of habitat2. Determine size of quadrats3. Place numbered grid over map4. Choose which quadrats to sample using

random number table5. Count # of organism 1 in each sample quadrat6. Count # of organism 2 in each sample quadrat7. Calculate averages of organisms 1 & 28. Multiply average # of organism 1 by total # of

quadrats on map to get estimate of # of organism9. Repeat step 8 for organism 2

Describe one method of random sampling, based on quadrat methods, to compare population of 2 species.

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Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

Primary Succession Secondary Succession

•Begins with no life •Follows disturbance of primary succession

•No/little soil •Soil is present•New area ex: volcanic island

•Old area ex: after forest fire

•Lichen/moss: first plants •Seeds/roots already present

•Biomass: low •Biomass: higher•Low production (increase in biomass or energy)

•Higher production

•Extreme temp. changes •Occurs faster

EconomicMost nutrients in plants, not in soilLogging nutrient-poor soilSources of medicines, chemicals...could go extinctEcotourism ($$)EcologicalLoss of one species could affect others (interdependent)Diversity protects against invasive speciesFewer plants more CO2 in atmosphere global warmingSoil erosion, floodingEthicalAffects local human populationsHelp them make a living from it while preserving itEthical responsibility to conserve it for future generationsReduce human impact, increase education/awarenessAesthetic EcotourismBoosts human well-beingInspiration for artists, writers, photographers, ...

Discuss reasons for the conservation of biodiversity.

1. Catch some of population and mark them2. Release marked animals – allow to “mix” with others in population3. Capture second sample of population – some will be marked, some

unmarked

Proportion of marked to unmarked in 2nd sample =Proportion of originally marked to whole population

# marked in 2nd sample = # marked in 1st sample total caught in 2nd sample size of whole population

Limitations:• marks on animals may injure them/make them more visible to predators• method assumes population is closed (no immigration/emigration) – this

very rarely occurs

Describe capture-mark-release-recapture method used to estimate population size of an animal species.