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http://www.ecocyc.org/
• Transporta energía química dentro de la célula•Transducción de señales AMPc
ATP + H2O → ADP(hydrated) + Pi(hydrated) + H+(hydrated) ∆G˚ = -30.54 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol)ATP + H2O → AMP(hydrated) + PPi(hydrated) + H+(hydrated) ∆G˚ = -45.6 kJ/mol (−10.9 kcal/mol)
• Fuerza iónica• Presencia de Mg+2, Na+ o Ca+2
• Concentración intracelular 1-10 mM•Menos de 1 min en la célula/ 500 mg/h
Compound kcal mol-1 kJ mol-1
Phosphoenolpyruvate -14.8 -61.91,3-Bisphosphoglycerate -11.8 -49.4Creatine phosphate -10.3 -43.1ATP (to ADP) - 7.3 -30.5Glucose 1-phosphate - 5.0 -20.9Pyrophosphate - 4.6 -19.3Glucose 6-phosphate - 3.3 -13.8Glycerol 3-phosphate - 2.2 - 9.2
Standard free energy of hydrolisis of some phosphorylated compounds
Nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido
Acetil CoA: Transportar carbonos al TCA
Carrier molecule in activated form Group carried Vitamin precursorATP PhosphorylNADH and NADPH Electrons Nicotinate (niacin)FADH2 Electrons Riboflavin (vitamin B2)FMNH2 Electrons Riboflavin (vitamin B2)Coenzyme A Acyl PantothenateLipoamide AcylThiamine pyrophosphate Aldehyde Thiamine (vitamin B1)Thiamine pyrophosphate Aldehyde Thiamine (vitamin B1)Biotin CO2 BiotinTetrahydrofolate One-carbon units FolateS-Adenosylmethionine MethylUridine diphosphate glucose GlucoseCytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol PhosphatidateNucleoside triphosphates NucleotidesNote: Many of the activated carriers are coenzymes that are derived from water-soluble vitamins
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Type of reaction DescriptionOxidation-reduction Electron transferLigation requiring ATP cleavage Formation of covalent bonds (i.e., carbon-carbon bonds)Isomerization Rearrangement of atoms to form isomersGroup transfer Transfer of a functional group from one molecule to anotherHydrolytic Cleavage of bonds by the addition of waterAddition or removal of functional groups Addition of functional groups to double bonds or their removal
to form double bonds
Regulación de procesos metabólicos
1. Cantidad de enzimas
2. Actividades catalíticas
3. Disponibilidad de substratos
4. Rutas distintas
5. Balance energético
Posibles rutas de uso de glucosa en células de plantas superiores y animales
Glucosa
Glucógeno, almidón, sacarosa
Almacenamiento
Glucosa
Ribosa 5 fosfato Piruvato
Oxidación vía glicolisisOxidación vía PPP
Glucosa
G6P
F6P
F1,6BP
G3P
ATP
ATP
NADH (x2)
Hexocinasa
Fosfoglucosa isomerasa
Fosfofructocinasa
AldolasaTriosafosfato
isomerasaG3P deshidrogenasa
Dihidroxiacetona fosfato
1,3BPGlicerato
3PG
2PG
PEP
Piruvato
ATP (x2)
ATP (x2)
NADH (x2)G3P deshidrogenasa
Fosfoglicerato kinasa
Fosfogliceromutasa
Enolasa
Piruvato cinasa
Glucolisis
Glucosa + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> 2 piruvato + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O
1) Conversión de glucosa en piruvato:
Glucosa + 2NAD+ ---> 2 piruvato + 2NADH + 2H+ ∆G1’ 0 = -146 kJ/mol
2) Formació de Atp a partir de ADP y Pi
2 ADP + 2Pi ---> 2 ATP + 2H2O ∆G2’ 0 = 61 kJ/mol
∆G’0 = ∆G1’ 0 + ∆G2’ 0 = -146 + 61 = - 85 kJ/mol (5.2% de la energía en glc)
Glucosa
G6P
F6P
F1,6BP
G3P
ATP
ATP
NADH (x2)
Hexocinasa
Fosfoglucosa isomerasa
Fosfofructocinasa
Aldolasa
Triosafosfatoisomerasa
G3P deshidrogenasa
Dihidroxiacetona fosfato
1,3BPGlicerato
3PG
2PG
PEP
Piruvato
ATP (x2)
ATP (x2)
NADH (x2)G3P deshidrogenasa
Fosfoglicerato kinasa
Fosfogliceromutasa
Enolasa
Piruvato cinasa
Regulación
Enzyme: Hexokinase
Reaction: Phosphorylation
Free Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: -4.0 kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: -8.0 kcal/mol irreversible
Enzyme: Phosphoglucose isomerase
Reaction: Aldose to Ketose Isomerisation
Free Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: +0.4 kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: -0.6 kcal/mol reversible
Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase
Reaction: Phosphorylation
Free Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: -3.4 kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: -5.3 kcal/mol irreversible
Glucosa
G6P
F6P
F1,6BP
ATP
ATP
Hexocinasa
Fosfoglucosa isomerasa
FosfofructocinasaAquí, por acción
de PFK-2 se puede formar
F2,6BP
Tanto el AMP como la F2,6BP estimulan a la
AMP ↑F2,6P ↑Citrato ↓
F2,6BP estimulan a la PFK, promoviendo la producción de ATP vía glicólisis.
Enzyme: AldolaseReaction: Aldol CleavageFree Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: +5.7 kcal/mol•Physiological Conditions: -0.3 kcal/mol reversible
Enzyme: Triose phosphate isomeraseReaction: Ketose to Aldose IsomerisationFree Energy Change
•Standard Conditions: +1.8 kcal/mol•Physiological Conditions: -+0.6 kcal/mol reversible
Enzyme: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenaseReaction: Coupled Oxidation & PhosphorylationFree Energy Change
•Standard Conditions: +1.5 kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: -0.4 kcal/mol reversible
Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinaseReaction: DephosphorylationFree Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: -4.5 kcal/mol•Physiological Conditions: +0.3 kcal/mol reversible
Enzyme: PhosphoglyceromutaseReaction: Phosphate group shiftFree Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: +1.1 kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: +0.2 kcal/mol reversible
Enzyme: Pyruvate kinaseReaction: DephosphorylationFree Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: -7.5 kcal/mol
Enzyme: Enolase
Reaction: Dehydration
Free Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: +0.4 kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: -0.8 kcal/mol reversible
•Standard Conditions: -7.5 kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: -4.0 kcal/mol irreversible
Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenaseReaction: ReductionFree Energy Change:
•Standard Conditions: kcal/mol
•Physiological Conditions: kcal/mol reversible
Anabolismo: Ala
HígadoRiñónMucosa intestinal
Músculo